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2020: 76 Anni Di Dibattito Politico E Culturale 2020: 76 anni di dibattito politico e culturale c’è un ponte sulla rete www.ilponterivista.com facebook: ilponterivista twitter: PonteRivista google+: Il Ponte Editore Rivista di politica economia e cultura fondata da Piero Calamandrei Anno LXXVI n. 1 gennaio-febbraio 2020 PALESTINESI a cura di Lanfranco Binni, Riccardo Bocco, Wasim Dahmash e Barbara Gagliardi 7 Questo speciale LA QUESTIONE PALESTINESE OGGI 9 Jamil Hilal, La questione palestinese 15 Gian Paolo Calchi Novati, Israele e Palestina fra guerra e politica 31 Caterina Roggero, Gian Paolo Calchi Novati e la “Questione isra- eliana” 37 Enrico Bartolomei, «Il sionismo è una struttura, non un evento». Forme ed evoluzione della logica sionista di eliminazione 47 Diana Carminati, Il progetto sionista di insediamento coloniale. Il contributo degli studi di «Settler Colonialism» 61 Ibrahim Saïd, Alcuni sono piú uguali degli altri: i cittadini palesti- nesi nello Stato ebraico coloniale di insediamento 75 Richard Falk e Virginia Tilley, Pratiche israeliane nei confronti del popolo palestinese e questione dell’apartheid 85 Chiara Cruciati, Palestinesi d’Israele e rifugiati: sono loro a svelare l’apartheid. Intervista a Virginia Tilley 88 Basil Farraj, Le carceri israeliane e l’invisibilità delle nuove moda- lità di tortura 100 Atwa Jaber, La corsa di Israele all’annessione della Valle del Giorda- no: un’analisi storica 114 Alaa Tarir e Filip Ejdus, La missione di polizia dell’Unione euro- pea nei Territori palestinesi 129 Michele Giorgio, La Palestina nello scenario geopolitico RIFUGIATI PER RITORNARE 137 Ruba Salih, I rifugiati e la politica catartica: dai diritti umani al diritto di essere umani 156 Sergio Bianchi, «Vogliamo vivere in dignità per tornare»: le Ong palestinesi e la rappresentazione simbolica dei rifugiati palestinesi in Libano 168 Luigi Achilli, Alla ricerca della dignità. Economia politica e nazio- nalismo nel campo profughi di Al-Wihdat, Amman 186 Francesca Albanese, I rifugiati palestinesi: la prospettiva del dirit- to internazionale 208 Jalal Al Husseini, Unrwa: un’agenzia per i palestinesi? CULTURE DI RESISTENZA E DI LIBERAZIONE 223 Joseph Massad, A cominciare da Edward Said 234 Mahmoud Darwish, «… Tutta la verità su di voi, e su di noi…» 241 Olga Solombrino, Nell’arcipelago dell’esilio. Resistenza culturale e forme di narrazione virtuale 252 Cecilia Dalla Negra, Femminismi in Palestina. Subalternità mol- teplici, intersezione delle resistenze 266 Sunaina Maira e Magid Shihade, L’Hip Hop nella Palestina del ’48: giovani, musica e i «Presenti assenti» 281 Chiara Cruciati, Storia e strumenti della Resistenza popolare: di- sobbedienza, autogestione, boicottaggio 290 Stefano Mauro, Resistenza armata palestinese: un nuovo para- digma 299 Riccardo Bocco, «E Israele fu…». Sionismo e Occidente fra storia e cinema 320 Sandi Hilal e Alessandro Petti, Tende di cemento, in conversa- zione con Robert Latham BOICOTTAGGIO DISINVESTIMENTO SANZIONI 335 Appello per una campagna internazionale Bds (9 luglio 2005) 337 Bina Ahmad, Ben White, Phyllis Bennis, Spazi ridotti per il movimento Bds 352 Anna-Ester Younes, Il «Diritto di recar danno» contro il diritto di boicottare? 369 Bds Austria, Il movimento Bds in Austria 379 Barbara Gagliardi, «Denunciare le complicità». Intervista a Dia- na Carminati 387 Lanfranco Binni, Un nuovo internazionalismo 392 Gli Autori 5 In coperta, foto di Alessandro Iskandar Sidari, Beirut, settembre 2019, manife- stazione per commemorare il massacro di Sabra e Shatila (1982); sulla maglietta della bambina in primo piano, il personaggio di Handala, icona della resistenza palestinese, disegnato da Naji al-Ali, giornalista e artista palestinese assassinato a Londra dal Mossad nel 1987. Questo numero è stato licenziato per la stampa il 2 gennaio 2020 6 QUESTO SPECIALE Il rosso del sangue versato nelle lotte di liberazione, il nero dei lutti, del dolore, della tristezza sotto l’occupazione israeliana, il bianco di una pace an- tica e ingiustamente negata, il verde della fertile terra di Palestina. I colori della bandiera palestinese narrano una storia e vivono nel vento di un discorso reale. Quei colori segnarono le prime bandiere della rivolta araba contro il dominio turco-ottomano tra 1916 e 1918, e furono poi ripresi dalle bandiere del panarabismo socialista Baath in Iraq e in Siria. Oggi, nei paesaggi devastati del Medio Oriente, culla di civiltà umana dove sembra concludersi in tragedia una storia millenaria che è stata madre della stessa Europa, quei colori resi- stono e insistono nella prigione a cielo aperto di Gaza e nei territori occupati dall’espansionismo dello Stato ebraico di Israele. La tragedia del popolo palestinese, dalla Nakba (la catastrofe) del 1948 a oggi, è lo scenario contraddittorio e lacerante