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Dictionary of Palestinian Political Terms

PASSIA Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs,

PASSIA, the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, is an Arab, non-profit Palestinian institution with a financially and legally indepen- dent status. It is not affiliated with any government, political party or organization. PASSIA seeks to present the Question of in its national, Arab and interna- tional contexts through academic research, dialogue and publication.

PASSIA endeavors that research undertaken under its auspices be specialized, scientific and objective and that its symposia and workshops, whether interna- tional or intra-Palestinian, be open, self-critical and conducted in a spirit of har- mony and cooperation.

Copyright  PASSIA 3rd updated and revised edition, December 2019

ISBN: 978-9950-305-52-6

PASSIA Publication 2019 Tel.: 02-6264426 | Fax: 02-6282819 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.passia.org PO Box 19545, Jerusalem

Contents

Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………. i

Foreword …………………………………………………………………….….…………..……………. iii

Dictionary A-Z ………………………………………………………………………….………………. 1

Main References Cited…………………………………………..……………………………… 199

Abbreviations

ACRI Association for Civil Rights in PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics AD Anno Domini PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation AIPAC American Israel Public Affairs of Palestine Committee PFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation ALF of Palestine – General ANM Arab Nationalist Movement Command BBC British Broadcasting PLA Palestine Liberation Army Corporation PLC Palestinian Legislative Council BC(E) Before the Common Era PLF Palestinian Liberation Front BDS Boycott, Divestment and PLO Palestinian Liberation Sanctions Organization Brig.-Gen. Brigadier General PNC Palestinian National Council CE Common or Christian Era PNSF Palestinian National Salvation CIA Central Intelligence Agency Front CUP Committee of Union and PPP Palestinian People’s Party Progress PPSF Palestinian Popular Struggle DCO District Coordination Office Front DFLP Democratic Front for the PRC Popular Resistance Committees Liberation of Palestine PRCP Palestinian Revolutionary DOP Declaration of Principles Communist Party EU PRCS Palestinian Red Crescent Society EU BAM European Union Border RC Revolutionary Council Assistance Mission SLA South Lebanese Army ICC International Criminal Court St. Saint ICJ International Court of Justice TIPH Temporary International ICRC International Committee of the Presence in Red Cross UAE ID Identification/Identity UAL IDF UK ILA Israel Land Administration UN IMF International Monetary Fund UNCCP United Nations Conciliation JDC Joint Distribution Committee Commission for Palestine JNF UNCTAD United Nations Conference on JVOP Jewish Voice for Peace Trade and Development km kilometer UNEF UN Emergency Force in the Sinai km2 square kilometer UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scien- LC Legislative Council tific and Cultural Organization Lt. Lieutenant UNGA United Nations General Ltd. Limited Assembly m meter UNHRC United Nations Maj.-Gen. Major General Council mcm million cubic meter UNLU Unified National Leadership of MENA and North Africa the Uprising MK Member of UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works NGO Non-Governmental Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Organization Near East NIS New Israeli Shekel UNSC United Nations Security Council OCHA Office for the Coordination of UNSCOP United Nations Special Com- Humanitarian Affairs mittee on Palestine OPT Occupied Palestinian Territory US PA Palestinian Authority WZO World Zionist Organization PBUH Peace be upon him

i

ii

Foreword

The conflict that developed in historic Palestine between the Jewish immigrants of the Zionist movement and the , which turned into the “Middle East Conflict” involving Israel’s neighboring Arab countries and resulted in the ongoing Israeli occupation of the , has shaped Palestinian political life fundamentally.

The story of the conflict is, in a variety of ways, a story of competing narratives that have developed over time. An abundance of negotiations, backchannel meetings and conflict resolution initiatives attest to the fact that even the question of who has the prerogative over interpretation is a political issue. This is not only a question of interpretation and the use of specific politically-charged terms such as “freedom fighter” or “terrorist”. But it is also the question of whole events, such as massacres or promising peace initiatives that are ignored, forgotten or intentionally erased from collective and even academic memory.

In this regard, this Dictionary of Palestinian Political Terms is intended to offer a guide to Palestinian politics and Palestinian political thought. It attempts to present a collection of some of the most prominent actors, movements, agreements, plans and ideologies as well as events that have shaped the history of Palestinian politics. It aims to encourage interested individuals, students and researchers to further investigate and develop a nuanced and critical understanding of a people’s desires to live secure, in dignity and in self-determination.

December 2019

The editors

iii

iv A Israel's Attorney General ordered the government to cancel implemen- tation of the law in , stating A that it violated obligations under interna- tional law. In 2015, a seven-justice panel of the Supreme Court approved the application ABNAA AL-BALAD see Sons of the Village of the Absentee Property Law to assets in East Jerusalem. ABSENTEE PROPERTY LAW Legislation created by Israel in 1950 for the purpose of legalizing ABU ALA’-PERES PLAN Proposal discussed in changes to land ownership. The law defines confidential talks between Foreign Minister an “absentee” as a person who at any time and PLC Speaker Ahmad Qrei’a in the period between 29 November 1947 (Abu Ala’), apparently authorized by Israeli and 1 September 1948, had left their resi- Prime Minister Sharon, in the winter of 2001. dence and property either for territory out- The plan suggested first a and con- side of the 1948 borders of the State of centration of weapons and weapon bearers Israel, Arab states including , , under one authority (PA), followed by an , , , , (the Israeli recognition of a (demilitarized) Pales- latter two meaning also the and tinian state on areas presently under PA con- ), or any territory occupied by Arab trol (42% of the West Bank; 80% of the Gaza military forces. Absentee property was Strip) and Palestinian recognition of Israel as vested in the Israeli Custodian of Absentee a as a starting point for re- Property, with no possibility of appeal or newed final status negotiations on final bor- compensation, who then sold it to the De- ders and other outstanding issues (including velopment Authority, which was empowered Jerusalem, settlements, and refugees). The by the Knesset to acquire and prepare lands suggested timetable for the implementation for the benefit of newly arriving Jewish im- of the agreement was one year. The docu- migrants. Thereby, the “absentee property” ment remained unofficial, did not gain much that was left behind by support, and was neither approved by the in 1948 (and also some of the property of Israeli government nor by the PA. Palestinians who are now citizens of Israel) was transferred to the State of Israel. This process authorized the theft of the property of approximately one million , seized by Israel in 1948. Following the 1967 , was applied to East Jerusalem, but it was decided that the status of absentee would not apply to residents of East Jerusa- lem. However, West Bank residents with Ahmed Qrei’a (Abu Ala) & Shimon Peres property in Jerusalem remained in a gray area: while considered absentees under the BRIGADES (also: Martyr law and prohibited from officially registering Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades) Military wing of their rights to the land, it did not affect their the PFLP (originally the Red Eagles Brigades), ownership of the property in practice. Own- named after PFLP Secretary-General Mustafa ers could prove their existence and claim Zabri, better known as Abu Ali Mustafa, who their property even though they were consi- was assassinated by an dered absentees under the law. In a cabinet Israeli missile strike at meeting on 8 July 2004, this practice was his office in rescinded after being in place for 37 years. In on 27 August 2001. On January 2005, the Israeli government de- 16 July 2007, the Bri- cided to apply the Absentee Property Law to gades rejected Presi- East Jerusalem property. In February 2005, dent ’

1 A call on all Palestinian resistance groups to lem (expanded to include adjacent Palestin- surrender their weapons to the PA, saying ian villages including ) to be jointly that they would not abandon their re- administered, with autonomous sub-munici- sistance until the Israeli occupation of the palities for each side. (Yeru- West Bank and Gaza has ended. shalayim) recognized as the Israeli capital and East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as the Palestinian ABU HOLI Former Israeli military checkpoint capital (the seat of government being in Abu near that controlled all traffic on the Dis), and the guarantee of freedom of wor- only road connecting northern and southern ship and access to all Holy Sites for members Gaza. The checkpoint was dismantled fol- of all faiths and religions. The agreement lowing implementation of Israel's unilateral also proposed Israeli recognition of the Pal- disengagement plan in 2005. estinian right of return and compensation/ rehabilitation for moral and material loss, and Palestinian declaration of readiness to accept that the realities and prerequisites of peace render the right of return impracticable thus agreeing on the formation of an Interna- tional Commission for the final settlement of MASSACRE Assault by Jewish Haga- all aspects of the refugee issue. nah paramilitaries on the neighboring village of Abu Kabir on 12-13 February 1948, in which 13 Arabs were killed and some 22 wounded. Around this time the neighbor- hood was abandoned by most of its inhabi- tants and guarded by several dozen - men. A second major attack on Abu Kabir occurred on 13 March 1948 in which the Ha- ganah shelled the neighborhood with mor- Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) & tars and blew up a number of houses, os- tensibly intended to destroy the area. ORGANIZATION (ANO, also: Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary ABU MAZEN-BEILIN PLAN (formal: Framework Brigades, or Revolutionary Organization of for the Conclusion of a Final Status Agree- Socialist ) Anti-Arafat faction estab- ment Between Israel and the PLO) Plan lished by Sabri Khalil Al-Banna (Abu Nidal) drawn up by then-PLO Secretary-General that split from Fatah in 1974 and, after an Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) and Israeli attempt on Abu Mazen, was Deputy Foreign Minister Yossi Beilin (Labor) expelled from the PLO with Al-Banna sen- on 31 October 1995, the existence of which tenced to death. Abu Nidal himself is be- was denied by both parties for five years lieved to have been involved in the planning before being unofficially published in Sep- of military operations in such as at tember 2000. The draft, which was never the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, at times formally adopted by either Israel or the Pal- under the name ‘’. The ANO estinians, envisioned the establishment of a is also believed to be behind the assassina- Palestinian state no later than May 1999 and tions of PLO ‘moderates’ in the late / included the following proposals: Israeli early (e.g., Said Hamami). It aimed at withdrawal (conducted in stages until com- derailing diplomatic relations between the pletion in 2007) from territory of the future PLO and the West, while advocating for the Palestinian state, remaining in set- destruction of Israel. It had close ties to Sy- tlements inside the Palestinian state to be ria, and Egypt, though all closed down subject to Palestinian sovereignty and rule of the ANO’s offices in their countries by 1999. law, offered Palestinian citizenship or choose The group is listed as a ‘terrorist’ organiza- to remain as alien residents, City of Jerusa- tion by the US State Department. Leaders

2 A and associates are now Israeli Government and the PA in the 15 No- thought to be in Iraq, with vember 2005 Agreement on Movement and cells in Palestinian refugee Access which was facilitated by US and EU camps in Lebanon. Since representatives. It included removal of road- Abu Nidal’s death in Iraq blocks, opening of passages in the territories, in 2002, it is not clear who and upgrading of Palestinian forces loyal to Abu Nidal the new is, or President Mahmoud Abbas. It urged Israel to whether his followers have disbanded or just approve requests for weapons, munitions, joined other radical Islamic groups in Iraq. and equipment required by defense forces Although no major attack has been attri- loyal to President Abbas. The plan was never buted to the group since Abu Nidal’s re- implemented and was nullified after the ported death, Jordanian officials reported takeover of Gaza and the subsequent the apprehension of an ANO member sus- Israeli . pected of planning attacks in Jordan in 2008. ACHILLE LAURO Name of an Italian cruise ship ABU RISH BRIGADES (also: Ahmad Abu Ar-Rish with over 400 passengers and crew, which Brigades) Armed group that was formed in was hijacked on 7 October 1985 off the late 1993, mainly made up of "Fatah Hawks," Egyptian coast by four members of the Pal- and initially operated under Fatah but has estinian Liberation Front (PLF), headed by since become more independent. More re- Mohammed Zeidan (Abu Abbas). They de- cently, its members have called themselves manded the release of 50 Palestinian prison- Ansar Al- (Supporters of Islam) and de- ers from Israeli jails. After a two-day drama, clared their aims to be not only the libera- during which disabled American-Jew Leon tion of Palestine but also the exaltation of Klinghoffer was killed, the hijackers surren- God and flying the flag of Islam. In the earlier dered in exchange for a pledge of safe pas- years, the Abu Ar-Rish Brigades were re- sage. However, US Navy fighters intercepted sponsible for numerous attacks, mostly di- the Egyptian jet containing the hijackers and rected against Israeli military and settler tar- forced it to land in Sicily, where they were gets. Since the Israeli disengagement from taken into custody by Italian authorities. Gaza, they have carried out attacks and kid- Four Palestinians were jailed over the hijack, nappings in Gaza, often in conjunction with while the mastermind of the operation, Abu Hamas activists. They take their name from Abbas, was convicted in absentia but never the former PLO militant, Ahmad Abu Ar-Rish, spent time in who was mistakenly killed by the Israeli army prison in in 1993 just days after (he died in US turning himself in to the custody after be- Israeli authorities and pub- ing captured in licly laying down his wea- Iraq in 2004). pons. Today the group is largely confined to Gaza. ACRE MASSACRE Attack on Acre by Israeli troops on 17-18 May 1948, which left at MASSACRE Assault on the village least 100 Arab killed, mostly resi- of Abu Shusha (8 km southeast of Ramle) by dents of the new city who refused to move units of the Giv’ati Brigade on 14 May 1948, into the portion of the that was during which some 60-70 residents were being used as an Arab ghetto. killed. ACTIVE ORGANIZATION FOR THE LIBERATION ACCELERATION BENCHMARKS FOR AGREEMENT OF PALESTINE (AOLP) Body established in ON MOVEMENT AND ACCESS (also: Bench- 1967 by Dr. Issam Sartawi, a prominent and mark Document) A document published on 4 outspoken Palestinian moderate, as a non- May 2007 to facilitate progress and set a combatant medical aid organization. The or- schedule for the commitments made by the ganization merged temporarily with Fatah in

3 A 1968 and rejoined it in 1971, the war, as well as the war itself. The Com- but dissolved following Sar- mission was headed by Supreme Court Presi- tawi’s assassination in April dent Shimon Agranat and presented its final 1983 during a Socialist Inter- report on 30 January 1975 (which was pub- national meeting in Lisbon, lished for public view only 20 years later). . The report cleared then-Prime Minister Gol- Issam Sartawi Meir and Defense Minister

of all responsibility for the war's failures, al- ADMINISTERED TERRITORIES Israeli term for though both resigned due to the public’s the West Bank and, until the 2005 disen- demand. However, six high-ranking army of- gagement, the Gaza Strip, based on the be- ficers were held personally responsible for lief that Israel has a legal claim to these terri- intelligence failures that had made Israel tories and that the Fourth Geneva Conven- vulnerable to attack and recommended their tion does not apply. dismissal or transfer: Chief of Staff David Ela-

zar, Chief of Intelligence Zeira and his dep- ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION Imprisonment uty, Brig.-Gen. Aryeh Shalev, Head of the by Israel of Palestinians from the West Bank Desk for Egypt Lt. Colonel Bandman, and Gaza Strip without charge or trial for a Chief of Intelligence for the Southern Com- period of up to six months. Detention is re- mand Lt. Colonel Gedelia, and Commander of newable and is authorized by administrative the southern front Shmuel Gonen. Other rec- order rather than judicial decree. It is based ommendations included strengthening Mos- on the British Mandate 1945 Defense (Emer- sad and research department of the Ministry gency) Regulations which were amended and of Foreign Affairs, and the appointment of adopted by the Knesset in 1979 to form the prime ministerial advisors on intelligence and Israeli Law on Authority in States of Emer- defense. gency (Detention).

ADVISORY COUNCIL Temporary 20-member council (10 British, seven Palestinians and three ) created by British High Commis- sioner Sir Herbert in October 1920 to serve as a legislative body until a formal council dealing with self-government issues was established in August 1922 (Legislative Council or LC). Palestinians rejected the LC AGREEMENT ON PREPARATORY TRANSFER OF and boycotted the elections, arguing that its POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES (also known acceptance would also imply acceptance of as Early Empowerment Agreement) Agree- Britain’s commitment to the Balfour Declara- ment signed by Israel and the PLO at the tion and did not include proportional Pales- on 29 August 1994, which put tinian representation. Af- into effect the next phase (early empower- ter the resignation of ment) of the Declaration of Principles, pro- seven Palestinian mem- viding for the transfer of powers to the PA bers in May 1923 and within the following five specified spheres: other problems the idea (1) Education & Culture (carried out on 29 was abandoned and a Brit- August 1994); (2) Social Welfare (13-14 No- ish-only advisory council vember 1994); (3) Tourism (13-14 November took over. 1994); (4) Health (1 December 1994); (5) Tax- Sir Herbert Samuel ation (1 December 1994). About a year later, AGRANAT COMMISSION National Commission on 27 August 1995, another protocol was of Inquiry formed by the Israeli government signed transferring additional spheres to the after the in November 1973 PA (see Protocol on Further Transfer of Pow- to examine the circumstances leading up to ers and Responsibilities).

4 A AIPAC (full: American Israel ments of cooperation and coordination and Public Affairs Committee) In- led to the formation of the . A fluential Zionist, pro-Israel special resolution concerning Palestine con- lobbyist organization in the firmed that Palestine constitutes an impor- US set up in the early 1950s. tant part of the and called for an It works unflaggingly to align US diplomatic, end to Jewish immigration, the preservation economic, military, and foreign policy with of Arab lands, and the achievement of inde- Israel's interests. AIPAC has an estimated pendence for Palestine. budget of $65 million and some 100,000 members, and is considered one of the most powerful and effective lobbies on Capitol Hill.

ALAWIS Marginal Muslim group and an offshoot of Shi’a Islam. Most Alawis live in Syria and (plural: aliyot; English: ascent) Term the Levant, and hold referring to Jewish immigration to Palestine/ many top military and intelligence offices in Israel. the Syrian government. ALL-ISRAEL PLAN (also: National Water Plan) ALEXANDRIA DECLARATION Document signed Proposal regarding the water- by Muslim, Christian and Jewish religious shed publicized by Israel in 1951. It was leaders on 21 January 2002 in Alexandria, based on the Lowdermilk Plan and included Egypt, condemning "killing innocents in the the draining of the Huleh Lake and swamps, name of God," asserting the signatories’ the diversion of the northern Jordan River, commitment to work together for a just and and the construction of a carrier to the lasting peace and coastal plain and the . committing leaders to use their moral ALL-PALESTINE GOVERNMENT Announced on authority in seeking 23 September 1948 by the Arab Higher Com- an end to the vi- mittee, transforming the olence and resump- temporary civil administra- tion of the peace tion into a government for process. The decla- all Palestine. The govern- ration also calls on ment convened its first Na- Israeli and Palestin- tional Council on 30 Sep- ian political leaders tember 1948 in Gaza, where to implement the Mufti Haj Amin Al-Hus- Haj Amin Al-Husseini Tenet and Mitchell seini was elected as Presi- recommendations. dent, Ahmed Hilmi Abdel Baqi as Prime Mi- nister, and an 11-member cabinet was named. ALEXANDRIA PROTOCOL Document signed at The Declaration of Independence, issued on the closing of a meeting of representatives 1 , declared Jerusalem the cap- of five Arab states (Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, ital of Palestine and adopted the flag of the Lebanon and Iraq) and Palestine, which took 1916 (black and white with green place in Alexandria, Egypt, from 25 Septem- stripes and a red ) as the Palestinian ber to 7 October 1944. The goal of the meet- flag. The National Council adopted a provi- ing was to form a unified stance regarding sional constitution providing for an interim the future of the Middle East and non- parliamentary regime with limited abilities intervention of foreign powers. The resulting on the ground. By mid-October, the Palestine resolutions outlined the attendees’ agree- Government was recognized by the Arab

5 A states with the exception of Jordan. In 1959, an expansion of the 1968 blueprint (see Allon officially annulled the All- Plan above) and presented by then Prime Palestine Government by decree, reasoning Minister Binyamin Netanyahu to the cabinet that it had failed to advance the Palestinian in June 1997. The plan foresaw the creation cause. of enclaves with restricted autonomy around Palestinian population centers in some 45% (also: Jiser Al- or of the West Bank, while Israel would retain King Hussein Bridge) Road bridge between control of the remaining 55%, including most the East and West banks of the Jordan River, of the agricultural and natural grazing lands, named after British Commander the eastern slopes the fertile and water-rich Sir Edmund Allenby. It was built over an old , and border areas. Palestinians Ottoman bridge to facilitate the crossing of rejected the plan, the implementation of the British Army into Jordan to fight the Ot- which would have involved the destruction tomans in 1918. During the 1967 War, thou- of thousands of Palestinian houses. sands of Palestinian refugees fled via the Al- lenby Bridge before its destruction in the THE ALTERNATIVE (: Al-Badil) Electoral same war. It was rebuilt as a temporary alliance for the January 2006 PLC elections bridge (King Hussein Bridge) in 1968, and is consisting of the DFLP, PPP, and FIDA. The located approximately 6 km east of . alliance was headed by Qais Abdul Karim Today, the Allenby Bridge and both the old (Abu Leila), and called for immediate perma- and recently built King nent status negotiations with Israel and in- Hussein Bridges stand sisted on Palestinian refugees' right of re- side-by-side, marking turn. Additionally, the Alternative considered the border crossing be- fighting unemployment and poverty a top tween Jordan and priority, advocated full equality for women the West Bank, and abolishment of any legislation contra- which is under dicting the principle of equality. They cap- Israeli control. tured 2.92% of the 2006 vote and won two Allenby Bridge 1946 and today of the Council's 132 seats. The alliance dis- banded in early 2007. ALLIANCE OF PALESTINIAN FORCES see Da- mascus Ten AL-AMAL (Arabic: Harakat Amal) Shi'a politi- cal/military resistance movement in Lebanon One of the first settlement plans established in 1974 by Imam Sadr. Its politi- put forth by (Labor) in July 1967 cal manifesto, published in August 1974, called and officially adopted by the Israeli govern- for an end of the ethnic-political system in ment in June 1968. Its main points included Lebanon. maximization of Israeli security while mini- mizing the inclusion of Arab inhabitants in AMAN (Abbreviation for the Hebrew Agaf Israeli areas, annexation of the strategically HaModiin – English: the Intelligence Section) important and sparsely populated Jordan Israel’s central Military Intelli- Valley, consolidation of the Je- gence Directorate. Aman was rusalem corridor, and cantoni- created in 1950 as an indepen- zation of the rest of the West dent service within the Israeli Bank and Gaza Strip (conform- army (IDF), responsible for in- ing to the Israeli autonomy telligence evaluation for security policy, dis- plan for Palestinian self-admin- semination of intelligence to army and go- istration). vernmental bodies, training and operation of Yigal Allon field security, operation of military censor- ALLON PLUS PLAN Proposal for final borders ship, drawing maps, and development of for Israel and a Palestinian entity in the West 'special measures' for intelligence work as Bank and Gaza Strip publicized in May 1997 as well as of an intelligence doctrine in the realms

6 A of research, collection, and field security. Since in March 1946 in Palestine, published its first 2014, Aman is headed by . report in April, recommending a UN trustee- ship, and its final report on 1 May 1946, rec- AMANA Settlement movement established by ommending increased Jewish immigration the in 1978. It is considered (some 150,000 Jews) into Palestine, the ces- the main engine behind settlement construc- sation of the 1940 Land tion in the OPT and campaigns to encourage Transfer Regulations, and Jews and Israelis to move to settlements, adoption of a trusteeship claiming that its presence is protecting the for Palestine. The Arab conditions necessary for a Jewish State. In League rejected the pro- Spring of 2007 Amana launched a campaign posal as did the British for the first time in the US to convince government (see also American Jews to buy homes in the West Morrison-Grady Plan). Bank either for their own use or to rent them at cost to settlers. More recently, the organi- Peace conference zation made headlines for its intention to held on 27 November 2007 in Annapolis, build its new Maryland, to set up a timetable for future headquarters in negotiations on final status issues along the the heart of the guidelines of the 2002 "road map" for peace. The conference, organized by then US Secre- neighborhood in tary of State , was attended East Jerusalem. by President Abbas, Prime Minister Olmert, representatives from over 30 nations, the UN AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COM- Security Council, and the Middle East Quartet. MITTEE (JDC) The US Jewry's overseas relief It resulted in a draft resolution being pre- and rehabilitation agency, which was founded sented by the US to the UN Security Council, in 1914, initially to assist which was immediately withdrawn after caught in the throes of World War I and living Israeli objections. A follow up conference of under Ottoman rule. Since then the JDC has the Quartet took place in Sharm Esh-Sheikh aided millions of Jews in more than 85 on 9 November 2008. countries, providing assistance for Holocaust survivors and Jewish people in need or at risk, as well as res- ponding to current events and crises such as earthquakes and tsunamis.

AMIRAV-NUSSEIBEH DOCUMENT see Nussei- beh-Amirav Document ANNEXATION, ANNEXED TERRITORIES Incor- poration of territory into another geo-politi- ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY cal entity such as a country, state, county, or Joint commission proposed by British Prime city. forbids the annexa- Minister Attlee in response to US President tion of territory gained through war as well Truman's pleas to admit more displaced Jews as the mass movement of people out of or to Palestine. The resulting Anglo-American into occupied territory. Following the War of Committee was appointed in November 1945 1967, Israel annexed East Jerusalem and to associate the US with responsibility for some 28 surrounding villages (avoiding po- the Palestine Question and to examine con- pulated Palestinian areas such as Ar-Ram, tinued Jewish immigration into Palestine. It and Abu Dis/Al-Izzariyya) thereby comprised six Americans, chaired by Judge extending the borders of Jerusalem by some ‘Texas Joe’ Hutcheson and six British, headed 70 km2 (added to the 38 km2 of West Jerusa- by Sir John Singleton. The committee arrived lem at the time). The new municipal bounda-

7 A ries, now embracing 108 km2 (28% of which of Anti-Semitism was brought to the Middle is the West Bank), were designed to secure East with the various waves of Jewish immi- geographic integrity and a demographic Jew- gration from Europe. It was injected into the ish majority in both parts of the city. On 28 culture of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict after June 1967, the Knesset amended the Law of the Palestinian of 1948. However, nei- 1950, which proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's ther Palestinians nor Arabs in general (wheth- capital, to illegally extend Israeli jurisdiction er Muslims or Christians) ever had problems to the annexed part of the city. In 1981, with Jews as an "ethnie" or Judaism as a reli- Israel annexed Syria’s . Both gion, considering Jews “people of the book” annexations are considered illegal under UN (i.e., “children of Abraham”, part of the fam- resolutions. ily of monotheistic faiths), with whom even inter-marriage is allowed and practiced to ANTI-BOYCOTT LAW Israeli law prohibiting the this very day. Today, the charge of Anti-Se- promotion of or call for academic, economic mitism is primarily used to try to silence all or cultural boycotts of Israeli citizens and or- unfavorable discussion of Israel in general, ganizations and/or against Israeli institutions and all criticism of its governments’ practices or even Israeli settlements. Anyone who calls in violation of human rights and international for such boycotts (namely the Boycott, Di- law in particular. Anti-Semitism should not be vestment and Sanctions movement) can face confused with anti- or anti-Israeli a civil lawsuit. The law was initiated in 2010 government policy, which would confuse by MKs from , , , politics with religion/ethnicity. United Judaism and the National Un- ion, and approved in the Knesset on 11 July ANTI-TERROR(ISM) LAW see Counter- 2011. It was partially struck down when the Law Israeli High Court ruled in April 2015 that its Section 2c, which permitted the imposition APARTHEID Afrikaans word for ‘apartness’, of compensation payments even if no dam- originally used to describe the system of ra- ages were proven, was unconstitutional. The cial discrimination that existed in South Afri- first lawsuit filed under the law was in 2018 ca from 1948 to 1994, when the white mi- by the Israeli civil rights group Shurat HaDin nority ruled over the black majority. The on behalf of three Israeli teenagers who had term is also used in international law to de- bought tickets for a show by singer Lorde scribe a category of regime, defined in the that was cancelled after a call to boycott. UN International Convention on the Sup- Claiming "emotional damages," the Jerusa- pression and Punishment of the Crime of lem Magistrate's Court ruled in favor of the Apartheid (1973), as “inhuman acts commit- plaintiffs and ordered in October 2018 two ted for the purpose of establishing and main- New Zealand activists to pay NIS 45,000 in taining domination by one racial group of per- damages to the plaintiffs' "artistic welfare" sons over any other racial group of persons and court fees. and systematically oppressing them” (Article II). The Rome Statute of the International ANTI-SEMITISM The term “Semitic” refers to a Criminal Court (2002) lists apartheid under group of languages originating in the West Crimes against Humanity as “inhumane acts Asia, including the Middle East, to which He- ... committed in the context of an institutio- brew and Arabic belong, while “Semites” re- nalized regime of systematic oppression and fers to the many racial, ethnic and cultural domination by one racial group over any groups speaking one of those languages, in- other racial group or groups and committed cluding Canaanites, Arabs, Hebrews, and oth- with the intention of maintaining that regime” ers. Anti-Semitism, though, is not opposition (Article 7.2.h). Today, Israel is increasingly to a Semitic language or to Semitic peoples, accused of using policies consistent with an but specifically to Jews as a race as used by apartheid regime, because the system it has Nazi- to give a “scientific” name to instituted against the Palestinians in the OPT their hatred of Jews. The European concept meets the aforementioned definitions in that

8 A it treats Jews and Palestinians differently in ter the death of in 2004 and almost every aspect of life, maintains sepa- Israel’s 2005 withdrawal from Gaza. rate discriminatory legal regimes, and acts in violation of international law (e.g., by deny- AL-AQSA MARTYRS’ BRIGADES (Arabic: Al-Ka- ing Palestinians their right to freedom of move- ta’eb Shuhada Al-Aqsa) Armed group named ment and residence, forcibly transferring Pal- after Al-Aqsa Mosque, where the controver- estinians to make way for Israeli settlements, sial visit of Sharon on 28 September 2000 depriving Palestinians of fundamental iden- sparked the Al-Aqsa Intifada. The Brigades are tity-based human rights, etc). a secular network of Palestinian activists and , were formed in 2000 as an offshoot APARTHEID WALL see Separation Barrier of Fatah, and became one of the driving forces behind the . Although they AQABA SUMMIT Three-way summit held at initially focused on Israeli soldiers and set- the Royal Palace in Aqaba, Jordan, on 4 June tlers within the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 2003 between US President Bush, Israeli they later resorted to suicide bombings in Prime Minister Sharon, and Palestinian Prime Israel proper and attacks from Minister Abbas to discuss the "road map" for the Gaza Strip. They were added to the US peace. At the end of the summit, Prime Mi- State Department’s list of foreign terrorist nister Abbas vowed an end to terrorism and organizations in March 2002. In 2007, a large the militarization of the Intifada, Prime Minis- number of wanted Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades ter Sharon promised the immediate disman- members were granted amnesty by an agree- tlement of settlement outposts and reite- ment Israel negotiated with the PA, accord- rated his commitment to a two-state solu- ing to which they promised to refrain from tion, and President Bush stressed his com- terrorism, cut their links with the group, and mitment to "Israel's security as a vibrant Jew- obey certain movement restrictions. In Janu- ish state" and to "freedom and statehood for ary 2008 the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades joined the Palestinian people.” with Hamas and the Pal- estinian Islamic Jihad to AL-AQSA INTIFADA (also: Second Intifada) shoot rockets into Israel Second Palestinian Uprising against the Israeli from Gaza. Israel reta- occupation that began on 28 September 2000 liated by blockading the with Likud leader ’s provocative Gaza Strip. visit to Al-Aqsa Mosque, which triggered clashes with Palestinians. The outbreak of vi- AL-AQSA MOSQUE (English: The Farthest Mos- olence was preceded by the breakdown in que) Mosque built on the Al-Aqsa Mosque/ peace talks at Camp David in July 2000. Pop- Al-Haram Ash-Sharif compound in the 7th Cen- ular protests and stone-throwing quickly tury (709-714) by the Ummayad Caliph Abdul spread to the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as Malik Bin Marwan. The mosque derives its well to Palestinian communities in Israel, and name from the Qur'anic verse of Prophet Mo- were met with large-scale repression from hammed's nocturnal journey (Isra’ 17:1). It was Israeli forces, including use of and the first holy site of Islam (before ) to- tanks, which is seen as the reason why armed wards which Muslims directed their prayers Palestinian resistance emerged soon after- (Qibla), which is why it is also known as Al- wards. Unprecedented violence by Israel in- Qibly Mosque. The Mosque with its large silver cluding targeted , military in- dome (not to be confused with the nearby gol- cursions into Area A, and ‘Operation Defen- den Mosque) is considered sive Shield’ to re-take the West Bank, as well sniper attacks and suicide bombings by Pal- estinians left over 3,000 Palestinians and near- ly 1,000 Israelis killed. There was no decisive event that signaled the end of Intifada, how-

ever the Al-Aqsa Intifada lost momentum af-

9 A the third most important Islamic holy site af- ulations are not binding on member states, ter the mosques in Mecca and Medina, Saudi although it recommends that member coun- Arabia. The entire compound on which Al-Aqsa tries demand certificates of origin on all goods Mosque is located is also known as Al-Aqsa acquired from suppliers to ensure that such Mosque (see Al-Aqsa Mosque compound). goods meet all aspects of the boycott. The boycott was dealt several major blows when AL-AQSA MOSQUE COMPOUND (also: Al-Haram Egypt (1979), the Palestinian Authority (1993), Ash-Sharif) Complex located in the southeast and Jordan (1994) signed peace treaties or corner of the Old City of Jerusalem, covering agreements that formally ended the boycott; one-sixth of its area. Al-Aqsa Mosque com- other states do not enforce it or only spo- prises the entire area within the compound radically. Since 1951, the boycott is adminis- walls (a total area of 144 dunums/144,000 tered by the -based Central Boy- m2) – including all the mosques, prayer rooms, cott Office. buildings, platforms and open courtyards lo- cated above or under the grounds – and ex- ARAB CLUB (Arabic: Nadi Al-Arabi) One of two ceeds 200 historical monuments pertaining to main national movements (the other being various Islamic eras. According to Islamic Muntada Al-Adabi), which emerged during creed and jurisprudence, all these buildings Palestine’s unity with Syria (1918-20). Mem- and courtyards enjoy the same degree of sa- bership was based on ideology, in contrast to credness since they are built on Al-Aqsa’s holy the traditional organization around family grounds. This sacredness is not exclusive to heads and notables, and consisted largely of the physical structures allocated for prayer, young people. The interests of the two na- like the Dome of the Rock or Al-Qibly Mos- tional movements were almost identical, que, or to the buildings located on the sur- which led to cooperation between them in face of Al-Aqsa’s premises. Thus, a worshiper all major political events, however, both dis- receives the same reward for praying any- appeared after 1921. The Arab Club was set where within the Mosque including the open up in Damascus in 1918 by Palestinians from courtyards. as an organization engaged in social and cultural activities and its members were drawn mainly from the Al-Husseini family and their supporters. The president of the Arab Club was Haj Amin Al-Husseini and its political goals were unity with Syria under King Faisal I and resistance to Zionism. A body with the same name emerged in Da- mascus, headed by Abdul Qader Al-Muthaf- ARAB BOYCOTT Economic boycott of Israel (or far, and connected with the Jerusalem Arab the , prior to the formation of the Club. This new Arab Club became the main state) formally declared by the Arab League nationalist organization in Syria. The Arab Council on 2 December 1945 (Resolution 16). Club ceased functioning with the demise of The objective has been to isolate Israel from the Syrian Kingdom at the hands of the its neighbors and the international commu- French in 1920. nity, as well as to deny it trade that might be used to augment its military and economic ARAB CONGRESSES Seven congresses, initially strength. The 'primary' boycott prohibits di- organized by the Muslim-Christian Associa- rect trade between Israel and the Arab na- tion, were held between 1919 and 1928 tions, the 'secondary' boycott is directed at throughout Palestine to formulate Palestin- companies that do business with Israel, and ian national demands. The First Congress (Je- the 'tertiary' boycott involves blacklisting rusalem, 1919), rejected the Balfour Declara- firms that trade with other companies that tion and formulated a program to be pre- do business with Israel. The Arab League sented at the Conference. The Second does not enforce the boycott and boycott reg- Congress (Jerusalem, May 1920) protested

10 A confirmation of the Palestine Mandate for Husseini. The committee was banned by the Britain and was actually forbidden by the Brit- British shortly after its establishment in 1937 ish authorities. The Third Congress (, De- and its leading members were arrested, ex- cember 1920) called for the establishment of iled, and imprisoned for their vocal opposi- a national government and elected the Arab tion to the Mandate and to Zionist immigra- Executive Committee to direct and oversee tion and land acquisition. In October 1937, the work of the Palestinian national move- Al-Husseini fled to Lebanon, where he re- ment. The Fourth Congress (Jerusalem, June constituted the committee under his domi- 1921), led by Musa Qassem Al-Husseini, . The proc- elected the first Palestinian Delegation to laimed the independence of Palestine on 1 which presented the Palestinian case October 1948 and established the All-Pales- against Jewish immigration to Palestine to the tine Government. The Committee continued British government (a mission that ended un- to exist and had a representative at the UN successfully). The Fifth Congress (Nablus, 1922) General Assembly until the formation of the decided to boycott the Legislative Council PLO in 1964. elections planned by the British and to establish an information office in London. ARAB INITIATIVE see Saudi Initiative The Sixth Congress (Jaffa, 1923) reiterated the boycott of Legislative Council elections and ARAB ISRAELIS see Israeli Arabs the rejection of the Anglo-Hijazi Treaty (for a British-supported Arab ARAB LEAGUE Voluntary um- confederation of Iraq, the brella organization estab- Hijaz, and Transjordan). lished on 22 March 1945 The Seventh Congress (see Alexandria Protocol) (Jerusalem, 1928) called by the then independent for the establishment of Arab states (Iraq, Egypt, Sy- a representative govern- ria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, ment. Jordan, and Yemen) as a forum for concerted Musa Qassem Al-Husseini action on major issues its members face.

Today the Arab League is comprised of 22 ARAB EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (AEC) Body set members (but Syria's participation has been up at the Third National Congress in Haifa in suspended since November 2011, as a con- December 1920 to act as representative and sequence of government repression during defender of the Palestinian cause. The plat- the /revolution) and repre- form of the Haifa congress set out the posi- sents some 300 million people. In 1964, it de- tion that Palestine was an autonomous Arab cided to establish the PLO “to organize the entity and totally rejected any rights of the Palestinian people enabling them to play their Jews to Palestine. Musa Qassem (Pasha) Al- role in the liberation of their country and to Husseini was elected Chairman. The commit- achieve self-determination”, and at the 7th tee led the Palestinian political movement summit meeting in Rabat in October 1974, it until the mid-1930s, held seven congresses, recognized the PLO as the “sole representa- and sent several delegations to Europe, tive of the Palestinian people”. In 1976, the mainly London, to present the Palestinian PLO was admitted as a full member, and case against Jewish immigration. It was since 1989 it has been a member as "the never formally recognized by the British and ". At its March 2002 sum- was dissolved in 1934. mit, the Arab League members unanimously

endorsed the Saudi peace initiative and in its ARAB HIGHER COMMITTEE (AHC) Body estab- March 2007 summit it was re-endorsed by all lished in 1936, during the Arab Revolt, as a except Hamas delegate Prime Minister Ismail representative umbrella comprised of the Haniyeh, who abstained. Current Secretary- heads of all Palestinian political parties and General of the Arab League is Ahmed Aboul headed by the Grand Mufti, Haj Amin Al- Gheith (since 2016).

11 A (Arabic: Al-Jeish Al-‘Arabi) Armed of all of Palestine. The organization is based forces of Transjordan (since 1921), and then in , where it was the main faction subsequently the regular army of the Hashe- active in Iraq's small Palestinian population, mite Kingdom of Jordan (since 1949). The while it was a very minor group in other Pal- Legion was formed in 1921 by British Lt. estinian communities. It is currently repre- Colonel Frederick Gerard Peake as a sented in the PLO Executive Committee by force to keep order among Transjordanian Mahmoud Ismael. It maintains an office in tribes and to guard the Jerusalem-Amman Ramallah and publishes the monthly journal Road. From 1939-56 the Arab Legion was Sawt Al-Jamahir (Voice of the Masses). ALF has commanded by British officer John Bagot not been involved in armed attacks on Israel Glubb (Glubb Pasha), who made it the best since at least the early trained Arab army in the world. The Arab 1990s, and is no longer Legion played an important role against the believed to possess any Zionist forces in the War of 1948, when it significant military ca- conquered the Old City of Jerusalem and se- pabilities. cured the West Bank for Jordan. On 1 March 1956, the Legion ARAB NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (ANM) (Arab- was renamed as ic: Haraket Al-Qawmiyun Al-Arab) Political the Arab Army movement, the core of which was formed in (today Jordanian in 1948 by Arab Muslim and Christian Armed Forces). intellectuals. The ANM was more formally created in Jordan in 1952 by (Arabic: Jesh Al-In- and Haddad (Palestine), Ahmad Al- qadh; English: Army of Salvation) Arab volun- Khatib (), and Hani Al-Hindi (Syria), teer military force formed in late 1947, and soon had branches throughout the Arab based on an Arab League decision, to fight world. The initiators of the movement in the against the UN Partition Plan and defeat West Bank were two physicians, Dr. Salah Zionism. It was led by former Lebanese Ot- Anabtawi from Nablus and Dr. Subhi Gho- toman army officer Fawzi Al-Qawuqji and sheh from Jerusalem. After the mid-1950s, , who later became President the ANM unquestioningly tied its fate to of Syria. Only a small proportion of the army Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser, who effectively ever entered Pa- ran it, and the movement was strongest in lestine, mainly the the late 1950s and early 1960s. After 1967, it northern and cen- publicly abandoned '' and instead tral regions, and espoused Marxist-Leninist principles. The ANM its mission was un- called for pan-Arabism and Marxism, aimed successful. The Arab Liberation Army was at unifying the Arab world to confront Israel, officially disbanded in March 1949. and was a forerunner of the PFLP.

