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Manuale-Di-Cultura-Veneta.Pdf Le fotografie di Giuseppe Bruno sono tratte dal volume Il Veneto, © Biblos, Cittadella Pubblicazione realizzata ai sensi della L.R. 10 gennaio 1984, n. 5 Assessorato alle Politiche per la Cultura e l’Identità Veneta Segreteria Regionale Cultura e Istruzione Direzione Regionale Cultura © 2004 by Regione del Veneto © 2004 by Marsilio Editori® s.p.a. in Venezia Prima edizione: maggio 2004 ISBN 88-317-8475-7 www.marsilioeditori.it Senza regolare autorizzazione è vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale o a uso interno didattico, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, compresa la fotocopia Ripercorrere il cammino di una comunità nei secoli è un valido tentativo per la ricerca e la riscoperta di un patrimonio di valori presente in ciascuno di noi e che dobbiamo gelosamente custodire poiché rappresenta l’identità stessa di un po- polo. L’accentuato interesse manifestato da giovani e meno giovani, specialmente in quest’epoca intrisa di grigia uniformità, per capire e interpretare la storia e per avere conoscenza di quanti hanno contribuito a forgiare la cultura delle genti ve- nete, non deve però essere ridotto a puro studio accademico, ma trasformato in un lavoro di recupero attivo delle proprie origini. Incoraggiare e stimolare lo stu- dio della propria comunità mi sembra oltremodo opportuno anche per dare fia- to a un dialogo fra generazioni, affinché passato e presente possano coesistere per affrontare assieme e con successo la sfida del futuro. Già alcuni anni fa la Giunta Regionale, nella sua azione di collaborazione con le istituzioni scolastiche e sensibile ai progetti di autonomia didattica stimolati dalla normativa nazionale, dava alle stampe un volume progettato e realizzato a uso degli educatori e degli alunni delle scuole elementari volto ad approfondire le tematiche collegate alla cultura e alla storia dei veneti. Proseguendo sulla strada intrapresa e per non interrompere un’azione forma- tiva che ritengo utile e indispensabile per una crescita sociale, civile e responsa- bile, l’Amministrazione regionale vuole ora proporre un ulteriore strumento di- dattico, coordinato con la consueta passione e professionalità dal professor Man- lio Cortelazzo, a beneficio di insegnanti e studenti dell’istruzione superiore, ma rivolto anche a quanti vorranno dedicare forze ed energie per capire le origini e lo sviluppo della nostra civiltà. Grazie alla collaborazione di numerosi studiosi, ai quali va il nostro sentito ringraziamento, la storia antica, medievale e quella contemporanea, la letteratura in volgare e la letteratura in italiano e in dialetto, le arti visive e la musica, i mestieri antichi e le tradizioni popolari vanno a co- stituire i capitoli non solo di un’opera editoriale, ma di un processo di forma- zione individuale che mi auguro proficuo e fecondo. Nella convinzione che lo studio e l’amore per la propria terra costituiscono i presupposti ideali per la conoscenza del proprio passato, consegno con piacere questo volume nella speranza di aver interpretato esigenze e aspettative di lar- ghe fasce di nostri concittadini. prof. Assessore Regionale alle Politiche per la Cultura e l’Identità Veneta INDICE Ermanno Serrajotto 3 Il Veneto: ambienti e paesaggi di Benedetta Castiglioni e Ugo Sauro 17 Protostoria e storia romana di Enrico Zerbinati 31 Storia medievale di Sante Bortolami 47 L’età moderna (1492-1814) di Giuseppe Gullino 61 La prima letteratura (secoli -) di Francesca Gambino 81 Letteratura in dialetto di Manlio Cortelazzo 95 La linea veneta della letteratura italiana (dal Cinquecento alla caduta della Serenissima) di Antonio Daniele 113 Il veneto medievale di Paola Benincà 125 I dialetti dal Cinquecento al Settecento di Manlio Cortelazzo 139 Il veneto moderno di Paola Benincà 151 Il Veneto di Giuseppe Bruno 175 Tre tappe nel ciclo della vita di Luciano Morbiato 187 Il ciclo dell’anno di Luciano Morbiato 201 Letteratura orale di Luciano Morbiato 215 Architettura di Giovanna Baldissin Molli 225 Scultura di Giovanna Baldissin Molli 235 Pittura di Giovanna Baldissin Molli 249 Arti applicate di Giovanna Baldissin Molli 259 Musica e musicisti di Antonio Lovato MANUALE DI CULTURA VENETA IL VENETO: AMBIENTI E PAESAGGI . - Il Veneto è una terra dove mare, pianura e montagna si incontrano, com- penetrandosi a vicenda. Nelle giornate serene, dal Lido di Venezia, dietro al- la laguna e alle isole si erge un muro di montagne, che fa da sfondo ai cam- panili di Venezia. Della pianura, che rappresenta la maggior parte della su- perficie della regione, la prospettiva permette di cogliere soltanto una sottile striscia che raccorda la montagna con il mare. Al di là dei modi in cui questa regione può essere percepita da un osser- vatore situato in luoghi diversi, la topografia del Veneto è espressione della storia geologica e della dinamica della catena alpina, la quale presenta sia mor- fostrutture in via di sollevamento, sia depressioni tettoniche