di un’apparente sconfitta storica ma anche di un cambiamento in atto del paradigma della grande stagione dei movimenti di liberazione negli anni sessanta-settanta del No- vecento. Come risulta dai numerosi contributi a questo numero speciale1, in un ampio “ventaglio” di approfondimenti tematici sui piani piú diversi, dall’analisi socioeconomica e storico-culturale alla proposta politica, i «pale- stinesi» costituiscono oggi uno straordinario laboratorio aperto in cui con- fluiscono e si rilanciano processi politici di tipo nuovo, “dal basso”, in ver- ticale nella vita quotidiana dei palestinesi occupati, imprigionati e rifugiati, e in orizzontale nella diaspora internazionale. Nuovi temi sono oggetto di elaborazione teorica e di azione politica e culturale: la questione identitaria vissuta come radice storica profonda, base necessaria di processi conosci- tivi ed educativi, la questione culturale come strumento indispensabile di autonomia e relazione con altre culture, la questione dei femminismi nelle società patriarcali, la questione democratica come terreno di confronto con i poteri politici e militari, la questione della violenza e delle pratiche non- 1 I testi di Jamil Hilal, Ibrahim Saïd, Basil Abdelrazeq Farraj, Atwa Jaber, Alaa Tartir e Fi- lip Ejdus, Ruba Salih, Luigi Achilli, Francesca Albanese, Jalal Al Husseini, Joseph Massad, Sunaina Maria e Magid Shihade, Sandi Hilal e Alessandro Petti, Anna Yunes, Bds Austria, Bina Ahmad, Ben White e Phyllis Bennis sono stati tradotti dall’inglese da Barbara Gagliar- di; Lanfranco Binni ha tradotto dal francese il testo di Riccardo Bocco. 7 violente, la questione del confronto tra laicità e fondamentalismo religioso, la questione demografica come prospettiva di reale e concreto cambiamento nelle relazioni con la stessa popolazione ebraica. Forte delle sue diverse esperienze storiche e attuali, quello palestinese co- stituisce oggi un laboratorio centrale nell’attuale fase di necessario e radicale cambiamento dei nostri modi di vedere la storia, i rapporti di potere, la pace e la guerra, gli imperialismi, i collaborazionismi, le subalternità ai poteri di pochi contro i molti. Da dove nasce questo laboratorio di nuova consape- volezza? Certamente dalla durezza di una vita quotidiana impossibile, in condizioni di pulizia etnica e apartheid nei territori occupati e a Gaza, nei campi profughi nei vari paesi del Medio Oriente, nello stigma del “palesti- nese” sconfitto nei media occidentali; e queste condizioni sono reali. Ma la tradizionale resistenza dei palestinesi, vittime di una storia profon- damente ingiusta e tutta occidentale, ha oggi un suo doppio: la potenziale autoliberazione dai vincoli di un confronto ineguale e speculare con un po- tente carnefice prigioniero del suo ruolo di carceriere, attuando pratiche di autorganizzazione e autonomia che costruiscano una nuova forza sociale e una nuova narrazione del proprio percorso di liberazione, su un terreno pro- prio e con forti relazioni con quei movimenti che in tutto il mondo stanno reagendo alle catastrofi di una storia che gronda sangue e sta distruggendo il pianeta. Su questo terreno i palestinesi possono oggi svolgere un ruolo di avanguardia, forti della loro cognizione del tragico e della loro vitale neces- sità di una vera liberazione, non solo dall’occupazione israeliana. L’occupazione israeliana, con le sue strategie di liquidazione della que- stione palestinese (moltiplicazione delle colonie di insediamento, arbitra- rie detenzioni amministrative, apartheid all’interno di Israele e nei territori occupati, terrorismo poliziesco quotidiano a “educazione” dei giovanissimi e dei bambini, il muro di separazione, le continue aggressioni dei coloni israeliani, e l’elenco sarebbe lungo), è anche un problema internazionale. I palestinesi tengono aperta “la contraddizione” con le loro lotte di resistenza, ma non sono soli. Le loro ragioni sono condivise e sostenute da vaste aree di opinione pubblica internazionale; le campagne Bds (boicottaggio, disin- vestimento, sanzioni) per colpire le politiche dei governi israeliani e aprire conflitti economici nella stessa società israeliana, sono un segno concreto di solidarietà attiva con la causa palestinese. Vanno nella stessa direzione le tan- te forme di sostegno dell’attivismo internazionalista a fianco dei palestinesi e tese a orientare, con l’informazione e la pressione politica, i comportamenti dei governi nazionali. Questo numero speciale vuole contribuire alla conoscenza della “que- stione palestinese” nei suoi termini attuali per promuovere nuovi studi (e numerosi contributi hanno questo carattere), nuovi collegamenti e nuove iniziative di solidarietà e di lotta. I curatori 8 LA QUESTIONE PALESTINESE OGGI LA QUESTIONE PALESTINESE1 Intervengo in una doppia veste: come sociologo
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