ARAB LIBERATION FRONT (ALF) (Arabic: Jab- ARAB PARTY (also: Palestine Arab Party; Arabic: hat At-Tahrir Al-‘Arabiyya) Iraqi-sponsored, Al-Hizb Al-Arabi Al-Filastini) Political party es- pan-Arab, and leftist military PLO faction, tablished by the Husseini clan and their sup- founded as a guerrilla group in 1969 by Iraqi porters (Al-Majlisyoun) in March 1935, partly Ba’athists to influence the Palestinian resis- to counter the rival Nashashibi clan’s Nation- tance movement. It was originally led by Zeid al Defense Party. It was first headed by Jamal Heidar, and is now headed by Rakad Salem. Al-Husseini and was strongly backed by the The ALF's ideology is similar to As-Saiqa's, Mufti Al- Amin. The Arab Party struggled but it carried out fewer operations. The ALF against the , Jewish immi- played a substantial role within the Rejec- gration, the British Mandate, and land sales tionist Front in the 1970s and followed Iraqi to Jews, and called for immediate and com- government policy on all matters. It opposed plete Palestinian independence. The party the and insists on the liberation became nearly irrelevant following the 1936

12 A Arab Revolt, when the British banned politi- ARAB SECRET SOCIETIES Political-literary clubs cal organizing and exiled many of the party’s and other patriotic organizations formed in leaders. the years 1900-1914, mainly in Constanti- nople, but with branches in Beirut, Damas- Proposal, based on the cus, and other Arab cities. Prominent secret 2002 Saudi peace initiative and adopted at the societies were Al-Qahtaniya and Al-Fatat, March in , seeking Arab independence. Following the for an end to the conflict between Israel and Arab Revolt of 1916, they merged with the the Palestinians and normalization of rela- emerging Arab national movements. tions between Israel and the Arab world. It called for an Israeli withdrawal from all Arab ARAB SUQRIR MASSACRE Israeli attack on the territories occupied since 1967, Israel’s ac- village of Arab Suqrir on 29 August 1948 as ceptance of an independent Palestinian state part of Israel’s 'Cleansing Campaign' (“Mitzva with East Jerusalem as its capital, and a “just Nikayon”) in the area currently known as settlement” to the issue of Palestinian refu- , in which at least 10 Palestinian far- gees. While the Palestinians endorsed the mers were murdered. initiative, Israel mainly rejected it, although some political leaders expressing reserved ARAFAT MAUSOLEUM Tomb built in the Mu- support for certain aspects of the plan. qata'a complex in Ramallah over the burial Other proposals have since been floated to place of PLO Chairman and PA President reintroduce and update the initiative. Yasser Arafat, who died on 11 November 2004 in Paris. The burial site is considered ARAB REVOLT (1916-1920) Arab uprising that temporary until his remains can be taken to began June 1916 against the , the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. The mau- triggered by the British promise (see Hussein- soleum has become one of Palestine's more MacMahon Correspondence) to create a than 2,000 mazara’at (shrines), dedicated to greater Arab Kingdom (Hijaz, Syria and Iraq), deceased persons of political, historical, or if the people of the region revolted against religious significance. The new complex, which Istanbul. The Arab Revolt left its marks, was inaugurated in November 2007 on the including the colors of its flag, black, green, 3rd anniversary of Yasser Arafat's death, also white, and red (used today by Syria, Jordan, includes a mosque and a museum. Iraq, Kuwait, Palestine, and the Ba’ Party). In the event, the UK and ended up dividing the Arab region under the Sykes-Picot Agreement.

ARAVA/ARABA VALLEY Region/geographic name for the area that stretches between the in the North and the (Aqaba and ) in the South. However, the use of the term is restricted to this southern section alone. It is part of the Syrian-African Rift and includes both Israeli Official proclamation of the Arab Revolt and Jordanian terri- tories with varying ARAB REVOLUTIONARY BRIGADES see Abu levels and densities Nidal Group/Organization of agricultural and urban settlements on both sides of the border.

13 A AL-ARD (English: The Land) Pan-Arab national- 44% of the West Bank) is classified as set- ist movement of Palestinian Arab citizens of tlement areas, firing zones, or nature re- Israel founded in 1958 and active until mid- serves - off limits to Palestinians, for whose 1960s, devoted to the teachings of Egypt’s development less than 1% of is desig- Gamal Abdel Nasser. It challenged the legiti- nated. Until this day, Israel retained overall macy of Israel as well as the traditional lea- security responsibility for all areas, including dership of the Palestinian community in Israel, the right of ‘hot pursuit’ into area A. On 31 promoting more authentically nationalist pol- July 2019, PA Prime Minister Shtayyeh stated itics. Its Central Committee included many that the classification of land into Areas A, B young Israeli Arab intellectuals, including and C was no longer valid due to Israel’s vi- Habib Qahwaji, Sabri Jiryies, Saleh Bransi (At- olations of the Oslo Accords, and on 25 Au- ), Mansour Kardoush, Fakhri Jdai (Jaf- gust, the PA Ministry of Local Government fa), Elias Muamer, Abdel Rahman Yahya, issued a directive instructing all local au- Mahmoud As-Sorouji (Akka), Mahmoud Dar- thorities to expand their master plans on the wish, Fawzi Al-Asmar, Tawfiq Suleiman Odeh, natural basins (i.e. across the A/B/C divide). Hanna Musmar (), Zaki Al-Bahri (Hai- fa), Mohammad Mia’ri, and Anis Kardoush. The movement published several newspapers (e.g., Al-Ard, Shatha Al-Ard, Al-Ard Al-Tayibah, Sarkhat Al-Ard, Dam Al-Ard, Rouh Al-Ard) and founded several cultural clubs. Many of the group’s members were jailed or exiled and in 1964, Al-Ard was banned. It tried to field a list of candidates for the 1965 Knesset elec- tions under the name ‘Arab Socialist List’, but was also banned.

AREA A, B, C Jurisdictional divisions created in the West Bank in 1995, under the Oslo II Agreement. Area A, initially being the urban centers only, came under PA administrative and internal security responsibility and even- tually comprised 17.2% of the West Bank. Area B, being the built-up areas of the re- maining principal villages and eventually ARMISTICE AGREEMENTS Series of separate 23.8% of the West Bank, remained under ceasefire agreements signed between Israel Israeli military occupation, but the PA be- and Egypt (24 February 1949), Lebanon (23 came responsible for services and March), Jordan (3 April), and Syria (20 July in administration. Area C, eventually being 59% 1949), following the 1948 War. No separate of the West Bank, remained under exclusive agreement was signed with Iraq. The agree- Israeli civil and military administration. After ment was meant to end hostilities and es- late 2001, Israeli military incursions and tablish armistice lines between Israeli forces reoccupations eroded the currency of the ju- and Jordanian-Iraqi forces, also known as the risdictional divisions of Areas A, B, and C. . The agreements were mostly ne- While one of the aims of the Oslo Accords gotiated on the Greek island of Rhodes under was to eventually move Area B and Area C the auspices of the UN (see also Rhodes away from Israeli to Palestinian control (Area Talks). A), this has not been the case. Today, Areas A and B are not contiguous territory but con- ARMY OF ISLAM (Arabic: Jesh Al-Islam) Small, sist of over 200 enclaves. Area C - where armed Islamist group that operates in Gaza Israel retains full control - covers roughly and is led by Mumtaz Dughmush, who origi- 60% of the West Bank; 70% of this (about nates from a powerful clan in Gaza. The group

14 A split from the Popular Resistance Commit- the aforementioned neighborhoods, and is tees, and has since been shunned by both involved in the settlement building at Jabal Hamas and Fatah. The Army of Islam seeks Mukabber, Ras Al-Amud, Abu Dis, and . liberation of Palestine and an Islamic state The organization has been involved in a num- and is said to be influenced by Al-Qaeda. The ber of legal disputes such as claiming owner- group was involved in the capture and hold- ship to houses despite court ruling. ing of BBC correspondent , who was later released, and Israeli soldier AT-TUR Arabic name for the Mount of . In 2010, senior Army of Islam neighborhood in Arab East Jerusalem. leader Mohammad Namnam was assassi- nated in a when the car he AUTONOMY PLAN Scheme proposed by for- was driving in was hit by a missile mer Israeli Prime Minister fired from an Israeli military . The in a speech to the Knesset in December 1977, group is linked to nu- calling for an end to the military occupation merous attacks in Israel of “, *the West Bank+, and and Egypt and was des- Gaza,” and the establishment of a democrat- ignated a Foreign Ter- ically elected 11-member Palestinian “admin- rorist Organization by istrative council” which would have responsi- the US and the UAE in bility for civil matters (e.g. education, health, May 2011. industry, agriculture, construction, transpor- tation, commerce, and labor), while Israel ARMY OF THE HOLY STRUGGLE or WAR (Arabic: would maintain control of security and pub- Jesh Al-Jihad Al-Muqaddas) Local Palestinian lic order. Palestinians could accept either military organization created in the 1940s to Israeli or Jordanian citizen- fight Zionism. The organization was head- ship. Palestinians rejected the quartered in and led by the legendary plan as it did not go beyond leader Abdul Qader Al-Husseini until his offering some kind of admin- death in combat at Qastel in April 1948, after istrative autonomy for the which the army’s commandership went to Palestinians in the OPT. Emil Ghouri. The Army of the Holy Struggle Menachem Begin

was disbanded and integrated into the AWQAF Plural of (see Waqf). Transjordanian army in 1949.

AXIS POWERS Group of nations (Germany, Italy, ASHKENAZI(M) Jews who derive from north- and Japan) which were opposed to the Allies ern and eastern Europe, primarily from re- during World War II and formed a military gions in modern day Germany, , and alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact . Ashkenazi Jews constitute around in Berlin in September 1940. Other countries 50% of Israel's Jewish population. Ashkenazi (e.g., Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, and Slova- Chief Rabbi of Israel is since 2013 David Lau. kia) joined the Axis Powers later, but mem- (See also Sephardim). bership was fluid and World War II ended

ATERET COHANIM (English: with their total defeat. Crown of the Priests) Ex- tremist Jewish institution whose goal is to Judaize the Christian and Muslim Quarters of the Old City, as well as East Jeru- salem, by taking over Palestinian property and fostering settlement construction. The group is funded by Jewish-American busi- nessman Irving Moskowitz. Ateret Cohanim AYALON-NUSSEIBEH PLAN see Nusseibeh- supports numerous Jewish families living in Ayalon Plan

15 B the building has been closed on the basis of an B Israeli order, which is re- newed periodi- BA’ATH (English: Renaissance or rebirth) Pan- cally. The gate itself was shut by Saladin Arab socialist party with branches in several after conquering Jerusalem to protect the Arab countries, most notably Lebanon, Syria, city from future raids, and remains closed to Iraq, and Jordan. The movement was created the present day. In February 2019, a number in Damascus in the 1940s by Michel Aflak of events caused some controversy and and Salah Eddin Bitar and became known as clashes between Israeli forces and Palestini- Ba’ath Arab Socialist Party in 1953. The core ans praying in the area. of the Ba’ath doctrine is Arab unity and anti- (2.) Name of one of the oldest Islamic ceme- imperialism. A branch of the Ba’ath Arab teries in Jerusalem, located in front of Bab Party was founded in Ramallah in 1952 by Ar-Rahmeh, which contains the remnants of Bahjat Abu Gharbiyyeh, Abdullah Rimawi, and Prophet Mohammad’s (PBUH) companions Abdullah Nawas. The party was commonly Ash-Shadad bin Aws and Obada bin As-Sa- associated with 's regime in met. In recent years, the cemetery has been Iraq (1979-2003) and Syria under Hafez Al- subjected to a series of Israeli violations, in- Assad (1971-2000), where the ruling parties cluding the uprooting of trees, digging up of retained the name, although both states graves, and fencing to prevent new burials. moved away from Ba'athist principles. These activities are aimed at seizing the cemetery under the pretext that it is a de- BAB AL-KARAMEH Tent village established by clared antiquities site and part of the “Jeru- Palestinian activists on 18 January 2013 to salem Walls” national park, and that digging protest Israel's land confiscation and settle- and burial ment building in the area of north- therefore west of Jerusalem. The Bab Al-Karameh (Gate constitute of Dignity) encampment was inspired by the damage to erection of the Bab Al-Shams protest village antiquities. a week earlier and faced the same fate: after three days, Israeli troops demolished the BAB ASH-SHAMS (English: Gate of the Sun) tents and evacuated the activists. Temporary tent camp erected on private Pal- estinian land in the area by some 250 Pal- BAB AR-RAHMEH (English: Gate of Mercy) (1.) estinian and foreign activists on 11 January (also known as ) Name for an 2013, to establish ‘facts on the ground’ with ancient historical gate carved into Al-Aqsa’s the aim to eventually turn the site into a vil- probably during the Umayyad lage called Bab Al-Shams (inspired by the re- era, and the building attached to it. The gate nowned book by Palestinian-Lebanese no- consists of two doors, one to the south (Ar- velist Elias Khoury). The camp was demo- Rahma – “The Mercy”) and one to the north lished within 48 hours by Israeli police, who (At-Tawbah – “The Repentance”) and was evicted the activists and arrested about 100 named after the cemetery located in front of of them. Other protest camps were founded it. It is believed that the Islamic scholar Imam in its wake. Al-Ghazzali wrote his famous book The Re- vival of Religious Sciences while staying in a room located in the structure above the gate, where the Islamic Heritage Committee had the headquarters of its advocacy activities from 1992 until it was dissolved by the Israeli occupation authorities in 2003. Since then,

16 B BACK-TO-BACK SYSTEM Trade and truck load- stands that Egypt cannot be a substitute for ing system that is part of Israel’s closure re- the Palestinians in that dialogue and that gime anywhere in the West Bank where Egypt will also consult with the Palestinians roadblocks hinder the transportation of on all aspects of the dialogue. Egypt will also goods. Due to existing movement restric- consult with Israel and the US on this matter. tions, export goods must be offloaded, then (3) The US understands that Israel will at- loaded onto new vehicles at the other side of tend the dialogue after a satisfactory list of a roadblock. In addition to creating delays Palestinians has been worked out. Israel will and uncertainties, it significantly raises costs also consult with Egypt and the US on this of trade and often re- matter. (4) The US understands that the gov- sults in substantial ernment of Israel will come to the dialogue damage to goods due on the basis of the Israeli government initia- to the unloading-re- tive of 14 May. The US further understands loading procedure. that the elections and negotiations will be in accordance with the Israeli initiative. The US BAHA’I Monotheistic religion founded in Persia understands, therefore, that the Palestinians in 1862 by Mirza Hussein Ali 'Baha’ullah' will be free to raise issues that relate to their (Glory of God) that grew out of Babism, a opinion on how to make elections and nego- sectarian deviation of Shi’ite Islam. The Ba- tiations succeed. (5) In or- ha'í faith’s central theme is that humanity is der to facilitate the process, one single race and that the day has come the US proposes that the for its unification in one global society. Its foreign ministers of Israel, principles stress the unity of all religions, Egypt and the US meet in world peace, and universal education. At Washington within two times, the Baha’i faith and community were weeks. banned and persecuted in Persia and other James Baker

Islamic countries. Main holy places are the Tomb of the Bab in BAKER-HAMILTON REPORT see Iraq Study Haifa and the Tomb of Group Report: The Way – A New the Baha’ullah (the ho- Approach liest spot on earth in the Baha'i religion, to BALAD (Hebrew acronym for: Brit Le'umit De- which they turn in mokratit, English: National Democratic As- prayer each day) in sembly; Arabic: Al-Tajamu' Al-Watani Al-Di- Bahj, near Acre. muqrati) Arab national-, estab- lished by towards the 1996 BAKER FIVE-POINT-FRAMEWORK Five ‘sug- elections and led by him until his resignation gested points’ for Palestinian-Israeli talks in April 2007 over charges of treason and es- formulated by US Secretary of State James pionage, laid against him by Israeli security Baker and formally released by the US State services. Since then led by Jamal Zahalka, Department on 6 December 1989. The Pales- Balad seeks to transform Israel from a “state tinians viewed them as positive but ex- of the Jews" to a "democratic state with equal- pressed reservations, stressing the need of ity for all of its citizens." The party supports further development of a role for the PLO the creation of two states based on pre-1967 and a desire to have the framework become borders and the right of return for refugees. part of a comprehensive package leading to In January 2015, Balad, which since its incep- an independent state. The five points were tion has been aligned with the Ta’al faction as follows: (1) The US understands that Egypt of Ahmed Tibi, signed an agreement with the and Israel have been working hard and that other three Arab-dominated parties, , there is now agreement that an Israeli dele- the United Arab List and Ta'al, to form the gation will conduct a dialogue with a Pales- ’’ after the Knesset raised the elec- tinian delegation in . (2) The US under- toral threshold from 2% to 3.25%. in the run-

17 B up to the April 2019 elections, the Joint List its possession and contradicted two previous disbanded and Balad decided to join forces British promises, the 1915 Hussein-McMahon with Ra’am (the United Arab List), mainly in correspondence and the 1916 Sykes-Picot order to minimize the risk of failing to pass Agreement (see both below). the electoral threshold. Ahead of the Sep- tember 2019 elections, Balad reestablished the alliance with the Joint List. After the large turnout of Joint List voters in the elec- tion, the Joint List's three Balad MKs ab- stained from endorsing Gantz as the rest of the Joint List had, putting Gantz behind incumbent PM Netan- yahu in total recom- mendations.

BALAD ASH-SHEIKH MASSACRE Attack on 31 December 1947-1 January 1948 in which the , an arm of the , attacked the Palestinian village of Balad Ash-Sheikh BANDUNG CONFERENCE near Haifa at night. The attack came in retalia- Founding meeting of the tion for the killing of Jews during the Haifa Oil Non-Aligned Movement Refinery massacre the day before. According in Bandung, Indonesia, to Israeli historian , the Jewish in 1955. Israel's invita- forces had orders to kill “maximum adult tion to the conference males.” Morris also reports that the Haganah was aborted by a threat General Staff recorded between 21 and 70 of an Arab boycott of residents were killed and 21 injured (includ- the meeting. ing at least two women and five children) when the Palmach fired into and blew up Originally refers to separate ho- houses, pulling out adult males and shooting meland for black South Africans set up by them. Following the raids, many families fled the South African Apartheid regime. The the two villages to Nablus, and Acre. term is increasingly used in the Palestinian Jewish committees after the massacre noted narrative to describe the areas isolated by that many of the Arab workers had not par- Israel's settlements, the Separation Barrier, ticipated in the attack at the refinery and a by-pass roads, and road closures in the West few had actually had protected Jews but the Bank and Gaza Strip. It encompasses the raids on Balad Ash-Sheikh and Hawassa were logic that the 1993 Oslo Accords granted conducted indiscriminately. Palestinians "autonomy" while assimilating or even subjugating them in the West Bank BALFOUR DECLARATION Letter sent on 2 No- and Gaza Strip. vember 1917 by British Foreign Secretary Ar- thur James Balfour to Baron Lionel Walter de BAR GIORA Clandestine Jewish organization Rothschild of the British-Jewish community, named after Simeon Bar Giora, one of the pledging British support for “the establish- leaders of the Jewish Revolt against the ment of a Jewish in Palestine.” Romans. It was formed in Jaffa in 1907 to It was henceforth referred to as an official defend the right to work and guard Jewish British statement and was included word for settlements as well as to develop new ones. word in the British Mandate document rati- It was responsible for the protection of Se- fied by the League of Nations in 1922. The jera (Ilaniyah) and Mesha (Kfar Tavor), before declaration was controversial as it was made merging with a new defense body, , by a European power about a territory not in in 1909.

18 B BAR LINE Defense system made up of a ous subjects, including: The Knesset (1958), series of 30 strongholds along the east side The People's Lands (1960), The President of of the Suez Canal, which was named after and the State (1964), The Government (1968), The devised by Chaim State Economy (1975), The Army (1976), Je- Bar Lev, Israeli rusalem, the Capital of Israel (1980), The Judi- chief of staff from ciary (1984), The State Comptroller (1988), 1968-72, to block Human Dignity and Liberty (1992), The Govern- attacks from Egypt ment (1992), Freedom of Occupation (1992 after 1967. Egypt's and 1994), The Government (2001), and con- troops overran these fortifications in the troversially, Israel as the Nation State of the 1973 Yom Kippur War but the Israeli forces Jewish People (2019). Once all basic laws are quickly regained the upper hand. enacted, they are supposed to become – with an introduction and several general rulings – BARCELONA DECLARATION Political agreement the constitution of the State of Israel. adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean confe- rence on 27-28 November 1995 in Barcelona BATN AL-HAWA Section of the Silwan neigh- by the Foreign Ministries of the 15 EU mem- borhood located on the steep slope south of ber states, 11 Mediterranean countries (Al- the Old City, where over 700 Palestinians are geria, , Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, threatened with displacement to the advan- , , Syria, , and ), tage of Jewish settlers. In November 2018, and the Palestinian Authority, marking the the Israeli High Court of Justice rejected the first attempt in modern history to create dur- residents’ appeal and ruled in favor of the able and strong bonds between the shores of Ateret Cohanim settler association, thus pav- the Mediterranean. The declaration intended ing the way for their eviction. to establish a comprehensive Euro-Mediter- ranean partnership in order to turn the Me- Palestinian factional fighting diterranean into a common area of stability, in June 2007, which left over 100 people dead peace, and prosperity through the reinforce- and resulted in Hamas’s seizure of control in ment of political dialogue and security, an Gaza. The week-long battle was a climax in economic and financial partnership, as well the conflict between the two movements that as a social, cultural and human partnership. had escalated following the 2006 parliamen- tary elections, in which Hamas had gained the BASEL PROGRAM Zionist platform formulated majority of seats in the PLC. Following the and adopted at the takeover, President Abbas dissolved the Ha- (World Zionist Organization) convened in mas-led unity government and declared a Basel, Switzerland in 1897, by Theodor Herzl. state of emergency, resulting in the de facto The program de- division of the Palestinian territories into two clared the goals of entities, the PA-governed West Bank and the Zionism, stating that Hamas-governed Gaza Strip. it "strives to create for the Jewish people Israeli invasion into Jenin ref- a home in Eretz-Israel ugee camp in the West Bank during 1-11 April [Palestine] secured by 2002 as part of ‘Operation Defensive Shield’ Public Law." during the Second Intifada. Claimed by Israel as a defensive measure against suspected BASIC LAWS Israeli legislation dealing with the militants, Palestinians considered the assault formation and role of the principal state's in- as collective punishment and a show of Israel’s stitutions, relationships between the state's military might. There were allegations of a authorities, and civil rights. These laws have massacre, with over 50 Palestinians killed been used in lieu of a formal constitution, al- (according to in some though the laws do not cover all constitution- cases constituting war crimes). While the al issues. Basic laws have been issued on vari- army blocked humanitarian and medical as-

19 B sistance to the residents, a large section of mas and the Islamic Jihad to the PLO) to a Jenin refugee camp was razed to the ground specialized committee. The breakthrough was (according to HRW, 35% of the camp) leaving said to have been reached because both sides 3,000 Palestinians homeless. The invasion was needed an agreement to escape from crises met with fierce Palestinian resistance and left each one faced: Hamas was unpopular at over 20 soldiers dead. home, short of funding and boxed in by Egypt and Israel, and Fatah suffered from Legendary battle that failed efforts to revive the stalled US-run took place on 21 at Karameh, peace process while facing rising economic Jordan, in which Jordanian and PLO forces woes in the West Bank. Soon after the sign- repulsed an Israeli raid (codenamed Opera- ing of the agreement, President Abbas swore tion ‘Inferno’) on the town, which served as in a new government on 2 June 2014, headed a base for PLO/Fatah guerillas, as well as on by Prime Minister . However, the nearby village of Safi. The raid was in re- due to the Israeli assault on Gaza that sum- prisal for a series of attacks by the Palestin- mer, no further steps were taken. ian guerillas against Israel. After the battle, the PLO's strength began to grow, which BEILIN-EITAN AGREEMENT (full: National Agree- eventually led to the 1970 Black September ment Regarding the Negotiations on the Per- in Jordan (see below). The partial defeat in- manent Settlement with the Palestinians) flicted on the Israeli troops at Karameh (al- Agreement regarding future negotiations with though most of the Karameh camp was de- the Palestinians reached between Labor and stroyed and hundreds of prisoners were tak- Likud MKs, headed by Yossi Beilin of Labor en) was the political and military turning point and Michael Eitan of Likud (with the blessing in Palestinian resistance, as it restored the of then Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu) dignity and self-esteem of the Palestinians in 1997 (publicized on 26 January 1997). It and of the Arab World at large, especially foresaw the establishment of a demilitarized after the decisive loss of the 1967 June War. Palestinian entity in the OPT, the area of which Palestinians still mark its anniversary. was yet to be negotiated but would clearly not imply a return to the 1967 borders nor the dismantlement of settlements, which would remain under Israeli sovereignty and whose territorial contiguity with Israel would be assured. The Jordan River would be Israel’s security border and the army would be dep- Battle of Karameh anniversary stamp loyed in a special security zone in the Jordan Valley. Jerusalem would become the undi- BDS MOVEMENT see Boycott, Divestment and vided unified capital of Israel and be recog- Sanctions nized as such by the new Palestinian entity, whose governing center would be outside the BEACH (REFUGEE) CAMP AGREEMENT (also: city’s existing municipal borders. Muslim and Beach Camp Reconciliation Agreement) Ac- Christian holy places in Jerusalem would be cord on Palestinian unity negotiated by Fa- granted special status. As for refugees, there tah and Hamas officials without outside me- would be no return to Israel, while entry to ditation, which was named after a refugee the new Palestinian entity would be subject camp in the Gaza Strip where it was finally to negotiations. Neither the Likud nor the achieved (at the home of the Hamas Prime Labor Party endorsed the plan. Minister Ismail Haniya) on 23 April 2014. The deal, which included a technocratic govern- BEIT DARAS MASSACRE Military assault by Jew- ment under President Abbas’ leadership, ish forces on the Gaza-district village of Beit plans to restructure the security sector, and Daras on 11 May 1948, in which some 50 elections within a six-month frame, referred people were killed, in some accounts many sensitive issues (such as incorporating Ha- of them women, elderly and children fleeing

20 B the fighting. In Historian Benny Morris’s ac- curity Council Resolutions 242, 338, and 1397, count, Beit Daras and some nearby villages as well as and the were to be surrounded and called upon to Arab Peace Initiative (also: Saudi Initiative). surrender and relinquish their arms. If they The plan included fighting against terrorism, declined, they were to be mortared and security separation (including the erection of stormed. For Beit Daras specifically, if it re- a fence between Israel and the West Bank sisted, it was to be “destroyed (…) and dealt and Gaza Strip), negotiations, the establish- with in the manner of scorched earth.” Beit ment of a demilitarized Palestinian state in Daras had already been severely hit in a “most” of the West Bank and Gaza Strip with retaliatory strike on 20-21 April, when about territorial continuity in the West Bank, and 100 villagers were killed and wounded and special arrangements for travel between the many fled. On 10-11 May, Beit Daras was West Bank to Gaza. Israel would abandon set- attacked for the last time. The village did tlements in Gaza and isolated ones in the West resist and suffered about 50 casualties, many Bank, annex the large settlement blocs adja- houses were destroyed, wells and granaries cent to Israel proper (with territorial swaps), were sabotaged, and throughout the area and limit construction to the natural growth there was ‘mass evacuation.’ needs of existing settlements. West Jerusalem would be enlarged, including settlements in BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION Military occupa- East Jerusalem, and be recognized as the capi- tion of enemy territory, i.e., the effective tal of Israel. The Old City of Jerusalem and its control by one or more ruling powers over holy sites would need a ‘special regime’, in a territory which is not under the formal so- which no one would obtain sovereignty over vereignty of that/those power(s). Because Haram Ash-Sharif. As for the such control has often been the outcome of 1948 refugees, the plan re- the exercise of military force, this regime has jected their right of return been titled ‘belligerent’ occupation. The ac- and called for resettlement cepted definition of what amounts to an oc- in the future Palestinian cupation is laid down in Article 42 of The Ha- state or the granting of citi- gue Regulations as: “Territory is considered zenship in their current host occupied when it is actually placed under the countries. Binyamin Ben Eliezer authority of the hostile army. The occupa- tion extends only to the territory where such BENCHMARK DOCUMENT see Acceleration authority has been established and can be Benchmarks for Agreement on Movement exercised.” Belligerent occupation is assumed and Access to be short-lived and provisional and implies that the sovereignty of the occupied terri- BERTINI REPORT Report prepared by Ms. Ca- tory is not vested in the occupying power. therine Bertini, under the auspices of UN- However, even in the case of prolonged occu- OCHA, as Personal Humanitarian Envoy of pation, the Laws of Belligerent Occupation, the UN Secretary General. The report was which govern the relationship between the published on 19 August 2002, and concluded occupying power and the occupied state and that “There is a serious humanitarian crisis in its inhabitants, including refugees and state- the West Bank and Gaza. The crisis is not a less persons, must be fully respected. Belli- 'traditional' humanitarian crisis, such as gerent occupation is mainly governed by the those caused by famines or droughts, but is 1907 Regulations, the 1949 Fourth inextricably linked to the ongoing conflict Geneva Convention, and the customary laws and particularly to the measures imposed by of belligerent occupation. Israel." The report was not binding, and was rejected by Israel. BEN ELIEZER PROPOSAL Plan put forward by then Israeli Defense Minister Binyamin Ben (Hebrew acronym for: Brith Yousef Eliezer (Labor) in July 2002, based on the "vi- Trumpeldor) Zionist movement established sion of two states for two peoples,” UN Se- in 1923 as the youth movement of Vladimir

21 B (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky’s Revisionist party and ‘Greater Syria’, i.e., the regions of the east- named after Joseph Trumpeldor, who died de- ern Mediterranean (modern day Syria, Leba- fending the settlement of Tel Hai. The move- non, Palestine/Israel, and Jordan). ment emphasized , culture, and self-defense, as well as the goal of a BIL’IN West Bank village 12 km west of Ramal- Jewish state "on both sides of the Jordan." lah that has gained international attention for Its members fought against the British dur- its weekly non-violent demonstrations against ing the Mandate. They have been tradition- the Israeli Separation Barrier beginning in ally linked to the Likud party (and its prede- 2005. The protestors include Palestinians cessors). Today, Betar pro- (nearly all 1,800 villagers in Bil'in have parti- motes Jewish leadership on cipated in the protest), Israelis, and interna- university campuses as well tionals. Over 1,000 people have been injured as in local communities in during and arrested as a result of the pro- Israel and internationally. tests. In September 2007, the Israeli Su- preme Court ordered the Israeli government (Arabic: Al-Izzariyya) Biblical village to redraw the route of the Barrier near the recorded in the as the home village. However, no implementation of the of Mary, Martha, Lazarus, and Simon the Le- order took place. In December 2008, the per, as well as the place from where Jesus High Court of Justice found the Israeli De- parted from his disciples at the Ascension. fence Ministry in contempt for failing to im- Today it is commonly plement its ruling on the Separation Barrier identified with the Pal- and stated that the government must comp- estinian suburb of Al- ly with their decision "without any further Izzariyya some 2 km delays." A film portraying the protests shot east of Jerusalem, from the perspective of the people of Bil'in which has been bi- over many years starting in 2005 called 5 sected by the Israeli Broken Cameras, by Emad Burnat and Guy Separation Barrier. Davidi, became popular after its release in 2012 and was nominated for Best Documen- (Arabic: Beit Lahim) Palestinian tary Feature in the 85th Academy Awards. In governorate and city located 10 km south of March 2018, +972 Magazine reported that Jerusalem. The governorate, which inter alia the protests had continued for then 13 years. also includes the adjacent municipalities of It further noted that after years of struggle and as well as the refu- and “a Supreme Court ruling, the wall was gee camps of Dheisheh, Beit Jibrin (‘Azza) repositioned in 2011, returning some 600 and Aida, has an estimated population of dunums of land back to the village, but over 217,400, Bethlehem city itself of almost 1,000 remain 29,000 (PCBS, 2019). The city’s main attrac- on the other tion is the , which is side of the considered the birthplace of Jesus and thus wall, near the makes it a prime destination for Christian ultra-orthodox pilgrimage. The city’s economy is primarily settlement of tourism-driven. Modi’in Ilit.”

BILTMORE PROGRAM Series of eight resolu- tions adopted by the May 1942 Zionist Con- ference, which took place at the Biltmore Hotel in New York (thus sometimes referred to as Biltmore Conference), after the real di-

mensions of became known. BILAD ASH-SHAM Arabic term traditionally Among the nearly 600 delegates were Zionist referring to the region of the Levant or leaders from the US and 17 other countries.

22 B The program totally rejected the British 1939 (Arabic: Al-Fahd Al-Aswad) White Paper and called for the establishment Para-military secular group formed by Fatah of a Jewish state. It urged that "Palestine be during the in the northern West established as a Jewish Commonwealth inte- Bank. It became mainly known for executing grated in the structure of the new demo- Palestinian collaborators and attacking Israe- cratic world (after World War II)." There was li forces. Its apparent brutality and outright opposition to the proposal by the non- rejection of the peace process provoked Zionists and those who believed in a bi-na- public rebukes from the mainstream Fatah tional state. After approval of the resolutions leadership. Following a harsh Israeli crack- by the Zionist down on their members and the signing of General Council in the Oslo Accords, which they jointly rejected Palestine, the Bilt- with other groups such as the Fatah Hawks more Program be- and Hamas, they lost strength but maintained came the plat- arms and continued low-level violence. In form of the World 2005, a group under the same name (re- Zionist Organiza- )emerged in Gaza, claiming responsibility for tion. a number of kidnappings of foreign journal- ists and aid workers. BINATIONALISM Concept of a single secular state providing a national home for both BLACK SEPTEMBER Military confrontation be- Israelis and Palestinians on the same terri- tween the Jordanian army and Palestinian tory (a one-state solution as opposed to par- guerrillas in Jordan in September 1970 after tition/two-state solution). The idea of a bi- PFLP commandos hijacked four airplanes "to national state goes back to the 1920s, when pay special attention to the Palestinian prob- it was proposed in one form or another by lem," blew two of them up, and declared the Jewish intellectuals, and has recently been Irbid region in Jordan a “liberated area”. The revised in the face of the ongoing Israeli-Pal- civil war-like confrontation began on 15 Sep- estinian violence, continuous Israeli unila- tember 1970, when King Hussein, challenged teral measures to create facts on the ground by PLO attempts to create a ‘state within a in Palestinian territories, and the impasse in state’, declared martial law and the US- the negotiations. Nevertheless, it is esti- backed Jordanian army began attacking the mated that a majority of both Israelis and headquarters of Palestinian organizations, Palestinians still reject the idea of a bi-na- first in Amman, then in other locations as tional state. Main forms of bi-nationalism in- well. The fighting left some 2,000 dead and clude the consociational democracy (e.g., led, after weeks of bitter fighting, to the Northern Ireland) and the federal model expulsion of the PLO leadership and troops (e.g., Switzerland). from Jordan. When the PLO set up its BIRTHRIGHT Term most generally referring to new bases in Beirut, the right of anyone born in the territory of a Israeli retaliatory air state to nationality or citizenship. Birthright raids on Lebanon Israel (also known as Taglit, which means ‘dis- began. covery’ in Hebrew), is a program created in 1999 offering free “heritage” trips to Israel BLACK SEPTEMBER ORGANIZATION Palestin- for young Jews, who are encouraged to dis- ian group founded by Fatah members in the cover their Jewish identity and connection to 1970s as a small cell and named after the and culture. To counterbal- 1970 'Black September' conflict between Jor- ance Birthright Israel, Birthright Unplugged danian military forces and Palestinian figh- was formed in 2003 with the goal of expos- ters (see entry above). The organization was ing Jewish and non-Jewish visitors to Pales- joined by members of other factions and tinian communities and the Palestinian side groups determined to take revenge on King of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Hussein and the Jordanian army, and oper-

23 B ated from bases in Syria and Lebanon. The LINE TEAM (officially: State Property De- Black September Organization became known limitation Team) Unit established by the for the kidnapping and murder of eleven Israeli Civil Administration in 1999 to ex- Israeli athletes and officials during the 1972 amine Israel’s declarations of state land in Olympic Games in Munich. the West Bank. The team, consisting of car- tographers, legal experts and inspectors, re- draws existing maps (mostly from the 1980s) as “state land”, which is a necessary step for the allocation of land for settlement expan- sion or the retroactive “legalization” of unau- thorized outposts, without warning the Pal- estinians living in those areas and without BLUDAN CONFERENCE(S) (1.) The Arab confe- making the results public. The aim is to con- rence that convened in 1937 in Bludan, Syria, firm that territory now designated state land in response to the 1937 Par- is indeed land over which Israel has legal ju- tition Plan. Participants rejected partition of risdiction (retroactive legalization – often of historic Palestine and a Jewish state and con- outposts). Since the team began operating in firmed Palestine as part of the Arab World. 1999, it has remapped over 320,000 dunums (2.) Arab League conference held on 8 June of land, some 200,000 east of the Separation 1946 in Bludan. Participants denounced the Barrier and 121,000 west of it. findings of the 1945-46 Anglo-American Com- mission of Inquiry, criticized Western/US B’NAI B'RITH (English: Sons of the Covenant) policy, and discussed ways in which Arab The world's oldest and largest Jewish frater- states could assist the Palestinians, including nal and charitable organization, founded by reconstituting the a group of German-Jewish immigrants in 1843 Arab Higher Com- in New York, with the goal of uniting Jews mittee and dispatch- and protecting Jewish in- ing forces from vari- terests around the world. ous Arab armies in- Today B'nai B'rith fights to Palestine in the against Anti-Semitism and case of war. anti-Israel bias, provides senior housing and advo- BLUE AND WHITE (coalition) see Kahol Lavan cacy on issues of vital concern to seniors and their families, helps communities in crisis, Border demarcation between Leba- and promotes Jewish identity through cul- non and Israel drawn by the UN on 7 June tural activities. Its work is implemented by 2000 to determine whether Israel had fully several centers. In recent years, B’nai B'rith withdrawn from Lebanon. The Blue Line is reported hundreds of thousands of members based on the deployment of the Israeli army and supporters, mainly in the US, and had a prior to 14 March 1978, when Israel launched budget of $14 million. Operation Litani and occupied the entire southern part of Lebanon. The blue line has BOLLING AIR FORCE BASE US base near Wash- been violated multiple times by both Israel ington, D.C., where Israeli and Palestinian and Lebanon. delegations led by Oded Eran and held intense and secluded talks in spring 2000. Negotiations focused on some of the tough outstanding ‘final status’ issues with the aim of reaching a framework agree- ment by May 2000 and a final agreement by 13 September 2000. However, the talks ended without the hoped-for breakthrough.

