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Consigned to the Flames: An Analysis of the Apostolic Order of Bologna 1290-1307 with Some Comparison to the Beguins/Spiritual Franciscans 1300-1330 Elizabeth Timberlake-Newell Submitted in full for the requirements of the Doctorate of Philosophy University of Glasgow Faculty of Arts School of Humanities January 2012 © Elizabeth Timberlake-Newell January 2012 For my husband Andrew and our daughters Arwen and Azure—you all tolerated my long hours and fits of writing with such grace. Abstract The Apostolic Order, a late medieval Italian mendicant order remains fundamentally little understood despite several centuries of research and writing devoted to their history. Much of the work done on the Apostolic Order (or Followers of Dolcino) has been focused on their leaders, taken as given the order’s heretical status, or presumed the marginalized status of those who supported the order. This thesis attempts to reconsider the order and its supporters by placing them as another mendicant order prior to the papal condemnation, and put forth the new perspective that the supporters were much like other medieval persons and became socially marginalized by the inquisitorial focus on the Apostolic Order. To support this theory, this thesis will compare the inquisitorial records of the Apostolic supporters found in Historia Fratris Dulcini Heresiarche and the Acta S. Officii Bononie—ab anon 1291 usque ad annum 1310 to those of another group of mendicants and supporters, the Beguins of Provence, which are found in Spirituali e Beghini in Provenza, Bernard Gui’s Le Livre des Sentences de L’inquisiteur Bernard Gui 1308-1323 , and the martyrology in Louisa Burnham’s So Great a Light, So Great a Smoke: The Beguin Heretics of Languedoc. These two groups of data were compared using statistical analysis and network and game theory, and the results were that 1) the groups were similar; 2) most differences could be reasonably explained by the objectives of respective inquisitions or length of persecution prior to the inquisition. That these two groups are comparable suggests that there are patterns in mendicant supporter membership exemplified by Franciscan tertiaries and that the supporters of the Apostolic Order fit this pattern. Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................... vi Preface ..................................................................................... vii Author’s Declaration ..................................................................... viii Abbreviations ............................................................................... ix Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: A Proliferation of Orders-- The 13 th Century Religious Histories and Joachite Mendicant Networks of the Emilia Romagna and Southern France ..... 20 I: A Brief Religious History............................................................. 21 II: Networks of Joachitism ............................................................ 34 Chapter 2: Evolution of an Innovation--Towards the Apocalypse ................. 48 I: The Conditions for Reinvention ................................................... 49 II: The Use of the Bible in Olivi and Dolcino’s Joachite Innovations ........... 58 Chapter 3-- The making of confession: How the Confession manuals of Franciscans spoke to the Issues of the Spiritual Franciscans, Renegade Mendicants and Their Controversies .................................................... 75 I: Franciscans and Confession ........................................................ 78 II: Heresy ................................................................................. 80 III: Obedience ........................................................................... 90 IV: Poverty ............................................................................... 96 Chapter 4: A Confused Relationship of Burnings and Support-- The Church and the Rigorists ............................................................................... 102 I: Fighting Back-- The Textual Vengeance of the Embattled Rigorist ......... 104 II: Mendicant Wars ...................................................................... 107 III: The Secular Churchmen and their friends the Rigorists ..................... 113 IV: Bishops and Cardinals ............................................................ 122 Chapter 5: To believe in the Apocalypse--The Third Orders of Heretical Poverty .............................................................................................. 126 I: Penance as Life—the Third Orders ............................................... 127 II: Heretical Third Orders by the Numbers: Comparative Analysis ............. 131 Chapter 6: Sifting through the Past—Inquisitional Confessions ................... 147 I: Game Theory and the Bolognese Inquisition ................................... 148 II: Confession Strategies of the Damned ........................................... 151 Chapter 7: Network Analysis--A New View of the Apostolic Order in the Diocese of Bologna and the Beguins of Lodève ................................................ 164 I: Network Analysis ................................................................... 166 II: Analysis of the Network .......................................................... 177 Chapter 8: The Reliquary—Sainthood, Martyrdom and Relic-Collecting amongst the Apostolic Order and the Spiritual Franciscans/Beguins ........................ 195 I : The Sainted Leaders ............................................................... 196 II: The Rank and File—Death, Sainthood, and Relics ............................. 203 Conclusion ................................................................................. 219 Appendix A: Tables Derived from Inquisitorial Records Used for Constructing Networks ..................................................................................... i Part 1: Acts of the Inquisition of Bologna ............................................ i Part 2—Lodève Culpi .................................................................. xxii Appendix B ................................................................................ xxv Chart of the Apostolic Order ......................................................... xxv Beguins ................................................................................ xxvii Appendix C .............................................................................. xxviii Appendix D .............................................................................. xxxiv Bibliography ............................................................................... 259 Acknowledgements Thanks to the friars at Saint Isidore’s of Rome and those at the Franciscan library at the Vatican for their assistance in locating Clarus Florentinus--which had been moved from the former to the latter for the restoration of Saint Isidore’s. Also, thanks are owed to the archivists and staff of the Archivio di Stato of Bologna, who patiently dealt with my inexperience and poor Italian. The staff of the manuscripts and rare books collection of the British Library graciously assisted in finding Jean Rigaud’s confession tract. Thanks as well to my secondary supervisor Samuel Cohn who looked over my Latin transcription and translation. His expertise is absolutely invaluable. And finally I owe a great deal to my supervisor and friend Andrew P. Roach, whose advice, proofreading, and good humor are appreciated more than can be expressed. Preface As most of the individuals and locations sited in this work are drawn from inquisitorial documents, translation of subjects became an issue. In the following pages, the names that are commonly translated in the general body of works on the subject, and do not cause confusion in their translation, have been translated, such that some of their identities are returned to them. Therefore, most names such as Zachariah (Zaccaria), Rolandinus (Rolandino) and Damianus (Damiano) have been altered from the format they appeared in the inquisitorial depositions. In Appendix A, all witnesses are listed by the name that appears in the inquisitorial records in their tables, with the translated name in parentheses beside it. Names that are unclear by their translation such as Iacobina have been left in the format found in inquisitorial documents. Locations that have clear modern day translations have also been altered; ‘Mutina’ has become Modena, Sancta Elena is Sant’Elena. Finally, efforts have been made here to use place names from all but Rome in their original language—‘Trent’ is Trento, ‘Marseilles’ is Marseille. Author’s Declaration “I declare that, except where explicit reference is made to the contribution of others, that this thesis is the result of my own work and has not been submitted for any other degree at the University of Glasgow or any other institution.” Signature _______________________________ Printed name: Elizabeth Timberlake-Newell Abbreviations AFH: Archivum Franciscanum Historicum OFM: Ordo Fratrum Minorum OP: Ordo Praedicatorum OSM: Order of the Servants of Mary RIS: Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Introduction The Order of Apostles—sometimes called Pseudo-Apostles, Followers of Dolcino or Apostolic Brethren--were a small and often overlooked mendicant order without papal approval begun by Gerardo Segarelli. He was, according to Franciscan 13 th century chronicler Salimbene de Adam, inspired by