Submitted Ro the #"Ïlì;Ïi"Raduare Srudies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of

Locating the Franciscans within the cities of Thirteenth century Northem Italy Using the Chronicle of Salimbene de Adant by Robert C. Jacobs Submitted ro the #"Ïlì;ïi"raduare srudies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of: MASTER OF ARTS Joint Masters program Department of History University of Manitoba/University of Winnipeg @2007 THE T]NTVERSITY OF MANITOBA F'ACULTY OF GÌADUATE STUDIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Locating the Franciscans within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern Italy Using the Chronicle of Salimbene de Adøm BY Robert C. Jacobs A ThesisÆracticum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The Universitv of Manitoba in partiat fulfillment of the requirement of the degree MASTER OF ARTS Robert C. Jacobs A 2007 Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may ónly be reproduce¿ án¿ copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from thã copyright ownôr. THE T'NIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES {<++* MASTER'S THESISi?RACTICUM FINAL REPORT Master's Thesis entitled: Locating the Franciscans within the Cities of Thirteenth Century Northern ltaly Using the Chronicle of Sølimbene de Adam Submitted bv Robert C. Jacobs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Thesis Examining Committee certifies that the thesis and oral examination is: Approved Advisor: Roisin Cossar, History Dept., U of Manitoba Greg Smith, History Dept., U of Manitoba Ben Baader, History Dept., U of Manitoba David Watt, English Dept., U of Manitoba R. Jarvis Brownlie, Chair, History Dept., U of Manitoba Date: 23 February 2007 Abstract In 1210, a young man later to be canonized as St. Francis went to Pope Innocent III and obtained permission to form a new religious order that was radically different from any order that had gone before. In the beginning this order, the Franciscans, disdained the ownership of any material goods, rejected any contact with the developing commercial society of the communes and disapproved of papal privileges. By the last decades of the thirteenth century, the order found its relationships with the community greatly altered. This thesis traces these changes as revealed in the Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam a Chronicle written by a young man who joined the Order in 1238. It examines the increasingjy close relationship between the Franciscans, the civic administration, the secular church, and the papacy and the mutual benefits that resulted. It investigates the conflict between the local clergy and the order and notes how important the order's close relationship with the papacy was to their ability to triumph in conflicts with local clergy. The thirteenth century saw many spontaneous religious movements that sprang into existence. The Franciscans frequently saw these new movements as competitors and this thesis documents the four methods that the Franciscans developed to deal with them. The close contact with the secular world resulted in significant changes in the Order itself. The assumption by the Order of pastoral service necessitated its acquisition of elaborate buildings. More important and less obvious were changes taking place in the Order itself. There was an íncreasing regard for social class inside the Order, which eventually led to the near exclusion of lay members from the Order. This thesis describes these changes as they took place in the f,rrst seven decades of the Order's existence. 1il Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the suppoft of Mr James W. Burns and the university of Manitoba who provided generous financial aid during the completion this wo¡k. of This study would not have been possible without the help of a number of special people' In particular I would like to thank Dr. Roisin Cossar whose supervision, patience and guidance in completing this project were without compare. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Greg Smith, Dr. Ben Baader, Dr David Watt, änd Dr. R Jarvis Brownlie who served on my Thesis Examining comminee. carol Adam, Lisa McKe"dt;; sandra Ferguson saw to it that all administrative details *"r" promptly. "oÁpleted While I was working on this thesis, the staff at the Document Delivery section of the university of Manitoba Library was extremely helpful and never once failed to find the frequently obscure papers that I requested. Finally, would I like to thank my family and friends who provided encouragement as I completed this thesis. In particular, I would like to thank my parents. My mother always knew I was capable of doing almost anything even when i *u, not as sure. My father wondered why I put myself to so much work but was beginning to see the personal satisfaction it brought me. They did not live to see the end of tñe pro.l"rr, uut itris is ro, them. IV CONTENTS ABSTRACT...