24 B BORDER GUARDS/BORDER POLICE (also known tuated to the northwest of the Old City, by its Hebrew abbreviation Magav) Military while the Arab ran north to south branch of the Israeli police, mainly profes- with the Old City at its center. sional officers on payroll and field policemen redirected from the army. All border police- BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT AND SANCTIONS (BDS) men receive combat training and conse- International campaign and movement quently are employed in unquiet areas, where launched on 9 July 2005 by 171 Palestinian there are greater risks for violence. They NGOs, calling for boycott (withdrawing sup- serve mainly in the countryside, in Palestin- port for Israel and Israeli and international ian villages and towns (along with the regu- companies that are involved in the violation lar police), near the borders, of Palestinian human rights, as well as compli- and in the West Bank. The cit Israeli sporting, cultural and academic in- Border Guards heaviest area stitutions), divestment (urging banks, local of operation is the city of Je- councils, churches, pension funds and univer- rusalem. sities to withdraw investments from Israeli and international companies involved in vi- BORDERS Israel has never officially fixed its olating Palestinian rights) and sanctions (pres- territorial borders, which are still based on suring governments to fulfill their legal obliga- those established by the British Mandate. tion to hold Israel accountable, e.g., by ending When the state of Israel was established on trade agreements or expelling Israel from in- 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion refused to ternational forums such as the UN and FIFA) define its borders, saying, “We are announc- against Israel until it complies with interna- ing the creation of a state in the Western tional law and universal principles of human part of our country.” Some still rights. Refers to non-violent punitive meas- refer to the West Bank as Judea and Samaria ures aimed at pressuring Israel to recognize and consider it part of ‘Greater Israel’ or the Palestinian people’s right to self-determi- ‘Eretz Yisrael.’ Israeli peace groups, such as nation and to comply with its obligations un- Gush Shalom, call for the pre-1967 borders, der international law. The three stated goals or Green Line, to be accepted as the 'border of the campaign are (1) an end to Israel's “oc- of peace.' In January 2001, agreements at cupation and colonization of all Arab lands Taba, Egypt (later repudiated by Israel), ac- and dismantling the Wall," (2) Israel’s recogni- knowledged the 1967 borders as the basis tion of the "fundamental rights of the Arab- for lasting peace. Israel’s borders with Egypt Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality," and with Jordan have been formalized in and (3) Israeli respect, protection, and promo- peace treaties. The border with Lebanon is tion of "the rights of Palestinian refugees to part of the 1949 Armistice Agreement, while return to their homes and properties as sti- the borders with Syria and the Palestinian pulated in UN resolution 194." In March 2017, territories are still not settled and have yet the Knesset passed a law (Amendment No. 27 to be negotiated. The pre-1967 borders are to the Law of Entry to Israel), denying entry to internationally recognized and enshrined in alleged supporters of the BDS campaign. international law. Israel subsequently announced a list of 22 NGOs whose staff or members were banned. BOROUGH-PLAN Proposal for a new municipal These included: AFPS (The Association France mechanism for Jerusalem drafted in 1945 by Palestine Solidarité), BDS France, BDS Italy, Sir William Fitzgerald, Chief Justice of the ECCP (The European Coordination of Commit- Supreme Court of Palestine during the Brit- tees and Associations for Palestine), FOA ish Mandate, which never materialized. The (Friends of Al-Aqsa), IPSC (Ireland Palestine plan placed the preservation of the city’s Solidarity Campaign), Norge (The Palestine unity at the center and suggested separate Committee of ), Palestinakomitee, Arab and Jewish councils be created with a PGS (Palestine Solidarity Association in Swe- degree of autonomy over respective bo- den), Palestinagrupperna i Sverige, PSC (Pa- roughs. The Jewish borough was to be si- lestine Solidarity Campaign), War on Want,

25 B BDS Kampagne, AFSC (American Friends Ser- first two years of the intifada”, one third of vice Committee), AMP (American Muslims for whom were children under the age of 10. In Palestine), Code Pink, JVP (Jewish Voice for July 1990, the Knesset rejected a motion to Peace), NSJP (National Students for Justice in set up a special commission to investigate Palestine), USCPR (US Campaign for Palestin- whether Rabin had given soldiers orders to ian Rights), BDS Chile, BDS , and break the bones of Palestinians and decided BNC (BDS National Committee). not to investigate the charges against Rabin.

BREACH OF LOYALTY BILL Amendment to the BREAKING THE SILENCE LAW (formally: State Entry into Israel Law passed by the Knesset Education Law (Prevention of Activity in an on 7 March 2018, which empowers the Israeli Educational Institution of External Bodies Interior Minister to revoke the permanent Acting Against the IDF or the Goals of Educa- residency status of any Palestinian suspected tion) Legislation approved by the Knesset with of a “breach of loyalty” to Israel (i.e., terror, 43:24 on 16 July 2018, which stipulates that betrayal, or other anti-Israel activities) and organizations delegitimizing the State of Israel, have him/her deported. Based on this, Israeli acting against soldiers and the objectives of Interior Minister issued an order the Israeli education system will not be per- on 29 April, stripping three Palestinian PLC mitted to enter school premises or meet members – Mohammad Abu Teir, Ahmad At- with students. The law is named after its toun, and Mohammad Totah – as well as for- main target, Breaking the Silence, an or- mer PA Minister of Jerusalem Affairs Khaled ganization made up of former Israeli soldiers Abu Arafeh (all affiliated with Hamas) of who report about their negative experiences their residency rights. Three legal centers for serving in the OPT. Critics have called it the , HaMoked, Adalah, “occupation silencing law”. and ACRI, issued a joint response to the law, stating: “This law is unconstitutional and is BREZHNEV PLAN Six-point intended to result in the illegal expulsion of plan for the Middle East Palestinians from Jerusalem, the city of their presented by then Soviet birth. Even though the revocation of residen- President Leonid Brezh- cy entails a severe violation of basic rights – nev on 15 September including the right to family, the right to free 1982. The plan included: movement, and the right to freedom of em- (1) the inadmissibility of ployment – members of the Knesset nev- the acquisition of terri- ertheless chose to grant the interior minister tory by force, and thus (2) the need for a the authority to do as he wishes. East Jerusa- complete Israeli withdrawal from all Arab lem is occupied territory, and its Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, including East residents are a protected population under Jerusalem; (3) the exercise of the inalienable international humanitarian law. It is there- rights of the Palestinians to self-determina- fore forbidden to impose upon them an obli- tion and to the establishment of their own gation of loyalty to Israel, let alone revoke independent state; (4) the safeguarding of their permanent residency status for "breach the right of all states in the region to secure of loyalty," essentially resulting in their ex- an independent existence and development; pulsion from the city.” (5) the termination of the state of war and the establishment of peace between the BREAKING THE BONES POLICY Israeli army Arab States and Israel; and (6) the elabora- tactic to “punish” Palestinians who partici- tion and adoption of international guaran- pated in the First Intifada. Then Defense Mi- tees of a peaceful settlement. The six points nister Yithzak Rabin gave orders in January were subsequently reaffirmed on 5 January 1988 to break the bones of “Palestinian inci- 1983 by the Political Consultative Committee ters”. According to Save the Children of the States Parties to the Treaty. “23,600 to 29,900 children required medical treatment for their beating injuries in the

26 B BRITISH MANDATE Form of administrative con- without permits and their homes are thus trol given to the British by the League of ‘illegal’ under Israeli law, making them vul- Nations, based on the decision of the 1920 nerable to Israel’s house demolition policy. awarding to France One of the main obstacles in obtaining build- the mandate for Syria and Lebanon and to ing permits are Israeli declarations of land as Britain that of Palestine, Transjordan and ‘unfit for building’ or as ‘green’ or ‘open space,’ Mesopotamia (Iraq). The fact that the British where construction is forbidden. Often this is mandate included references to the Balfour the case in areas earmarked for future build- Declaration and the establishment of a Jew- ing by Israel (e.g., settlement expansion). ish homeland was a severe blow to the Arabs. Additional obstacles to obtaining permits in- The League of Nations Council formally ap- cludes inability to prove land ownership, proved the mandate on 24 July 1922 – with- which was not documented under Ottoman out the consent of the Palestinians – which rule, the British Mandate, Jordanian, or Israeli then became official on 29 September 1923. rule, and high costs of permits. Sir Herbert Samuel was appointed first High Commissioner. By the power granted under AL-BURAQ (English: lightning) According to Is- the mandate, Britain ruled Palestine in the lamic belief, a winged horse-like creature that years 1920-1948. In 1947, Britain decided to first bore Mohammed on his Isra’ (night terminate the Mandate and submitted the journey) from Mecca to a place in Jerusalem Question of Palestine to the UN. On 15 May near the of the Second Tem- 1948, the Mandate officially ended. ple, and then to heaven on his Miraj (ascen- sion) in the company of the angel Jibril. Tra- ditions also state that Al-Buraq was the mount of all the prophets.

AL-BURAQ MOSQUE Structure built on the Al- Aqsa Mosque compound next to its western wall, known as Al-Buraq Wall. The main gate of Al-Buraq Mosque, located in Al-Aqsa’s western wall, is permanently sealed, but it is still open for prayers to worshipers via anoth- er entrance located in the western corridor of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. The Mos- que derived its name from a ring that is BRITISH MILITARY ADMINISTRATION (also: Oc- nailed to its wall which Muslims believe cupied Enemy Territory Administration – Prophet Mohammad used in order to tie Al- OETA) Military rule in Palestine that followed Buraq, the magnifi- the British conquest of Palestine in 1917 and cent creature that lasted until 1920 when the British Mandate carried him from and its civil administration replaced it. Mecca to Jerusa- lem in the night BUILDING PERMIT Document Palestinians must journey of Al-Isra’ wa Al-Miraj. obtain from the Israeli authorities (except in PA-controlled areas) in order to be able to AL-BURAQ REVOLT or RIOTS see Western Wall build on their land. Because Israel’s policy is Disturbances politically motivated, it is very difficult for Palestinians to obtain building permits, which AL-BURAQ WALL Part of Al-Haram Ash-Sharif, is particularly true with regard to East Jeru- remnant of Herod's Temple, and holy to salem, where Israel aims to maintain a Jew- both Jews and Muslims. To Jews it is the ish majority. Even if a permit is granted, Western or Wailing Wall (see entry below), there are still very high costs accompanied while Muslims remember this as the wall with it. Consequently, many Palestinians build where Prophet Mohammed tied his winged

27 B creature, Al-Buraq, before ascending to hea- BURJ AL-LAQLAQ (English: Storks Tower) Site ven on his journey from Mecca to Jerusalem located at the northeast corner of the Old (Isra’ wa Al-Miraj), where he received his re- City, which was built in 1537. The site was velations of Islam and lead the other proph- acquired by Burj Al-Laqlaq Community So- ets of God in prayer. ciety from private Palestinian owners to be used for social, educational and recreational activities. Due to its size and location, the center has become a target for harassment by Israeli Occupation forces. On 25 July 2005, the West Jerusalem Planning Committee ap- proved a plan (dating back to 1990 when Ariel Sharon was housing minister) for construc- tion of a Jewish settlement (21 housing units MASSACRE Attack by Palmach forces and a ) on a 3.8-dunum site next on Burayr, northeast of Gaza City, on 12-13 to the center. The Israel Land Administration May 1948. According to the sources of Israeli owns 1.9 dunums (absentee property) of the historian Benny Morris, Jewish forces killed a land in question while Himanuta Ltd., a sub- large number of villagers, executing dozens sidiary of the Jewish National Fund, owns 1,3 of army-age males, and raping and murder- dunums, which were reportedly acquired ing a teenage girl. Remaining inhabitants fled privately from the White Russian Orthodox to Gaza. Church in 1982. In 1998, settlers from Ataret Cohanim – protected by Israeli soldiers – laid AL-BUREIJ REFUGEE CAMP MASSACRE (1.) At- the 'cornerstone' for the new settlement and tack on Bureij refugee camp, located in cen- moved land caravans to the area. However, tral Gaza, carried out on 28-29 August 1953 due to the ensuing confrontations with Pal- by the notorious led by Ariel Sharon. estinians, the process was halted in June 1998 The UN report states that “Bombs were by the Israeli government, which ‘compen- thrown through the windows of huts in which sated' the settlers by allowing excavation refugees were sleeping and, as they fled, they works at the site. In addition, it should be were attacked by small arms and automatic noted that the construction proposed at the weapons. The casualties were 20 killed, 27 site represents a technical and engineering seriously and 35 less seriously wounded. An violation of the article by Arab public intellectual and politi- Old City regula- cal philosopher Azmi Bishara put the number tions since Burj killing 43 people, including 7 women, and Al-Laqlaq is not wounding 22. Other Israeli historians place only an archeo- the number killed around 30. The Mixed Ar- logical site but mistice Commission called it “a ruthless re- also a 'green area' where building of any kind prisal raid” and “an appalling case of delibe- is prohibited. According to Palestinian hu- rate mass murder.” man rights organization Al-Haq, as of Rama- (2.) 16 April 2018 attack on the refugee camp 2019, three demolition orders were by Israeli forces after a Hamas ambush that pending against the center. killed three Israeli soldiers on the previous night. According to , the Israeli attack Refers to the murder of two killed eight by-standing minors and a Reuters Palestinian hijackers of an Israeli bus by cameraman named Fadel Shana. The soldiers agents of the , and the subsequent who fired on Shana and those around him attempt within the Shin Bet to hide the were not held accountable for the deaths, truth. In April 1984, four PFLP activists hi- leading to outrage among media and press jacked Bus No. 300 en route from Tel protection organizations. Aviv to with 41 passengers and forced it to drive to the Gaza Strip in order to press for the release of some 500 prisoners

28 B from Israeli jails. In Deir Al-Balah, the bus ing structures were destroyed in October and was stormed by Israeli forces. During the op- December 2017, other demolitions remain eration, one passenger and two of the hi- outstanding. On 15 January 2019, Israel jackers were killed, while the other two re- handed demolition orders to ten families in portedly were wounded and died en route to Al-Bustan. a hospital. However, a government report later revealed that the two detained hijack- BYPASS ROAD Term that emerged from the ers were tortured and beaten to death by Oslo Accords, referring to roads built for and agents on order by then Shin Bet chief Avra- used by Israelis to link settlements with each ham Shalom. other and with Israel proper to circumvent Palestinian built up areas. The main rationale AL-BUSTAN NEIGHBOORHOOD Section of Sil- behind these roads is the ‘security’ of the wan village outside the Old City, which con- settlers, but many also argue that they also tains some 90 houses. Most of the houses serve the purpose of dividing the West Bank were built in the 1980s and 1990s, which the into isolated ‘cantons’ and blocking Pales- West Jerusalem Municipality’s city engineer tinian development. It is argued that bypass Uri Shetreet ordered to be demolished in roads entirely bury the possibility of estab- November 2004 to expand of the ‘King’s lishing an independent contiguous and via- Valley archeological park.’ In June 2005, the ble Palestinian state. Bypass roads are under municipality handed the inhabitants of Al- Israeli control and entail a 50-75-m buffer Bustan demolition orders for 88 houses, zone on each side of the road in which no home to over 1,500 people. After residents construction is allowed. Typically, they are requested that the Attorney General prevent built at the expense of Palestinian agricul- the destruction and international pressure to tural land and development plans. According halt the demolitions mounted, then-Mayor to OCHA, as of September 2018, Israel had Uri Lupoliansky retracted the plan in 2005, constructed some 400 km of bypass roads in asking Palestinian residents to propose a the West Bank. Palestinians are denied access plan that would meet their development to most of them (often enforced with cement needs, which they presented in 2008. How- blocks, trenches, earth-mounds, barbwires ever, city engineer Shlomo Eshkol informed and iron gates) under the pretext of military them that the plan would not be considered and/or security purposes. The largest bypass in the immediate future, and that the muni- road networks are in the Ramallah and He- cipality was proceeding with the plan to bron areas. build a national park on the site. Several homes were demolished in the neighbor- hood, and on 22 February 2009, Israeli Au- thorities of the Jerusalem Municipality served citizens of Al-Bustan notices to evacuate their houses within 72 hours or face forced evac-

uation. In early 2010, the municipality filed a

new plan for the area, including a tourist park called King’s Valley or King’s Garden, which would destroy 88 houses and displace some 1,400 people. Several plans were been submitted in the following years to license the threatened homes to no avail. The muni- cipality postponed the demolition orders of Al-Bustan homes until March 2017, and al- though several hous-

29 C tent differences between the two sides led to the suspension of further talks. (2.) Reconciliation Accord signed by Hamas C and Fatah in Cairo on 20 May 2012, to carry out the previous Agreement, signed three and a half months earlier, and prepare CABLE CAR PROJECT Israeli plan to build a ca- for elections of a new unity government. How- ble car to transport tourists and others along ever, because of continued disagreements the Old City’s southern walls and across Sil- between the two sides, the agreement was wan, to be completed in 2021. The project terminated. was defined by the Israeli Ministry of Tour- (3.) Understanding reached between Hamas ism as a “national priority,” a category usual- leader and PLO Chairman/PA ly reserved for advancing infrastructure. Arc- President Mahmoud Abbas and signed on 25 hitects, preservationists, and tour guides op- September 2014 in Cairo, stipulating that the pose the cable car project due to its visual Palestinian Unity Government would assume implications for the Old City and the Historic its responsibilities in the Gaza Strip and allow Basin and because it would not actually re- the PA to take control over the border cross- duce traffic patterns as claimed. Palestinians ings, work on lifting the siege and recon- were not even consulted about it. Opponents structing the Gaza Strip, convene a donor say it serves larger ideological interests and conference, revive the PLC, and implement prioritizes politics over sustainability. Under the understanding laid down in the 2006 and the current plan, the cable cars would pass 2011 National Conciliation Documents. How- from near the First Station (west) over Abu ever, no further steps were taken towards a Tor, the Hinnoam Valley, and the Old City unity government. Walls, stop at Mount , and then atop the at an archeological site and a yet- CAIRO AGREEMENT (Israeli-Palestinian) see to-be-built tourist center run by the right- Gaza-Jericho Agreement wing Foundation in the Pales- tinian neighborhood of Silwan. Two addition- CAIRO DECLARATION (Fatah-Hamas) Docu- al stops – one at the Gethsemane Garden ment signed on 19 March 2005 by Fatah, and the other at the Mount of Olives – Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP and DFLP in a bid would be implemented at a later stage. to unite the Palestinian factions against the

Israeli occupation. This first attempt at Intra- Palestinian conciliation also called for re- forming the PLO so as to include all Pales- tinian groups.

CAIRO-HAIFA TRAIN MASSACRE Bomb attack on 31 March 1948, in which Zionist paramili- taries planted explosive mines on the track as a Haifa-bound train from Cairo passed the Jewish town of Benyamina. According to a New York Times article from the following

day, 40 Arab civilians were killed and 60 oth- CAIRO AGREEMENT (Fatah-Hamas) (1.) Egyp- ers wounded. The article stated that the tian-mediated agreement reached on 27 mines, which were said to have been laid by April 2011 and formally signed on 4 May “terrorists,” had the shape and markings of 2011 by PA President Mahmoud Abbas and Jewish make and that a Jewish source attri- Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal in Cairo, pav- buted the attack to the “Stern” gang. ing the way for a transitional technocratic The last two cars of the train were carrying government, preparation for elections, and British soldiers and did not derail so the sol- Hamas’ access to the PLO. However, persis- diers escaped uninjured.

30 C CALIPH (Arabic: Khalifa) Combining the notions the establishment of an autonomous regime of ‘successor’ and 'deputy', referring to in the West Bank and Gaza. In November Prophet Mohammed’s successors to lead the 1978 the Arab Summit in Baghdad rejected Muslim community. The four caliphs, known the accords and ostracized Egypt from the as Rashidun (the rightly guided ones), are Arab League. The actual Egyptian-Israeli peace Abu Baker Sadiq, Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, Oth- treaty was signed on 26 March 1979. man Ibn Affan, and Ali Ibn Abu Taleb.

CAMERA BILL (also: Camera Law) Legislation proposed by Prime Minister Netanyahu's Li- kud party ahead of the second general elec- tion held in Israel in 2019 (after the failure to form a government following the first elec- tion), which would permit representatives of political parties to film both outside and in- side polling stations on Election Day. While filming people casting their actual vote would not be permitted, the law would allow party representatives to film any conversa- CAMPBELL-BANNERMANN REPORT Report tion between election committee members submitted in 1907 to British Prime Minister and voters "at the polling place or its vicin- Henry Campbell-Bannerman by a committee ity” as well as keep the video and audio do- of scholars from seven European countries cumentation. The draft law, which was moti- that were commissioned to study ways to vated by Netanyahu’s fear of elections fraud, assure the continuity of European colonialist especially among the Palestinian electorate interests. The report emphasized that Arab and which critics said was aimed at intimi- countries and the Muslim-Arab people living dating those voters, was approved by Neta- in the Ottoman Empire presented a very real nyahu’s cabinet on 8 September 2019 but threat to European countries, especially if voted down a day later in a Knesset hearing. and when they are liberated, are united, and progress. It recommended that the British CAMP DAVID US presidential retreat outside government should split and divide the Arab Washington, D.C., where numerous Middle world in order to weaken it and gain control East negotiations have been held, including of it. It thus recommended disintegration, Egyptian-Israeli talks in 1978, brokered by division, and separation in the region to es- President Jimmy Carter, which led to the tablish artificial political entities that would Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. More recently, be under the authority of the imperialist Camp David was the place where President countries. This would fight any kind of unity Clinton unsuccessfully attempted in July 2000 – whether intellectual, religious or historical, to achieve a similarly historic final settle- and practical measures would be taken to ment between Israel and the Palestinians. divide the region’s inhabitants. To achieve this, the report proposed a “buffer state” in Israeli-Egyptian agree- Palestine, populated by a strong, foreign pres- ments signed by Egyptian President Sadat ence that would be hostile to its neighbors and Israeli Prime Minister Begin, witnessed and friendly to European countries and their by US President Carter at the White House interests. As the report was strategically on 17 September 1978 after 12 days of secret important it was suppressed and until today negotiations at Camp David. The first agree- never released to the public. However, ref- ment dealt with all aspects of withdrawal erence was made to it by lawyer Antoine from the Sinai and offered a framework for in various lectures in 1949, as well as the conclusion of an Egyptian-Israeli peace by renowned Egyptian writer Muhammad treaty. The second agreement established a Hassanein Haikal and others. format for the conduct of negotiations for

31 C CENTER OF LIFE POLICY Discriminatory regula- negotiations with Israel. In the election ma- tion, introduced by Israel in 1995, authoriz- nifesto, Hamas omitted its call for the elimi- ing the confiscation of ID cards from Pales- nation of Israel, calling instead for the "es- tinian Jerusalemites who are unable to offer tablishment of an independent state whose proof to the Interior Ministry and the Na- capital is Jerusalem." Hamas also vowed an tional Insurance Institute that Jerusalem has end to corruption and lawlessness in the been their center of life for the past seven Palestinian territories and advocated cutting years by producing tax receipts, educational ties with Israel, while strengthening relations certificates, employment records and utility with Arab countries. Further, Hamas prom- bills that demonstrate continuous residence ised to build an inde- in the city. This measure made applications pendent economy, effec- for family reunification very difficult and was tive health and educa- also applied with regard to granting permits tion systems, and to re- to visit the Occupied Territories to residents construct the Palestinian living outside. Revocation of residency rights infrastructure. has to date affected over 14,000 East Jeru- salemite Palestinians who are denied the CHECKPOINT (Arabic: hajez, Hebrew: mah- right to live and work in Jerusalem and have soum) Roadblocks and other barriers im- lost access to social benefits for themselves posed by the Israeli army or border police and their families. permanently or temporarily throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to control/restrict CENTER PARTY (Hebrew: Hamercaz) Short- the movement of Palestinians between vil- lived moderate party in Israel (1999-2003) lages and towns. In many cases, especially established by , Amnon with regard to permanent checkpoints, Pal- Lipkin-Shahak, and Dan Meridor to estinians require previous permits issued by carve out a centrist position between Labor the Israeli authorities in order to be eligible and Likud. They called for a separation be- to pass. Checkpoints cause immense travel tween Israel and the Palestinians but did not delays and restrictions. As a result, deaths rule out the option of uprooting settlements occasionally occur when individuals, includ- in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and sup- ing women in labor and/or ambulances, are ported territorial compromise in the Golan prevented from reaching hospitals/medical Heights. The Center Party began to unravel care, and often agricultural products are following Mordechai's resignation from the spoiled due to delays lasting up to several Barak led government in 2000, amid a sex days. By 2019, B’Tselem identified 66 per- scandal, and the party did not run in the manent staffed checkpoints within the West 2003 elections. Bank (24 of which are in Hebron), 34 tempo- rarily staffed checkpoints, not including CHALUKKAH Traditional system of rabbinic hundreds of physical roadblocks. distribution of remittances from Jewish com- munities abroad to fund religious communi- ties in Palestine – especially in Jerusalem. It was the primary source of income for Jewish communities in Palestine until the advent of Zionist immigration and production-based economic activities.

CHANGE AND REFORM Name under which Belief system in support Hamas ran in the January 2006 PLC elections of the state of Israel and the development of when they obtained 42.9% of the vote, win- a Jewish commonwealth. Belief that the ning 74 of 132 parliament seats, partially due founding of the state of Israel and the ga- to public impatience with the PA’s corrup- thering of Jewish exiles is the first stage of tion and its inability to win concessions in

32 C the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. tivity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem The second stage is then the return of the (Palestine),” it was also was also placed on Messiah to the . Their theologi- the List of World Heritage in Danger to the cal position is that in the end of days all Jews poor state, from which it was, however, re- will be killed with the exception of 144,000 moved in June 2019 after extensive restora- who accept Christ. The International Chris- tion and renovation works had taken place. tian Embassy in West Jerusalem, which is non-governmental, represents these Chris- CHURCHILL MEMORANDUM (also: White Pa- tians, but is not recognized by the historic per of 1922) British policy statement on Pa- churches in the Holy Land. lestine, named after the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Winston Churchill, which CHRISTIANS The Christians in Israel and Pales- was issued by British High Commissioner Sir tine, and throughout the Middle East, belong Herbert Samuel in June 1922 in the wake of to the Eastern Orthodox (the Greek Orthodox escalating violence. The memorandum stated Church being the largest and most prom- that Arab hostility against Jews stemmed inent), Oriental Orthodox (including the Cop- from Jewish immigration and Zionist policy tic Orthodox Church and Armenian Apostolic and reasserted British support for the idea of Church), Catholic Church (mainly Latin Cath- a Jewish national home in Palestine, for olic, Greek Catholic/Melkite, and Maronite), which “it is necessary that the Jewish com- and the Evangelical/Protestant Church (main- munity in Palestine should be able to in- ly Anglicans and Lutherans). All of these de- crease its numbers by immigration.” How- nominations are members of the Middle East ever, it stated that the British government Council of Churches, which serves as an um- did not wish to see Palestine become "as brella organization. The number of Christians Jewish as England is English", but rather see in the region has declined significantly during the establishment of "a center in which Jew- previous decades, either because of persecu- ish people as a whole may take, on grounds tion, or as a consequence of voluntary emi- of religion and race, an interest and a pride." gration. As a percentage of the total popula- Further, the memoran- tion, their decline is even more significant dum iterated that Jewish because they generally have lower birth rates immigration should not than the surrounding Muslim society. De- exceed the economic ab- clines are most acute in Palestine where the sorptive capacity of the size of the Christian community has dropped country. from approximately 10% of the total popula- Winston Churchill tion in 1948 to less than 2% today. see Churchill Me-

morandum CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY Site identified by

Christian tradition as the birthplace of Jesus nd CITY OF DAVID Narrow promontory beyond since the 2 Cen- the southern edge of Haram Ash-Sharif and tury, which makes the Old City, where Israelis claim King David it a prime destina- created the city of Jerusalem over 3,000 tion for Christian years ago. The area is part of the Palestinian pilgrimage. In 339 village/neighborhood of Silwan, which maps CE, for the first issued by the Israeli government and Israeli time a church was organizations include as the City of David. completed there Since Israel gained control over East Jerusa- and the edifice that lem in 1967, Jewish settler organizations replaced it after a (Elad and Ateret Cohanim) have sought to fire. In 2012, it re-establish a Jewish presence in Silwan, par- became the first UNESCO World Heritage ticularly in the Al-Bustan neighborhood (see site to be listed under “Palestine.” Inscribed above). Jewish settlers have taken several as “Birthplace of Jesus: the Church of the Na-

33 C houses and apartments in the area and it is CIVIL WRONGS (LIABLILITY OF THE STATE) LAW estimated that Israeli law of 1952 which established the at least 500 of limits of the state's liability for the payment them live in of compensation for damage caused by se- Silwan (2018). curity forces acting on its behalf in a "war- time action". Amendment No. 4 of 2002 re- CITIZENSHIP LAW (also referred to as Natio- defined "wartime action" as “any action of nality Law) Israeli law of 1952, which details combating terror, hostile actions, or insur- the provisions for the acquisition and loss of rection, and also an action as stated that is the Israeli nationality. It stipulates that, intended to prevent terror, hostile actions, “Every emigrant under the will or insurrection committed in circumstances become a citizen of Israel as a direct result of of danger to life or limb" whether the af- the return” (Article 2(a)) and at the same fected parties are innocent or not. Amend- time deprives Palestinians who were resi- ment No. 8 of 2012 created further obstacles dents of Palestine prior to 1948 of the right to to justice and accountability as it widely ex- gain citizenship or residence status in Israel empts Israel from its liability for injuries and (Article 3). Amendment No. 10, enacted on damages inflicted by its forces on Palestini- 28 March 2011, allows courts to revoke the ans in or from the OPT. citizenship of persons convicted of treason, espionage, assisting the enemy in time of CLINTON PARAMETERS (also: Clinton Proposal) war, violating state sovereignty and acts of Guidelines for final accelerated negotiations terrorism. The amendment was proposed between Palestinians and following the arrest and indictment of Arab Israelis formulated by then civil society leader Ameer Makhoul on charges US President Clinton, who of espionage and has since been used discri- hoped to conclude a com- minately against Palestinians. prehensive agreement be- tween the two sides be- CITIZENSHIP AND ENTRY LAW (formally: Na- fore the end of his term in tionality and Entry into Israel Law 'Temporary office. The parameters, giv- Order' – 2003) Legislation passed by the en orally to Israeli and Palestinian negotia- Knesset on 31 July 2003, prohibiting citizen- tors at a trilateral meeting in the White ship, permanent residency and/or temporary House on 23 December 2000, built upon pre- residency status to West Bank/Gaza Pales- vious negotiations with Israel, but fell short tinians married to Israeli citizens. Nearly all of the international legal standard for ending of the affected Israeli families – over 21,000 Israel’s occupation and recognizing the rights – are Arab. The law also denies citizenship to of Palestinian refugees. The parameters were children born to an Israeli citizen and resi- officially outlined in Clinton’s speech to the dent of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Via Israeli Policy Forum on 7 January 2001 in New special permission from Israel's Interior Mi- York and served as the basis for the Taba nister, children will be allowed to remain Talks later that month (Prime Minister Barak with their family in Israel until the age of 12, and President Arafat both accepted the pa- when the child will be uprooted and forced rameters, with reservations, as the basis for to leave the state. The Law has been further talks, but the election of Ariel Sharon extended several times since its creation. in February effectively ended the peace process). The parameters included: (1) the CIVIL ADMINISTRATION see Israeli Civil Admin- establishment of a non-militarized "sovereign, istration viable Palestinian State that would accom- modate Israel's security requirements and CIVIL POLICE see Palestinian Civil Police the demographic realities" in most of the West Bank and Gaza Strip with few land CIVIL DEFENSE see Palestinian Civil Defense swaps; (2) a solution for the refugees that would allow them to return to a Palestinian

34 C state, resettlement in their current locations, can be closed off or a particular population or in third countries, as well as compensa- group (e.g., men under the age of 35) can be tion from the international community for excluded from movement. Closures seriously their losses and assistance in building their disrupt daily life, preventing Palestinians new lives; (3) an international presence to from reaching hospitals and other medical provide border security and monitor imple- care, schools and universities, as well as mentation of the final agreement; (4) "fair working places and places of worship. and logical propositions" regarding Jerusa- lem to remain an open and undivided city CLOSURE OBSTACLES Checkpoints, roadblocks, with assured freedom of access and worship and other barriers imposed by the Israeli for all with incorporation of the principle army or border police permanently or tem- ‘what is Arab should be Palestinian’ and porarily throughout the West Bank and Gaza ‘what is Jewish should be Israeli'; and (5) an Strip, to control/restrict the movement of official end to the conflict. Palestinians between villages and towns. In many cases, especially with regard to per- CLOSED MILITARY ZONE OR AREA Areas de- manent checkpoints, Palestinians require pre- clared by the Israeli army to be closed in or- vious permits issued by the Israeli authorities der to deny access to civilians, including in order to be eligible to pass. Checkpoints journalists, for instance to prevent demon- cause immense travel delays and restric- strations or civil disobedience. Those decla- tions; as a result, deaths occasionally occur rations are based on the emergency rules when individuals, including women in labor, created by the British Mandate in 1945. and/or ambulances are prevented from reach- Usually Closed Military Zones are characte- ing hospitals/medical care, and often agricul- rized by a massive increase in military pres- tural products are spoiled due to delays that ence and heavy surveillance of the local Pal- can last for several estinian population. While Palestinians are days. According to forbidden to enter these areas without au- OCHA, there were thorization from the Israeli military com- 705 closure ob- mander, Israeli citizens, Jews from through- stacles blocking in- out the world, and tourists are permitted to ternal Palestinian movement in the West enter without special Bank as of September 2018, including 140 permits. Considerable permanently or partially staffed checkpoints. parts of such closed areas are used by set- COASTAL AQUIFER Underground layer of wa- tlers for the benefit of ter-bearing permeable rock stretching along expanding settlements. the Mediterranean coastline of Israel and the Gaza Strip. Its length from north to south CLOSURE (also referred to as siege or block- is 120 km and ade) Israeli-imposed movement restrictions its width 7-20 for Palestinian goods and labor under the km. The active pretext of ‘security.’ There are three basic storage of the forms: internal closure (movement restric- aquifer is esti- tion within the West Bank and Gaza Strip mated at 20 bil- through a network of military checkpoints, lion cubic me- reinforced by curfews); external closure of ters of water and the West Bank and Gaza borders with Israel; its safe yield is and external closing of international borders close to 300 mil- (e.g., Gaza international airport, border lion cubic meters crossings with Jordan and Egypt). Closures (mcm)/year with are of unspecified duration, may be total or an estimated partial, and are often imposed without ex- annual recharge planation. Whole cities or only certain areas of 55‐65 mcm.

35 C The aquifer contributes some 20% of Israel’s mercial, educational and cultural sites. In fresh water supply and is also the main aqui- Gaza, collective punishment of the people has fer in the Gaza Strip. Increased seawater resulted in a massive humanitarian crisis, as intrusion, infiltration of contaminants, par- Israel has closed all border crossings, de ticularly chlorides and nitrates, through the facto isolating the strip from the rest of the surface soil layer, and dropping water levels world, has disrupted power supplies and fuel due to over-exploitation have all decreased shipments, increased monitoring of funds, the fresh water storage in the aquifer (with ceased visits to prisoners, and allowed only total pumping exceeding total recharge). essential food and medicine to be brought in. Collective punishment is expressly forbid- COLLABORATOR (Arabic: Al-Amil) Term refer- den by Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Con- ring to those who betray their own people, vention and is prohibited by Israel's own laws generally out of a position of weakness or as well. suffering (i.e., under torture) or driven by personal benefits. In the Palestinian context, COLONIES see Settlements collaborators are individuals who cooperate with Israeli authorities, providing intelligence COMMERCIAL STRIKE Non-violent form of eco- information on people within their own nomic protest that emerged during the first community or performing other tasks on be- Intifada, initially as an on-the-spot protest at half of the occupiers. There are four primary Israeli army actions and later organized types of collaborators: land dealer (simsar al- throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip ‘ardi), intermediary (al-wasit), armed (al- with shops being shut down for days and amilal-musallah), and informer (jasous). The sometimes weeks. Due to the resulting loss Palestinian collaborator is an expression of of income, tax revenues to Israel were dras- Israel's larger 'defense' policies, in which the tically reduced. In more recent years, one- or collaborator serves the purpose of creating two-day commercial strikes are called for by mistrust, spreading confusion and under- the various political factions in response to mining collective self-confidence within Pal- Israeli attacks, assassinations or other actions. estinian society. Masterminding this strategy During strike days, Palestinians are encour- is Israel’s secret police Shin Bet. The PA has aged to take to the streets in peaceful pro- offered on various occasions an amnesty to tests. collaborators in return for a full confession. Over the years, several collaborators found guilty of helping Israel to assassinate Pales- tinian activists have been sentenced to death and formally executed. Other (suspected) collaborators have been killed (sometimes hung in public) by activists from the various factions. Some collaborators are motivated by financial benefits while in other cases Palestinians have been blackmailed by Israeli COMMITTEE OF UNION AND PROGRESS (CUP) intelligence officers. (also: Young Turks) Turkish revolutionary na- tionalist reform party, which had its origins COLLECTIVE PUNISHMENT Israeli practice of in secret societies of progressive students, punishing entire Palestinian families, neigh- army officers, and government officials, who borhoods, communities, or cities for the act operated underground after the constitution of one or a few. Forms of punishment in- was abrogated by the Sultan. In 1908, CUP clude the sealing or demolishing of homes, leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul imposing curfews, erecting roadblocks, con- Hamid II to restore constitutional rule. The fiscating personal property, uprooting trees, rebellion was widely supported by both Arab destroying agricultural land and infrastruc- nationalists and Zionists and resulted in Ha- ture (e.g., water systems), and closing com- mid being deposed and exiled. Soon after,

36 C Muslims, Christians and Jews joined together GROUP see International Al- to found a branch of the CUP in Jerusalem. liance for Arab-Israeli Peace The CUP effectively ruled the Ottoman Em- pire from 1908 until 1918, but it soon became CORPUS SEPARATUM (English: separate body) clear that their goal was the Turkification of Status proposed for Jerusalem and sur- the Ottoman domain rather than granting rounding areas, including Bethlehem, by the local autonomy to minorities. In response, UN General Assembly within the Partition Arab intellectuals in Beirut, Cairo and Da- Plan of November 1947. The city, within an mascus formed clandestine political societies area of 186 km2, was to be internationalized (e.g., the Ottoman Decentralization Party, Al- under a UN trusteeship, which would have Ahd and Al-Fatat), though these lacked sup- guaranteed freedom of access to holy places, port among the masses. provided an international police force, and remained responsible for foreign affairs. Af- COMMON AGENDA see Israel-Jordan Com- ter a ten-year period a plebiscite was to be mon Agenda held, after which further recommendations would be discussed by the trusteeship coun- CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR see Refusnik cil. UN General Assembly Resolution 303 of 9 December 1949 reiterated the UN commit- CONVERGENCE PLAN (also: ) ment to the internationalization of Jerusa- Plan formulated by Prime Minister Ehud Ol- lem, and designated it a "corpus separatum." mert during the election campaign for the 17th Knesset in 2006 claiming that, if he was elected Prime Minister, he would unilaterally remove Israeli settlements from most of the West Bank within four years and consolidate them into large groups of settlements near the 1967 border. In fact, the plan foresaw the annexation of some 10% of the West Bank, including settlements and historic areas in East Jerusalem, along a perimeter defined more or less by the Separation Barrier (all area west of it). Israel would expand settle- ments west of the barrier and withdraw its settlers from the remaining areas, while maintaining exclusive security control over all territories as well as over the border

crossing points to Jordan. COUNTER-TERRORISM LAW Israeli law, passed

on 15 June 2016, which includes draconian COORDINATOR OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES measures for investigating political detainees, IN THE TERRITORIES (COGAT) Head of a unit, expands the use of secret evidence, and sub- subordinated to the Israeli Defense Ministry, stantially expands the powers of the police which is in charge of coordinating civilian is- and the General Security Services. It allows sues between the Government of Israel, the the Defense Ministry to designate any “body army, international organizations, diplomats, of persons” a terror organization, as long as and the PA. Headquartered in , it has its activities fit within the legal parameters of branches in the fields of economics, infra- the term (Section 3 a). As the law’s defini- structure, international relations and foreign tions of ‘terrorism’ and ‘terrorist organiza- affairs, public appeals, spo- tions’ are rather broad and vague, it empow- kesperson office, and an ad- ers the security establishment to legally visor for matters related to implicate organizations that simply express Palestinian affairs. solidarity with allegedly militant Palestinian

37 C groups. The law is often exploited by law en- CYBERCRIMES LAW (Palestinian Authority) forcement authorities to criminalize legiti- Law (Law No. 16) passed by President Mah- mate actions of Palestinians, including clos- moud Abbas in secret in June 2017 officially ing of institutions (as was the case with the aimed to reduce cybercrime. Prior to this, Elia Association for Youth in East Jerusa- there had been difficulties in prosecuting lem in April 2018). illegal activities in the digital sphere, such as blackmail and identity theft. However, it was CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Atrocities and quickly used to prosecute human rights ac- offences committed against a civilian popu- tivists and reduce internal opposition leading lation before or during war. These include to calls from civil society, journalists and inhumane acts such as murder, extermina- human rights organizations for it to be re- tion, deportation, enslavement, and mass formed on the grounds that it infringed upon systematic rape, as well as persecutions on privacy and freedom of expression. Concerns political, racial, or religious grounds. were also raised with regard to the vague specification of the law. For example, Article CURFEW Form of collective punishment and 20 opposed the propagation of news that means of control employed by the Israeli threatened “national unity” but such vague government/army whereby inhabitants of a terminology could be interpreted in terms of Palestinian community are forced to stay in- the PAs goals. As a result of objections, the doors for a specified period of time (hours, law was amended in 2018 (Law No. 10) with days and sometimes weeks) with occasional changes such as, inter alia, the removal of breaks to stock food and other supplies. Article 20, reduction of harsh punishments, Curfews were used particularly during the and the omission of criminalization related to first Intifada, for instance, to prevent the loosely defined terms. Despite these changes, spread of public protests. many still object to the law as having re- sulted in decreased press freedom and many suggest that a broader cyber security strat- egy is needed.

