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Locating the Franciscans Within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern Italy Using the Chronicle Ofsalimbene De Adam

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Locating the Franciscans Within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern Italy Using the Chronicle Ofsalimbene De Adam Locating the Franciscans within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern Italy Using the Chronicle ofSalimbene de Adam .by Robert C. Jacobs A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of: MASTER OF ARTS Joint Masters Program Department of History University of Manitoba/University of Winnipeg ©2007 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES •••• MASTER'S THESIS/PRACTICUM FINAL REPORT Master's Thesis entitled: Locating the Franciscans within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern Italy Using the Chronicle ofSallmbene de Adam Submitted by Robert C. Jacobs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Thesis Examining Committee certifies that the thesis and oral examination is: Approved Advisor: Roisin Cossar, History Dept., U of Manitoba Greg Smith, History Dept, U of Manitoba Ben Baader, History Dept., U of Manitoba David Watt, English Dept., U of Manitoba R. Jarvis Brownlie, Chair, History Dept., U of Manitoba Date:. 23 February 2007 ii Abstract In 1210, a young man later to be canonized as St. Francis went to Pope Innocent III and obtained permission to form a new religious order that was radically different from any order that had gone before. In the beginning this order, the Franciscans, disdained the ownership of any material goods, rejected any contact with the developing - . commercial society of the communes and disapproved of papal privileges. By the last decades of the thirteenth century, the order found its relationships with the community greatly altered. This thesis traces these changes as revealed in the Chronicle ofSalimbene de Adam a Chronicle written by a young man who joined the Order in 1238. It examines the increasingly close relationship between the Franciscans, the civic administration, the secular church, and the papacy and the mutual benefits that resulted. It investigates the conflict between the local clergy and the order and notes how important the order's close relationship with the papacy was to their ability to triumph in conflicts with local clergy. The thirteenth century saw many spontaneous religious movements that sprang into existence. The Franciscans frequently saw these new movements as competitors and this thesis documents the four methods that the Franciscans developed to deal with them. The close contact with the secular world resulted in significant changes in the Order itself. The assumption by the Order of pastoral service necessitated its acquisition of elaborate buildings. More important and less obvious were changes talcing place in the Order itself. There was an increasing regard for social class inside the Order, Which eventually led to the near exclusion of lay members from the Order. This thesis describes these changes as they took place in the first seven decades ofthe Order's existence. iii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support of Mr James W. Bums and the University of Manitoba who provided generous financial aid during the completion of this work. This study would not have been possible without the help of a number of special people. In particular I would like to thank Dr. Roisin Cossar whose supervision, patience and guidance in completing this project were without compare. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Greg Smith, Dr. Ben. Baader, Dr David Watt, and Dr. R Jarvis Brownlie who served on my Thesis Examining Committee. Carol Adam, Lisa McKendcy and Sandra Ferguson saw to it that all administrative details were completed promptly. While I was working on this thesis, the staff at the Document Delivery section of the University of Manitoba Library was extremely helpful and never once failed to find the frequently obscure papers that I requested. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends who provided encouragement as I completed this thesis. In particular, I would like to thank my parents. My mother always knew I was capable of doing almost anything even when I was not as sure. My father wondered why I put myself to so much work but was beginning to see the personal satisfaction it brought me. They did not live to see the end of the process, but this is for them. iv ·CONTENTS ABSTRACT. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... · iv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . I Content of This Thesis . 2 Content of This Chapter. 3 THE FORM OF THE TEXT. • . 4 Salimbene' s Chronicle. : . 8 Medieval Biographies . .. II THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT ....................... : . 15 The Franciscan Problem. 15 Clericalization of the Franciscans . 19 THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT. .. 21 The Communes of Northern Italy. 22 USING THE TEXT ......... , ......... , . 30 Various Historians and Their Use of Salimbene , . 30 Problems in Using Salimbene . , . : . : . 38 2. SALIMBENE THE MAN . • . • . 43 Introduction: Salimbene and Family Relations . 43 Salimbene and the Powerful of Society . 