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. iv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROLIND I Content of This Thesis 2 Content of This Chapter. J THE FORM OF THE TEXT. 4 Salimbene's Chronicle 8 Medieval Biographies . i1 THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT 15 The Franciscan Problem. 15 Clericalization o f the Franci scans t9 THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT 2I The Communes of Northern Italy. 22 USING THE TEXT 30 Various Historians and Their Use of Salimbene 30 Problems in Using Salimbene 38 2. SALIMBENE THE MAN +J Introduction: Salimbene and Family Relations 43 Salimbene and the Powerful of Society +l Salimbene's Attitude toward Lay Brothers in the Order 50 Salimbene and Joachim of Fiore 55 Joachim of Fiore 55 Joachim and the Mendicants . 57 Salimbene's Attitude to Joachim . 58 Problems in Paris 63 Salimbene's Doubts about Joachim 64 Conclusion 65 3. THE FRANCISCANS AND THIRTEENTH CENTURY ITALIAN SOCIETY 67 The Early Franciscans . 70 Familial and Other Relationships . 7l Marriage Relationships . 72 Movement into the Order and from the Order into Chtirch Government 75 Individuals Who Acted as if They had Assumed a New Station in Societv 77 King Louis of France 77 Papal Legates 78 Civic Role Confusion 81 The Flagellant Movement . 82 The Great Halleluiah 82 Early Preachers during the Great Halleluiah 85 Brother John of Vicenza. 90 Post Mortem for the Great Halleluiah 92 Benefits Flowing as the Result of the Sharine of power 95 The Franciscans and the Papacy 101 Problems between the Papacy and the Mendicants 103 vi Papal Privileges for the Franciscans . 105 Franciscans' Service to the Pope. 106 4. THE FRANCISCANS AND DISPUTES WITH THE SECULAR PRIESTHOOD 110 The Franciscans and the Secular Clergy 1i1 Problems in Paris 1t2 John of Palma's Speech in Paris rt4 Further Disputes in Paris 1t6 The Franciscans and the Parish Clergy t17 Conflict at the Synod of 1260 118 Salimbene's First Defence of the Franciscans 120 Salimbene's Second Defence of the Franciscans r27 Conclusion 128 5. SALIMBENE, THE FRANCISCANS AND NEV/ RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS i31 The Great Halleluiah 1J+1a A The Flagellant Movement 135 The Godenti t43 The Order of the Sack 145 The "False Prophet" Albert 149 The Apostles of Gerard Segarello 151 The Ideal Religious Order 158 Conclusion 161 6. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CHANGES IN THE ORDER t63 vll The Franciscans' Changes to the physical Map of the City . 161 Objections to the Franciscans, program Building r67 Internal Changes in the Franciscan Order r69 Increase in the Granting of Sepurture in Franciscan Graveyards . 17l Changes in the Internal Social Structure of the Order 174 Conclusion 178 T.CONCLUSION. ..... t79 BIBLIOGRAPHY T84 VItI CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAT, BACKGROUND In 1283 a Franciscan Brother, Salimbene de Adam de Parma, began to write a g,122I,at chronicle of his life.l Born October the age of seventeen against the wishes of - his father he had entered the Franciscan Order, only twenty-eight years after the formation of the Franciscans (also known as the Friars Minor) and only twelve years after the death of St Francis. He spent a large part of the rest of his life travelling through France and Italy living in many different houses, both those of the brotherhood and those of the wealthy. The Order, at the time that he entered it, was not fully formed and was still in the phase of development that some at the time considered abizarre experiment. By the time Salimbene was engaged in writing his Chronicte (1283-1288) the Order was close to being fully formed. It had found its place in the world and in the Church. Since Salimbene's work is contemporaneous with that period, it is one of the few documents outside those of the official Church that provides a glimpse into the early formative years of the Franciscans. At the same time the governmental structure of the cities of Northern Italy was also undergoing a significant change. These changes, while similar, were not identical from city to city. Because of his widespread travels, Salimbene's Chronicle is ' The only existing copy of Salimbene's Chronicle was first found in the eighteenth century and was moved into the Vatican library where it currently rests. While the thirteenth century historian Albert Milioli of Reggio seems to have been aware of Salimbene's Chronicle and made use of,it in his Liber de temporibus Salimbene's work'appears to have been Iittle known and read in the Middle Aees.

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