CUST REPORT Report compiled by British Mandate officer Archer Cust in September 1929 regarding the status quo arrangements and rights governing the holy sites in and around Jerusalem, which had been in place since 1757. Cust’s report described in detail which rooms, lamps, stairs, hours of worship, etc. belonged to which religious community and which rites may be practiced in each of the holy places by each religion. The report served the mandatory authorities as a guide in dealing with the politics of the holy places. Although his report did not include all sites (e.g., not the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound), the report has since been considered an au- thoritative source on the status quo.

38 D excessive and disproportionate force and the targeting of government and civilian infra- structure during military operations a war D crime.

DAMASCUS GATE MASSACRE (1.) Bombing by DABKE (also spelled Dabkeh) Traditional folk the at Damascus Gate outside the Old dance of both men and women in the Levant City of Jerusalem on 12 December 1947, and the national dance of Lebanon, Pales- which according to controversial Israeli mili- tine, Syria and Jordan. Dabkeh translates as tary historian Uri Milstein, left 20 people stomping of the feet. Stomping, as well as killed and 50 wounded. jumping and kicking, are moves that are (2.) Attack on 29 December 1947 reported by represented in the dabkeh. The leader, called the Australian Cairns Post via a Reuter’s rep- raas (head) or lawwih (waver), is allowed to resentative in Jerusalem, in which Irgun pa- improvise the type of dabkeh being per- ramilitaries threw a barrel full of explosives formed, while simultaneously twirling a at a crowded Arab orange market near Da- handkerchief or string of beads known as a mascus Gate in Jerusalem which resulted in masbha (similar to a rosary). Meanwhile, the the death of at least 5 Palestinians, including dancers use vocalizations to energize the a young boy, as well as a British constable. performance and punctuate the rhythm. It is The Scottish Glasgow Herald reported that also a dance of solidarity and a way of ex- the attack was aimed at a bus queue near the pressing nationalism through art. orange market killing 13 Arabs and still other sources maintain that 20 people were killed with 27 wounded.

DAMASCUS TEN (also: Alliance of Palestinian Forces or Damascus Alliance) Umbrella group of ten Palestinian factions – DFLP, PFLP, PFLP-GC, PPSF, PLF, Fatah-Uprising, PRCP, Al- (also spelled Dahya or Da- Sa‘iqa, Hamas & Islamic Jihad – formed in hieh) Israeli military strategy of asymmetric September 1992 as the 'National Democratic warfare, first outlined by recent Israeli army & Islamic Front' to oppose the peace negoti- Chief of General Staff in 2006, ations with Israel and reaffirm the legitimacy then the Head the Northern Command of of all forms of struggle to liberate the Pales- the Israeli army. It encompasses the destruc- tinian homeland. The coalition is based in tion of the civilian infrastructure of regimes Damascus and has been largely ineffective, deemed to be hostile – i.e. Hizbullah and Ha- in particular because of fundamental ideo- mas – and endorses the employment of "dis- logical differences between the Islamic groups proportionate force" to cause great damage such as Hamas and secular factions like the and destruction. The doctrine is named after PFLP. In 1998, the Damascus Ten re-estab- the Dahiya neighborhood of Beirut, where lished itself as the 'Palestinian Follow-up the Israeli army heavily bombed apartment Committee' in opposition to the signing of buildings during the , the , and a year claiming they were also used as Hizbullah later the DFLP and PFLP were expelled for command centers and built over their bunk- their reconciliation with the PLO leadership ers. Israel has also implemented the “strat- under Arafat. In 1999, Syrian government egy” in Gaza, "designed to punish, humiliate authorities issued an instruction to the Da- and terrorize a civilian population", as the mascus-based factions to end armed actions, Goldstone Report (commissioned by the UN a move which meant that the idea of the al- Human Rights Council as part of the Fact liance as a coordination of armed struggle Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict in Janu- was abandoned. Thus, today, it has a largely ary 2009) concluded. Critics call the use of marginalized structure.

39 D DAR AL-TIFL AL-ARABI (English: House of Arab during 2005-2010. Lt. General Dayton was in Children) School located in East Jerusalem charge of the vetting, training, equipping, and that was established by Hind Al-Husseini as strategic planning of PA special battalions an orphanage for victims of the (nicknamed “Dayton Forces”). The training fa- massacre in 1948. The school is in Dar Hus- cilities (located outside of Amman) were pro- seini in Jerusalem, in the home her grandfa- vided by the US and equipped by Egypt. The ther built, and has grown into a school, mu- mission was controversial with some senior seum, and adjoining college. Pentagon officers arguing that a US training mission may raise serious objections among Arabs and Israelis claiming they were a threat. Many Palestinians indeed viewed the forces as an extension of the occupa- tion and a means to sup- press PA dissent in the West Bank, and there were many accounts of torture and AL-DAWAYIMA MASSACRE Attack by Israeli abuse of power. Keith Dayton forces (89th Battalion) on the village of Da- wayima northwest of Hebron on 29 October DEAD SEA-RED SEA CANAL see Red Sea-Dead 1948 as part of “,” in which Sea Canal men, women, and children were killed in their homes, in the streets, and in the hills as DEAL OF THE CENTURY US back-channel peace they fled. Many sources contain conflicting plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian con- numbers of casualties but the massacre was flict, announced as a general goal by Presi- likened by some to Deir Yassin. Israeli histo- dent Donald Trump first during his presiden- rian Benny Morris writes that 80-100 were tial campaign in 2016. After taking office, he killed in what was reported as the “first commissioned his son-in-law and senior ad- wave” of the attack but notes that other visor, Jared Kushner, his long-time chief legal sources reported numbers as high as 500 to officer, Jason Greenblatt, and US ambassa- 1,000 (the American Consul-General in Jeru- to Israel, David Friedman, to work out salem). According to a Jewish informant by such a peace blueprint. Their approach dif- the name of Sh. or Shabtai Kaplan, the second fered from previous “mediation” efforts as wave of attacks included blowing up houses they did not envision engaging in a nego- with men and women inside them, at least tiating process that would lead to an agree- one case of rape, and Kaplan quoted a sol- ment. Instead, they worked backward: pre- dier as stating that “cultured soldiers” had senting a comprehensive solution first, and turned into “base murderers.” then figuring out how to get there. While the “deal” is yet to be published in its entirety DAY OF RAGE Days of mass protests called for and has been postponed repeatedly it is ex- by Palestinians to express their outrage pected to clearly prioritize Israeli interests against certain policies, decisions or inci- over Palestinian rights and ignore basic prin- dents. They take the shape of demonstrations ciples of international law as well as the idea and protest marches, sometimes sparking of two sovereign states. The first part of the widespread riots, and are often accompanied peace plan was unveiled during the “Peace by general strikes. to Prosperity” economic workshop held in Manama, on June 25-26 2019. The DAYTON FORCES Palestinian security person- workshop showed that the plan focuses on nel trained by US-American private contrac- economic cooperation, investment and de- tors and the Jordanian Public Security Direc- velopment in the Palestinian territories – in torate under the mission of US Security Coor- line with Prime Minister Netanyahu’s “eco- dinator for Israel and the PA, Keith Dayton, nomic peace” preference, assuming that in

40 D exchange for improving Palestinian lives they DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES (formally: Decla- will compromise on their rights and aspira- ration of Principles on Interim Self-Govern- tions. However, Palestinian leaders as well as ment Arrangements) Agreement reached be- civil society have already expressed their re- tween PLO members and Israeli officials af- jection of the “deal” in the period leading to ter being secretly negotiated in Oslo, Nor- the workshop due to the plan failing to ad- way, and later signed in Washington, D.C., on dress the Israeli occupation, the calls for Pal- 13 September 1993. It provides the guide- estinians rights and self-determination. Also, lines for future negotiations as well as for a the EU and other international organizations five-year interim autonomy for Palestinians such as the IMF have questioned the feasi- in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, followed by bility of the plan due to its lack of providing a a permanent settlement based on UN Secu- political solution and departing from the rity Council Resolutions 242 and 338. The two-state solution. declaration postponed difficult issues such as Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, water, DECENTRALIZATION PARTY (Arabic: Al-Lamar- security, and borders, and was accompanied kaziyya) Party founded in Cairo in January by letters from Yasser Arafat promising to 1913 by Arab elites from Greater Syria to change the PLO Charter, which called for the promote reforms, including administrative destruction of Israel, and from , decentralization in Arab provinces and equal proclaiming Israel's intent to allow normali- rights for all Arabs within the framework of a zation of life in the occupied territories. Con- multinational Ottoman state. The Decentrali- tinued negotiations led to the 1994 Oslo I zation Party was accused of being an agent and 1995 Oslo II Accords (see Gaza-Jericho of Western powers and was opposed by the Agreement and Interim Agreement on the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and West Bank and Gaza Strip). other conservative groups. The party also es- tablished branches in Nablus, Jenin, Jaffa and Tulkarem, but never became very influential.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1.) State- ment issued by the Arab Higher Committee on 1 October 1948 in Gaza proclaiming “the full independence of the whole of Palestine as bounded by Syria and Lebanon from the

north, by Syria and Transjordan from the east, by the Mediterranean from the west, DEDEVELOPMENT Term first articulated by and by Egypt from the south, as well as the Harvard University researcher Dr. Sara Roy in establishment of a free and democratic sove- 1987 with regard to the deteriorating eco- reign State.” th nomic situation in the OPT, specifically the (2.) Document issued by the 19 Palestine process of lowering its economic standard as National Council convening in Algiers on 15 compared to the pre-1967 period by denying November 1988 (written by Palestinian poet permits to build factories or repair infra- Mahmoud Darwish) declaring the formation structure. More recently, key features of this of the independent State of Palestine, "The process are the effects of the Israeli closure Palestine National Council, in the name of regime, which has defined the Palestinian God, and in the name of the Palestinian Arab economy since the Oslo period, including the people; hereby proclaims the establishment separation of Gaza and the West Bank, the of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian isolation of Jerusalem, and the checkpoint territory with its capital Holy Jerusalem (Al- and permit policies, all of which make any Quds Ash-Sharif)", and explicitly endorsing prospects for economic improvement and the notion of two states for two people, one development impossible. Jewish and one Palestinian. The document has thus far been recognized by 160 nations.

41 D DEFENSE (EMERGENCY) REGULATIONS Set of the main incidents that spurred the Arab ex- provisions enacted by the British Mandate odus from other locations in Palestine. The government in September 1945 against il- ‘’ is commemorated an- legal immigration, establishing military tri- nually on the same day. bunals to try civilians without granting the right of appeal, allowing sweeping searches DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE Coalition launched be- and seizures, prohibiting publication of books fore the Palestinian local government elec- and newspapers, demolishing houses, sealing tions (that were initially scheduled for 2016 off particular territories, detaining individu- but then postponed until May 2017) as a als administratively for an indefinite period, third party option to Fatah and Hamas. It and imposing curfews, etc. Israel incorpo- was made up of five left-wing factions (PFLP, rated the Regulations into its law in 1948 DFLP, Palestinian People's Party, Palestinian (Government and Law Arrangements Ordin- Democratic Union - FIDA, and the Palestinian ance) and used them as the legal basis for National Initiative), along with several unaffi- the military rule imposed on Israel's Palestin- liated independent candidates, and was coor- ian citizens in the early 1950s. Since the dinated by Mohammed Hamarsheh. 1967 occupation, Israel has used these regu- lations extensively in the OPT, mostly as pre- DEMOCRATIC CHOICE Israeli Russian and so- text for (collective) punishment and deter- cialist immigrant party founded in 1999 after rence (e.g., demolition and sealing of houses, splitting from Natan Sharansky's Yisrael Ba'- deportations, administrative detention, im- Aliya faction. At first it was called the Society posing closures and curfews, and searching, and Reform Party and its constituency was confiscation and expropriation of property). made up almost entirely of Russian immi- grants. It won two seats in the 1999 elec- DEIR AL-BALAH MASSACRE Israeli air attack, tions and ran in a joint list together with the bombing the refugees’ food distribution cen- and Shahar parties in 2003, gaining ters in Deir Al-Balah and Khan Younis, Gaza, six seats. Two months before the 2006 Knes- in January 1949. According to Palestinian re- set elections the party withdrew its candi- searcher Salman Abu Sitta and journalist dacy following party founder Roman Bronf- Terry Rempel, an ICRC delegation visiting man's decision not to run in the election. The Gaza detailed six separate incidents of inten- party did not run in any subsequent elections. sive Israeli aerial and bombing on Gaza’s city center and the refugee camps of DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF Khan Younis, Breij, Rafah, and Deir Al-Balah. PALESTINE (DFLP) (Arabic: Al-Jabha Ad-Dimu- They recorded some 190 civilian deaths and qratiyya li-Tahrir Filastin) Left-wing Palestin- over 400 injured over the course of six days ian group formed by Nayef (2-7 January) and stated that the attacks were Hawatmeh (Abu Nouf) on “acts of cruelty without military objectives.” 22 February 1969 after a split from the PFLP follow- DEIR YASSIN Arab village on the western out- ing an ideological dispute skirts of Jerusalem which was attacked by Ir- over the necessity of adopt- gun and Stern Gang units on 9 April 1948, al- ing a Marxist program. The DFLP began a though it had a non-aggression pact with the dialogue with the Israeli extreme left in 1970 Haganah. During the assault over 200 vil- and was the first PLO faction to call for a lagers were murdered, including many child- negotiated settlement of the Israeli-Palestin- ren and women, and the remaining inhabi- ian conflict based on the two-state solution. tants were ex- The party adopted pragmatic positions and pelled. The mas- attempted to find a midway position be- sacre, which was tween PLO Chairman Arafat and his oppo- condemned by nents. The DFLP was a member of the United the Jewish Agen- National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) cy, was one of during the first Intifada, but split in 1990-91

42 D over policy differences with Yasser Abed da (2000-05), Israel adopted a new “deter- Rabbo, who formed the non-Marxist FIDA. rent” measure, forcibly transferring relatives The DFLP refused to attend the Peace of Palestinians who had killed and injured Conference in 1991 and opposed the Oslo Israelis from the West Bank to the Gaza Strip. process. The majority of its leaders have In addition, the cases of deportation of for- returned to Palestine since 1996 and recon- eign nationals (including foreign passport- ciliation with Arafat took place in Cairo in holding Palestinians) working in Palestinian August 1999, where both sides defined red civil society or studying at Palestinian univer- lines on permanent status negotiations. The sities and supporting BDS activities have con- DFLP is represented in the PLO Executive Com- siderably increased. mittee by Taysir Khaled. The group launched an attack on an Israeli army base in August DIASPORA Term used by Jews and Palestinians 2001 in Gaza, marking the first such attack in to denote Jews/Palestinians living outside 10 years. In 2006, the DFLP held its own na- Israel or in exile from Palestine, respectively. tional conference and participated in the PLC elections, with politburo member Qais Abdul DINAR see Jordanian Dinar Karim (Abu Leila) gaining a seat. The party is surrounded by a suite of popular and demo- DISENGAGEMENT Refers to Jordan’s severance cratic organizations which have their own of all administrative and legal ties with the programs dealing with the interests of youth, occupied West Bank which was announced women, and workers. by King Hussein on 31 July 1988, a day after he formally dissolved Parliament, ending DEMOCRATIC ISRAEL see Israel Democratic West Bank representation in the legislature, Party and three days after he had canceled a $1.3 billion development program for the West DEMOCRATIC UNION Joint electoral list estab- Bank, explaining that the measure was de- lished in the run-up to the September 2019 signed to allow the PLO more responsibility Israeli elections by three parties: Meretz, for the area. While King Hussein claimed the Democratic Israel and the Green Movement. move was merely acquiescence to the wishes The list won 4.3% of the PLO, it was also seen as a clear mes- of the votes and 5 sage to all of the major players in the Middle seats in the East peace process that the notion of the Knesset. "Jordan option" was not viable from Jordan's standpoint. DEPORTATION Punitive measure prohibited without exception by Article 49 of the Fourth DISENGAGEMENT PLAN Plan proposed by then Geneva Convention (1949) but used by Israel Prime Minister Ariel Sharon at the against Palestinian civilians. Since 1967, some Conference on Security on 18 December 2003 1,700 Palestinians have been deported. The to evacuate all settlers from Gaza and four latest and largest deportation occurred in settlements in the northern West Bank with December 1992, when 415 alleged Islamist a stated goal of creating "maximum security activists were expelled to Marj Az-Zuhur in with minimum friction" between Israelis and South Lebanon. The UN Security Council re- Palestinians. The Disengagement Plan was peatedly condemned Israel for its deporta- introduced in early February 2004, at the tion policy, most recently in 1992 (Resolu- peak of international criticism of Sharon's tion 799). Until 1992, none of the deportees project of the Separation Barrier and just had been charged with a criminal offence, ahead of the hearings at the International nor tried and convicted. Since the signing of Court of Justice in The Hague. On 16 Feb- the Declaration of Principles in 1993 most ruary 2005, the Knesset passed the Disen- deportees have been allowed to return and gagement Implementation Law by a vote of Israel has not deported any Palestinians from 59-40 (with 5 abstentions). The plan was the OPT. However, during the Al-Aqsa Intifa- implemented during August and September

43 D 2005. However, Israel retains control of all campaigns – disinvestment from corpora- land borders, air space, and sea access to tions engaged in or profiting from the occu- Gaza. pation – targeting Israel can be traced back to the early 1990s but first received media DISPLACED PERSONS Palestinians from the attention in 2002, thanks largely to a petition West Bank and Gaza Strip who were either at Harvard University and the Massachusetts absent (abroad) or displaced during the War Institute of Technology. This was followed of 1967 or who left the West Bank and Gaza later that year by calls from South African Strip after the Israeli census of September anti-Apartheid activist Desmond Tutu for the 1967 and were prevented from coming back international community to treat Israel as it by Israel. Negotiations on displaced persons treated South Africa under Apartheid. In 2003, started in 1995 but an inability to agree the Toronto assembly of the United Church upon the definition of the term ‘displaced of voted to boycott goods produced persons’, with Israel agreeing to only accept by Jewish settlements; in July 2004, the Pres- those displaced during the war, brought byterian Church (USA) voted to initiate a negotiations to a standstill in 1997 (see also process of divestment; and in 2005, the Ge- Internally Displaced Persons). neva-based World Council of Churches, the United Church of Christ, and the New England DISPUTED TERRITORIES Term frequently used Conference of the United Methodist Church by Israel and the US to soften or intention- followed suit. In May 2006, the Ontario sec- ally confuse the status of areas occupied by tion of the Canadian Union of Public Em- Israel in 1967. ployees (CUPE) approved a resolution to "sup- port the international campaign of boycott, DISTRICT COORDINATION OFFICE (DCO) Coor- divestment and sanctions against Israel until dinating body established as a result of the that state recognizes the Palestinian right to September 1995 Oslo II Agreement and self-determination." Britain's National Union jointly operated by both Israelis and Pales- of Journalists called for boycott in April 2007, tinians to serve as a contact point for offi- and in May 2008, the largest Irish public sec- cials from the two sides. The DCO has moni- tor and services trade union criticized Israeli tored and managed matters of a joint nature suppression of the Palestinians and endorsed that required coordination, such as security a boycott of Israeli goods and services. In (e.g., joint patrols), incidents involving Israe- June 2014, the pension board of the United lis and/or Palestinians (e.g., road accidents), Methodist Church voted to divest from and administration (e.g., permit requests). companies contributing to the Israeli occu- Currently it is mainly charged with issuing pation, and the Presbyterian Church voted to Palestinian residents of the district magnetic divest from Caterpillar Inc., Hewlett-Packard cards, work permits for Israel, permits for and Motorola Solutions – all multinational one-time entry reasons, various police per- corporations operating in Israel involved mits, etc. with demolition and surveillance activities against Palestinians. DIVESTMENT (sometimes also: Disinvestment) Activity where people/shareholders withdraw DOHA AGREEMENT (Fatah-Hamas) Deal reached their monetary investments from companies between Fatah and Hamas and signed on 7 or countries. Divestment (or disinvestment) is February 2012 aimed at forming a transi- thus the opposite of an investment, i.e., the tional government of independent techno- process of selling an asset for either social, crats with a limited mandate (preparing for financial, or political goals. With regard to presidential and legislative elections and the Israeli occupation, it refers to a campaign starting Gaza reconstruction) with diplomacy initiated in 2002, conducted by religious and resting with the PLO. Both sides agreed that political entities with the aim to pressure the Mahmoud Abbas would serve as both PA Israeli government to put an end to the occu- President and Prime Minister of the interim pation of Palestinian territories. Divestment cabinet to overcome international concerns

44 D about Hamas’ participation and Hamas’ re- cretive and its principles are not known to fusal to appoint then Prime Minister Fayyad many. are a national-religious minority as the head of the unity government. The in Lebanon, Syria and Israel, where they initiative was seen as a step forward in the represent approximately 1% of the popula- stalled implementation of the Hamas-Fatah tion, living mainly in reconciliation agreement signed in Cairo on the Golan Heights, Ga- 27 April 2011, but failed to truly reconcile lilee and Carmel areas. the two Palestinian factions. Druze are loyal to the state of Israel and DOME OF THE ROCK (Arabic: Masjid Qubbat typically serve in the As-Sakhra) Mosque built in the 7th Century Israeli army. by the Ummayad Caliph Abdul Malik Bin Druze Star Marwan on Al-Haram Ash-Sharif. It is the spot from which the Prophet Mohammed as- DUAL USE GOODS Products, materials and tech- cended into Heaven in Lailat Al-Miraj (Night nologies normally used for civilian purposes, of the Ascent) on the 27th of the month of but which may have military applications, Rajah. Various mementos of the Prophet's hence there is an international obligation to Nocturnal Journey – a handprint, a footprint, control their trade. With regard to exports to the spot from which he ascended – are the OPT, the Israeli government enforces found on the Rock. The Rock itself is believed additional controls, which it has unilaterally to have come from Paradise and angels vi- applied for the first time in 1976 on certain sited it 2,000 years before the creation of chemicals and fertilizers. Israel’s “dual use Adam. It also is believed to be closer to list” has been progressively expanded since heaven than any other spot on earth and is and includes, as of 2019, 56 items deemed guarded by angels. All sweet waters of the as “security threats” that are restricted in earth have their source under it, Noah's ark the West Bank and Gaza, including fertilizers, rested on the Rock after the flood subsided, pesticides, chemicals, materials, machinery, and here the angel Israel will blow the last and equipment. In addition, the list contains trumpet on the Day of Judgment. The golden- another 62 items forbidden in Gaza only, domed octagonal oratory was originally com- including reinforcing steel, cement, aggre- pleted in 691 (see also Al-Aqsa Mosque). gates, insulating panels, timber for furniture manufacture, and many more. The World Bank and other international organizations estimate that easing these restrictions would bring an estimated 6% growth in the West Bank economy and 11% in Gaza by 2025.

DUNUM (also: ) Unit of land area used in the Ottoman Empire and still used in many countries formerly part of it. Originally the size of a dunum was 919.3 square meters, but in 1928 the metric dunum of 1,000 square meters (approximately ¼ acre) was adopted, DRUZE/DRUSE Religious community with roots and is still used in Palestine, Jordan, Leba- th in Islam (from which it split in the 11 Cen- non, and Turkey. tury) that follows the teachings of Darazi, Hamza Ibn Ali Ibn Ahmad, and Baha Eddin. Druze call themselves muwahidun – mo- notheists (singular: mowahid) who believe in reincarnation, abstract concepts of heaven and hell, and celebrate the granting of the Qur'an to Mohammed. Their religion is se-

45 E EAST GHOR (MAIN) CANAL see

E EAST JERUSALEM Area comprising the 6.5 km2 of the pre-1967 Arab East Jerusalem munici- pal boundaries, which were under Jordanian E-1 PLAN (EAST 1 PLAN) Longstanding Israeli 2 administration from 1949 to 1967, and 70 km plan – thus far not implemented – to build a of West Bank land belonging to some 28 sur- large new Israeli neighborhood in the narrow rounding villages that was occupied and sub- undeveloped land corridor running east of Je- sequently illegally annexed by Israel follow- rusalem. Construction of E-1 would break the ing the 1967 War. Since then, consecutive West Bank into two parts, while isolating East Israeli governments have pursued a policy Jerusalem from the rest of Palestinian terri- aimed at changing Jerusalem’s Palestinian- tory, thus making a viable future Palestinian Arab character by 'Judaizing' it, and creating a state impossible. The plan comprises about new demographic and geopolitical reality that 12,000 dunums of land, a significant part of would thwart any future attempt to challenge which is privately owned Palestinian land but Israeli sovereignty over the entire city. Al- was declared 'state land' by Israel in the though Israel unilaterally proclaimed Jerusa- 1980s and is today included in the municipal lem as its capital on 28 June 1967, subse- area of the Ma'ale Adumim settlement. In quently extended its jurisdiction to the east- 2002, then Defense Minister Binyamin Ben ern part of the city, and reaffirmed this de Eliezer signed the Master Plan for E-1, and facto annexation by declaring Jerusalem its although due to international pressure it re- ‘eternal undivided capital’ through its 1980 mained basically shelved, the “Judea and Sa- Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, East maria District Police” headquarters have been Jerusalem remains occupied territory under situated there since 2008. In December 2012, international law. Thus the Fourth Geneva in response to the UN approving the Pales- Convention is applicable and Israel has no tinian bid for "non-member observer state" claim to East Jerusalem by virtue of having status, Israel announced that it was resum- taken control of it militarily. Therefore, the ing planning and zoning work in E-1 area, and vast majority of the international community in September 2017, it recommenced the ear- has consistently denounced Israeli attempts lier halted construction of parts of the East- to change the character and status of the city, ern Ring Road (see below). and has never recognized the annexation of East Jerusalem (consequently, most foreign embassies and consulates are in Tel Aviv).

EARLY EMPOWERMENT AGREEMENT see Agree- ment on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities

46 E EASTERN AQUIFER BASIN (EAB) Transboundary September 2017 and opened in January 2019. aquifer located and recharged almost entirely It is divided in the middle by an eight-meter in the West Bank, with a feeding and storage high wall, the eastern side of which serves area spread over 2,200 km2. A small part of settlers from the north, who can now reach recharge is located west of the Green Line, , and the Jerusalem- including in West Jerusalem. The Oslo II Agree- Tel Aviv highway more easily from Anatot, ment, in which water became an interim is- Geva Binyamin and Route 60, while Palestini- sue, estimated the recharge of the EAB at 172 ans can only use the western side which does mcm/year, predominantly in the mountains not allow them to enter Jerusalem (thus Pal- of the West Bank, where most rainfall occurs. estinians refer to it as “Apartheid Road”). The This aquifer feeds the lower Jordan River, and Eastern Ring Road’s southern extension near is therefore considered a Palestinian contri- (dubbed American Highway) was bution to the waters of the Jordan River also completed in 2019. Basin. Additionally, some of the groundwater emerges as springs (such as Al-Auja near Jeri- cho). Although Palestinians should have full sovereignty over all the EAB re- sources that lie be- neath the West Bank, Israel utilizes millions of cubic Eastern Ring Road – Underpass at Az-Za’im

meters each year ECONOMIC UNION Arrangement envisaged un- through wells, with der the UN Partition Resolution of 29 Novem- the highest amount ber 1947 by which the three successor enti- of well pumping ties in – the Arab state, occurring in Israeli the Jewish state, and the international en- settlements near clave (“Corpus Separatum”) – would contin- the main fault in ue with one currency and within a customs the Jordan Rift and tariff union. valley.

EGYPTIAN TEN POINTS see Mubarak's Ten EASTERN GATE PROJECT A settlement construc- Points tion project originally approved during the

Barak Administration (1999-2001) with the EID AL-ADHA (English: The feast of the sacrifice) aim of connecting the Ma’ale Adumim settle- The second obligatory Muslim festival (after ment with the Pisgat Ze'ev settlement and Eid Al-Fitr), the origins of which go back to Mount Scopus, thus dividing Arab East Jeru- the Prophet Abraham who demonstrated his salem in half. The plan involves the confisca- willingness to sacrifice all that he loved most tion of private Palestinian property and in- dearly for God's sake, a commitment which is cludes the construction of a light railway as commemorated in the last rite of the pilgri- well as Jewish-only housing and business mage to Mecca. A four-day feast completes projects. (See also E-1 Plan). the rites of pilgrimage and takes place on the

10th-13th of Dhul Al-Hijjah. EASTERN RING ROAD Bypass road connecting the Jewish settlements located east of Jeru- salem, stretching from , via Sur Baher, , Wadi Nar and Abu Dis, with each other and with West Jerusalem, including a tunnel built under the Mount of Olives. Construction on the most controver- sial part of the route (Route 4370) started in Eid Prayers at Al-Aqsa Mosque

47 E EID AL-FITR (English: The feast of breaking the right-wing Israeli party , in 2002. The fast) Three-day feast marking the end of Ra- plan consists of (1) a government decision madan and celebrating a time of thanksgiv- declaring the PA an enemy; (2) military ac- ing to God who has enabled Muslims to over- tion to destroy the Palestinian terror infra- come the difficulties of the month of fast. It structure; (3) nullification of the Oslo Accords takes place on the 1st of Shawal, the 10th and dismantlement of the PA; (4) after the month of the Islamic calendar. cessation of hostilities, commencement of ne- gotiations under international auspices (with EILAND COMMISSION Israeli military commis- the refugee problem to be solved through re- sion, led by Israeli former general Giora Eil- location in Arab countries and the dismantle- and, charged with conducting an internal in- ment of refugee camps); (5) acceptance of vestigation of the Gaza aid flotilla (Mavi Mar- two countries for two peoples on two sides mara) incident of May 2010 – which resulted of the Jordan River: the Jordanian-Palestin- in the death of 10 Turkish activists. The Com- ian state with Amman as its capital, and the mission’s report, released in July 2010, con- Jewish state with Jerusalem as its capital; (6) cluded that mistakes had been committed at Arabs remaining in Judea, Samaria & Gaza all levels of command, that would become citizens of the Jordanian-Pal- bloodshed could have been estinian state, while Palestinians holding Israeli reduced or even prevented citizenship would be offered by political means, and that alternate citizenship in the responsibility for the raid Jordanian-Palestinian state; on the flotilla rests with the and (7) expulsion of those Israeli army, not the gov- Arabs remaining in Judea, ernment. Samaria and Gaza who breach the terms of this ELAD (Hebrew acronym for: To the City of Da- plan to the Jordanian-Pal- vid; also known as Ir David Foundation) Israe- estinian state. Benny Elon li organization founded in 1986 that aims to increase Jewish presence in the Palestinian EMERGENCY GOVERNMENT Palestinian gov- East-Jerusalem neighborhood of Silwan, lo- ernment formed by President Mahmoud Ab- cated right outside the Old City, by purchas- bas following Hamas's takeover of the Gaza ing property for Jewish settlers (as of 2019, at Strip and subsequent dismissal from the PA least 400 settlers had moved to Silwan ac- government on 14 June 2007. The emergency cording to the Israeli NGO Terrestrial Jerusa- government was sworn in on 17 June 2007 lem). It also runs an archeological park that with as Prime Minister and promotes the biblical (Jewish) history of the Finance Minister. Hamas disputed the legiti- area and manages the touristic settlement site macy of this new Fatah ‘City of David’, on behalf of the state of Israel. government, asserting that Ismail Haniyeh "remains the head of the govern- ment even if it was dis- solved by the president" and is exercising de facto authority in the Gaza Strip. Salam Fayyad

ENEMY ENTITY see Hostile Entity House seized by settlers in the heart of Silwan ERETZ YISRAEL (English: Land of Israel) Refers ELON PEACE INITIATIVE Seven-part peace plan to the territories, which were part of the for the Middle East proposed by Binyamin Jewish Kingdom(s), i.e., Palestine and part of (Benny) Elon, former leader of the extreme today’s Jordan, in the Hebrew . Though

48 E there is no explicit biblical call for the estab- tween the Israeli and Palestinian prime minis- lishment of the State of Israel in all of Eretz ters, and deployment of an international force Israel, right-wing and other parties reject Is- in Gaza to reinforce the ceasefire. While Pal- raeli withdrawal from any territory consi- estinians welcomed the plan in principle, dered Eretz Israel currently under Israeli con- Israel did not take it seriously on the grounds trol, including the OPT. that it was not coordinated with the whole EU.

EUROPEAN UNION BORDER ASSISTANCE MIS- SION (EU BAM) EU Civilian Crisis Manage- ment Mission in the Gaza Strip, which was mandated to provide a third-party presence at the Rafah crossing point in order to build up the Palestinian capacity on all aspects of border management and contribute to build- ing confidence between the PA and Israel. Following the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Eretz Yisrael (Old Poster) Strip in 2007, the EU BAM no longer manned the facility; ETHNIC CLEANSING Systematic elimination of its current mandate was ex- an ethnic group or groups from a region or tended on 28 June 2019. society, through deportation, forced emigra- tion, or genocide. As such it is considered a EUROPEAN UNION POLICE CO-ORDINATING /crime against humanity under in- OFFICE FOR PALESTINIAN POLICE SUPPORT ternational law. Scholars and activists have (EUPOL COPPS) EU Police mission established used the term in the Palestine-Israel conflict on 14 November 2005 under the EU's Euro- with regard to Israel’s efforts to Judaize Pa- pean Security and Defense Policy in order to, lestine through its discriminatory and restric- according to a 30 November 2005 BBC news tive policies vis-à-vis the Palestinians, includ- article, “reform and rebuild the police force ing denial of permits, movement limitations, in the West Bank and Gaza." Operations be- property destruction, land confiscation, and gan on 1 January 2006 and are designed to (of settlers) to the Pales- support the PA in taking responsibility for tinian territories. law and order, and in particular, in improving its civil police and law enforcement capacity. ETZEL see Irgun EUPOL COPPS is headquartered in Ramallah with currently 70 in- ETZION BLOC see ternational and 45 na-

EU BAM see European Union Border Assistance tional staff. As of 2019 Mission the Head of Mission is Kauko Aaltomaa. EUPOL COPPS see European Union Police Coor- dinating Office for Palestinian Police Support EUROPEAN UNION SPECIAL ENVOY The EU's representative to the Middle East Peace EUROPEAN MIDDLE EAST PEACE INITIATIVE Process, who also acts as the EU envoy to the Diplomatic initiative developed in November Middle East Quartet. The position is current- 2006 by France, Spain and Italy, which aimed ly held by Dutch diplomat Susanna Terstal at finding a resolution to the Israeli-Palestin- (September 2018-February 2020). Generally, ian conflict. The plan included five elements: the Special Envoy works in close contacts with an immediate ceasefire, the formation of a all major players towards the resumption of Palestinian unity government that would re- meaningful negotiations with the aim of ceive international recognition, prisoner ex- achieving a comprehensive peace agreement change between Israel and the PA, talks be- based on a two-state solution.