che vengono via via colmate dai sedimenti erosi dai rilievi, con formazione di una pianura al- luvionale. L’estensione della regione è di 18.378 km2, circa il 6% del territorio italia- no, e consiste per poco più della metà in pianura, per quasi un terzo in mon- tagna e per circa un sesto in colline. Il rilievo del Veneto risulta strutturato secondo una serie di fasce disposte in senso -, circa parallele rispetto alla catena alpina. In prima approssi- mazione si possono separare una zona di montagna, un’ampia fascia di pia- nura e una fascia costiera. Le quote più elevate sono nel settore settentriona- le e le più basse in quello meridionale, con per estremi molte cime dolomiti- che che superano i 3000 m (la più alta è la cima della Marmolada, quotata 3343 m s.l.m.) e le depressioni costiere con caratteri di polder risultanti da in- terventi di bonifica, dove si raggiungono anche quote negative, sino a qualche metro sotto al livello del mare (il punto più basso, poco a nord di Caorle, è a -4,5 m s.l.m). In contrasto con l’elevata articolazione della terraferma sta la piatta super- ficie del mare Adriatico, una sorta di grande “golfo” del mare Mediterraneo, che si insinua verso nord separando la penisola italiana dalla Dalmazia. La se- 3 parazione tra terraferma e mare è tutt’altro che netta e, in effetti, il mare è una sorta di prolungamento della bassa pianura. Le coste del Veneto delinea- no un sistema arcuato con la concavità verso il mare e sono tutte basse, ma rese articolate dalla presenza di apparati deltizi e di lagune che cordoni lito- ranei separano dal mare aperto. Il mare è sottile, tanto che l’isobata -10 m di- sta oltre 2 km dalla linea di costa e nella fascia ampia 20 km che segue si su- perano a malapena i 20 m di profondità. Nell’ambito di questo quadro geografico, è possibile procedere ad analisi più approfondite, basate su criteri diversi. Tra i criteri più comuni ci sono quel- lo orografico, quello idrografico, o, ancora, i criteri ambientali. Dal punto di vista dell’orografia gli stili del rilievo, cioè le fisionomie che rendono ben distinguibili certi insiemi di montagne rispetto ad altri, risultano molto vari. Partendo dall’area più settentrionale si possono riconoscere lo sti- le dolomitico, consistente in massicci rupestri e compatti altopiani separati da ampie conche e vallate, lo stile prealpino, dato da altopiani e dorsali incisi e separati da strette valli, lo stile subalpino, dato da dorsali e gruppi collinari isolati nell’ambito della pianura. La pianura, pur esprimendo un rilievo atte- nuato, presenta al suo interno forme diverse, come i grandi coni pedemonta- ni parzialmente fusi tra di loro a costituire l’alta pianura, i terrazzi e i dossi fluviali della bassa pianura, i sistemi di depressioni comprese tra questi, e, in- fine, tutte le forme tipiche della interconnessione tra terra e mare in una fa- scia di coste basse, come le dorsali sabbiose dei paleo-cordoni litoranei, le de- pressioni delle lagune morte, le aree lagunari e i lidi, gli apparati deltizi. Considerando l’idrografia è possibile distinguere la conca di un grande la- go come quello del Garda, alcuni laghi minori, importanti valli alpine e preal- pine come quelle dell’Adige, del Brenta, del Piave, un gran numero di valli minori in parte confluenti nelle precedenti e in parte sfocianti nella pianura, laghetti e sorgenti della fascia di contatto fra l’alta pianura e la bassa pianura, dette risorgive, che alimentano alcuni fiumi di pianura, e le lagune della fascia costiera. Dal punto di vista ambientale fra i numerosi criteri che si possono appli- care ci sono quelli geologici, geomorfologici, pedologici e vegetazionali, cli- matici, altimetrici. Tuttavia, un criterio più moderno, in grado di analizzare il contesto geo- grafico regionale senza perdere di vista diversi aspetti fra loro collegati, è quel- lo detto “geo-ecosistemico”. Un geo-ecosistema è una struttura geo- e morfo- dinamica caratterizzata da un elemento e/o processo prevalente, che è in rela- zione a fattori di vario tipo (geologici, geomorfologici, idrologici, climatici, pe- dologici ecc.). Ciascun geo-ecosistema è attivato da un particolare flusso di ma- teria e di energia che ha luogo in corrispondenza e in prossimità della super- ficie terrestre. Per quanto riguarda il Veneto, la prima sommaria distinzione è: montagna, pianura e costa. Nel primo caso il processo prevalente è quello dell’erosione, nel secondo la sedimentazione, nel terzo le interazioni con il mare. 4 : Se si procede a un ulteriore livello di classificazione, è possibile distingue- re sistemi: glaciali, fluviali, carsici, lacustri, lagunari e costieri. Ciascuno può essere suddiviso in sub-unità. I pochi ghiacciai dolomitici rimasti sono esempi di geo-ecosistemi glaciali di tipo pirenaico. Tra i geo-ecosistemi fluviali, il fiume Piave è suddivisibile in sub-unità qua- li il segmento vallivo dolomitico, il segmento vallivo prealpino, l’alta pianura e la bassa pianura.
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