4 7 Salimbene's Attitude toward Lay Brothers in the Order. 50 Salimbene and Joachim of Fiore . 55 v Joachim of Fiore. • . 55 Joachim and.the Mendicants . 57 Salimbene's Attitude to Joachim... 58 Problems in Paris . • . 63 Salimbene's Doubts about Joachim. 64 Conclusion . 65 3. THE FRANCISCANS AND TIIIRTEENTH CENTURY ITALIAN SOCIETY 67 The Early Franciscans . • . 70 Familial and Other Relationships .. .. .. • 71 Marriage Relationships . 72 Movement into the Order and from the Order into Church Government 75 Individuals Who Acted as if They had Assumed a New Station in Society 77 King Louis of France . • . 77 Papal Legates . 78 Civic Role Confusion . • . 81 The Flagellant Movement . 82 The Great Halleluiah . .. 82 Early Preachers during the Great Halleluiah . 85 Brother John of Vicenza . • . 90 Post Mortem for the Great Halleluiah ................•.·. 92 Benefits Flowing as the Result of the Sharing of Power . · 95 The Franciscans and the Papacy . I 0 I Problems between the Papacy and the Mendicants . • . 103 vi ,... Papal Privileges for the Franciscans . l 05 Franciscans' Service to the Pope..... 106 4. TIJE FRANCISCANS AND DISPUTES WITIJ TIIE SECULAR PRIESTHOOD 110 The Franciscans and the Secular Clergy . 111 Problems in Paris . ..............- . 112 John of Panna's Speech in Paris. 114 Further Disputes in Paris . • . 116 The Franciscans and the Parish Clergy . • . 117 Conflict at the Synod of 1260 . • . ti 8 Salimbene's First Defence of the Franciscans.... 120 Salimbene's Second Defence of the Franciscans................. 127 Conclusion . 128 5. SALIMBENE, THE FRANCISCANS AND NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 131 The Great Halleluiah . 134 The Flagellant Movement.. 135 The Godenti . 14 3 The Order of the Sack . • . .. 145 The "False Prophet" Albert . 149 The Apostles of Gerard Segarello ..................... : . 151 The Ideal Religious Order • . 158 Conclusion . 161 6. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CHANGES lN THE ORDER. 163 vii The Franciscans' Changes to the Physical Map of the City.. 161 Objections to the Franciscans' Building Program. 167 Internal Changes in the Franciscan Order.............. 169 · Increase in the Granting ofSepulture in Franciscan Graveyards . • . 171 Changes in the Internal Social Structure of the Order............ 174 Conclusion ........................ , . 178 7. CONCLUSION. • . 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY . • . 184 viii Ill"' .. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1283 a Franciscan Brother, Salinlbene de Adam de Parma, began to write a chronicle ofhis life.' Born October 9, 1221, at the age of seventeen against the wishes of his father he had entered the Franciscan Order, only twenty-eight years after the formation ofthe Franciscans (also known as the Friars Minor) and only twelve years after . · the death of St Francis. He spent a large part of the rest of his life travelling through France and Italy living in many different houses, both those of the brotherhood and those of the wealthy. The Order, at the time that he entered it, was not fully formed and was still in the phase of development that some at the time considered a bizarre experiment. By the time Salimbene was engaged in writing his Chronicle (1283-1288) the Order was close to being fully formed. It had found its place in the world and in the Church. Since Salimbene's work is contemporaneous with that period, it is one of the few documents outside those of the official Church that provides a glimpse into the early formative years of the Franciscans. At the same time the governmental structure of the cities ofNorthem Italy was also undergoing a significant change. These changes, while similar, were not identical from city to city. Because of his widespread travels, Salimbene's Chronicle is 1 The only existing copy of Salimbene's Chronicle was first found in the eighteenth century and was moved into the Vatican library where it currently rests, While the d!irteenth century historian Albert Milioli of Reggio seems to have been aware of Salimbene's Chronicle and made use of it in his Liber de temporibus Salimbene's worlr. appears to have been little known and read in the Middle Ages. The single manuscript that is in the Vatican library is a holograph, written, illuminated and COITll<:ted by the hand of Salimbene himself. Joseph Baird, Introduction to The Chronicle o/Salimbene de Adam, by Salimbene de Adam, trans. Joseph Baird, Giuseppe Baglivi, and John Robert Kane, wid! an Introduction and Notes by Joseph L. Baird, (Binghampton: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1986). xxvi-xxvii. Edited versions in Latin are available with the most current version that of Scalia produced in 1966. Salimbene da Panna, Cron/ca Fratris Salimbene de Adam, ed. Guiseppe Scalia (Bari: G Later7a, 1966). All ~ferences in English to Salimbene's Chronicle are from the Baird translation. · . I . also one of the few documents from the time to describe changes taking place in society from the point of view of one individual over the span of many cities. It is, therefore, a valuable tool to explore the changes in civic government and the resulting relationship between the rapidly changing governments and the developing Franciscan Order.
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