49 E EXECUTIVE FORCE (Arabic: Tanfithyeh) 'Police' or ‘special operational’ force formed by the late Interior Minister Said Siam (Hamas) in May 2006 as a counter to the Fatah-domi- F nated PA Security Forces to defend the Hamas government (officials and establishments) in the Gaza Strip. In January 2007, President FACEBOOK BILL (formally: Bill for the Removal Abbas declared the Executive Force illegal un- from the Internet of Content Whose Publica- til such time as it would integrate into the tion Constitutes an Offense) Proposed Israeli national security apparatus. The militia, under legislation submitted by the Israeli Ministry the leadership of Abu Obaidah Al-Jarrah, en- of Justice in 2016, which passed in the gaged in bloody clashes with Fatah forces, Knesset in its first reading on 17 July 2018, which ended with Hamas seizing control of which demands deleting "inciting" content the Gaza Strip in June from social media. If passed into law, it will 2007. In October 2007, authorize the court to issue orders to delete the Executive Force was internet content which was classified as merged with the official harmful to "human safety, public, economic, police force controlled state or vital infrastructure safety," including by the Hamas’ Ministry blocking content of social media platforms of Interior. such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and pri- vate blogs. The bill was halted before passing EXPULSION LAW Controversial amendment to into law by Prime Minister Netanyahu, be- the ‘Basic Law: The Knesset’, which passed in cause there was concern that in its current the Knesset in July 2016. With the support of format, police could ask a court to remove 90 out of the 120 MKs, it allows for the dis- anything from the Internet without the per- missal of an incumbent MK who incites to son who put it online being able to respond racism or supports an armed struggle against in court. Israel. Opponents criticize that the law thus allows for the Israeli Jewish majority in the FACILITY 1391 (also: Camp 1391) Controversial Knesset to further delegitimize and margi- secret Israeli prison, under the control of the nalize the elected political representatives of military intelligence. Located inside an army the Palestinian minority in Israel on the basis base near the main road between of purely political and ideological considera- and in northern Israel, the facility had tions. In May 2018, the High Court of Justice been erased from maps and aerial photo- dismissed one of two petitions against the graphs and its existence was unknown to the Law. public until 2003, when lawyers issued ha- beas corpus writs for Palestinian clients who EXTRA-JUDICIAL ASSASSINATION OR KILLING had disappeared while being detained there Legal term referring to the killing of one or during the mass round-ups of 2002. It has more persons by governmental authorities housed many Lebanese nationals abducted without the sanction of any judicial proceed- by the Israeli army as , Iraqi defec- ing or legal process. Israel preferably uses tors, and a Syrian intelligence officer, most of “extrajudicial killing” over “targeted killings” whom were released as part of a prisoner with regard to its assassinations of alleged swap with Hizbullah in January 2004. At a lat- Palestinian militants. Extrajudicial killings are er date, scores of Palestinians were incarce- always illegal under international law. rated there for interrogation. Facility 1391 has never been independently inspected and EZZEDIN AL-QASSAM see Izz Eddin Al-Qassam precise information about conditions in the prison is difficult to obtain due to a govern- ment-imposed information blackout and the fact that even the ICRC is denied access, but allegations of torture and mistreatment are

50 F common. Israeli officials claim that Camp ders. While these Palestinians were classified 1391 "is no longer used since 2006 to detain as permanent residents of Jerusalem (accord- or interrogate suspects," but several peti- ing to the Law of Entry into Israel 1952, Entry tions filed to the Israeli Supreme Court by the to Israel Regulations 1974), those who were Committee Against Torture to examine the not recorded due to absence – whether facility have been rejected. studying abroad, visiting relatives elsewhere, etc. – later had to apply for family reunifi- cation through the Ministry of the Interior. Until this day, any Palestinian who is not classified by the Israeli government as a per- manent resident of East Jerusalem – includ- ing spouses, children and other relatives of East Jerusalem permanent residents – must apply for family reunification to reside legally

there. The decision to grant or deny these FAHD PLAN Eight-point peace plan to resolve applications is, according to Israeli law, ulti- the Arab-Israeli conflict proposed by then mately at the discretion of the Interior Minis- Prince (later King) Fahd of Saudi Arabia in ter, who is not required to justify refusal. In August 1981, calling for: (1) Israeli withdraw- May 2002, Israel suspended the processing al from all Arab territories occupied in 1967, of family reunification claims between Pal- including East Jerusalem; (2) removal of all estinian citizens of Israel and Palestinians Israeli settlements established on Arab land from the West Bank and Gaza. The subse- since 1967; (3) guaranteed freedom of wor- quent 2003 Citizenship and Entry Law (ex- ship in the holy places for all religions; (4) tended annually, most recently in November affirmation of the Palestinian people’s right 2019), prohibits citizenship, permanent resi- of return to their homes and compensation dency and/or temporary residency status to for those who decide not to do so; (5) UN West Bank/Gaza Palestinians married to Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip for a citizens and denies citizenship to children born transitional period (not exceeding a few to an Israeli citizen and resident of the West months); (6) establishment of a Palestinian Bank and Gaza Strip. Everyone of 14 years state with Jerusalem as its capital; (7) affir- and older is considered an adult and cannot mation of the right of all states in the region receive legal status under the family reunifi- to live in pace; (8) the UN or some of its cation provision (see also Citizenship and members guarantee and Entry Law and Law of Entry into Israel). implement the principles

listed above. The plan FATAH (also spelled Fateh, Arabic: Harakat At- was adopted with minor Tahrir Al-Filistiniya = Palestinian Liberation changes at the Arab Movement, with the first letters of the Arab- League summit in Fez, ic in reverse order giving Fatah = conquest) Morocco, in September Political movement formally founded in Ku- 1982 (see also Fez- wait in 1959 by Yasser Arafat and associates Plan). King Fahd (including , Khalil Al-Wazir, Moh-

ammed Yousef Najjar, ) and FAISAL-WEIZMANN AGREEMENT see Weiz- grown out of a clandestine organization es- mann-Faisal Agreement tablished by Palestinian students in 1957 ad-

vocating armed struggle to liberate all of Pa- FAMILY (RE)UNIFICATION Israeli legislation re- lestine by Palestinians, while remaining inde- garding the right to live with a (foreign) spouse pendent of all Arab governments. Fatah is in Israel. An Israeli census conducted imme- the largest and strongest PLO faction, and diately after the occupation of Jerusalem in was headed by Arafat from its founding until 1967 counted 66,000 Palestinians living in his death on 11 November 2004. Fatah be- East Jerusalem within the new municipal bor- gan as a network of underground cells, but

51 F reorganized with a Central Committee in 1963 line for the succession of the party’s and took control of the PLO as the largest Chairman Mahmoud Abbas. single bloc at the 5th PNC meeting in Cairo in 1969. It adopted the principle of political FATAH CONVENTION Gathering of the Fatah pluralism within the PLO and followed a guer- leadership, which did not take place for 20 rilla strategy (with its military wing Al-Assifa years until it was resumed and held from 4-9 and squads operating underground in the August 2009 in Bethlehem to discuss the OPT known as Fatah Hawks and Black Panth- state of negotiations and issues such as re- ers) until 1972, when it formulated a new sistance towards the Israeli occupation, Jeru- policy putting as only one salem, refugees, and Gaza and to agree on a of various means of struggle. Fatah advo- political program. This 6th Convention was cates a democratic, secular, multi-religious attended by over 2,500 participants, elected state, played a central role in the first Inti- new members for its Central Committee and fada, and was a member of the United Na- Revolutionary Council, and resolved that Fa- tional Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU). It tah supports a two-state solution based on also had a leading role in the second or Al- the borders of 1967 with Jerusalem as its Aqsa Intifada, during which its military wing capital, a fair negotiated solution to the ref- (Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades) were formed. Fa- ugee problem, armed struggle, and, in the tah is currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas case that negotiations will fail, struggle to- and represented in the PLO Executive Com- wards a binational state in all of historical mittee by three members. Fatah was badly Palestine and a unilateral declaration of a defeated by Hamas in the January 2006 PLC Palestinian state under occupation. At its 7th elections, where it gained only 45 seats out Convention in December 2016 in Ramallah, of the 132 (as opposed to Hamas’ 72 seats) Mahmoud Abbas was re-elected as Chair- and following inter-Palestinian fighting and man. In addition, the party’s leadership in Hamas' military takeover of the Gaza Strip in the form of a new Central Committee and a June 2007, President Abbas dismissed the new Revolutionary Council were elected. In- Hamas government and appointed a new Fa- ternal opposition (such as Mohammed Dah- tah-led Emergency Government. However, lan’s Reform Bloc) was sidelined and ex- its authority has effectively been limited to cluded from participation. the West Bank. On 12 October 2017, Fatah signed a reconciliation agreement with Ha- FATAH HAWKS Popular youth movement that mas in Cairo. The implementation of the emerged as a branch of Fatah during the first agreement reached a deadlock in early 2018, Intifada, where they mainly attacked Israeli after a failed assas- army targets and dealt with killing Palestin- sination attempt on ian collaborators. They disappeared or were then Prime Minister disbanded after the Oslo Accords, but re- Rami Hamdallah dur- emerged during the second Intifada as an ing a visit to the Ga- offshoot of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, za Strip. As of 2019 where they were identified with Musa Arafat, the schism between then head of the PA's military intelligence. both movements The Hawks held a convention in Rafah, Gaza, persists. on 21 September 2004, attended by 3,000 mem- FATAH CENTRAL COMMITTEE Fatah’s highest bers of Fatah, and an- decision-making and executive body, which nounced its re-establish- was established in 1963. The current Central ment as a separate entity Committee was elected during Fatah’s 7th within Fatah. The group’s General Convention in December 2016, and activity has nearly va- has 23 members. In February 2017, the Com- nished since 2004. mittee elected Mahmoud Al-Aloul as Fatah’s first ever Vice-Chairman, putting him first in

52 F FATAH ISLAM (Arabic: Fatah Al-Islam) Alleged Israel’s invasion of Lebanon. In 1985-88, the Sunni Islamist break-away of the Damascus- group took part in the ‘War of the Camps,’ in based Fatah Uprising that was formed in late Lebanon. Fatah Uprising 2006. It is said to be inspired by Al-Qaeda is based in Damascus, and wants to bring religion back to the Pales- with guerrillas in Syria tinian cause. It acts mainly in the Palestinian and Lebanon. It does not refugee camps in Lebanon with headquarters play a role in today's Pal- in the Nahr Al-Bared camp. The group, which estinian politics and is not is led by Shaker Al-Abassi, a Palestinian refu- part of the PLO, opposing gee from Jericho, took part in violent clashes any political settlement with the Lebanese Army in May-June 2007. with Israel. Sa’ed Musa Muragha The original ranks of the group contained sev- eral members who had been trained by the FATAHLAND (1.) Name applied to a section of US in Saudi Arabia in order to fight against which was controlled by the Soviets in the Soviet-Afghan War. The the Fatah-dominated PLO during its years in group also initially received US funding through Lebanese exile (1970-1982) and which some the Lebanese government of Prime Minister claimed had virtually become a "state within in order to weaken Syria. The a state." US State Department classified the group as a (2.) More recently, the term is occasionally terrorist organization on 9 August 2007, but used in journalism in reference to the West it was not classified as such anymore starting Bank-Gaza split since 2007 with the West from 24 November 2010. While factions of Bank considered as Fatahland as opposed to Fatah Islam remain, the existence and status “” (Gaza). of the group is unclear, especial- FATWA (plural fatawa) Islamic religious ruling ly after a large or legal statement. It is issued by a recog- portion of their nized religious authority in Islam (e.g., a mufti, leadership was imam, sheikh or qadi) who pronounces a destroyed. scholarly opinion on a matter of Islamic law, which the respective authority bases on evi- FATAH REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL (1.) Second- dence from Islamic sources. A fatwa is not ranking decision-making body of Fatah (after necessarily "binding" on the faithful. the Central Committee) with up to 148 mem- bers. It is the highest authority in Fatah when FAYYAD PLAN Proactive plan by former PA Prime convened between two sessions of the Gen- Minister Salam Fayyad outlined in a booklet eral Convention. Its jurisdictions include fol- entitled "Palestine: Ending the Occupation, lowing up and executing decisions of the Gen- Establishing the State" (August 2009), which eral Convention, monitoring Fatah operations, promoted building a Palestinian state by including the work of the Central Commit- 2011. It included an assessment of institu- tee, and military affairs. tional state-building needs (e.g., sewage, air- (2.) Anti-Arafat faction (short: Fatah RC; also port, schools, improved education and legal referred to as the Abu Nidal Group or Organ- systems, new cities, affordable housing, bet- ization) established by Sabri Khalil Al-Banna ter trained troops, better infrastructure and (Abu Nidal) after it split from Fatah in 1974. use of natural energy sources and water, ending the Palestinian economy's depen- FATAH UPRISING (Arabic: Fatah Al-Intifada; dence on Israel) and set a two-year timeta- also referred to as Faction) Syrian- ble for its implementation to build positive backed Palestinian splinter group founded by facts on the ground. The plan won praise former Fatah Colonel Sa’ed Musa Muragha from the UN and the West but drew criti- (Abu Musa) that broke away from main- cism from Israel for its call to unilateral stream Fatah in 1983, after blaming Arafat’s action in disputed territory (e.g., building in corruption for the ineffective response to "Area C") and from Hamas and Islamic Jihad

53 F claiming the plan was serving Israeli inter- eral State, which was submitted by and ests. Under the Fayyad reform plan the Pal- backed by and , and the Parti- estinian territory began to show positive tion Plan, supported by the majority of the economic growth rates and both the IMF UNSCOP-members. The Federal State Plan and the World Bank praised the PA’s eco- proposed a union of Arab and Jewish regions, nomic policies. However, Fayyad’s govern- with Jerusalem as the capital of the union, ment was constrained by fiscal crisis trig- albeit located within the Arab part. gered by growing domestic debt and dimi- nishing international aid, FEDERATION PLAN (also: Federal Plan) see the numerous restrictions United Arab Kingdom Plan imposed by Israel, and internal feuds that even- FELLAHEEN (singular: Fellah) Arabic term for tually led to his resigna- farmers/peasants. tion in April 2013, at which time his reform plans also came to an end. Salam Fayyad

FAYYADISM Term sometimes used with refer- ence to the Palestinian reform plans and in- stitution-/state-building agenda, introduced FEZ PLAN Peace proposal based on a version of and promoted by former Prime Minister the Fahd Plan (see above) adopted at the Salam Fayyad between 2009 and 2013 (see 12th Arab League summit in Fez, Morocco on Fayyad Plan). 9 September 1982. The plan, which implicitly recognized Israel's , consisted of FEDAYEEN (Arabic: Fida’iyyun; singular: Fida’i) the following eight points: (1) Israeli with- Palestinian fighters, often ready to sacrifice drawal from all captured Arab territories, in- themselves in their struggle against Zionism cluding East Jerusalem; (2) dismantlement of and suppression and for a liberated Pales- Israeli settlements in Arab territories; (3) as- tine. Inspired by guerrilla movements in Viet- surance of freedom of worship for all reli- nam, and Latin America, Palestinian gions; (4) recognition of the rights of the Pal- fedayeen grew from within the refugee estinians to self-determination, to be im- population in the plemented through their exclusive represent- early 1950s, deter- ative, the PLO; (5) a several-month transition mined to intensify period for Gaza and the West Bank under the cross-border oper- auspices of the UN; (6) establishment of a Pal- ations against estinian state with Jerusalem as its capital; Israelis and their (7) a guarantee from the UN Security Council allies. After the for peace and security of all states in the 1967 War, Pales- region; and (8) a guarantee from the UN Se- tinian fedayeen curity Council for the implementation of the groups were unit- above-mentioned principles. The plan was ed under the um- endorsed by the PNC at its 16th session in brella of the PLO. Algiers on February 1983, while Israel and some PLO factions rejected it. FEDERAL STATE PLAN Proposal outlined in the so-called Minority Plan that served as an al- FIDA (Arabic: Al-Ittihad Ad-Dimuqrati Al-Filas- ternative to the UN Partition Plan drawn up tini, with the first letters in reverse order giv- by the newly established UNSCOP mission ing FIDA; English: Palestinian Democratic that examined the situation in Palestine in Union) established in early 1947. The mission’s resulting report in- March 1990 as a splinter faction of the DFLP cluded two proposals: A Proposal for a Fed- and headed by Yasser Abed Rabbo until 2002,

54 F who also represented FIDA in the PLO Execu- FIVE-POINTS see Baker Five-Point-Framework tive Committee until his departure from the movement. He was replaced by Zahira Kamal Body formed in the early 1970s in who became the first female leader of a Pal- Beirut by senior Fatah officers, initially as a estinian political party. FIDA consists mainly personal security force for the PLO leader- of West Bank residents. It advocates demo- ship headed by Yasser Arafat. The group soon cratization in the Palestinian arena, focuses became one of the PLO’s elite units serving on a party system that reflects political plural- as intelligence and counter-terrorist service, ism and democracy, and heavily supported mainly against internal rivals and other Pal- the Oslo process. In the 1996 PLC election, estinian commanders and factions. Having FIDA secured one seat, while it ran in the played an important role in internal politics, 2006 PLC elections as part of the coalition they remained rather marginal with regard “The Alternative”, which won two seats. It to the armed struggle against Israel. With also ran in the 2017 local elections, where it the establishment of the PA in 1994, Force won 7 seats (0.45% 17 was officially merged with the Presiden- of the vote). Current tial Security Force (Al-Amn Ar-Ri'asah), but in General Secretary is reality, the unit still existed apart from the Saleh Rafa’at. official security forces as Arafat’s personal security as well as undertaking intelligence FINAL STATUS ISSUES Unresolved issues be- and counter-terrorism operations. The force tween the PA and Israel that are to be re- was estimated at some 3,000 members, solved in (and not before) the Final Status headed by Brig.-Gen. Faisal Abu Sharkh and Negotiations, including: Jerusalem, refugees, based in Gaza. It was added to Israel’s list of settlements, security arrangements, borders, "terrorist" entities in December 2001. There relations and cooperation with other neigh- are a several narratives regarding how the bors, and other issues of common interest unit got its name; one being that 1 and 7 (Oslo II Accord, Chapter 5, Article XXXI, 5). were the last digits of the phone number of the unit’s first commander, Hassan Salameh, FINAL STATUS NEGOTIATIONS Provided for in another states that reference is made to 17 the 1993 (Oslo) Declaration of Principles, to be Palestinians killed at the battle of Karameh the second part of a two-phase timetable. in 1968, while a third claims the name The first part involved a five-year "interim" or derives from the location of the unit’s office "transitional" period during which Israel was in Beirut: 17 Faqahani Street. In December to gradually withdraw from Palestinian cen- 2007, the Force was merged into the Presi- ters in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and dential Guard and the National Security Forces. transfer powers to the Palestinians. The ne- gotiations were supposed to begin “as soon as possible, but not later than the beginning of the third year of the interim period”, i.e., in May 1996, and to cover “remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest.” On 4 May FOREIGN GOVERNMENT FUNDING LAW (for- 1999, the interim phase ended with no mally: Law on Disclosure Requirements for permanent status agreement in sight. In the Recipients of Support from a Foreign State Sharm Esh-Sheikh Agreement of 4 September Entity) Israeli law passed in 2011, which im- 1999, the beginning of final status talks was poses invasive reporting requirements on rescheduled for 13 September 1999, with an NGOs, such as submitting and publishing overall agreement to be reached by 13 quarterly reports on any funding received September 2000. As of the end of 2019, final from foreign governments or publicly-funded status negotiations have yet to take place.

55 F foreign donors. Because Palestinian NGOs in and protection from coercion, corporal pu- Israel and all NGOs which promote Palestin- nishment, torture, the confiscation of per- ian rights do not seek funding from Israeli sonal property, and collective punishment. governmental sources and have limited Further, the Fourth access to private funding, the law particu- Geneva Convention larly targets them. forbids the transfer of part of the oc- FORMALIZATION BILL Israeli legislation that cupier’s population would see thousands of dunums of private to the occupied ter- Palestinian land seized and dozens of illegal ritories and ensures Israeli outposts retroactively legalized (as reg- freedom of move- ular settlements), and is seen as paving the ment, especially for way to an eventual annexation of the West medical personnel. Bank. The bill runs counter to four decades of Israeli High Court rulings against the use FRANCO-ITALIAN-SPANISH MIDDLE EAST PEACE of private Palestinian property for settler PLAN (2006) see European Middle East Peace homes. It allows the Israeli government to Initiative seize the private Palestinian land and hold it until there is a final resolution of the conflict. FRANGHIA PLAN One of the first plans re- It passed a preliminary reading in the Knes- garding the Jordan River waters. The plan, set with 60:49 in December 2016 and a sec- which was drafted in 1913 by the Ottoman ondary reading with 60:52 in February 2017. Director of Works for Palestine, Georges Israel’s Attorney General Avihai Mandelblit Franghia, proposed using the Jordan River has argued that the law is unconstitutional system for irrigation in the Jordan Valley and and refused to defend the state against the generation of electricity. The plan was spon- petition to the High Court of Justice by a sored by the Ottoman Empire, and floun- consortium of 13 NGOs and groups that tried dered with its fall after World War I. to strike down the legislation. On 20 August 2017, the state, in a response prepared by FREEDOM AND DIGNITY STRIKE Hunger strike private lawyer Harel Arnon, asked the High by over 1,500 Palestinian political prisoners Court to reject those legal challenges, saying that began on 17 April 2017 in protest of the the law was constitutional under Israeli law conditions inside Israeli jails and lasted 40 and calling it “a humane, proportional and days. Demands of the hunger strikers in- reasonable response to the genuine distress cluded access to education, proper medical of Israeli resident” (see also Regulation Law). care, an end to the practice of solitary con- finement, regular visitation rights, and, most FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION International importantly, an end to administrative deten- agreement, which was adopted at the close tion (imprisonment without charge and trial of a diplomatic conference for the establish- for renewable periods of six month). The ment of international conventions for the strike mobilized the Palestinian streets and protection of victims of war in Geneva on 12 revived esteem for the prisoners’ movement August 1949 and entered into force on 21 with many solidarity hunger strikes, sit-ins, October 1950. It contains standards for the days of rage, and general strikes seen across treatment of civilians during times of war "in the OPT. The hunger strike ended on 27 May the hands" of an enemy and under any mili- after reaching a compromise with Israel for tary occupation by a foreign power. To date, additional family visits. 194 countries have ratified the convention, including Israel. However, Israel refuses to FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE Palestinian recognize the applicability of the Geneva Con- party list that represented the small PLO vention to the OPT. Particularly relevant claus- faction Palestinian Arab Front (PAF) which es in the Convention forbid degrading or de- was formed prior to the January 2006 PLC humanizing treatment of occupied peoples

56 F elections. It was led by Salim Al-Bardeni and FRENCH PROPOSAL (formally: Non-paper on the received 4,398 votes (0.44%), which was far Revival of a Dynamic of Peace in the Middle below the 2%-barrier to gain parliamentary East) Mideast peace plan for a European Ini- representation. tiative, introduced by France in February 2002, which involved two the “inseparable issues” FREEDOM AND SOCIAL JUSTICE Palestinian elections and statehood. The plan proposed party list formed for the January 2006 PLC holding new as a means elections, representing the Popular Struggle for the Palestinian people to express them- Front, the Kafa’ (Enough) movement, and selves through voting rather than violence the , and headed by Ahmad Maj- and to legitimize the PA, followed by the dec- dalany. The list received only 7,127 votes laration of an independent Palestinian state (0.72%) and failed to win a seat. – without exact borders for the time being – and international recognition of the state as FRENCH PEACE INITIATIVE IN THE MIDDLE a starting point for resuming final status EAST French call on the international com- negotiations between two equal partners on munity to help restart the peace process and the basis of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. focus talks on formulating parameters for a solution to the core issues of a final peace FUTUWWA (English: courage, chivalry or man- deal in line with a two-state solution. On 3 liness) Term originally referring to specific June 2016, France hosted a first interna- virtues – courage, manliness, chivalry, gene- tional ministerial meeting in Paris, attended rosity, truth, honor, self-reliance, altruism. by 26 nations, excluding Israel and Palestini- Derived from fata’ (young man), Futuwwa ans, which ended with a vague call to work became a symbol of rebelling against all evil on a package of economic and security in- and striving for sincere servanthood to God. centives and hold a Mideast Peace Summit The name was used by informal associations later the year. In November 2016, Israeli Prime of young men who claimed to promote these Minister Binyamin Netanyahu announced that values and by (paramili- his government would not participate in the tary) Arab youth organi- French initiative. Nevertheless, over 40 for- zations. In the Palestinian eign ministers and senior diplomats from 75 context, Futuwwa was a countries gathered for an international peace paramilitary youth move- conference on 15 January 2017 in Paris, ment founded in 1935 which ended with a statement condemning and associated with the settlements. Neither Israelis nor Palestinians Arab Party led by Jamal participated. While Fatah had endorsed the Husseini. summit, other Palestinian factions were Jamal Husseini opposed saying no breakthrough is expected from such an event.

57 G the plan, which was also an attempt to end the “re-occupation” of the Palestinian terri- tories during Operation “Defensive Shield”, G was a step-by-step implementation, which was predicated on reductions of “terror” and violence in the Gaza Strip and Bethlehem. GALILI DOCUMENT Pro-annexationist plan, The plan was approved by Israel and the Pal- drafted by Israeli Minister Yisrael Galili, out- estinians but the Sharon Government re- lining the government’s proposed policy in treated from it soon after, saying it sought to the OPT from 1973-77. It was adopted by the solve the issue of Gaza first. Labor Party in September 1973 and included plans for the development of the economy GAZA BLOCKADE Land, air and sea blockade (i.e., infrastructure and service sector in the imposed on the Gaza Strip by Israel since mid- Palestinian territories as well as their eco- 2007 following the Hamas takeover of Gaza. nomic ties with Israel and local government), On the grounds of “security reasons”, mas- the continuation of the “open bridges pol- sive movement restrictions have been im- icy” with Jordan, a permanent resettlement plemented – enforced with the help of Egypt scheme for refugees in the and the support of the US – to keep nearly 2 Gaza Strip, and the encou- million Gaza residents “locked in”. This has ragement of settlement con- led to a severe socioeconomic and humani- struction in the West Bank tarian crisis in the over-populated Strip. (especially the Jerusalem and Jordan Valley areas) GAZA BORDER PROTESTS (2018) see Great and Golan Heights. March of Return Yisrael Galili GAZA GAS see Gaza Marine Gas Field GAZA AGREEMENT (Fatah-Hamas) Reconcilia- tion deal signed in Gaza City on 23 April 2014 / FLOTILLA RAID by Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and a PLO International in- delegation dispatched by President Mah- itiative that tried moud Abbas with the prime goal of forming a to break the na- national unity government within five weeks, val blockade of to be followed by general elections in De- the Gaza Strip in cember. Israel reacted with the announce- May 2010 and ment that it would halt peace talks with the had a fatal end- Palestinians and employ other sanctions. The ing. In an attempt to reach the Gaza Strip by US expressed concern that the agreement sea, the and the Tur- "could seriously complicate" negotiations, kish Foundation for Human Rights and Free- while the EU welcomed it but stressed that doms and Humanitarian Relief (IHH) orga- the priority remained peace talks with Israel. nized a flotilla consisting of eight ships carry- The agreement resulted in a national unity ing both activists and goods (medicine, con- government from 2 June 2014 to 17 June struction materials etc.). On 31 May 2010, 2015 under President Mahmoud Abbas. Israeli forces intercepted the flotilla and boarded six of the ships in international 'GAZA AND BETHLEHEM FIRST' PLAN Proposal waters; in the ensuing clashes nine activists put forth in August 2002 by then-Prime were killed. The Israeli raid led to interna- Minister Ariel Sharon calling for the phased tional condemnation and seriously strained withdrawal of Israeli forces from those West Israeli- Turkish relations. Bank and Gaza Strip areas that were granted self-rule under the 1994-95 Oslo Accords GAZA-JERICHO AUTONOMY AGREEMENT (also: (starting with Gaza and Bethlehem) in return Cairo or Oslo Agreement or Accord or Gaza- for PA action to curb violence. The basis of Jericho First Agreement) Agreement signed

58 G by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and GAZA RETURN MARCH see Great March of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat on 4 May 1994 Return in Cairo, which was the second stage in the process begun with the DOP in September GAZA STRIP Coastal region on the Mediterra- 1993. It outlined the first stage of Palestinian nean Sea, adjoining Egypt and Israel, 45 km autonomy – in some 60% of Gaza and a 65 long and 5-12 km in width, and covering an km2 area in and around Jericho – including area of approximately 365 km2. It is inha- Israeli redeployment and the establishment bited by some 2 million Palestinians, mostly of a Palestinian authority as the governing refugees. The area was part of the British body in the evacuated territories. As part of from 1917 to 1948, the agreement, Israeli military forces were to was passed over to Egyptian control in 1949, withdraw from the areas of Gaza and Jericho, and has been occupied by Israel since the in coordination with a newly established Joint War of 1967. Following the evacuation of all Israeli-Palestinian Security Coordination and Israeli settlers from the Gaza Strip under Cooperation Committee. Israeli forces were Sharon's 2005 unilateral disengagement plan to be redeployed to specified areas only, such and Hamas' complete takeover of the terri- as the Military Installation Area along the tory in June 2007, Israel declared the entire Egyptian border and Israeli settlements. In Gaza Strip a "hostile entity". Israel currently addition, a Palestinian police force was set up retains control of all land, air and sea access, in those areas and powers within five civilian and reserves the right to prevent the PA spheres were transferred to the Palestinians from re-opening its airport or building a sea- (see Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of port. After the six-month truce between Ha- Powers and Responsibilities). Israel remained mas and Israel ended in December 2008, in control of the settlements, military loca- Israel initiated the (“Operation tions, and security matters. The stipulated Cast Lead”) on 27 December 2008, which five-year interim period ended on 4 May 1999 lasted 22 days and left over 1,300 Palestini- and triggered a heated debate among the ans dead and over 5,000 wounded, a large Palestinians as to whether to declare a Pales- percentage of whom were civilians. Gaza tinian state unilaterally. was also under attack during the 2012 “Operation Pillar of Defense” (167 Palestini- ans dead) and the 2014 “Operation Protec- tive Edge” (1,462 Palestinians dead).

GAZA MARINE GAS FIELD Offshore gas field lo- cated under Palestinian territorial waters some 30-36 km off the Gaza Strip coast which was (together with the smaller Border Gas Field) discovered in 1998. Total gas reserves are es- timated to be 1.4 trillion cubic feet, enough to cover needs in Gaza and the West Bank for 15 years. Although the gas fields are considered a partial solution to the ongoing power short- ages, extraction by the PA has not yet started, due to ongoing political disputes. The World Bank estimates that the development of the Marine reservoir is likely to yield US$2.7 billion in royalties for the

PA.

59 G GENERAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (Palestinian a complete final status agreement, in con- Authority) Palestinian security force created trast to then Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sha- after the Oslo Accords, partially from the Pal- ron's approach of long-term interim agree- estinian Liberation Army, which reports di- ments, and was officially launched at a cere- rectly to the President, who also appoints its mony in Geneva on 1 December 2003. The head. It is in charge of security operations Israeli government condemned the plan as beyond the borders of the PA, including exter- undermining its own policies while the PA nal intelligence, counterespionage, and liaison supported it. Members of the initiative on with foreign intelligence. It is also responsi- the Israeli side included Haim Oron, Amram ble for thwarting terror attacks in the West Mitzna, Avraham Burg, Nehama Ronen, Yuli Bank and works covertly in the Israeli-con- Tamir, Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, as well as Brig.- trolled Areas B and C, mainly arresting people Gen. Giora Inbar, Brig.-Gen. Shlomo Brom, who are then interrogated authors and , David in Area A. The GIS has an Kimche, Prof. Arie Arnon, and Dr. Menachem estimated 3,500 troops and Klein. Members on the Palestinian side in- is headed by Maj.-Gen. cluded Yasser Abed Rabbo, Mohammed Al- Majid Faraj since 2009. Hourani, Nabil Qassis, Hisham Abdel Razzeq, Kadoura Fares, Jamal Zaqout, Saman Khouri, GENERAL SECURITY SERVICES (Israel) see Shin Zuheir Al-Manasrah, Radi Jamil Jarai, Ibrahim Bet Mohammed Khrishi, Samih Karakra, Basel Jaber, and Nazmi Al-Ju'beh. The main points GENERAL STRIKE Form of non-violent protest of the detailed plan included: in which Palestinians close shops and busi-  Palestinians will concede the right of return. nesses, workers do not go to their jobs in  Palestinians will recognize Israel as the state Israel, and/or public and private transport of the Jewish people. stays off the roads. Palestinians have regu-  Israel will withdraw to the 1967 borders, larly employed general strikes – during the except for certain territorial exchanges. Mandate period in protest of the British au-  Jerusalem will be divided with Arab parts thorities (peaking in the 1936 Great Revolt) of East Jerusalem becoming part of the Pal- and later against Israeli occupation, most estinian state, and Jewish settlements, as notably during the first Intifada (1987-1993). well as the West Bank suburbs of Ma'ale Adumim, Givat Ze'ev, and the Gush Etzion GENERAL UNIONS Well-established PLO-affi- settlements becoming part of Israel. liated popular organizations, often predating  Haram Ash-Sharif will be Palestinian, but the PLO, that represent important sectors of an international force will ensure freedom Palestinian society worldwide. There are Gen- of access for visitors of all faiths. Archaeo- eral Unions of Palestinian logical digs will be forbidden. The Western Students, Women, Jurists, Wall will remain under Jewish sovereignty. Workers, Teachers, Doctors,  The Ariel, , and settlements Writers and Journalists, En- will be part of the Palestinian state, and gineers, Economists, Artists, Israel will also transfer parts of the Negev and Farmers. adjacent to Gaza in exchange for the parts of the West Bank it will receive. GENEVA ACCORD (also: Switzerland/Swiss Pro-  Palestinians will pledge to prevent terror posal or Document or Beilin-Abed Rabbo Plan; and incitement and disarm all militias. Their officially: Draft Permanent Status Agreement) state will be demilitarized. An international Alternative, unofficial peace initiative drafted force will supervise the border crossings. by Israeli and Palestinian politicians and ac-  The agreement will replace all, and in some tivists, led by Yossi Beilin and Yasser Abed cases will be regarded as fulfillment of, UN Rabbo, sponsored by Switzerland, and signed resolutions and previous agreements that in Aqaba on 12 October 2003. The Geneva pertain to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Accord was created in an effort to formulate

60 G The Geneva Accord resulted in the establish- 1906); (3) Third Geneva Convention relative ment of two cooperating NGOs: Heskem on to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (first the Israeli side and the Palestine Peace Coali- adopted in 1929), and (4) Fourth Geneva Con- tion on the Pal- vention relative to the Protection of Civilian estinian. Both are Persons in Time of War (first adopted in active in promot- 1949) (see also Fourth Geneva Convention). ing negotiations and searching for compromises. Yossi Beilin (l) & Yasser Abed Rabbo (r)

GENEVA CONFERENCES (1.) Conference for Peace in the Middle East held in December 1973 in Geneva, attended by Egypt, Israel,

the US, the USSR, Jordan, and the UN Secre- Signing of the Geneva Conventions, 1949 tary-General. It created working groups but achieved no further results. GERMAN PROPOSAL European peace initiative, (2.) A UN General Assembly-initiated interna- introduced by Germany in April 2002, sug- tional conference resulting from the acknowl- gesting a referendum asking the Palestinian edgment that separate solutions like Camp population about their willingness to recog- David (1978) did not solve much and that the nize Israel and normalize relations in return exclusion of Palestinian representatives would for a withdrawal of Israeli troops from Pales- not lead to a fair and lasting peaceful solu- tinian territory. Further, the plan included a tion. It convened from 23 August to 7 Sep- ceasefire followed by an early declaration of a tember 1983 in Geneva and was attended by Palestinian state, an end to Jewish settle- 137 states, but was boycotted by Israel and ments in the West Bank and Gaza, phased the US. Ultimately, the Geneva Declaration talks on tricky issues such as Israel's borders was adopted, calling for a peace conference and the , and provided for under the auspices of the UN with full partic- international peacekeepers to patrol a buffer ipation, on equal footing, of all parties con- zone between Israel and Palestinian areas. nected to the conflict, including the PLO, US, USSR, and others. This declaration was en- GESHER (English: Bridge) (1.) Center-right Israeli dorsed by the UN General Assembly in Reso- party formed in 1996 as a breakaway from lution 38/58C on 13 December 1983. the Likud by former Likud MK and Foreign Minister David Levy. It ran in coalition with GENEVA CONVENTIONS Standards of interna- Likud in the 1996 elections and joined One tional law for humanitarian concerns which Israel in the 1999 elections. Gesher focused were formulated in four treaties in Geneva. on the socio-economic problems of immi- The First Convention followed the founda- grants from North Africa. In 2003, it merged tion of the International Committee of the back into the Likud and dissolved. Red Cross in 1863 and adopted the “Conven- (2.) New party launched in December 2018 tion for the Amelioration of the Condition of by independent MK Orly Levy-Abekasis (who the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in had broken away from Lieberman’s Yisrael the Field” in 1864. All four conventions were Beiteinu in May 2016 and is the daughter of last revised and ratified in 1949 as follows: David Levy who had formed the other Gesher (1) First Geneva Convention for the Ameli- party in 1996). While running on a social plat- oration of the Condition of the Wounded form, the party is hard to classify politically. and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (first The party competed in the April 2019 elec- adopted in 1864); (2) Second Geneva Con- tions, but did not succeed in winning any vention for the Amelioration of the Condition seats. In the September 2019 elections, it of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members ran on a joint list together with Labor, win- of Armed Forces at Sea (first adopted in ning six seats.

61 G GHOR see Jordan Rift Valley GIVATI PARKING LOT Area at the southern side of the Old City walls, on the northern en- GHOR CANAL see King Abdullah Canal trance of Silwan, adjacent to the Israeli ‘City of David’ Visitors Center, which was one of GIHON (also: HaGihon) Israeli company also the only remaining open areas for the resi- known as the Jerusalem Area's Water and dents of Silwan, but has since 2003 been sub- Wastewater Utility, which was founded in ject to archeological digging under the aus- 1996 by the Israeli Jerusalem Municipality pices of the Israel Antiquities Authority and and currently provides water, sewage and funded by the Elad settler organization “for drainage services for some one million people the benefit of the City of David archeological in the Greater Jerusalem area. Since 2003, park”. In 2012, Elad announced plans to build Gihon operates as an independent corpora- a multiple story building on part of the site, tion in accordance with Jerusalem develop- known as the Kedem Compound, to include ment and expansion plans, constructing, inter inter alia a museum, a visitors’ center, and alia, industrial sewage treatment systems coffee shop. Palestinians have harshly criti- and pumping facilities. According to ACRI, cized these plans as they will create a single only 59% of the Palestin- tourist zone under settler and Israeli govern- ians in East Jerusalem are mental control at the expense of their direct officially connected to the connection to the Old City and adjacent neigh- Gihon Corporation’s water borhoods. infrastructure.

GIHON SPRING (also: Maryam’s Spring or the Spring of the Virgin) Karstic spring that is lo- cated on the Old City’s eastern slope before and whose waters flow into the adjacent Wadi Nar (Kidron Valley). It constituted a main freshwater source of the city from its first beginnings. According to Muslim tradi- tion, the waters of the Gihon Spring are holy

like the Zamzam Spring in Mecca. Pilgrims returning from the hajj used to go to the GOLAN HEIGHTS Rocky plateau in south-west- spring and then pray at Al-Aqsa Mosque. ern Syria, stretching over some 1,800 km2 There was also a tradition among the resi- and overlooking northern Israel, thus of mili- dents of Silwan of using and bathing in the tary and strategic importance. The area is springs’ water before weddings, on holy days, also a key source of water as rainwater from and other occasions. The Gihon Spring is also the Golan's catchment feeds into the Jordan sacred to Christians as it is identified with River. Israel captured 1,200 km2 of the region the spring used by Mary, the mother of from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War. It is esti- Jesus. In the 1990s, the Israeli Nature and mated that some 120,000 Syrian residents Parks Authority together with the Elad sett- fled or were expelled from the area during ler group took over the spring and began to the war and never returned. An estimated charge entry fees to it, only allowing the set- 340 farms and villages were destroyed and tlers of “City of David” and their associates replaced by Jewish settlements. A Syrian at- to enter it freely and without charge. tempt to regain the Golan Heights during the Yom Kippur War (1973) failed. In December 1981, Israel unilaterally and illegally annexed the Golan Heights an since claims its “right” to retain the Golan based on UN Resolution 242 calling for "safe and recognized bounda- ries free from threats or acts of force.” How-

62 G ever, the international community rejects The government of President Abbas caused those claims and regards the area as occu- an outrage when it initially decided in Octo- pied Syrian territory. Syria wants to secure ber 2009 – due to Israeli and US pressure – to the return of the Golan Heights as part of withdraw its support for a resolution at the any future peace deal. Currently, there are an UNHRC. Nevertheless, the UNHRC voted on 16 estimated 23,000 settlers living in 34 Israeli October with 25 to 6 (with 11 abstentions and settlements on the occupied Golan Heights. 5 absent) in favor of a resolution endorsing About 25,000 Syrians still live in the nor- war crimes charges as spelled out in the Gold- thernmost area, mainly members of the stone Report. On 5 November 2009, the UN Druze community. On 25 March 2019, US General Assembly adopted, following a vote President Donald Trump proclaimed the US’ of 114 of 18 (44 abstaining), a resolution recognition of the Golan Heights as part of based on the Goldstone Report, calling on the the State of Israel. No other country recog- UN Secretary-General to transmit the report nizes Israeli sovereignty over territory. to the UN Security Council which has powers to refer the situation in Gaza to the Prosecu- tor of the International Criminal Court. On 1 April 2011, after being heavily pressured, Goldstone retracted his claim that it was Israeli government policy to deliberately tar- get citizens. The other authors of the report have rejected Goldstone's reassessment.

GOVERNORATE (Arabic: muhafazat) Adminis- trative unit/district in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 1995, following the arrival of the PA, the OPT were divided into 16 governorates (11 in the West Bank: Jenin, , Tulkarem, Qalqilya, , Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Jericho, Bethlehem, and Hebron, and five in the Gaza Strip: , Gaza City, Deir Al- Balah, Khan Younis, and Rafah). Each of these is headed by a governor, appointed by the President. The governorates are subordinate to the Ministry of Local Government and cooperate with the mayors and heads of GOLDSTONE REPORT Report of the UN Fact village councils in their respective districts. Finding Mission, appointed in April 2009 by the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and headed by South-African jurist Richard Gold- stone, to investigate the events of Israel's offensive in the Gaza Strip in December 2008/January 2009. The report was presented to the UNHRC in Geneva on 29 September 2009, urging the Council and the international community as a whole to put an end to im- punity for violations of international law in Israel and the OPT, and accusing both Israel and Hamas of war crimes, though clearly stat- ing that Israel had intentionally targeted civi- lian sites during the fighting. The report’s find- ings echoed those of other international hu-

man rights and humanitarian organizations. Palestinian governorates

63 G GRAD ROCKETS (also: Katyusha) Standard mili- protest alone. The bloodiest day of protest tary artillery weapon originally produced in was the Great March of Return on the 70th the former Soviet bloc. Palestinian militant anniversary of on 15 May 2018, groups in Gaza use 122-mm rockets, but un- which coincided with the opening of the US like Hizbullah, not from truck-based launch- Embassy in Jerusalem and left at least 60 Pal- ers. The rockets launched from Gaza have a estinians killed and over 1,000 injured. Pro- range of about 40 tests continued every Friday, and according km, and can appar- to UN OCHA, by the end of 2018, 180 Gazans ently reach the ci- were killed and over 23,000 injured in the ties of Beer Sheva, context of the Great Return March, including Ashdod, , medical and press personnel; 57 of the dead Ofakim, and Gan and some 7,000 of the injured were children. in Israel. Israel's use of deadly force was condemned by UN General Assembly Resolution ES10/ GRASSROOTS INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION L.23 on 13 June 2018 as well as by numerous FOR THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE (GIPP) Inter- human rights organizations. Protest marches national movement launched in 2001 with continued during 2019 but were held less the main objective of granting a form of pro- frequent towards the end of the year.

tection to the Palestinian people. GIPP orga- nized solidarity actions and coordinated the activities of international activists who came to Palestine to express solidarity with the Palestinians, protected them from Israeli ag- gression, and sent messages and reports on the situation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the international community. Missions and

delegations were organized in cooperation with Palestinian, European, American, and GREAT REVOLT (also: Great Rebellion) Wide- church partners. In recent years, the GIPP has spread uprising that emerged from Arab- shown no sign of activity and is believed to Jewish clashes throughout Palestine from have been absorbed by other solidarity move- April to October 1936. The Great Revolt in- ments and groups. volved the establishment of National Com- mittees and an Arab General Strike (April- GREAT MARCH OF RETURN Campaign launched October 1936) in support of three basic de- by civil society activists in Gaza as a non-vio- mands: (1) an end to Jewish immigration, (2) lent form of protest which called for the Pal- an end to Jewish land sales, and (3) estab- estinian refugees' right of return to their vil- lishment of an Arab national government. As lages and homes from which they had been part of the strike, the National Committees expelled or fled from in order to make way adopted the slogan “no taxation without re- for present-day Israel. The campaign also presentation”, refusing to pay taxes until the called for an end to the over a decade-long British fulfilled their demands. In response to blockade imposed on the Gaza Strip. The the riots, the British declared the Arab Higher campaign began on 30 March 2018 – the Committee illegal. A second phase of the anniversary of Land Day – initially planned for Great Revolt began in autumn 1937, trig- six weeks to culminate in a Nakba Day anni- gered by the partition plan issued in the versary march, and included protest camps Royal (Peel) Commission report. On 1 Octo- set up near the border fence with Israel and ber 1937, the British government dissolved walks towards the fence, attended by thou- the Arab Higher Committee and all National sands of people. Israel claimed that Hamas Committees, arrested numerous members, was behind the protests and responded with deporting five of them to the Seychelles, and indiscriminate force, killing 17 Palestinians officially stripped Haj Amin Al-Husseini of his and injuring over 1,400 on the first day of positions as Chairman of the Waqf and Presi-

64 G dent of the Supreme Muslim Council. The GREATER JERUSALEM BILL (also: Greater Jeru- second Great Rebellion lasted until 1939 and salem Law or ‘Jerusalem and Its Daughters’ ended with the 1939 British White Paper. Bill) Proposed legislation, authored by MK Yoav

Kisch (Likud) in 2017, that would include 19 illegal West Bank settlements (“daughter mu- nicipalities” – all located in the settlement blocs of Ma’ale Adumim, Givat Zeev, and Gush Etzion) under the jurisdiction of the Jerusalem Municipality as “sub-municipalities”, thus adding some 150,000 Jewish settlers to the city’s municipality and consolidating its Jewish dominance. Separately, the bill would GREATER ISRAEL Term most commonly used downgrade three Palestinian neighborhoods to define the land encompassed by the state located beyond the Separation Barrier, which of Israel and the OPT. Other definitions in- have not received proper municipal services clude the territory of the former British since the Separation Barrier’s construction Mandate of Palestine, either in the 1923 or and which are home to an equal number of 1948 borders, or the Biblical definitions of people (Kufr Aqab, Shu’fat and Anata), and the 'Land of Israel' (Eretz Yisrael). The term make them “sub-municipalities” of the city. 'Land of Israel' is found in the charters of However, due to US pressure Prime Minister both the Likud and parties, describ- Netanyahu postponed an initial vote on the ing the right of the state of Israel and Jews to bill, scheduled for late October 2017, indefi- all of present day Israel and the OPT. nitely. If passed into law, it would not only

change the demographic balance in Jerusa- GREATER JERUSALEM Reference to an area lem in favor of a Jewish majority, but also de that extends beyond the Green Line into the facto annex of some of the largest West Bank West Bank and encompasses roughly a 20- settlements to the city. km radius around the Old City. This area is

home to around 600,000 Israelis and GREEN AREA Areas zoned by Israeli municipal 600,000 Palestinians, and comprises two authorities for open space in which no con- overlapping metropolitan areas – West Jeru- struction is allowed, allegedly in order to salem and the Israeli built-up areas located maintain a minimum of greenery in the city or inside and on the periphery of East Jerusa- under related pretexts, such as preservation lem; and the traditionally Palestinian East Je- of views, , etc. How- rusalem, including its adjacent neighbor- ever, land plots designated as “Green Areas” hoods on the edges of Israel’s Jerusalem mu- often serve as Jewish land reserves and block nicipal borders. Greater Jerusalem also in- Palestinian development. Examples of the re- cludes an outer ring of 20 Israeli settlements zoning of formerly designated “Green Areas” extending Jerusalem far beyond the city's to allow for Jewish building are Har Homa municipal boundaries into the West Bank. built on Jabal Abu Ghneim and built on Shu’fat land.

Jabal Abu Ghneim - now Har Homa settlement

65 G GREEN LINE Term used following Israel’s occu- ham Kook and his son, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda pation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967 to Kook. Supporters believe the “Land of Israel” refer to the post-1948 War cease-fire line is the fulfillment of the Zionist dream and (proper name is 1949 Armistice Line. It is the that the coming of the messiah can be has- border separating pre-1967 Israel from the tened through Jewish settlement on land they OPT (thus it is also often referred to as the believe God has allotted for Jews. Therefore, "pre-1967 borders" or the "1967 borders"). they oppose the return of territory con- The demarcation line (laid down in the Ar- quered by Israel in 1967 and their major mistice Agreements of 1949) is an interna- activity has been to initiate new settlements. tionally recognized border, but it is impor- Since 1967, Gush Emunim is the single most tant to note that Israel has active settlement movement in the OPT, never specified the boun- with over half of all settlements in the West daries of its state. The Bank affiliated with its various administra- sections of the Green Line tive, ideological and pedagogic divisions. that delineate the bounda- Since the Oslo process, Gush Emunim exists ries between Israel, the mainly in the form of ethnic-nationalist rhe- West Bank and the Gaza toric, which has gained prominence in the Strip run through heavily political discourse as people query the populated regions. ‘Jewish’ character of the state.

GROUP OF 77 Body originally established by 77 GUSH ETZION (also: Etzion Bloc) Group of 22 developing countries represented at the first illegal Jewish settlements located in the West UN Conference on Trade and Development Bank on a 60 km2 area between Jerusalem (UNCTAD) in Geneva on 15 June 1964. The and Hebron and housing over 75,000 settlers. purpose of the group was to allow for the Currently, the following settlements form the formulation of common positions in advance bloc: , , Beitar Illit, Efrat, of plenary UNCTAD meetings. Now with 134 Elazar, , Har , Ibei HaNahal, members, the group, of which Palestine is a , Kedar, Kfar full member, is the largest intergovernmen- Eldad, , Maale tal organization of developing states in the Amos, Maale Rehav'am, UN. The Group of 77 concentrates on devel- , , Neve oping common negotiation positions on trade Daniel, , Pnei Ke- and development and on promoting collec- dem, , Sde tive economic interests as well as South- Boaz, Tekoa. South cooperation for development. In July 2018, the Asian Group at the UN unanim- ously endorsed Palestine to be the next chair for the Group of 77, starting in January 2019. On 15 October 2018, the UN General Assem- bly formally voted in favor of Palestine as head of the G77 and , thereby allowing it to act more like a full UN member state during meetings in 2019.

GUSH EMUNIM (English: Bloc of the Faithful) Israeli extra-parliamentary right-wing reli- gious lobby group which was founded in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War in GUSH (English: Harvest Bloc) Bloc of 16 the spring of 1974, based on beliefs ideologi- Jewish settlements (, Bnei Atzmon, cally rooted in the teachings of Rabbi Abra- , , , , Kfar

66 H Yam, Kerem Atzmona, , , , Pe’at Sade, Katif, , Shirat HaYam, Selav, and Tel Katifa) with a total population of some 8,000 settlers that H existed along the southern Gaza coastline until August 2005, when they were removed and most of their infrastructure was de- H1 and H2 see Hebron Agreement stroyed as part of then Prime Minister Sha- ron's unilateral disengagement plan. HABAYIT HAYEHUDI (English: Jewish Home) Israeli religious-Zionist, right-wing party that was formed following a merger between the and the National Union in 2008. It was led by and until they left to found a new party (‘The ’) prior to the 2019 elections. After appointing Peretz as its new chairman, the party decided to extend its GUSH SHALOM (English: Peace Bloc) Extra-par- cooperation with the National Union, and to liamentary, independent Israeli organization run also with far right under founded by the late and others in the Union of Right-Wing Parties, which won 1993, when it became apparent that all the 5 seats in the April older peace groups in Israel were either una- 2019 and 4 seats in ble or unwilling to oppose the repressive September 2019 measures introduced by the new Labor gov- elections. ernment headed by Yitzhak Rabin. Gush Sha- lom plays a leading role in determining the HADASH (Hebrew acronym for HaHazit HaDe- agenda of the peace forces in Israel and in- mokratit LeShalom uLeShivion; English: The fluencing Israeli public opinion with regard Democratic Front for Peace and Equality) to peace and reconciliation with the Palestin- Alliance of the Israeli Communist Party and ian people. Its goals are based on principles other Arab and Jewish political groups, which such as ending the occupation, the Palestinian has undergone numerous transformations in right to establish an independent and sove- its history. The Jewish-Arab Leftist movement, reign state, reinstating the pre-1967 "Green founded in 1977 when the Rakah Party joined Line" as border, recognizing in principle the with several non-parliamentary groups, includ- right of return of the Palestinian refugees, ing members of the Black Panthers and other and establishing Jerusalem as the capital of left-wing non-communist groups, stresses so- the two states, with East Jerusalem serving cial justice and equality, as well as recogni- as the capital of Palestine and West Jerusa- tion and cultural integration of the Palestin- lem as the capital of Israel. ian minority. It supports a two-state solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and main- tains that all Israeli settlements outside the pre-1967 borders are illegal and should be evacuated, including East Jerusalem. Current leader is . At present, Hadash has five members, as part of the Joint List, in the 120-seat Knesset. In the April 2019 elec- tions, Hadash got 4 seats (in alliance with the Balad party) and in the September 2019 elec- tions 5 seats (in alliance

Gush Shalom Activists (Uri Avnery on the right) with Ta’al).

67 H HADITH (English: news, statement, narrative or ruary 2004, and in July 2004, the court ruled story) Spoken traditions attributed to the that the Separation Barrier is “contrary to in- Prophet Mohammed, i.e., his deeds, sayings, ternational law”, and stated that Israel must and tacit approvals, which are revered and cease construction of the barrier, dismantle received in Islam as a major source for im- the parts of the barrier that were built inside plementing and explaining religious law and the West Bank, revoke the orders issued re- moral guidance. lating to its construction, and compensate the Palestinians who suffered losses as a result HAGANAH (English: Defense) Clandestine Jew- of the barrier. ish paramilitary organization set up in June 1920 by the Labor Zionist Achdut Ha-Avoda HAIFA MASSACRE (1.) Attack by Palmach forces party to combat the attacks of Palestinians on 28 February 1948, blowing up two houses on Jewish settlements. The Haganah was out- and a garage and firing into the Arab neigh- lawed by the British authorities but remained borhoods of Haifa, killing at least 30 people, active during the British Mandate years (1920- including women and children. Israeli historian 1948), after which it became the nucleus of Benny Morris’s sources state that “dozens” the Israeli army. The Haganah was under the were killed, in addition to a militia leader authority of the Jewish trade union move- and the deputy head of the National Bank and ment from late 1920 until its split that the attack came following an attack on in April 1931 over whether the Histradut or a Jewish bus in which four were wounded. the Jewish Agency should rule the body. The (2.) Attack on Haifa (also known as “Battle of split off became known as Irgun Zvei Le'umi Haifa”) by Zionist paramilitaries (known by (also named Irgun B or Haganah Le'umit). Ha- Jewish forces as Operation ‘Bi’ur Hametz’) ganah’s activities were moderate by contrast which took place on 21-22 April 1948, and, ac- with more extreme Zionist militias (e.g., Irgun cording to Morris, was designed to break Arab ZviLeumi or Stern Gang), but it turned to ter- morale and discourage resistance. Though not rorism after World War II when the British the direct aim of the attack or even an expec- refused to permit unlimited Jewish immigra- tation, approximately 15,000 Arab residents tion to Palestine. evacuated Haifa. According to some sources, Among the well- Jewish forces occupied homes, public build- known Haganah ings, and streets, killing 100-300 Arabs, many commanders that of whom while fleeing towards the harbor to later entered Israe- escape to Akko by boat. li politics are Yigal (3.) Sometimes also an attack by Zionist para- Allon, Moshe Da- militaries from the Al-Hadar neighborhood, yan, and Yisrael located at the top of Al-Abbas Street in Haifa, Galili. Haganah Parade rolling down a barrel filled with explosives on 28 January 1949, which destroyed homes, THE HAGUE HEARINGS Advisory hearings by killed 20 Palestinians and wounded dozens the International Court of Justice, initiated others, is referred to as “Haifa Massacre”. by UN General Assembly Resolution ES 10/14 of 8 December 2003 and based in The Hague, HAIFA OIL REFINERY MASSACRE Attack on 30 into the legality of the Separation Barrier be- December 1947 when members of the Irgun ing constructed by Israel on the West Bank. threw a number of at a crowd of Numerous countries, including Jordan, Belize about 100 Arab day-laborers who had ga- and Cuba, gave evidence in support of the thered outside the main gate of the then Palestinian claims that the barrier is a se- British-owned Haifa Oil Refinery to look for rious infringement of their rights and is caus- work, killing six and wounding between 42 ing severe hardship. Israel refused to attend and 505, according to accounts recorded by the hearings, and the US and EU both argued Israeli historians Ilan Pappé and Benny Morris, that the court had no jurisdiction in this case. respectively. During the ensuing clashes, over The public hearings were held on 23-25 Feb- 30 Jews were killed. According to Morris, Jew-

68 H ish forces retaliated in the following days by suggested by then-Prime Minister raiding the villages where many of the Arab to be ceded in a land-swap in return for keep- refinery workers lived with orders to kill ing some settlements in the West Bank. Pal- “maximum adult males” (see also Balad Ash- estinian negotiators rejected the Halutza area Sheikh Massacre). as the centerpiece of the land swap, noting that its potential for agricultural development HAJJ (also Haj or Hadj) Annual pilgrimage to and human settlement appeared highly con- the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which strained and therefore of less value than the forms one of the five pillars of Islam (i.e., an land that Israel wants to annex in the West obligation that must be carried out at least Bank. In 2001, then Prime Minister Ariel Sha- once in a Muslim’s lifetime if health and fi- ron initiated plans for three new settlements nancial situation permit). The pilgrimage oc- in the area in an effort to foil any future at- curs from the 7th to 10th day of the 12th month tempt to transfer the area to Palestinian con- of the Islamic calendar (Dhu al-Hijjah) and re- trol as part of a final peace settlement. Fol- enacts the actions of the Prophet Moham- lowing the 2005 disengagement from Gaza, med in his "farewell pilgrimage" in 632 AD. evacuees from , Atzmona and Net- Each year, around 2 million Muslims from all zarim settlements began building permanent over the world gather in Mecca for the Hajj residences in communities located in the Ha- pilgrimage. Those who have performed the lutza Sands area. Due to its historic impor- Hajj receive the title Hajj (female: Hajjeh). tance – the city was once part of the Naba- taean Incense Route – UNESCO declared Ha- lutza (along with the other Nabatean cities of Avdat, Mamshit, Shivta) a World Heritage Site.

Pilgrims at the Ka’ba during the Hajj HAMAS (English: Zeal; Abbreviation of the Arab- (also Halacha; adjective: halachic; ic Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiyya; Eng- plural: halakhot; English: the way to go) Nor- lish: Islamic Resistance Movement) Political mative Jewish religious law, as well as cus- movement grown out of religious association. toms and traditions, practice, or rite estab- Hamas served as the Mus- lished or ratified by authoritative rabbinic lim Brotherhood’s link to jurists and teachers. Halakha guides not only the first Intifada and religious but numerous other aspects of day- emerged shortly after the to-day life. Conservative Jews adhere to ha- outbreak of the Intifada lakha to varying degrees while Reform Jews in January 1988. Its for- largely disregard it. Settler rabbis and other mation and development extremist Jewish religious leaders often issue was tolerated, if not en- rulings, each on his own judgment, which state couraged, by Israel as an al- laws sometimes commanding soldiers to dis- ternative or counterforce obey orders, and even commanding the kill- to the PLO. The spiritual ing of innocent Palestinian civilians if this is leader and founding father considered to further Jewish interest. of Hamas is Sheikh Ahmad Yassin (assassinated by HALUTZA/HALUZA SANDS or DUNES Uninha- Israel on 22 March 2004). bited arid 150-km2 area in the northwestern Other founding leaders in- Negev, southeast of the Gaza Strip, which was clude Fattah Dukhan, Mo- Sheikh Ahmad Yassin

69 H hammed Shama’a, Dr. Ibrahim Al-Yazuri, Issa An-Najjar, Salah Shehadeh (assassinated in July 2002), and Abdul Aziz Rantisi (assassi- nated in April 2004). The , issued in August 1988, declared that all of Pa- lestine is Islamic trust land and can never be surrendered to non-Muslims, and proclaimed jihad against Israel. Hamas advocates an Is- Khaled Masha’al Ismail Haniyeh lamic state in all of historic Palestine and the application of Shar’ia Law. Hamas is not a HAMAS CHARTER or COVENANT Document member of the PLO and worked indepen- first published in 1988 (English title: Covenant dently from the UNLU during the first Intifa- of the Islamic Resistance Movement), which da, but does not seriously question the PLO’s outlines the identity, goals and opinions of role as representative of the Palestinian the Hamas movement, and was widely seen people at an international level. In 1989, as a radical anti-Israel manifesto in which Hamas agreed to abide by decisions of the Hamas declares jihad until all of Palestine is PNC, but called for new elections to it in 1991. liberated. In May 2017, Hamas presented and Hamas gained popularity through charitable published its new, revised covenant, which efforts and the provision of educational and was more moderate, inter alia, by stating health services. The group has also been re- that it “considers the establishment of a fully sponsible for many attacks on Israeli targets sovereign and independent Palestinian state, (mostly carried out by its military wing, the with Jerusalem as its capital along the lines Izz Eddin Al-Qassem Brigades) and is listed as of 4 June 1967 (…)”. Thus, while not mention- a terrorist organization by the US and the EU. ing the name Israel, the document acknowl- Hamas strongly opposes the Oslo Accords and edges another entity ruling the remaining ter- belongs to the Alliance of Palestinian Forces, ritory (though stating that the Palestinian which is opposed to the peace process. It boy- people have a right to the entire land of his- cotted the Palestinian elections of January toric Palestine). In relation to accusations of 1996, but ran in the second PLC elections in Anti-Semitism, the new charter states: “Ha- 2006 (as “Change and Reform” party), where mas affirms that its conflict is with the Zion- it won a landslide victory (74 out of the 132 ist project not with the Jews because of their seats in the PLC), defeating Fatah. Subse- religion.” The revised covenant also aban- quently, Hamas formed a new PA govern- doned the earlier stated ties to the Muslim ment with Ismail Haniyeh as Prime Minister. Brotherhood. However, the newly formed unity govern- ment was widely boycotted by the interna- HAMULA (plural: hama’il; English: Clan) Kin- tional community. In June 2007, clashes with ship unit exercising important roles for social Fatah forces and supporters led to a near civil cohesion in the Arab World, particularly in war in the Gaza Strip, in the course of which rural areas. A hamula is a form of extended Hamas took control of Gaza, rejected by the family, consisting of several family branches Fatah-led PA. Despite an October 2017 Egyp- which claim a shared ancestry, linked through tian-mediated reconciliation agreement with the father’s male line. Clans provide security, Fatah, which should have lead to the PA’s an important source of spouses, shared fi- gradual take-over of government institutions nancial wellbeing, and more generally, a in Gaza, the situation on the ground did not trusted network for all social occasions. Clan change. As of 2019, the leader in exile was members are tied together by a code of hon- Khaled Masha’al, while locally, the leaders or (Mithaq Al-Sharaf), which is binding on all were Ismail Haniyeh (Head of the Hamas male members. politburo) and Yahya Sinwar (head of Hamas in the Gaza Strip). HANNIBAL PROCEDURE (also: Hannibal Tactic, Directive, or Protocol) Name of a controver- sial Israeli army order that is designed to pre-

70 H vent Israelis from being taken captive alive cally, including a number of incidents regard- by enemy forces. It was drawn up by military ing Bab Ar-Rahmeh, also known as the Gol- officers in 1986 after the Israeli government den Gate, in February and March 2019.

had come under domestic pressure to release hundreds of enemy prisoners for the return of three captured soldiers. The directive al- lows troops to use heavy force when one of their own is abducted - even at the risk of killing the soldier. While it was supposed to have stopped after Israel withdrew from South Lebanon in May 2000, there is strong evi- dence that the procedure is still being used, including during Israel’s assaults on Gaza. Critics claim that the policy actually pro- motes the killing of captured soldiers to pre- vent the need for prisoner exchanges. In March 2018, Israel's state comptroller criti- cized the procedure, saying it was unclear about "the value of an abducted soldier's life" and failed to respect key principles of international law.

HAR HABAYIT Hebrew name for ‘’

HARAM ASH-SHARIF (English: The Noble Sanct- HARARI DECISION (also Harari Proposal) Com- uary) Muslim holy place, also referred to as promise resolution adopted by the Knesset Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, containing the on 13 June 1950 based on a proposal by then Dome of the Rock, Al-Aqsa Mosque, and MK Yizhar Harari, according to which the other structures. It is one of the three most “constitution” of Israel would not be a single important sites in Islam. The entire area is document, but composed of a series of Basic regarded as a mosque and comprises nearly Laws to be created over time by a special one sixth of the walled city of Jerusalem (ap- committee. It states that "the First Knesset proximately 144 dunums). Muslims revere the assigns to the Constitution, Law and Justice site as the area to which Prophet Mohammed Committee the preparation of a proposed was transported on his miraculous night jour- constitution for the state. The constitution will ney from Mecca to heaven (Isra w-Miraj). be made up of chapters, each of which will Jews revere the area as the location of their constitute a separate basic law. The chapters First and Second Temples, and refer to the will be brought to the Knesset, as the Com- area above and to the east of the Western mittee completes its work, and all the chap- Wall as ‘Har HaMoriyya’ or ‘Har HaBayt’ in ters together will constitute the constitution Hebrew and as the ‘Temple Mount’ in Eng- of the state." Since then, 13 Basic Laws have lish. Jewish extremists and some Christian been enacted, but Israel still has no formal evangelicals, namely dispensationalists, advo- constitution. cate the construction of a there. The visit of Ariel Sharon and fellow Likud HAREDI (plural: Haredim) Follower of Haredi Ju- members to the site on 28 September 2000 daism, the most theologically conservative sparked the beginning of the Second Intifada. form of Judaism (often called “Ultra-Ortho- In July 2017, it was the scene of Palestinian dox”, though Haredim object to the term). popular protests in response to Israel’s plac- Haredim consider the non-Orthodox streams ing metal detectors and cameras at the en- of Judaism to be unjustifiable deviations from trances to Al-Aqsa as “security” measures. authentic Judaism. The vast majority of Ha- Further disruptions occur at the site periodi- redi Jews are Ashkenazi. The largest Haredi

71 H population is found in Israel, where they cur- Arab clan of Hashim from within rently make up 12% of the population and the larger Quraish tribe, which directly des- have the largest birth and growth rate of all cended from the Prophet Mohammed through population groups. The majority of the Hare- Fatima, his daughter, and Ali, his son-in-law di live in Jerusalem, where they even have and cousin. Since the 20th Century the head their separate school system. Haredim gen- of this family has been Governor of Mecca, erally wear clothing associated with 17th Cen- with the title of Sharif. The Hashemites re- tury Central and Eastern Europe, tend to sep- mained guardians of the Holy Places of Islam arate from the rest of Israeli society and fol- until 1923, when Sharif Hussein lost control low strict behavior codes that ensure that of Mecca, which was tak- they cannot be influenced by secular society. en over by the funda- They are encouraged by their communities to mentalist Wahabites un- study the Torah full time in Yeshivot rather der As-Saud (later foun- than work, which is the main reason for them der of Saudi Arabia). To- to belong to the poorer segments of society. day, the Hashemites are Upon the establishment of Israel, Haredi males the ruling royal family of were exempted from the universal conscrip- Jordan. tion into the Israeli army, which has at- tracted significant resentment from Israel's HASHOMER (English: Watchman) Jewish defense secular majority. Any attempt to change the organization created in Palestine in April 1909, situation regularly leads to large-scale Ha- becoming the legal version of the secret Bar redim protests. Today, Israeli Haredis are po- Giora, to guard Jewish settlements. The or- litically overwhelmingly right-wing affiliated, ganization ceased to operate after the found- which is to are large extent based on their ing of the Haganah in 1920. perception that the left wants to secularize them and society and replace religious with HATIKVA (English: The Hope) (1.) National an- progressive universal values. them of the State of Israel since its founda- tion in 1948. (2.) Minor -wing party in Israel, formed in late 2007 and headed by MK . The party ran a joint list with Moledet for the 2009 Knesset elections. Hatikva is a "non-segregated party," drawing its constitu- ency from both secular and religious ele- ments of Israeli society. In 2012, Hatikva left

the alliance of the National Union to form a new right-wing, natio- HASBARA Hebrew word for “the act of explain- nalist party named ing”, but commonly translated as “propa- Otzma LeYisrael ganda,” as Hasbara refers to the Israeli pub- (‘Power to Israel’). lic diplomacy effort to disseminate positive

information abroad about the State of Israel HATNUAH (English: the Movement) Liberal and its actions, while discrediting the Pales- Israeli political party formed by former Israe- tinian narrative and silencing any interna- li Foreign Minister and Kadima leader Tzipi tional criticism of its illegal practices in the Livni in late 2012 to present an alternative to OPT and on Palestinians. In Europe, for in- voters frustrated by the stalemate in the Pal- stance, the Israeli government has invested estinian-Israeli peace process. Prior to the considerable resources in delegitimizing the 2015 elections, Hatnuah joined the Labor BDS movement, influencing European policy- Party and ran in a making and creating a narrative that equates joint list under the any attempt to boycott Israel a form of Anti- name , Semitism. which came second

72 H in the elections, but the cooperation came raham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Ja- to an end before the 2019 elections. cob and Leah), located in Hebron’s Old City and known as Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi Mosque HAYAMIN HEHADASH (English: The New Right) for Muslims and as Machpela Cave to Jews. Israeli right-wing political party, established Israel divided the worship area following the in December 2018 by then Hebron Massacre of 25 February 1994 (see Ayelet Shaked and then Education Minister below). The 1997 Hebron Agreement (see be- Naftali Bennett to run in the April 2019 elec- low) divided the city into two parts: H1 (80%), tions. The party aims to be open to both re- which is administered by the Palestinians and ligious and secular people and work for their H2 (20%), which is controlled by Israel and full and equal partnership as well as for a where some 400 settlers live. In July 2017, one-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian UNESCO declared Hebron’s Old City a Pales- conflict. In the April 2019 election, the party tinian world heritage site and also inscribed failed to win a Knesset seat. In the run-up to it as world heritage site in danger, sparking the September 2019 election, it formed the outrage from Israel. Hebron remains a point joint electoral list of frequent frictions, which were monitored together with the Union by the Temporary International Presence in of the Right-Wing Par- Hebron (TIPH) until Israeli Prime Minister Ne- ties, which won 3 seats. tanyahu decided not to extend its mandate on 28 January 2019 on the grounds that it HAYCRAFT COMMISSION OF INQUIRY Com- was acting against Israel. mission established by the British authorities and headed by the Chief Justice of Palestine, Sir Thomas Haycraft. Its mandate was to in- vestigate Palestinian violence against Jews, especially in the Jaffa area, during spring 1921, and to calm the tense atmosphere in historic Palestine. The Haycraft Commission of Inquiry issued its report in October

1921, attributing the HEBRON AGREEMENT (also: Hebron Protocol) disturbances to Arab Accord reached between Israel and the PLO/ fears about increasing PA on 15 January 1997, in which Israel agreed Jewish immigration to withdraw from 80% of the city (H1), while into Palestine. retaining control over an enclave of 500-800

settlers living among tens of thousands of Pal- HEBRON (Arabic: Al-Khalil) Palestinian gover- estinians in the city’s center (20%, H2). H2 in- norate and largest West Bank city with some cludes the Old City, Ibrahimi Mosque, and 711,223 and 200,000 Palestinian residents re- seven settlements (Abraham Avinu, Bet Ha- spectively. From 1949 to 1967, Hebron was dassah, Bet Romano, Ramat Yashai-Tel Ru- under Jordanian administration and is since maida, Nahum House/Yehuda Barqoush, Bet then under Israeli occupation, including the Hashasha, Rachel Salonique). Following the Arroub and Fawwar refugee camps. Despite signing of the Hebron Agreement, the two the fact that administrative control was sides also signed, on 21 January 1997, an handed over to the PA under the 1995 Oslo II ‘Agreement on the Temporary International Accord, Israel remains in control. The city is Presence in the city of Hebron’ setting out the holy to Muslims and Jews who both pray at arrangements for the ‘TIPH,’ to be made up the traditional burial site of the matriarchs of 180 persons from Norway, Italy, Denmark, and common to both faiths (Ab-

73 H Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey, tasked to with other parties and evolved into the monitor and report the situation in Hebron, party and later into the Likud. with Norway being responsible for the overall coordination. - THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT Small right-wing Israeli faction that broke away HEBRON MASSACRE (also: from Likud in 1998 over the Likud Party's ra- or Ibrahimi Mosque Massacre) Mass murder of tification and implementation of the Hebron 29 Palestinian worshippers inside Hebron’s Agreement and the Wye Accords, which de- Al-Ibrahimi Mosque at the hands of US-born rives its inspiration from the ideology of the settler and supporter Baruch Goldstein, historic Herut Party. The movement was who entered the mosque on 25 February headed by , son of Menachem 1994 during the early morning prayers in the Begin, until his retirement and subsequently holy month of Ramadan, and opened fire. by . Herut did not run in the Before being overpowered and beaten to 2009 elections and is considered defunct. death, he killed 29 people and injured 125. During the ensuing protest, Israeli forces HESKEM Israeli NGO that was established in killed another 20-40 Palestinians and injured the wake of and in order to promote the over 100 others. Geneva Accord along with its Palestinian counterpart, the Palestine Peace Coalition.

HEZBOLLAH see Hizbullah

HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR PALESTINE Head of the Civil Administration in Palestine that re- placed British military rule in June 1920 and lasted until May 1948. The High Commission- er enjoyed wide ranging authority and pow- ers over almost all spheres, although ulti- mate control resided with the British govern- ment, including using means such as collec- HEBRON RIOTS (referred to by Jews as Hebron tive punishment, censorship, deportation, and Massacre) Unrest that occurred on 23-24 detention without trial. Altogether, there were August 1929 in Hebron, during the British seven British High Commissioners in Pales- Mandate era, in the wake of the Al-Buraq tine, serving as follows: Sir Herbert Samuel (Western Wall) disturbances between Arabs (1920-25), Lord Herbert Onslow Plumer (1925- and Jews that spread from Jerusalem through- 28), Sir John Herbert Chancellor (1928-31), out the country. The riots were triggered by Sir Arthur Grenfell Wau- rumors that Jews had killed Arabs in Jerusa- chope (1931-38), Sir Ha- lem and burned down Al-Aqsa Mosque. Arabs rold MacMichael (1938- then began attacking Jews in the city, killing 44), John Standish Sur- 67 Jews and wounding many others. About tees Prendergast Vereker, 435 Jews survived by hiding with their Arab Viscount Gort (1944-45), neighbors, who risked their lives to save and Sir Alan Gordon Cun- them. The surviving Jews were evacuated by ningham (1945-48). the British, but some returned and lived in Sir Herbert Samuel Hebron until the Arab Revolt of 1936. Phrase referring to loosely- HERUT (English: Freedom) Political movement organized religious-nationalist settlers, often established in 1948 by Menachem Begin and radical right-wing ideologists, who establish other members of the Irgun-Zvei Leumi to illegal outposts in the West Bank, call for the continue as a parliamentary party with the expulsion of Palestinians, and regularly and ideals of Vladimir Jabotinsky. Herut merged violently assault Palestinian farmers, villagers,

74 H and . Their origin goes back to then- HIZBULLAH (English: Party of God; also spelled Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, who, in Hizb Allah, Hizballah or ) Iranian- the wake of the Wye River Agreement, called backed militant Islamic organization, created in November 1998 on settler youth to "grab in 1982 in response to Israel’s invasion of the hilltops", saying, "Everyone that's there Lebanon. It formally announced its existence should move, should run, should grab more in 1985 with the release of an “Open Letter” hills, expand the territory. Everything that's – a manifesto that outlined the party’s ideo- grabbed will be in our hands. Everything we logical beliefs, including ousting of Israeli forces don't grab will be in their hands." Hilltop from Lebanese soil, destruction of Israel, li- Youth are considered by some as "terror” beration of Jerusalem, and creation of an Is- group. lamic state in Lebanon. The organization is drawn from several Shi’a religious and politi- HISTADRUT Jewish Labor Federation/Trade cal groups and derives its inspiration from Union Movement, inaugurated in December Iran’s supreme leader. Hizbullah is based in 1920 in Haifa. It promoted Jewish employ- predominantly Shi'ite areas of South Leba- ment, workers’ rights, and land settlement, non, the suburbs of Beirut, and the Beka’a Val- and set up a national defense organization ley and is has been led by Secretary-General (Haganah) "to safeguard the national and so- Sheikh since 1992. Hizbul- cial content of popular defense in this coun- lah is strongly backed by Syria and Iran and try" which it controlled it until its split in 1931. has evolved into a significant political party The Histadrut now operates a that is represented in the Lebanese parlia- number of enterprises includ- ment since July 2005. In June 2006, Hizbul- ing Bank HaPoalim and the Ku- lah’s abduction of two Israeli soldiers and the pat Holim health care system. killing of four others triggered a fierce month- long military onslaught from Israel that im- HISTORIC PALESTINE The term refers to the pacted the whole of Lebanon. In November area which was pre-state of Israel commonly 2006, Hizbullah and its Shi’a allies quit the known as Palestine and today comprises the cabinet and spearheaded an opposition cam- OPT (=22% of historic Palestine) and Israel paign to topple the government. Hizbullah was (78% of historic Palestine). popular amongst the population for its de- fiance against Israel, however its popularity suffered from its siding with the Ba'ath re- gime in the Syrian civil war. Hizbullah’s mili- tary wing is listed as a terrorist organization by the US State Department and the EU.

Hassan Nasrallah

HOLY BASIN (also: Historical Basin) Concept in- troduced by Israel during the Camp David ne- gotiations in July 2000 and picked up in the Taba Talks in early 2001 with regard to the area embracing the Old City of Jerusalem and adjacent localities, including the Mount of Olives, , the ‘City of David’, the Ki- dron Valley, and the settlement area of Shi-

75 H mon Hatzadik in Sheikh Jarrah, which contain measure (using the pretext of lack of a build- sites holy to Jews, Muslims and Christians. ing permit, which in turn are very hard to The idea was to create a special regime (in- obtain for Palestinians). Home demolition as ternational) for the area, which would be re- a punitive measure, is a breach of the Fourth sponsible for keeping order and ensuring free- Geneva Convention. It is estimated that since dom of belief as well as open access to all the 1967 and as of 2017, Israel has destroyed close holy sites. The Palestinians rejected the pro- to 50,000 Palestinian homes and structures. posal, seeing it as a means of justifying Israe- In recent years, there has been an increasing li claims to sovereignty in an area which is number of “self-demolitions” in which Pal- not only predominantly Palestinian but also oc- estinian owners are forced to demolish their cupied territory under international law, and properties themselves to avoid heavy fines, insisted on Palestinian sovereignty instead. following the issuance of demolition orders by the Israeli authorities.

HOLY CITY Term referring to Jerusalem, espe- cially the Old City, which Muslims, Jews, and Christians view as uniquely significant be- cause it contains some of their most impor- tant Holy Places.

HOLY LAND Term referring to historical Pales- tine (i.e., today’s Israel and the OPT), as well as portions of Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon, where biblical events and those related to Prophet Mohammed are believed to have HOPE-SIMPSON COMMISSION OF INQUIRY occurred. Second commission, following the Shaw Com- mission (see below), formed by British Prime HOLY PLACES Religious sites generally identi- Minister MacDonald in October 1930 to in- fied with the lives and activities of Prophet vestigate the Palestinian uprisings in 1929 and Mohammed, Jesus, Mary, and the disciples, the questions of Zionist immigration, settle- as well as King David and the Hebrew proph- ment, and development. The inquiry was con- ets, who are sometimes revered by members ducted by Sir John Hope-Simpson, who fo- of all three faiths (e.g., the burial place of cused on the economic absorptive capacity Abraham in Hebron, the tomb of Joseph in of Palestine and recommended that Jewish Nablus, and Rachel’s Tomb in Bethlehem). immigration and land purchase be restricted because it was causing a growing population HOMAT SHALEM Jewish settler organization of landless Arabs and threatened Palestinian that operates on behalf of Jewish right-wing agricultural development. The recommenda- families living in the Shimon Hatzadik area in tions were adopted by the Passfield White Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem. It aims at evicting Paper (see below). Palestinian residents from their houses to establish a new Jewish settlement enclave in the neighborhood.

HOME DEMOLITIONS Form of collective pu- nishment in accordance with an Israeli mili- tary order, in which families are forcibly re- moved from their homes, which are then par- Sir John Hope-Simpson, Delegation tially or completely destroyed. Israel uses demolitions (sometimes sealing) of houses as HOSEN L’YISRAEL (English: Israeli Resilience) a punitive measure (e.g., against the families Israeli centrist party established in December of suspected 'terrorists') or an administrative 2018 ahead of the April 2019 elections by former Israeli army Chief of Staff .

76 H It pledged to preserve Israel as "a Jewish and then-Attorney General Ya’akov Shimshon Sha- democratic country" and to change priorities pira claimed that 52 men, women, and child- in national security and the economy. Shortly ren were killed in the Hula Massacre how- after its formation, the party decided to run ever an account by Israeli Commander Dov in the 2019 elections in a joint electoral list Yermiya suggested that 15-60 men were killed with Telem and Yesh under the new par- and women and children were sent away. Ac- ty name Blue and White, which won 35 and cording to Morris, in 1949 Lahis was tried and 33 seats respectively in convicted in a military court within a larger the April and Septem- effort by the Israeli cabinet to investigate ber 2019 elections. other massacres and atrocities committed by members of the Jewish forces during the war. HOSTILE ENTITY (also: Enemy Entity) Term in- Though he was given a seven-year sentence, troduced by Israel in September 2007 to de- on appeal, the Supreme Military Court reduced note the new status of the Gaza Strip, citing the sentence to one year, which he served as the threats posed by Hamas rule following the an open prisoner in an Israeli army base. takeover of the strip in June that year, and Within five years, he was pardoned at the continued Palestinian rocket attacks. Israel's behest of then Defense Minister Ben Gurion, goal in using this terminology was to reduce and continued a long professional career. their responsibility for the safety and well-be- ing of Gaza's civilian population and to dis- HUMAN RIGHTS LAW Fundamental internation- charge Israel of its obligations under interna- al laws governing how people are treated and tional law to guarantee access to humanita- designed to promote and protect human rian supplies to the people in Gaza, though rights. It applies at all times including during this assertion was promptly rejected by the situations of emergency and conflict and sets UN and others in the international commu- out the basic protections that all individuals nity. are entitled to, although during or tem- porary occupation all but the non-derogable (English: often translated as truce or provisions may be suspended in situations ceasefire) Term that goes back to 628 AD threatening the life of the nation. States are when Prophet Mohammed, representing the required to respect, ensure and fulfill these state of Medina, concluded the legendary, rights. In 1993, the UN General Assembly In ten-year ‘Hudaybiyya accord’ (after the place 2006, the UN established the United Nations where it was signed) with the Quraysh tribe, Commission on Human which controlled Mecca at the time, to de- Rights, which was re- crease tension between the two cities. In placed in 2006 with the April 2008, Hamas political leader Khaled United Nations Human Masha’al offered Israel a 10-year hudna as a Rights Council for the en- proof of recognition in exchange for a Pales- forcement of internation- tinian state with genuine sovereignty, with- al human rights law. out settlements on pre-1967 borders, and with Jerusalem as its capital. The offer was HUMANITARIAN LAW Set of international laws rejected by Israel. regulating the conduct of war, i.e., how com- batants and civilians are to be treated during HULA MASSACRE Assault by Jewish forces, led war, armed conflict and occupation. It refers by first Lieutenant Shmuel Lahis, on the Leba- to a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian nese border village of Hula on 31 October reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict, 1948, in which they sealed off the entrances to protect persons who are not or are no to the village, rounded up inhabitants, divid- longer participating in hostilities, and restrict ing them among three houses where they the means and methods of warfare. then gunned them down before blowing up the houses with the bodies inside. In Israeli HUSAYNIYYA MASSACRE Raids by Haganah pa- historian Benny Morris’ research, reports by ramilitaries on the Safad-area village of Al-

77 H Husayniyya on 12-13 March 1948, destroying homes with explosives killing several dozen Arabs including women and children with another 20 wounded. The village’s mukhtar I was also executed after having been assured of his safety. These events, cited by Israeli historian Benny Morris, even struck officials IBRAHIMI MOSQUE MASSACRE see Hebron in the British Army and Jewish National Fund Massacre as particularly brutal. IDENTITY CARD Israeli law requires every per- HUSSEIN-MACMAHON CORRESPONDENCE The manent resident above the age of 16, whether July 1915-January 1916 exchange of letters a citizen or not, to carry an identification card between Sharif Hussein Bin Ali of Mecca and called in Hebrew te'udatzehut (while Pales- Sir Henry MacMahon, British High Commis- tinians the Arab term hawiyya). Following the sioner in Egypt, in which MacMahon pro- 1967 occupation, those documents were also posed Arab post-war independence from the imposed on Palestinians in two forms – in Ottoman Empire, including Palestine, in re- blue plastic casings with the Israeli Coat of turn for an Arab rebellion against Ottoman Arms embossed on them for permanent resi- forces. Based on this correspondence, Sharif dents of Jerusalem (as for Israeli citizens) Hussein launched the Arab Revolt and de- and cards in orange plastic casings with the clared Arab independence from Ottoman rule Israeli army’s insignia embossed for residents in June 1916. However, neither side agreed of the remaining occupied territories. After on precise borders for a future Arab state, its establishment in 1994, the PA began is- nor was Palestine mentioned by name. Fol- suing its own Palestinian ID cards with green lowing the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the casings for West Bankers and Gazans. How- leaking of the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, ever, Israel remains in control of the Pales- Sharif Hussein and other Arab leaders consi- tinian population registry as per the Oslo Ac- dered the agreements violated. cords and still decides who receives a Pales- tinian ID card and assigns the ID numbers. Palestinians who re- sided in East Jerusa- lem and were there at the time of Israel’s 1967 census obtained a Jerusalem ID card, making them “perma- nent residents” (not citizens) of Israel (see Jerusalem ID Card) . Sharif Hussein Bin Ali Sir Henry MacMahon IDF English acronym for “Israel Defense Forces,” which is Israel's military, including air force navy, and ground forces. The IDF was offi- cially formed on 26 May 1948 at the order of then Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion, as a conscript army (male and females from age 18). It incorporated the three former Jewish underground militias Haganah, Irgun and Lehi. In Israel, it is commonly known as Tzahal, which is the Hebrew acronym for Tsva ha-Ha- gana le-Yisra'el (English: The Army of Defense for Israel). Palestinians prefer to use the term

78 I “Israeli (occupation) army” or “forces.” The Rudeis oil fields. The duration of the agree- International Institute for Strategic Studies ment was to be at least three years with an estimates the IDF’s ac- annual extension of the mandate of the UN tive personnel at 169,500 Emergency Force (UNEF). and the reserve person- nel at 465,000. Since Jan- INTERIM AGREEMENT ON THE WEST BANK uary 2019, Chief of Staff AND THE GAZA STRIP (Also: Taba or Oslo II is Lieutenant General Aviv Agreement) Agreement concluded in Taba on Kochavi. 26 September 1995 and signed by Israel and the Palestinians in Washington on 28 Sep- INCURSION Hostile, forced entrance into a ter- tember. It outlined the second stage of Pales- ritory, usually used to denote an Israeli mili- tinian autonomy, extending it to the remain- tary invasion of Palestinian Area A, which is ing parts of the West Bank (after “Jericho officially under full Palestinian civil and mili- first”), divided the West Bank into Areas A tary control. (Palestinian civil jurisdiction and internal se- curity), B (Palestinian civil jurisdiction, joint INDEPENDENT PALESTINE Umbrella list of can- Israeli-Palestinian internal security), and C didates composed of individuals from the Pal- (Israeli civil and overall security control), and estinian National Initiative (see Al-Mubadara) determined the election and powers of a Pal- and other like-minded independents, headed estinian Legislative Council. October 1997 was by Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, which ran in the the target date for the completion of further January 2006 PLC elections, winning two out redeployment and October 1999 for reaching of 132 parliament seats. The list promised to a final status agreement – which has not fight corruption, nepotism, and the Israeli Se- materialized as of the publication this book. paration Barrier, and to provide "a truly dem- ocratic and independent '' for the large majority of silent and unrepresented Palestinian voters, who favor neither the au- tocracy and corruption of the governing Fatah party nor the fundamentalism of Hamas." In- dependent Palestine accepted the 1993 Oslo Accords and favored resumption of negotia- tions with Israel.

INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT (also: Sinai Interim Agreement) Un- derstanding signed by Israel and Egypt, with US presence, in Geneva on 4 September 1975, providing for a limited forces zone, a UN supervised buf- fer zone, Egyptian and Israeli electron- ic surveillance sta- tions, and an addi- tional station to be manned by Ameri- can technicians as part of an early warning system in the Sinai desert. Egypt also regained access to the Abu

79 I (Palestinian) tablished by custom or treaty that apply be- Several bodies of the Palestinian security ap- tween sovereign states and other legally paratus, including the Civil Police Force, Civil recognized entities and are recognized as Defense, and the Preventive Security Service binding in their relations with one another. It (PSS). thus serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international rela- INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (1.) Pales- tions and is central to advancing interna- tinian refugees who fled, were displaced, or tional peace and security. Whereas interna- were expelled from their villages and homes tional law constitutes consent-based gover- during the 1948 War but remained in the area nance by sovereign states, violations of cus- that became the state of Israel. UNRWA and tomary international law and peremptory ICRC estimates put their numbers at 30,000- norms (jus cogens) can induce military action 40,000. Today, their number, including their or other forms of coercion, such as diplo- descendants, is believed to exceed 300,000. matic pressure or . Internally displaced Palestinians of 1948 have never been allowed to return to their homes INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT (ISM) and villages, and Israel has always refused to Palestinian-led movement of Palestinian and deal with them as a refugee problem. international activists, which works to raise (2.) An estimated 334,600 Palestinians inter- awareness about the Palestinian struggle for nally displaced in the Palestinian territory oc- freedom and an end to Israeli occupation, cupied since 1967 (see also Displaced Persons). while promoting non-violent, direct-action methods of resistance and protesting Israeli INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR ARAB-ISRAELI policies in the OPT. PEACE (also: Copenhagen Group and Louisi- ana Group) Regional peace initiative, spon- INTERNATIONALIZATION (Jerusalem) Term sored by the Danish government, founded in referring to Part III of the UN General As- Louisiana, Denmark (north of Copenhagen) sembly Resolution 181 of November 1947, on January 1997 by a group of Egyptian, Jor- which proposed the partition of Palestine danian, Palestinian and Israeli intellectuals. into a Jewish and an Arab state, while de- Participants issued the ‘Copenhagen Decla- termining that the City of Jerusalem should ration’, which states their commitment to not go to either of the sides but have a sepa- unify those who have a shared vision of peace, rate and permanent international status. It to sustain Israeli-Arab dialogue, and to pro- thus stipulated that Jerusalem shall be es- mote peace between Israel and its Arab neigh- tablished as a corpus separatum (also includ- bors. The group held several conferences but ing Bethlehem) under a special international has come under fierce attack throughout the regime, administered by the United Nations. Arab World on the grounds that there should be no efforts toward normalization until the INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY Campaign- policies of the Israeli government dramati- ing efforts by the PA, PLO and President Mah- cally change. moud Abbas that began in 2011 and aimed to achieve recognition for Palestinian state- INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN EMBASSY see hood and rights from international bodies. Christian Zionism By deliberately moving the Palestinian cause to the international level, the Palestinian lea- INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW see dership hoped to succeed more than by con- Human Rights Law tinuing to try bridging the gaps with Israel through negotiation. In September 2011, Pres- INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW see ident Abbas submitted a request to the UN Humanitarian Law Security Council asking for the admission of an independent Palestinian state to the UN. INTERNATIONAL LAW (also: Law of Nations) The bid stalled when it became clear that Set of legal rules, norms, and standards es- the US would veto it and that several other

80 I members would abstain from voting. How- process to a halt, sidelined President Arafat, ever, UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19 caused unprecedented damage to the Pales- of 29 November 2012 accorded Palestine tinian economy and infrastructure, saw PA “non-member observer state.” areas re-occupied, and led to an accelerated construction of the Separation Barrier. Ac- INTIFADA (English: Civil Uprising; literally: Shak- cording to documentation by B’Tselem, the ing off) (1.) What is today referred to as the death toll among Palestinians had reached at 'first Intifada' erupted in Gaza on 9 Decem- least 5,000 by late 2008, with over 50,000 ber 1987 after four Palestinians were killed injured. when an Israeli military truck collided with two vans carrying Palestinian workers. En- suing clashes spread rapidly to the rest of the OPT. The Intifada was carried by youth and directed by the ‘Unified National Leadership of the Uprising’, a coalition of the main po- litical factions, with the goal of ending the Israeli occupation and establishing Palestinian independence. Israel's heavy-handed response included closing universities, deporting activ- ists, and destroying homes, but was also a motivating factor in the international com- IR DAVID see City of David munity attempting to find a permanent solu- tion. The Intifada came to an end with the IRAQ STUDY GROUP REPORT: THE WAY FOR- signing of the Oslo Accords, by which time WARD – A NEW APPROACH Report issued over 1,500 Palestinians had been killed and on 6 December 2006 by the Iraq Study Group tens of thousands injured. According to the (also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commis- Israeli Information Center for Human Rights sion), headed by former US Secretary of State in the Occupied Territories B’Tselem, also 100 James Baker and former Democratic con- Israeli civilians and 60 military personnel were gressman Lee Hamilton, which assessed the killed. state of the US war in Iraq, recommending the training of Iraqi troops and an end to combat operations but stopping short of call- ing for a phased withdrawal of US troops. The report also stated that "there must be a renewed and sustained commitment by the US to comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace on all fronts" and a "commitment to a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine." Regarding the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, five key ele- Stone-throwing youth during the first Intifada ments were listed: (1) adhere to UN Security (2.) The 'Al-Aqsa Intifada' or 'second Intifada' Council Resolutions 242 and 338 and the prin- began on 28 September 2000 when Likud op- ciple of land for peace, (2) provide strong position leader Ariel Sharon made a provoca- support for President tive visit to Al-Aqsa Mosque with thousands Abbas and the PA in ne- of security forces deployed in and around the gotiations with Israel, Old City of Jerusalem. Ensuing clashes with (3) move from the cur- Palestinian protestors left five Palestinians rent hostilities by con- dead and over 200 injured during the first solidating the cease- two days, and the incident soon sparked a fire reached between widespread, this time armed, uprising in the the Israelis and Pales- OPT, Israel, and the Arab world. The Al-Aqsa tinians in November Intifada brought what was left of the peace 2006, (4) support a Pal-

81 I estinian unity government, and (5) facilitate ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN ISRAEL Version of the sustainable negotiations leading to a final international founded in peace settlement along the lines of President 1971 by Abdullah Nimr Darwish and a group Bush's two-state solution, which would ad- of Israeli Arabs, advocating a return to Islam dress final status issues. and armed struggle against the state. The Islamic Movement runs kindergartens, social IRAQI-JORDANIAN FEDERATION (also: Arab welfare services, clinics, a religious college, Federation of Iraq and Jordan) Alliance formed sports clubs, volunteer work camps, and a TV on 14 February 1958 when King Faisal II of station. In 1996, the organization split be- Iraq and his cousin, King , tween the southern, more moderate branch, sought to unite their kingdoms in order to led by Sheikh Abdullah Nimr Darwish, and counter the recent between Syria the northern, more hard-line branch, which and Egypt (see ). The boycotts Israeli elections and strongly sup- confederation lasted only six months in the ports the Palestinians in the occupied Ter- face of Egyptian opposition and was officially ritories. The northern branch, led by Raed dissolved on 2 August 1958, after King Faisal Salah who was convicted of incitement to was deposed by a military coup two weeks terror in November 2019, was outlawed by earlier. the Israeli government in November 2015 due to alleged close ties with Hamas and the IRGUN (full name: Irgun Zvei Le'umi; English: Muslim Brotherhood. National Military Organization; also: Etzel or Haganah Le'umit; English: National Defense) Militant Jewish underground group estab- lished by dissident Haganah commanders in April 1931 and led by Zeev Jabotinsky. It was responsible for some 60 terror attacks against British and Palestinian targets. In June 1940, the Irgun split into Avraham Stern’s Irgun

Zvei Leumi Be'yisrael (National Military Or- Abdullah Nimr Darwish ganization in Israel, later known as Lohamei Herut Yisrael, Lehi, or Stern Gang), which saw ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES see IDF the British as the main enemy, and David Raziel's Irgun Zvai Leumi Be'eretz Yisrael (Na- ISRAEL (Hebrew: Yisrael tional Military Organization in Eretz Israel), Democratit, literally: Democratic Israel) Polit- which was closely linked to Jabotinsky’s Revi- ical party founded by former Prime Minister sionist Party and whose main targets were Ehud Barak in June 2019, vowing to save Arabs. The last Commander-in-Chief (1943- Israeli democracy and defeat Prime Minister 48) was Menchem Begin, who later became Netanyahu in the September 2019 elections. the first Likud Prime Mi- In July 2019, its election campaign was nister of Israel. The Irgun launched under the slogan "the State of Ne- disbanded following the tanyahu or the State of Israel." Among its establishment of the state other commitments are enacting a constitu- of Israel and integrated tion based on the Israeli Declaration of Inde- into the army of the new pendence, establishing permanent borders state. for Israel within two years, increasing spend- ing on social services (such as free education ISG REPORT see Iraq Study Group Report: The and healthcare), allowing civil marriage and Way Forward – A New Approach divorce, and increasing the salary of the Israeli forces. Barak’s name choice for his party has ISLAMIC JIHAD see Palestinian Islamic Jihad drawn criticism from both Democrats and Re- publicans in the US, who deem it misleading

82 I for different reasons. From the beginning, ans in the OPT the party has positioned itself against the by placing Pal- Netanyahu government estinian land on and has aimed to form a the market for left-wing bloc by reach- settlement con- ing out to leaders such struction. as Meretz’s Nitzan Ho- rowitz. see Hosen L’Yisrael

ISRAEL-JORDAN COMMON AGENDA Under- ISRAELI ARABS Jewish Israeli term for mem- standing signed in Washington on 14 Sep- bers of the indigenous population of Israel, tember 1994, constituting the blueprint for i.e., those Palestinians who were left in what the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty (see be- became the State of Israel in 1948 and sub- low). The Agenda is comprised of the fol- sequently became citizens of that state. Pal- lowing components: security, water, refu- estinians refer to them as “1948-Palestinians” gees and displaced persons, borders, and (or “48-ers”), “Palestinians inside,” or “Pales- territorial matters. tinian citizens of Israel.”

ISRAEL LAND ADMINISTRATION (ILA) Govern- ISRAELI CIVIL ADMINISTRATION Israeli military ment agency responsible for managing body tasked with administrative matters in national lands (i.e. lands of the Development over the West Bank and Gaza Strip introduced Authority and the Jewish National Fund), by Military Order No. 947 of 8 November which amount to some 93% of the land in 1981 (Order for the Establishment of the Ci- the State of Israel. According to the Israel vilian Administration, Judea and Samaria), re- Land Administration Law of 1960, the Agri- placing the previous Military Government. culture and Finance Ministries are charged Henceforth, powers of government, legisla- with its implementation. Among the func- tion, appointment and administration in re- tions of the ILA are safeguarding state lands, lation to the West Bank and Gaza Strip (the development planning, and making state latter until the 2005 Disengagement) and/or land available for 'public use.' As part of re- their inhabitants were exercised by the head forms started in of the Civil Administration. The Civil Admin- 2009, the ILA was istration is part of the COGAT (see Coordina- dismantled and tor of Government Activities in the Territo- replaced by the ries), which in turn is a unit in the Israeli De- Israel Land Au- fense Ministry. thority. ISRAELI-JORDANIAN PEACE TREATY (formally: Government agency Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel created as a part of a reform of the Israeli and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; also: Land Administration, which began in 2009, Wadi ‘Araba Treaty) Treaty signed by Israel eventually replacing it. Its main functions are and Jordan at the southern border crossing to guarantee that the national land is used in of Wadi ‘Araba on 26 October 1994, follow- accordance with Israeli laws, to protect and ing the earlier signing of the Washington supervise the land, make state land available Declaration (see below) in July that year, which for public use, Plan, develop and manage ended the 46-year war between the two state land reserves, and manage registration countries. It normalized relations between of state lands. According to Adalah, the Israel the two states, resolved territorial disputes Land Authority (as well as the Ministry of Con- between them (restoring some 380 km2 of struction and Housing) persist in their discri- occupied lands to Jordan, guaranteeing it an minatory policies against Arab-Palestinian cit- equal share of water from the Yarmouk and izens of Israel in "state land" allocation and Jordan Rivers, and defining its western borders housing policies, as well as against Palestini- conclusively), and provided a solid framework

83 I for bilateral cooperation in the political, eco- Syria. Istiqlal criticized the Husseini-Nasha- nomic, and cultural fields. As a result of this shibi rivalry for dividing Palestinians but was treaty, Jordan became the second Arab coun- unable to challenge either camp and became try (after Egypt) to sign a peace agreement increasingly insignificant. with Israel. IZZ EDDIN AL-QASSAM BRIGADES (also: Izz Al- Din, Izzeddin or Ezzedin Al-Qassam or short: Qassam Brigades) Military wing of Hamas and nominally controlled by the political organiza- tion, but is largely a nebula of small groups. It grew out of several resistance networks established by Hamas during the first Inti- fada and became known as its armed branch in mid-1991. The group is named after Mus- lim Brotherhood member Sheikh Izz Eddin Al-Qassam, who preached Jihad against the British and the Zionists, and was killed in ISRAELI PROPOSAL FOR A SELF-GOVERNING action by British forces near Jenin in 1935. AUTHORITY IN THE TERRITORIES Proposal, They are responsible for numerous attacks similar in nature to Menahem Begin’s 1977 on Israeli targets, includ- Autonomy Plan, made with reference to the ing suicide bombings. provisions of the Camp David Accords (Sep- Since the outbreak of tember 1978) and put forward on 31 January the Second Intifada in 1982. It promoted a “Self-Governing Author- September 2000, the Bri- ity” (Administrative Council) to be elected in gades became a central the OPT with control over civil and municipal target of Israel, which affairs (administration of the justice system, has killed hundreds of its agriculture, finance, health, education, hous- members. They are listed ing and public works, transportation and com- as a terrorist organiza- munications, labor and social welfare, police, tion by the US, the EU, Izz Eddin Al-Qassam religious affairs, industry, commerce and tour- and . As part ism, etc.), while Israel would retain control of the October 2017 of security with army redeployment to “spe- Reconciliation Agree- cified security locations.” ment between Fatah

and Hamas, the for- ISTIQLAL PARTY (English: Independence Party) mer demanded the First regularly constituted Palestinian politi- dissolution of the Al- cal party established in August 1932 by Awni Qassam Brigades. Abdul Hadi and other activists. It reflected

the frustration of educated nationalists over

the national movement’s failure to effective-

ly confront Zionism and British support of it. The party called for an end of the British Mandate and advo- cated the indepen- dence and unity of all Arab countries, as well as Palestine's and its belonging to Greater Awni Abdul Hadi

84 J Mosque, which was built by the Ottomans in 1566. The city was under Jordanian adminis- tration from 1949 to 1967 and since then has J been under Israeli occupation, despite the fact that administrative control was handed over to the Palestinian Authority under the JARRING MISSION Assignment named after its 1995 Oslo II Accord. Within the city bounda- head, Sweden's Ambassador to the Soviet ries the Jenin refugee camp can also be Union, Dr. Gunnar Jarring, who aimed at bring- found, which was established by the UNRWA ing the Arabs and Israelis together for talks. in 1953 and which became a symbol of Pal- The assignment was based on UN Security estinian resistance against the Israeli occupa- Council Resolution 242 of 22 November 1967, tion during the Second Intifada in 2002 (see which called for the appointment of a special Battle of Jenin). Middle East representative to help promote an agreement to achieve a peaceful and ac- cepted settlement. Jarring arrived in the Mid- dle East in early 1968 and met with the lead- ers of Israel and of the Arab states. The mis- sion reached an impasse in late 1969, be- cause the Arab states would not negotiate with Israel directly or indirectly. It resumed briefly after August 1970, but was again sus-

pended because of Egyptian violations of the cease-fire agreement (that had ended the JENIN INVASION see Battle of Jenin along the Suez Canal). In February 1971, Jarring presented Israel and JERICHO (Arabic: Ariha) Smallest Palestinian go- Egypt identical notes proposing a peace set- vernorate (with an approximate population tlement. However, due to Egypt’s insistence of 50,000) and a city in the West Bank, home of a total Israeli withdrawal and a resolution to some 20,000 Palestinians (PCBS, 2019). It of the Palestinian problem and Israel’s re- is believed to be the oldest city in the world, fusal to return to the 4 June 1967 lines, the with evidence of settlements from 10,000 BC. mission effectively lapsed. The failure of the Jericho is also known as “City of the Moon” as Jarring Mission, which its Arabic name Ariha is derived from Yarikh, was not formally ter- the name of the Canaanite god of the moon minated until 1990, and provider of nightly dew. Only 10 km east led the US to create its of Jerusalem, in the Jordan Valley near the own approach to Mid- Jordan River, Jericho serves as a gateway city dle East peace, the Rog- to Jordan via the Allenby Bridge. It is an oasis ers Plan (see below). located close to the northern shore of the Jarring remained a UN Dead Sea and is considered the lowest city on special envoy on the earth, lying some 258 meters below sea lev- Middle East until 1991. el. It is also known for its natural beauty and archeological remains dating back to the Neo- JDC see American Jewish Joint Distribution lithic period and, as such, is a major tourist Committee destination in Palestine. It is also home to the refugee camps of Aqabat, Jabr and Ein Sultan. JENIN Northernmost Palestinian governorate The city was under Jordanian administration and city in the West Bank which has an esti- from 1949 to 1967 and since then has been mated population of 314,866 and almost under Israeli occupation, despite the fact that 50,000 respectively (PCBS, 2019). It holds one administrative control was handed over to of the two campuses of the Arab American the Palestinians under the 1994 Oslo I Ac- University and is home to the Fatima Khatun cord (also known as “Gaza-Jericho First”),

85 J when Jericho temporarily became the Pales- ditions and non-compliance with the Jericho tinian seat of government. jail deal (see entry above) over monitoring arrangements regarding visitors, cell searches, telephone access, and correspondence. After a nearly 10-hour siege of the prison, during which two Palestinian policemen were killed and several others wounded, at least 200 Pal- estinian prisoners and security guards sur- rendered to the Israeli forces, including the six Palestinian prisoners connected with the

Jericho jail deal. JERICHO JAIL DEAL Deal brokered by the UK and US which ended an Israeli siege of Yasser Arafat's Ramallah compound (Al-Muqata’a) in the spring of 2002. Israeli troops had sur- rounded the compound during a major in- cursion into the West Bank (see Operation ‘Defensive Shield’) demanding the surrender of wanted men hiding inside. Under the deal,

accepted by both Israel and the PA, six Pales- tinian prisoners were to be placed in the Je- JERICHO PLAN Proposal discussed in 1974 be- richo jail under the guard of American and tween Jordan and Israel, promoted by then British monitors. Four of the prisoners had Foreign Minister Yigal Allon with the assis- been convicted by a makeshift Palestinian tance of US Secretary of State Henry Kissin- military court of assassinating extreme right- ger. According to the plan, segments of the wing Israeli Tourism Minister Rehavam Ze'evi Jericho district would have been returned to in 2001. The fifth was PFLP leader, Ahmed Jordan within the framework of a separation Sa’adat, whose group claimed responsibility of forces agreement, similar to the agree- for Ze'evi's murder. The sixth was one of ments Israel signed with Egypt and Syria. The Arafat's top financial advisers, Fuad Shobaki, plan was abandoned after the Arab summit who was linked to a failed attempt to smug- in Rabat in October 1974, which denied King gle weapons from Iran to Gaza via the Karine Hussein the right to negotiate on the future A ship. They remained in the Jericho jail until of the OPT and declared the PLO the sole le- Israel’s raid of it, following the withdrawal of gitimate representative of the Palestinian American and British monitors (see Jericho people. Jail Raid below).

JERUSALEM City holy to the three main Abra- hamic religions: Judaism, Islam and Christian- ity, which still remains at the core of the un- resolved Arab-Israeli conflict. The city’s west side (also known as “New City”) is mostly in- habited by Israelis, while occupied East Jeru- salem, including the Old City (with its four – Muslim, Christian, Armenian and Jewish – quarters) is home to currently, an estimated

Jericho jail 300,000 Palestinians (comprising about 40% of the city’s total population) and 200,000 JERICHO JAIL RAID Israeli army’s raid on the PA Jewish settlers. Jerusalem was one of the is- prison in Jericho on 14 March 2006, minutes sues (along with borders, settlements, refu- after the American and British monitors with- gees, security arrangements, relations and co- drew – a move they had threatened after operation with other neighbors, and other is- complaining to the PA about the security con- sues of common interest) that the 1993 Dec-

86 J laration of Principles and the Oslo process de- en effect. During his 2016 election campaign, ferred to subsequent permanent status ne- US President Donald Trump promised to fi- gotiations, which were to be finalized in 1999 nally move the US embassy, but also signed but have not yet been held. The city is also the waiver in June and December 2017, just home to the Shu’fat refugee camp. (See also after giving a highly controversial speech re- East Jerusalem). cognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and say- ing he had instructed the State Department to begin preparation to relocate the US em- bassy. The US Embassy officially relocated to the section of the US Consulate in Je- rusalem on 14 May 2018, coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

JERUSALEM ENVELOPE PLAN (also Jerusalem Security Plan) Term used by Israel for the Se- paration Barrier it builds via fences or con- crete walls around Jerusalem to restrict JERUSALEM DAY (Hebrew: Yom Yerushalayim) access for Palestinians from the West Bank Commemoration of the “reunification” of East (see also Separation Barrier). and West Jerusalem on 7 June 1967 as well as Israel’s “regaining” control over the Old JERUSALEM ID CARD Israeli issued document City, celebrated by Jewish Israelis with me- held by Palestinians classified as “permanent morial services, parades and prayers on the residents of Jerusalem” (based on the 1952 28th of Iyar. It is Law of Entry to Israel and the 1974 Entry to often accompa- Israel Regulations). The first such cards were nied by provoc- given to those Palestinians living in East Jeru- ative actions salem within the new municipal borders at against Pales- the time of Israel’s 1967 census (those who tinians living in were absent later had to apply for family the city. reunification to the Interior Ministry). Jeru- Jerusalem Day march by rightwing Israelis salem ID card holders are entitled to certain benefits denied to Palestinians from the JERUSALEM EMBASSY RELOCATION ACT Leg- West Bank and Gaza Strip (e.g., national and islation adopted on 23 October 1995 by both health insurance), they can travel freely and the US (93-5) and House (374-37) have access to employment in Jerusalem and stating that every country designates its own in Israel. They must also pay all the taxes that capital, and that Israel has so designated Je- Israel's citizens pay, cannot leave the country rusalem, the spiritual center of Judaism. Ad- without travel documents (also called ‘laissez- ditionally, the act states US official policy passer’) issued by Israel's Ministry of the In- towards Jerusalem is that it should remain a terior, and are subject to discriminatory laws united city in which the rights of every ethnic and policies. The confiscation and religious group are protected, it should and revocation of Jerusalem be recognized as the capital of the State of ID cards under bureaucratic Israel, and that the US Embassy should be pretexts is one of Israel’s me- established there no later than 31 May 1999. thods to control the number A built-in waiver, which allows the President of Palestinians in the city. As to postpone the move for six months on of 2018, at least 14,643 grounds of “national security,” has repeatedly ID cards had been re- been invoked by successive US presidents, voked from Palestinian from to George W. Bush and Ba- residents of Jerusalem rack Obama, meaning the law has never tak- since 1967.

87 J JERUSALEM 2000/2020 MASTER PLAN Town JERUSALEM 2030 MASTER PLAN Revised and Planning Scheme for a “united Jerusalem” updated version of an earlier master plan (see first proposed by during his Jerusalem 2000/2020 Master Plan), which second term as mayor of Jerusalem in 2000 was drafted by a 31-member planning com- (then also known as “known as Report No. mittee and publicized in 2010. It defined a 4”), later disclosed and officially presented range of development issues within the en- by then-mayor of Jerusalem Uri Lupoliansky tire Jerusalem municipal boundaries until the on 13 September 2004. The plan was to serve year 2030, most remarkably also acknowl- as a mandatory map for land use and a blue- edging the housing crisis in Palestinian neigh- print for other municipal planning purposes borhoods (which was probably due to the until the year 2020 and marked the first time fact that one of the committee members was that East and West Jerusalem were addressed a Palestinian). However, while the plan con- as one entity under Israeli sovereignty. The ceded that a population ratio of 60% Jews: plan’s central goal was to encourage young 40% Palestinians was more realistic, it main- Israeli-Jews to settle in Jerusalem by providing tained the 70:30 goal, ignored the need to affordable housing and tax benefits in order allocate land to Palestinians, and focused on to “maintain a solid Jewish majority in the Israeli-Jewish settlement expansion. city” according to the original target (of 1967) of 70% Jews and 30% Palestinians. However, JERUSALEM 5800 MASTER PLAN Plan based on after planners later admitted that this was a private initiative of the Israeli business com- impossible given the demographic trends it munity, launched by Australian technology was adjusted to a ratio of 60:40 by 2020. innovator and real estate investor Kevin Ber- (The 2017 Unified Jerusalem Bill aimed to meister in 2012 and pursued with the en- decrease the number of Palestinians to 30% dorsement of the Israeli government. It out- once again). The plan’s geographic and demo- lines a vision of Jerusalem by the year 2040 graphic manipulations to counter the trend (= 5800 on the Hebrew calendar, hence the include the construction of the Separation name) which portrays the city as a metropolis Barrier (leaving some 150,000 Palestinians – reaching to the Dead Sea (east), Ramallah behind the municipal borders), closure and (north) and Bethlehem/Etzion settlement bloc house demolition policies, and expropriation (south) – and as Israeli-Jewish high-tech hub of Palestinian land, including private prop- with underground traffic systems, rooftop erty, through the application of the 1950 gardens, and vehicle-free pedestrian areas. Absentee Property Law. The plan provided for Promotion of tourism is at the core of the the establishment of additional Jewish settle- plan, which estimates 12 million tourists an- ments and public institutions, while hamper- nually by 2050 and also proposes the con- ing Palestinian development and neglecting struction of an airport east to the city. While Palestinian suburbs. It was never deposited the plan’s focus is on economic growth, it is for public view but updated and publicized in colonial at its heart, consolidating Israeli 2010 as Jerusalem 2030 Master Plan. control in the city and neglecting Palestinian claims as well as erasing their narrative.

88 J JERUSALEM SHIELD PLAN Israeli plan “secretly” of Israel, the Jewish Agency shifted its focus worked out by a team which was put to- to issues common to the state and to Jewish gether by Chaim Silberstein, founder and pres- communities abroad, encouraging and orga- ident of the Keep Jerusalem organization and nizing the immigration of Jews and assisting including Maj. Gen. (ret.) Gershon Hacohen, in their integration. The Jewish Agency spon- former Foreign Ministry legal adviser Alan sors programs that connect Jews worldwide Baker, Muni Ben-Ari from Kfar Adumim, arc- to Israel, including visits (e.g., “Birthright”- hitect Yoram Ginsburg, former ambassador trips), and edu- Yoram Ettinger, and reporter Nadav Shragai, cational and so- and gained the support of Minister of Jerusa- cial action lem and Heritage Zeev Elkin. The plan is dri- projects. ven by the desire to “improve” the demo- graphic balance of Jerusalem by reducing the JEWISH COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION Organi- Palestinian population. It essentially intends zation founded in 1891 by the German fin- to decouple the Palestinian neighborhoods ancier Baron Maurice de Hirsch to assist Kufr Aqab and Shu’fat refugee camp from Jewish emigration from countries of persecu- Jerusalem, i.e., remove them from the munic- tion or depressed economies (e.g., Russia and ipal jurisdiction and create a separate local other Eastern European countries) to mainly authority for them, while still keeping them North and South America, where the asso- under Israeli sovereignty. (See also Unified ciation purchased land to establish agricul- Jerusalem Bill). tural colonies for that purpose. Financial aid for independent colonies in Ottoman Pales- JERUSALEM STATEMENT OF 2007 Declaration tine was provided from 1896, marking the in November 2007 by over 100 Palestinian initial process of Zionist land acquisition and Jerusalemite public figures, as well as Mus- settlement. lim and Christian leaders, in reaction to the lack of a definitive stance by the PA and ne- JEWISH NATIONAL FUND (JNF) (Hebrew: Keren gotiating teams regarding Jerusalem prior to Kayemeth L'Yisrael or KKL, English: Perpetual the Istanbul International Conference on Je- Fund Capital for Israel) Body of the World rusalem and the Annapolis Conference. The Zionist Organization, founded in 1901 at the statement asserts Palestinian political, reli- Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel, to raise funds gious, and economic rights to the city and in Jewish communities for the purpose of declares these non-negotiable in any final purchasing, colonizing and developing land status talks. in Palestine for Jews exclusively. Today, the JNF is a multi-national corporation with offic- es in numerous countries worldwide. By 2007, it was estimated that the JNF owned 13% of the total land in Israel. In 2017 the JNF agreed to transfer one billion NIS (US$287 million) in 2018, and the same amount in 2019, to the Israeli state to 'cover infrastructure and development needs'.

JEWISH AGENCY Organization formed in 1920- JEWISH VOICE FOR PEACE (JVP) Non-govern- 21 by virtue of Article IV of the British mental organization based in the US with Mandate for Palestine terms of reference as over 200,000 online supporters and 70 chap- the formal representative of the Jewish com- ters, which works for a US foreign policy that munity vis-à-vis the British mandatory gov- is based on its ideals, inspired by Jewish tra- ernment. After the establishment of the state dition: peace, social justice, equality, human

89 J rights, and respect for international law. Ac- cording to its mission statement, the JVP “op- poses anti-Jewish, anti-Muslim, and anti-Arab bigotry and oppression” and “seeks an end to the Israeli occupation” with “security and self-determination” for both peoples, a just solution for Palestinian refugees, and an end to violence. Given its support for the BDS movement, Israel’s Strategic Affairs Ministry placed the JVP in January 2018 (along five other groups based in the US on its black list of organ- izations whose ac- tivists are not al- lowed to enter the state of Israel.

JIFTLIK Form of land ownership in the Ottoman

Empire referring to land that had been be- JOINT LIST Political alliance uniting the four Arab- queathed to the Sultan by its owners and dominated parties in Israel: Hadash, United was then rented out directly to tenants. Arab List, Balad and Ta’al. The list was formed

in 2015 and headed by Ayman Odeh (Ha- JIHAD (English: Holy struggle – not: Holy war) dash). It became the third largest faction in Reference to the striving of a Muslim to keep the Knesset (13/120 seats) after the parlia- the faith, to achieve self-control or personal mentary elections of that year (10.55% of the development, and/or to improve the quality total vote). In February 2019, internal con- of life in society (greater jihad). The Qur’an flicts towards the April 2019 elections dis- also speaks of a jihad of arms (smaller jihad), banded the Joint List which broke into two which permits fighting as a means of self-pro- separate slates – Hadash-Ta’al, led by Ayman tection against tyranny or oppression. The Odeh, and Ra’am Balad, led by Mansour Abbas fighter who fights a jihad – a Mujahid – is – winning 6 and 4 seats respectively. In the believed to go to Paradise if he dies, while run-up to the September 2019 elections, the the enemy will go to Hell. former allies decided to unite once more,

hoping, inter alia, that jointly they may help JOHNSTON PLAN (also: Jordan Valley Unified overthrow the right-wing government and its Water Plan) Water allocation scheme pro- racist anti-democratic path. On 27 July 2019, posed in 1953 by US Special Envoy to the the Joint List announced its re-establishment Middle East Ambassador Eric Johnston. The (including Hadash, Balad, Ta’al, and UAL), plan was the product of negotiations with headed by Ayman Odeh. The slate won 10.5% representatives of Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and of the votes and 13 seats, maintaining its Jordan, and resulted in a unified plan for wa- status as the ter resource development of the Jordan third largest Valley (1955). However, the plan was never party in the adopted or ratified, partly because the Arab Knesset. states, particularly Jordan, did not need a

comprehensive water development program that directly involved Israel to achieve their ‘JORDAN IS PALESTINE’ Slogan first coined in immediate development goals. In addition, 1981 by then Defense Minister Ariel Sharon the Arab states did not agree to the criteria describing a policy which sought to have Jor- that were used for dividing the shares dan recognized as the Palestinian state (i.e., among the parties. suggesting that the Palestine Question should

90 J be resolved in Jordan rather than in the West were either destroyed or confiscated by Israe- Bank). The notion is based on arguments such li authorities immediately after the Six-Day as: Jordan occupies most of what was the War in June 1967. Palestinians are not al- original Palestine Mandate, Jordanians and lowed to utilize the Jordan River. Palestinians are one people, and a majority of the Jordanians are actually Palestinians. JORDAN VALLEY (Also: Jordan Rift Valley; (See Jordan Option). Arabic: Al-Ghor or Al-Ghawr) Segment of the 6,500-km-long Syrian- (ex- JORDAN OPTION Term referring to the Israeli tending from Syria to the Red Sea and con- plan (first articulated by the Labor Party) to tinuing through a large portion of Eastern reach a political agreement over the future Africa). The rift valley, which covers 400 km2 of the West Bank and Gaza with Jordan ra- and lies at an elevation of roughly 200-300 ther than the Palestinians. Until today, every meters below sea level, is located in Israel, now and then the Jordan option, with varia- Jordan, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights tions ranging from 'increase the role of Jor- and covers the areas of the Jordan River, Lake dan in the West Bank' to 'relocate all Pales- , Jericho, and the Dead Sea. The Jor- tinians to Jordan,' is discussed in Israeli dan Valley represents more than a quarter of (right-wing) academic and political circles. the West Bank and is home to almost 80,000 Palestinians (living in Jericho, in 28 villages or JORDAN RIVER BASIN Major international wa- refugee camps, and in small herding and Be- tercourse in the Middle East region shared douin communities) and about 10,000 Israeli among Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and settlers (in 37 settlements). Most of the Jor- Israel. The 320 km long Jordan River, which dan Valley falls under the control of Israeli flows through the Sea of to the north- settlement councils at the expense of the in- ern end of the Dead Sea is the main regional digenous Palestinian population. It further surface water system in the West Bank and acts as a border between Israel and Jordan, the only permanent surface water source for which Israel wants to retain the area as a Palestine. To date, however, Israel diverts at buffer zone, claiming that the Valley is vital least 75% of the river’s water before it to its defense interests. Because of the Jor- reaches the West Bank. The Jordan River de- dan Valley's water resources, arable lands, rives its waters from the , which and border access to Jordan it is also neces- originates in Syria (while parts of it flow into sary for a viable Palestinian state. Israel re- Lebanon), and the Dan and Banias Rivers, stricts access for Palestinians (via declaration which originate in the occupied Golan Heights of state lands, closed firing zones and nature and flow into the Jordan above the Sea of reserves) and frequently demolishes their Galilee. The lower Jordan River is fed from rain- homes and struc- fall, groundwater flow, the western of tures in the Valley. the West Bank, Syria, and Jordan, and by the Ahead of the Sep- Yarmouk River, which originates in Syria and tember 2019 Israeli borders Jordan, Sy- elections, Prime Mi- ria, and the Golan nister Netanyahu Heights. The bulk of pledged to annex water from the Jor- the area, i.e., to dan River is used by apply Israeli sove- Israel, while Pales- reignty over the tinians are denied Jordan Valley and access to their full the northern Dead share of available Sea if the election water. Prior to return him to 1967, Palestinians office. made use of these waters through 140 pumping units, which

91 J JORDANIAN DINAR (short: JD) Unit of currency building and subsidization of settlements, de- in Jordan (one dinar being equal to 1,000 struction of historical sites, civil institutions fils), which also circulates in the West Bank. and residential areas, and the replacement of the Palestinian presence with the domi- nant Israeli-Jewish one. In recent years the focus was mostly on the Judaization of Jeru- salem, with Israeli efforts to establish a grow- ing Jewish presence through settlement ex- pansion, creation of settler enclaves in the Old City, Silwan and Sheikh Jarrah, initiatives like the Light Rail (connecting West Jerusa- lem with the settlements), and tourism or archeological projects such as the City of David, while, at the same time, restricting JORDANIAN-EGYPTIAN PROPOSAL (also: Jor- Palestinian presence and ignoring or distort- danian-Egyptian Non-Paper or Initiative) Joint ing their narrative. Jordanian-Egyptian plan submitted in April 2001 that aimed to end violence between JUDEA AND SAMARIA Biblical names for areas Israelis and Palestinians (Al-Aqsa Intifada) and approximating the current northern (Sama- resume negotiations. The plan foresaw a cea- ria) and southern (Judea) portions of the West sefire, an end to Israel’s sanctions against Bank, applied by Israel to form the main ad- the Palestinians and withdrawal of its troops, ministrative division under which the Israeli implementation of existing interim agree- military, settlements, and occupation author- ments, confidence-building measures (includ- ities classify the West Bank’s smaller sub- ing implementation of the September 1999 divisions. Sharm Esh-Sheikh Memorandum, as well as all security commitments, cessation of set- 'JUDEA FIRST' PLAN Proposal made by former tlement activities, and protection of all holy Israeli Defense Minister Ben Eliezer in 2002 places), and the renewal of negotiations on to withdraw Israeli troops from Hebron and all outstanding issues. Final status negotia- surrounding areas in the southern West Bank tions would be based on the progress (Judea). The plan's core concept is based on achieved in previous talks, including Camp the "Gaza and Bethlehem" security plans, David and Taba, and a target date would be which involved a phased withdrawal from Pal- set for their conclusion. The EU, Egypt, Jor- estinian areas reoccupied during the Second dan, and the UN Secretary-General were Intifada and resumption of Palestinian secu- proposed as monitors for the implementa- rity control. tion of the suggested process. While most Arab and world leaders welcomed the initia- tive, Prime Minister Sharon rejected it as a "nonstarter."

JORDANIAN-ISRAELI PEACE TREATY see Israeli- Jordanian Peace Treaty

JUDAIZATION Underlying concept for Israeli measures aimed at replacing traditional Arab- Palestinian political, cultural and geographic property, names, and features with Jewish/ Hebrew ones. These include all forms of land dispossession, including expulsion of the na- tive Palestinian population from their homel- and and demolition of their villages, the

92 K the Knesset (2 seats); it was later disbanded and did not compete in any further elections.

K KAFAH (English: Struggle) Home-made rockets developed by Fatah that are much less com- mon than the Qassam rockets of Hamas (see KACH/KAHANE CHAI (acronym for Kahane Qassam). They were reportedly used for the LaKnesset – English: Kahane to the Knesset) first time on 3 October 2004, when fired Two ultra-right-wing organizations that ad- against the settlement in the Gaza vocate the expulsion of all Arabs from Israel. Strip. Kach was formed by Rabbi in the early 1970s and represented in the Knes- KAHAN COMMISSION Three-member Commis- set in 1984, but was then barred from elec- sion of Enquiry into the Events at the Refu- tions for inciting racism. After Kahane’s as- gee Camps in Beirut formed by the Israeli sassination in 1990, Kahane Chai (Kahane government under pressure from its own Lives) split from Kach. The Israeli govern- to look into Israel’s role in ment banned group members from serving the 1982 and Shatila massacres in Leb- in the Knesset because of their racist orien- anon. In its report, issued on 3 February 1983, tation. In March 1994, after settler Baruch the commission, headed by Israeli Supreme Goldstein murdered 29 Muslims in Hebron’s Court president Yitzhak Kahan, determined Ibrahimi Mosque, both groups were out- that the massacre was carried out by Pha- lawed. Kach and Kahane Chai are considered langists acting on their own, but with Israel’s terrorist organizations by Israel, Canada, the knowledge. Therefore, while no Israeli was European Union, and the US. A number of directly responsible for the events, Israel had Kach followers later be- indirect responsibility for the massacre since came co-founders or mem- its army held the area. Then Defense Minis- bers of the far right-wing ter Ariel Sharon was found responsible for movement and/or ignoring the danger of carnage and revenge Otzma Yehudit Party. (for the murder of two days earlier) when he approved the entry of the Phalangists into KADIMA (English: Forward) Centrist Israeli po- the camps as well as for not taking appropri- litical party founded by Prime Minister Ariel ate measures to prevent bloodshed. Army Sharon, after he formally left the Likud party Chief-of-Staff failed to give the in November 2005, appropriate orders to prevent the massacre, that would allow him Prime Minister Menachem Begin was respon- to carry out his con- sible for not exercising greater involvement troversial policy of and awareness in the matter of introducing unilateral disengagement. Kadima became the Phalangists into the camps, and Foreign the strongest party as a result of the March Minister erred by not taking 2006 elections (29 of 120 Knesset seats). action after being alerted by Communications Kadima defined itself as a broad popular Minister Zippori. The Commission recom- movement working to ensure the future of mended that the Defense Minister resign, Israel as a Jewish democratic state and was that the Director of Military Intelligence not led by Foreign Minister from continue in his post, and other senior offic- September 2008 until the party’s split in ers be removed. 2012, when the progressive wing broke away to form a new center-left party, Hatnuah. In KAHOL LAVAN (English: Blue and White) Israeli the February 2009 elections, Kadima won 28 centrist electoral list established to run in out of the 120 Knesset seats and retained its the April 2019 Knesset elections by the Israel position as the largest party, albeit as op- Resilience Party, and Telem. The position. In the 2013 election, one year after political alliance, which is led by Benny Gantz its split, Kadima became the smallest party in and , is considered Zionist-liberal in

93 K its ideology. In the April 2019 elections it were worth an estimated $3 million. The Ka- won 26.1% of the votes, becoming – together rine A was purchased in Lebanon in October with the Likud – the strongest party (with 2001 by Adel Mughrabi, a senior PA figure, each gaining 35 seats). In the subsequent and Fuad Shubaki, the PA’s chief procure- September 2019 elections, Kahol Lavan won ment and finance officer. The captain of the 25.9% of the votes vessel was Fatah activist Omar Akawi, a PA and 33 seats – one Coastal Police officer and senior Fatah mem- more than Likud. ber, who an Israeli military court sentenced to 25 years in prison in October 2004. Two KAMINITZ LAW Israeli law, named after Dep- officers, Riad Abdullah and Ahmed Khiris, were uty Attorney-General Erez Kaminitz, passed each sentenced to 17 years in prison. A fourth in the Israeli Knesset on 5 April 2017 as an suspect, Salem As-Sankri, was set free in a amendment to the 1965 Planning and Con- Hizbullah prisoner swap after all charges struction Law, that increases enforcement against him were dropped. Fuad Shubaki was against unauthorized building in Israel proper. jailed in the Jericho PA-jail. After the Israeli Opponents say this law is directed against raid in the prison Palestinians in Israel and intends to increase in 2006, Shubaki the number of home demolitions in their vil- had to appear lages and towns, although they already suffer before an Israeli from housing shortages and discriminatory judge and was state policies. sentenced to 20 years in jail. KARAITE (also spelled Qaraite) Ancient Jewish Weapons seized from Karine A community or sect which challenges the au- thority of rabbinic Judaism by accepting the KARM AL-MUFTI (Hebrew: Kerem Hamufti, authority of the but not of the also known as ‘Mufti’s grove’) An originally Oral Law that is codified in the . Ac- 110-dunum plot of land in Jerusalem, culti- cordingly, it maintains its own , vated with trees, which stretches butchers, and cemeteries. The vast majority downhill from Sheikh Jarrah (Shepherds Ho- of the Karaites live in Israel, where their com- tel area) towards the edges of the Wadi Al- munity is estimated at 40,000. In early 2019, Joz Industrial Zone. At the request of the ILA, members of the Karaite community have the state formally expropriated the land in joined Palestinians and others in opposing the March 2007 under the rubric of "acquisition planned construction of a cable car in the city, for public needs", thus reclassifying its “green which would pass over a cemetery belonging area” status to make way for a planned to them, as according to their faith, putting a Jewish neighborhood at the site. The same “roof” over a cemetery is equivalent to dese- year, the ILA conveyed a long-term lease for crating it. 30 dunums of land to the Ateret Cohanim settler organization "for agricultural purposes." KARAMEH PLO base in Jordan in In recent years, Israel has been leveling large the 1960s, where Palestinian areas of the Karm Al-Mufti lands to make way resistance forces confronted for a police parking lot adjacent to the Minis- Israeli troops in their first try of the Interior as well as for the reloca- major battle in March 1968 tion of the street right above it in prepara- (see Battle of Karameh). tion for the new settlement enclave arising at Karameh Memorial the site of the destroyed Shepherds Hotel.

KARINE A (also: Karine A Affair) Freighter seized by Israeli commandos in the Red Sea on 3 January 2002. On board were 50 tons of weapons, including Katyusha rockets and anti-tank missiles. Altogether, the weapons

94 K KATYUSHA ROCKETS see Grad Rockets extension and annexation of East Jerusalem excluded half of the suburbs and its land ex- KEDEM COMPOUND (also: Kedem Visitor Cen- propriation deprived Jerusalem's Palestinians ter) Controversial seven-story compound to of much of their territory, while building tens be built on the Givati parking lot site at the of thousands of dwellings as envisioned by entrance to Silwan by the Elad settler group, Kendall Scheme but for Israelis only. which operates the adjacent City of David, in coordination with the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority. The plan includes a visitor’s center, a Bible center, a museum, a parking lot, shops, and a stop for the planned Israeli cable car over the Holy Basin on its rooftop. The compound will also serve as the future headquarters of Elad. For Palestinians and other critics, the plan is an example of Israel’s privatization of tourist sites and national parks to settler organizations in Jerusalem. It is also seen as Judaizing Silwan and prevent- ing a political solution for Jerusalem. On 14 July 2017, a notice appeared in the media announcing the approval of plans for the con- struction, which are yet to be implemented.

Site of the Kedem compound

KEREN HAYESOD (English: The Foundation Fund; also known as United Israel Appeal) Financial arm and central fundraising organization of the state of Israel, which was founded in 1920

at the World Zionist Conference in London to KENDALL TOWN PLAN/SCHEME Plan named af- finance the activities of the Zionist move- ter former British Mandate city planner Henry ment in the Yishuv. After the foundation of Kendall, commissioned by Jordan in 1966, the state of Israel, it became a national in- which envisioned that Jerusalem would be- stitution. Today it is reg- come a major administrative and commercial istered as a public benefit center. The plan was based on an earlier ver- company and enjoys sta- sion (published in 1944 for the British Manda- tus as a non-profit or- tory authorities), adapting it to the changed ganization in Israel. geo-political realities. It covered an area of

34,750 acres/139,000 dunums and aimed at KERRY KEY PRINCIPLES Set of proposals pre- linking all scattered Palestinian residential sented by then US Secretary of State John areas within one integrated planning area Kerry in February (and December) 2016 (the and at creating space for industrial and com- last year of the Obama Administration) to re- mercial use along with thousands of new new talks between Israelis and Palestinians in residential buildings. In particular, the plan a regionally supported framework. Jordanian foresaw residential areas to the north, agri- King Abdullah and Egyptian President Al-Sissi culture in the valleys, heavy industry in the supported the plan, while Israeli Prime Minis- Anata area, and arterial roads to Ramallah, ter Netanyahu did not. Kerry’s plan was based Bethlehem and Amman. However, instead of on the following six principles: (1) Secure and implementing the Kendall Scheme, Israel's recognized borders between Israel and a via-

95 K ble Palestinian state, land swaps to be based ing, inter alia, for a continued state of belli- on 1967 borders; (2) Two states for two gerency with Israel, ending the Arab oil boy- peoples, based on the UN Partition Plan (Res- cott declared during the War, and the three olution 181), with mutual recognition and ‘No’s’ in the continued struggle against Israel: equal rights for all respective citizens; (3) A no peace, no negotiations with Israel, and no just, fair and realistic solution for the Pales- recognition of Israel. Saudi Arabia, Libya, and tinian refugees that is consistent with ‘two Kuwait further states for two peoples’; (4) Agreed-on solu- agreed to set tion for Jerusalem as the internationally rec- up a fund for ognized capital of both countries with assured countries that freedom of access to holy sites; (5) Ensuring suffered as a Israel’s security needs and effective self-de- result of the fense and ensuring Palestinian ability to pro- 1967 War. vide security in a non-militarized state; (6) End the conflict and all outstanding claims, PRISON Notorious detention and interro- enabling normalization of ties and regional gation facility in South Lebanon used by Israel security (as envisaged in the Arab Peace and partially staffed by its proxy militia, the Initiative). South Lebanese Army (SLA), during Israel's 22- year occupation of south Lebanon. Detainees, KERRY MISSION Direct negotiations between including members of the resistance and their Israel and the Palestinians launched on 29 relatives as well as civilians who would not July 2013 by then US Secretary of State John collaborate with the Israelis or the SLA, were Kerry in a bid to revive the peace process held without charge for up to 17 years and with the aim of reaching a final status agree- were routinely tortured. In 1998, as part of a ment within nine months. Following months prisoner exchange with the Lebanese resis- of talks, both sides worked out a common tance, Israel released 55 Khiam prisoners and "framework" based on the Clinton Parame- handed over 44 bodies in return for the ters. However, the mission failed when Israel bodies of three Israeli soldiers. The prison was refused to release the last agreed group of abandoned following Israel’s retreat from Palestinian prisoners and approved over 700 South Lebanon in 2000 after local Lebanese new settlement units in East residents broke Jerusalem. Negotiations were into the prison officially suspended by Israel and freed the re- on 24 April 2014, one day maining inmates. after Fatah and Hamas signed an agreement to form a unity KHISAS MASSACRE Attack by Haganah forces government. John Kerry on the Palestinian village of Khisas on the Le- banese-Syrian border on 18 December 1947, KHAN YOUNIS MASSACRE Israeli assault on the machine gun shots and throwing led Gaza Strip town of Khan Younis on 2-3 No- to at least 10 (as reported by the New York vember 1956 during an army operation to Times at the time) Palestinians being killed. reopen the Egyptian-blockaded Straits of Ti- ran (), in which Israeli forces shot (plural: kibbutzim) Communities in and killed 200-300 Palestinians (Israeli histo- Israel proper, often on expropriated Palestin- rian Benny Morris reported approximately ian land, or settlements in the OPT that were 200, an UNRWA report recorded 275). originally socialist-agricultural but have be- come increasingly industrial, in which most SUMMIT Arab League Summit that property used to be collectively owned. convened in the wake of the June 1967 War in Khartoum from 29 August to 1 September KING ABDULLAH CANAL (formerly: East Ghor 1967. The summit adopted a consensus reso- Canal or East Ghor Main Canal) Waterway lution regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict, call- built between 1955 and 1966 that runs pa-

96 K rallel to the Jordan River for 72 km from the ler activities in Jerusalem. The Committee Yarmouk River to the Zarqa River. The canal submitted its report, which remains classified, makes year-round cultivation possible, with to the Government on 13 September 1992. wheat, vegetables, and citrus fruit being the The report revealed that Minister Sharon im- main products. The southern extension of the plemented illegal policies in East Jerusalem, canal was halted by the War of 1967. In the including funneling millions of dollars with southern part of the Ghor, oasis farming is no oversight into the hands of settler groups, practiced, and in the non-irrigated parts, goat and using forged documents to seize Pales- and sheep herding predominates. In 1987, the tinian property as “absentee property” and canal was renamed after Abdullah I of Jordan. subsequently handing it over to settlers. Fur- thermore, it accused the Israel Land Authority and the Jewish National Fund of having allot- ted much of Silwan to settlers without of- fering it for tender, and accused the govern- ment of having used public funds to finance the settlers' legal expenses. The Klugman Re- port caused a scandal in Israel, and the gov- ernment responded by abruptly ceasing sup- KING-CRANE COMMISSION International Com- port for settler activities in East Jerusalem. mission of Inquiry, led by the Americans However, activities resumed, albeit at a lower Henry King and Charles Crane, which ex- level, when Netanyahu took over as Prime amined the situation in Palestine in June and Minister. July 1919. Their report, which warned against the effects of unrestricted Jewish immigra- KNESSET (English: Assembly) Israel's parliamen- tion and Zionist plans regarding Palestinian tary body which is located in West Jerusalem. Arabs, was kept secret for three years, and Its name and the number of its members are remained unpublished until 1922. based on the 'Knesset Hagdola' (English:

Great Assembly) of the early period. It is composed of 120 representa- tives of different political parties, who are elected to four-year terms. The Knesset is built on the private property of the Pales- tinian Khalaf family from .

King Crane

KING'S GARDEN English name for the Hebrew ‘Gan Hamelech’ project championed by Israeli Jerusalem mayor , which intends to raze 22 Palestinian homes (while legalizing 66 others) in the Al-Bustan neighborhood of Silwan in order to build an archaeological park there. The plan was announced in 2010 KNIFE INTIFADA Cycle of violence between Oc- but put on hold due to diplomatic pressure. tober 2015 and June 2016 which, as it is wide- Nevertheless, house demolitions and expro- ly seen, was mainly a (leaderless) outburst of priations are already taking place. frustration and hopelessness by (young) Pal- estinians as tensions over Al-Aqsa Mosque KLUGMAN COMMITTEE Governmental Board grew and prospects for peace further vanished. of Inquiry headed by then Director General It consisted mainly of “lone wolf” stabbing of the Justice Ministry, Haim Klugman, which attacks, detached from the armed factions, was commissioned in 1992 by then Prime and focused on Jerusalem. The violence, and Minister Yitzhak Rabin to investigate covert the Israeli repercussions, resulted in the death and illegal government policies abetting sett- of 38 Israelis and 235 Palestinians. Most ob-

97 K servers agree that the term ‘intifada’ should unborn baby. Every year the massacre’s anni- not be used to describe these events. versary is commemorated.

KOENIG MEMORANDUM (also: Koenig Report or Proposal) Confidential Israeli government document authored in 1976 titled “Top Se- cret: Memorandum-Proposal handling the Arabs of Israel,” which made recommenda- tions as to how to deal with Palestinians living inside the state of Israel. The memorandum was named after its author, Yisrael Koenig, a member of the Alignment (then the ruling party), who served as the Northern District (Galilee) Commissioner of the Ministry of the Memorial of the Kufr Qassem Massacre Interior from 1967-1993. It suggested strateg- ic goals and tactical steps on how to reduce (English: “All of Us”) Israeli centrist po- the number and influence of Arab citizens in litical party founded by former Likud Minis- the Galilee region to ensure “the long-term ter in 2014 and led by him Jewish national interests”. After being leaked since. The party focuses primarily on socio- in September 1976 in the Israeli Al-Hamish- economic and cost-of-living issues. With mar newspaper, it drew criticism for its dan- regard to security issues it holds hawkish gerous evaluations and statements that could positions. In the 2015 Knesset elections it re- incite a conflict between the Jews and the ceived 10 seats, while it barely passed the Arab minority, which throughout the report electoral threshold in the April 2019 elec- are regarded as backwards and as enemies, tions, winning just 4 seats. In May 2019, in lacking understanding of modernity or de- the lead-up to the September 2019 elections, mocracy. On this basis, the document sug- Kulanu dissolved itself gests they should be dealt with. While no and its remaining mem- Israeli government has adopted this docu- bers officially joined ment officially, it is widely regarded as hav- the Likud on 31 July. ing become an Israeli strategy.

KOTEL Hebrew word for wall, commonly used among Jews to refer to the Wailing or West- ern Wall.

KUFR QASSEM MASSACRE Israeli massacre car- ried out by the Israel Border Police (Magav) in the town of Kufr Qassem, located in the triangle region of northern Israel, on 29 Oc- tober 1956, a few hours after the tripartite attack of Israel, France, and Britain on Egypt began (see Sinai Campaign). As a result of this attack the entire area was put under curfew and when villagers, unaware of the curfew, returned from work, they found a road block near the entrance to the village which had been set up by the Israeli army. When they exited their vehicles at the road- block, the soldiers opened fire at them with- out warning. In total, 49 inhabitants where killed, including 6 women, 23 minors, and an

98 L LABOR-GESHER Joint electoral list, established before the Israeli September 2019 elections, by the Labor Party, led by , and L Gesher, led by Orly Levy-Abekasis. The list won 4.8% of the vote and six Knes- LABOR PARTY (Hebrew: Mifleget HaAvoda Ha- set seats. Yisraelit; also: Avoda) Israeli social-demo- cratic, center-left, and Zionist party founded AL- MASSACRE Haganah attack on the in 1968 through the union of the , Rafi, Jenin district village of Al-Lajjun around 14 and Akhdut Ha'avoda parties. It also was April 1948, which left 12 Palestinians killed, aligned with the party. The Labor 15 others wounded, and many houses blown Party was a member of the Socialist Interna- up. tional until 2018 and is a member of the Pro- gressive Alliance. Labor and its most impor- LAKE TABARIYYA (also: Lake of Tiberias or Sea tant predecessor Mapai dominated Israeli pol- of Galilee; Arabic: Buhayrat Tabariyya) Lake itics between 1949 and 1977. A small group, located 209 m below sea level on the south- led by Yossi Beilin, split from the Labor Party western Syrian-Israeli border (until 1967, Sy- in 2003 to form the left-wing Meretz Party. ria had access to its northeastern shoreline). In 2006, several other members left Labor to Lake Tabariyya has a surface area of 166 join the newly formed Kadima Party, includ- km2, a maximum depth (in the northeast) of ing veterans Shimon Peres, Dalia Itzhik and 48 m, and measures 21 km from north to . The party was represented in south and 11 km from east to west. The lake the Knesset as the opposition. In 2015, it ran is fed primarily by the Jordan River, but other as part of the Zionist Union list, but in the streams and wadis (seasonal watercourses) April 2019 elections, the party did not form a flow into it from the hills of the Galilee. Be- coalition and went from holding 19 to 6 seats cause of extensive mineral deposits and in the Knesset, the lowest in its history. The strong evaporation in the watersheds feed- Labor Party was led by from July ing the lake and within the lake itself, the 2017 until June 2019, when the party pri- lake's waters are relatively salty. Lake Taba- mary elected MK Amir Peretz, who was riyya was the main dispute in the peace talks already Labor’s leader during 2005-2007. In between Israel and Syria, and Israel’s refusal the September 2019 elections, Labor ran to return a few kilometers on the northeas- jointly with Gesher, tern shore brought the talks to a dead end in winning six Knesset April 2000. Due to the diversion of Jordan seats. River waters and rain shortages in recent years, the lake has in 2017 fallen to its lowest LABOR PARTY PEACE PLATFORM (also: Labor level in a century, way below its so-called red Party Peace Plan) The Labor Party’s principles line. Ecologists warn of damage to the eco- for a peace agreement with the Palestinians, system and water quality and further shrink- which was publicized in November 2003, in- ing of the lake as well as of the Dead Sea cludes returning to the 4 June 1967 borders with which it is linked via the Jordan River. "with slight revisions due to security reasons and around blocs of Jewish settlements", di- viding Jerusalem into Israeli and Palestinian capitals and into Jewish and Arab sections based on the current population structure, relinquishing the Palestinian right of return, dismantling all "illegal" outposts, and con- structing a Separation Barrier on the Green Line.

99 L LAND DAY (Arabic: Yom Al-Ard) Commemora- LAND ORDINANCE (formally: Land (Acquisition tion of the killing of six and wounding of 96 for Public Purpose) Ordinance) One of the two Palestinians, and the arrest of over 300 in the most often used laws (the other being the Galilee on 30 March 1976 by Israeli troops Planning and Building Law of 1965) to prac- during peaceful protests over the confisca- tice land expropriation in Israel. The Land Or- tion of Palestinian lands. Thousands of Pales- dinance Law was introduced in 1943 during tinians inside Israel had followed a call for a the British Mandate and later became part of national strike and marched in their towns Israeli law under the Ministry of Finance (sug- and villages to protest Israel’s expropriation gesting that the authorization should be used of vast tracts of land around the Arab villages for projects of the central government). It al- of and Arrabeh, which was part of its lows the confiscation of land for public use openly declared policy to “Judaize” the Gali- irrespective of whether the designation has lee. The participants were confronted by been approved by planning authorities and Israeli forces trying to quell the protests and thus gives Israeli authorities a tool to confis- violence ensued. In commemoration of those cate land for “public purposes,” which in- events, Palestinians in Israel, the West Bank, cludes the establishment of new towns un- Jerusalem, Gaza, and refugee camps observe der Israeli law and gives the Minister the au- Land Day every year on 30 March with protests thority to declare new purposes. The law has against Israeli land been used extensively to confiscate land confiscation, injus- owned by Palestinian citizens of Israel and tices and oppres- prevent Palestinians from submitting law- sion. The annual suits to reclaim land. marches often lead to clashes with LAND SWAP Concept that evolved in Palestinian- Israeli forces, which Israeli negotiations and refers to an exchange have repeatedly re- of land between the two sides, whereby areas sulted in injuries within Israel’s current borders would be trans- and even fatalities ferred to a Palestinian state as compensation among the protes- for land Israel would annex as part of a final tors. status agreement (i.e., mainly the large set- Poster - 7th Land Day Anniversary tlement blocs in the West Bank and around Jerusalem). The most recent version of a land ‘LAND FOR PEACE’ Formula or interpretation swap proposal came from Israeli Prime Minis- that gained importance with the Oslo Ac- ter Netanyahu, who in July 2017 suggested cords, but its origins go back to UN Security transferring the Israeli Arab towns of Wadi Council Resolution 242 (of November 1967), Ara (the so-called Little Triangle around which called for the establishment of a just Umm Al-Fahm) to the PA in exchange for the and lasting peace based on Israeli withdrawal annexation of the Etzion settlement bloc. from territories occupied in 1967 in return for the end of belligerency from all states, respect LAND TRANSFER REGULATIONS Set of laws/di- for the sovereignty of all states in the area, rectives from the British Mandate period, and the right to live in peace within secure, which limited or prohibited the transfer of recognized boundaries. Since the Oslo nego- land to Jews in most of Mandatory Palestine. tiations, the ‘land for peace’ principle is based on the notion that Israel will relinquish con- LAUSANNE CONFERENCE (also: Lausanne Con- trol of occupied territory to Palestinians in ciliation Conference) Unsuccessful Israel-Arab return for peace, which is still considered the peace conference convened in Lausanne, Swit- key to the resolution of the Israeli-Palestin- zerland, between 27 April and 12 September ian conflict. 1949 under the auspices of the UN Concilia- tion Commission for Palestine (UNCCP) with LAND GRAB BILL see Outpost Regulation Bill the goal of resolving all problems related to Palestine (mainly borders, refugees and Jeru-

100 L salem) and achieving overall peace between resident spouses from the OPT or abroad Israel and its Arab neighbors. The Arab rep- must apply for family reunification to live le- resentatives, from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and gally with their spouses in Jerusalem. On 31 Transjordan, appeared as one body with July 2003, the Knesset approved a bill to pre- Ahmed Shuqeiri as Palestinian advisor to the vent Palestinians who marry Israeli citizens Syrian delegation (Iraq was also invited, but from receiving Israeli citizenship or perma- declined). The talks were a series of parallel nent residency status, which is to become an UNCCP-Arab and UNCCP-Israeli meetings with amendment to a clause in the family unifica- no official direct Arab-Israeli communication. tion law (Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law Prior to negotiations, the so-called Lausanne – Temporary Order 2003) and will apply re- Protocol was signed, stating that the UNCCP troactively. Since then, the family unification would function in line with the UNGA law has been extended regularly, most re- Resolutions 181 (adoption of the Partition cently for an additional year on 4 November Plan) and 194 (which calls on Israel to allow 2019. According to this policy, children born the return of Palestinian refugees). No agree- to permanent residents of Israel will only be ments were reached, mainly due to Israel’s recognized as Israeli residents following an uncompromising attitude toward refugees. approved family unification application, which After Lausanne, Israel unilaterally enlarged its were frozen in May 2002. On 6 March 2017, boundaries, proclaimed Jerusalem as its ex- the Knesset passed Amendment No. 27 to the clusive capital, and denied Palestinian refugees law by a 46-28 vote, which denies a visa and/ both the right of return and compensation. or residency permit to advocates of boycot- ting Israel and, according to Adalah - The Legal LAW FOR PREVENTION OF DAMAGE TO STATE Center for Arab in Israel “pre- OF ISRAEL THROUGH BOYCOTT see Anti-Boy- vents foreign nationals or non-residents who cott Law have publicly expressed support for the BDS campaign from entering Israel.” Israeli author- LAW OF ENTRY TO ISRAEL Law issued in 1952, ities subsequently announced a list of 22 NGOs which governs (together with the 1974 Entry from Europe, the US, Africa and South Amer- to Israel Regulations) the entry of foreigners ica, whose staff or members were banned into Israel and their stay in the country. Be- from entering Israel on the grounds that they cause Palestinians from Jerusalem are consi- allegedly support of the BDS campaign. dered foreigners they are subject to the law and must apply for family reunification when LAW OF RETURN Law adopted in 1950 by the they marry partners who are not East Jeru- Knesset granting any Jew the right to settle salem residents or Israel citizens. Israel has in Israel as an oleh (new immigrant) and be- intensively used the law to control the num- come Israeli citizen. The Law of Return was ber of Palestinians who legally reside in Jeru- amended in 1970 to allow all persons with a salem and Israel and to confiscate ID cards. Jewish grandparent to immigrate to Israel. Restrictive provisions – which do not apply to Jewish permanent residents or Israeli citi- LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES see Arab League zens – include; a) those who wish to travel abroad must obtain an Israeli re-entry visa or LEAGUE OF NATIONS International association they lose their right of return; b) those who of nations preceding the UN that promoted hold or apply for residency/citizenship else- world peace from 1920-1946. The League of where lose their residency right in Jerusalem Nations handed Britain and France the Man- (center of life policy); c) those who live dates over ter- abroad, which since 1996 includes the West ritories gained Bank and Gaza, for over seven years lose during World their residency rights; d) those who want to War I, includ- register their children as Jerusalem residents ing Lebanon, can do so only if the father holds a valid Je- Syria and Pa- rusalem ID card; e) those who marry non- lestine. League of Nations opening session 1920

101 L LEBANON WAR (1.) War that began on 6 June LEHI (Abbreviation for Lohamei Herut Israel; 1982 (called by Israel “Operation Peace of the English: Fighters for the Freedom of Israel) Galilee” or “first Lebanon War” and by Arabs Jewish anti-British armed underground organ- "the invasion"), with the invasion of Israeli ization in Palestine, founded in 1940 as a forces into South Lebanon, triggered by an as- splinter group of the Irgun. Lehi also is known sassination attempt of the Abu Nidal group as Stern Gang after its founder Avraham Stern. against Israel's ambassador to the UK, and di- The group was responsible for many terror rected by then Defense Minister Ariel Sharon. acts on British and Arab targets, as well as for The operation involved attacks against PLO, the assassination of UN mediator Count Folke Syrian, and Muslim-, leaving Bernadotte in 1948. Lehi was declared a ter- over 19,000 people dead. The war resulted rorist organization after this incident and the in Israel’s occupation of southern Lebanon new Israeli government arrested about 200 (later establishment of a SLA-controlled se- of its members but within a curity zone) and the year they were granted amnes- negotiated passage ty. Among its leading members of the PLO from was future Prime Minister Yitz- Lebanon to its new hak Shamir. Although Zionist exile in . historians later distanced the (2.) Massive Israeli military assault on Leba- normative Israeli military agencies from Lehi, non (also known as “July War” or “Second referring to the organization as a ‘rogue’ Lebanon War”) that began on 12 July 2006 in terror outfit, from the outset of 1947 hostili- response to a Hizbullah attack on an Israeli ties Lehi joined forces and command-struc- border patrol. The 34 days of Israeli air- ture with the Jewish Agency’s Haganah, coo- strikes, air and naval blockade, and ground perating in combined offensives and numer- invasions left Lebanese civilian infrastruc- ous well-documented atrocities throughout ture, including Beirut airport, badly dam- the war, including the massacre at Deir Yas- aged. According to journalist , sin. As such, Lehi contributed both regular approximately 1,300 Lebanese were killed, and irregular soldiers to the nascent Israeli mostly civilians, and an estimated one million army and maintained political representation displaced. The con- at the highest levels in the new state. flict ended with a UN-brokered cease- (formally: Report on the Legal fire (UNSC Resolution Status of Building in Judea and Samaria) Re- 1701, effective as of port on Israeli settlements commissioned by 14 August 2006). Prime Minister Netanyahu in January 2012 and authored by LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS LAW former Israeli Supreme Court (1970) Israeli law according to which Jewish Justice , examin- Israelis are permitted to claim ownership over ing the legal status of the so- property believed to have been owned by called ‘outposts’ and whether Jews before 1948 during Ottoman or British the Israeli presence in the West Bank is to be rule. The law is used by settler organizations considered an occupation or not. The report, to push for the eviction of Palestinians and published on 9 July 2012, concluded that the settlement of Jews, mainly, but not only, Israel is not an occupier and settlements are in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh legal under international law because the Jarrah. The law is not being applied on the West Bank was seized from a state (Jordan) behalf the hundreds of thousands of Pales- that was not its rightful sovereign. The report tinian refugees who were displaced from recommended legalizing most outposts and their lands and homes during and after the facilitating the expansion of existing settle- establishment of the state of Israel. ments. While the Levy Report was never offi- cially adopted by the Israeli government, the Israeli NGO Yesh Din released a document in

102 L 2016 showing that its recommendations were LIKUD (English: Union) Right-wing political party silently being put into practice. founded in 1973 as an alliance of several right-wing and liberal parties, including the LIBERAL PARTY Established nationalist-populist Herut Party, the centrist in 1927 in Jaffa and Gaza Liberal Party, and several smaller parties, to by ‘Issa Al-‘Issa and others challenge the then ruling Labor Party. Likud as an alternative for those came to power for the first time in 1977 and not aligned with either of experienced a major split in 2005 when Likud the rival Husseini and Na- leader Ariel Sharon left to form the new Ka- shashibi factions. The Lib- dima Party. Since Sharon’s departure, Likud eral Party advocated Pales- has been led by Binyamin Netanyahu. In the tinian unity and social reforms. Issa Al-Issa March 2015 elections, it won 30 out of 120 Knesset seats, resulting in the 4th term of party LIGHT RAIL Transport system in Jerusalem that Chairman Binyamin Netanyahu as Prime Mi- was first introduced in 2011 with the so- nister. In the April 2019 elections, it won called Red Line which as of 2019, runs over another 6 seats and Netanyahu stayed on as almost 14 km from Mount Herzl to the Pisgat Prime Minister but failed to form a govern- Ze’ev settlement, with an extension to the ment, which led to new Hadassah Hospital in Ein Kerem underway. elections in September Also under construction are two more lines that year, in which expected to be completed in 2024, the 19.6 Likud gained 32 seats. km long Green Line from Mount Scopus to Gilo settlement passing through the settle- LITERARY SOCIETY (Arabic: Muntada Al-Adabi) ments of French Hill and , and One of two main national movements (the the 23 km long Blue Line, spanning from other being Nadi Al-Arabi), which emerged Ramot settlement to downtown Jerusalem during Palestine’s unity with Syria (1918-20). and further to and Gilo settlement. Membership was based on ideology, in con- Palestinians consider the light rail system as trast to the traditional organization around part of the infrastructure projects planned family heads and notables, and consisted by successive Israeli governments to further largely of young people. The two movements their East Jerusalem annexation policy as it had internal differences but both strongly aims at connecting West Jerusalem to Israeli opposed Zionism, which led to cooperation settlements located on occupied Palestinian between them in all major political events. territory in East Jerusalem and, in doing so, Muntada Al-Adabi was organized in January do away with the 1918 by Hassan Sidqi Ad-Dajani under the 1967 armistice line. name of Muqtatafl Al-Durus (Selection of For that reason, Lessons) and was renamed in November 1918. many international The leadership was mainly composed of mem- organizations and bers of the Nashashibi family and the goal businesses have re- was the unification of Palestine with Syria, as fused to enter into well as resistance against British and Zionist contracts regarding policies. Both movements lost support with the light rail or have the fall of Faisal I Ibn Hussein’s government ended their existing in Syria and were overtaken by the Arab Ex- financial commit- ecutive by 1920. ments, declaring that they are not LITTLE TRIANGLE (also: Triangle) Area within willing to contri- Israel abutting the northwestern border of bute to Israeli set- the West Bank that was ceded to Israeli forces tlement of Pales- by Jordan without Palestinian consent during tinian Territory. the 1949 armistice agreements. The Little Triangle was sparsely settled by Zionists prior

103 L to the 1948 War and remains the area with the Jordan, Yarmouk and Litani rivers and in- the highest population density of Palestini- troducing -water to the ans inside Israel proper, which has resulted in Jordan Valley to compensate the Dead Sea serious infrastructure and development defi- for the loss of intake, as well as utilizing the ciencies. Its principal towns are Kufr Qara’, deep incline of the Jordan River to generate Umm Al-Fahm, and Baqa Al-Gharbiyye in the power. The Lowdermilk Plan northern part and and Tayibeh in was abandoned following the southern part, between which lie numer- the change of circums- ous small Palestinian villages. tances in the Jordan River Basin after World War II LONDON CONFERENCE (1.) Conference (known (i.e., the creation of Israel as St. James Roundtable Conference) held and the influx of large num- following publication of the recommenda- bers of refugees). tions of the Peel and the Woodhead Commis- sions at St. James Palace between February- LYDDA DEATH MARCH Term referring to the March 1939 with Jewish, Palestinian, and expulsion of 50,000-70,000 Palestinians from other Arab delegates. After the discussions Lydda and Ramle (both designated for the on the future of Palestine failed to reach a Arab state by the UN Partition Plan of 1947) settlement, the MacDonald White Paper was during the 1948 War. Subsequently both issued, restricting Jewish immigration and towns were transformed into predominantly land acquisition in Palestine. Jewish areas in the new State of Israel, (2.) Conference on the future of Palestine known as and . held in September 1946 to follow-up on the Morrison-Grady Plan for creation of a uni- LYDDA MASSACRE Attack by Israeli troops on tary, federal trusteeship in Palestine and to the city of Lydda on 12 , shooting consider British proposals for Palestine’s di- and throwing grenades into houses, killing vision into Arab and Jewish provinces (fed- between 250-426 people (according to Israeli eral solution) under a British High Commis- army intelligence officer Yeruham Cohen and sioner. The conference reconvened in Feb- Palestinian historian Aref Al-Aref, respec- ruary 1947 to again consider the British pro- tively), a large number of whom inside the posals, however, both the Arab Higher Com- city's main mosque, the Dahmash Mosque. mittee and the Zionist movement rejected Israeli historian Benny Morris concluded that them. Soon after the British government an- the massacre resulted in the death of up to nounced it would turn over the Palestine 450 Palestinians. question to the UN.

LOUISIANA GROUP see International Alliance for Arab-Israeli Peace

LOWDERMILK PLAN Outline for local water development named after American soil con- servation and hydrology ex- pert Walter Clay Lowdermilk, who already in the 1930s had developed the visionary plan of digging a seawater canal from Haifa to the Dead Sea to generate hydroelectric power. In his 1944 book on the future of the Land of Israel, Palestine: Land of Promise, Lowdermilk suggested irrigating the Negev Desert and Jordan Valley with waters diverted from of

104 M tary at checkpoints (Machsom in Hebrew) with regard to Pales- M tinian human and civil rights and document their observations through written reports. MACDONALD WHITE PAPER (also: ) British policy paper, named after MADRID CONFERENCE Three-day Middle East Colonial Secretary Malcolm MacDonald, is- peace conference, which was held in Madrid sued on 17 May 1939 after the Woodhead from 30 October to 1 November 1991 under Commission found that the partition of Pa- the co-chairmanship of the US and the Soviet lestine was impracticable and after the St. Union in lieu of the long desired UN-spon- James Roundtable Conference failed. The sored international conference to end the paper disclaimed any intention to create a Arab-Israeli conflict. The conference was an Jewish state, placed restrictions on Jewish early attempt by the international commu- immigration (15,000 people annually for five nity to start a peace process through negoti- years, after which all immigration would be ations in the aftermath of the 1991 . subject to Arab consent) and land purchase, It was attended by representatives from Pa- and envisaged an independent state in Pa- lestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan lestine with a two-thirds Arab majority with- and initiated two tracks: bilateral talks that in 10 years. In providing for the establish- began in Washington on 9 December 1991 ment of a Palestinian (Arab) state, the White and multilateral talks that began in Moscow Paper marked the end of British commit- on 28 January 1992. The Madrid Conference ment to the Jews under the Balfour Declara- led to the (initially secret) Oslo process, mu- tion. The Zionists re- tual recognition by the PLO and Israel, and a jected it and launched peace agreement between Israel and Jordan. a violent anti-British and anti-Palestinian campaign with the aim of driving both out of Palestine and paving the way for the estab- lishment of the Zionist state. The paper was also rejected by the Arab Higher Commit- MADRID + 15 CONFERENCE Meeting attended tee for not meeting by representatives from Israel, Egypt, Syria, its demands. Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Palestine, which was held in Madrid on 11 January 2007 MACHPELA (CAVE OF) Jewish reference to the to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Tomb (or Cave) of the Patriarchs located in- 1991 Madrid Peace conference. The Madrid side or under the Al-Ibrahimi Mosque in He- +15 Conference called, unsuccessfully, for an bron (i.e., the burial place of Abraham, Isaac, official international Middle East peace con- and ). ference as a first step towards a comprehen- sive agreement. MACHSOM WATCH Organization formed in 2001 by female Israeli peace activists, which calls for Palestinian freedom of movement within their own territory and for an end to the oc- cupation and Israel’s systematic repression of the Palestinian people. Machsom Watch members monitor the behavior of the mili-

105 M MAFDAL (Hebrew acronym for Mafleget Dati MANDATE Legal status for certain territories Leumi; English: The National Religious Party) created by the League of Nations after World Modern Orthodox and War I whereby, "peoples not yet able to stand Zionist party that was by themselves," would be administered by "ad- officially established in vanced nations" (principally the Allied Powers, 1956 through the merging of Mizrachi, Ha- according to Article 22 of the Covenant of the poel Mizrachi, and other religious Zionist League of Nations) for a time, before trans- groups. It ran independently from the 1959 ferring authority to the local population. The elections through the 2003 elections, then Mandate of Palestine was given to Britain and formed a joint list with the National Union lasted from 1920 to 1948. (Ha-Ichud Haleumi) for the 2006 elections, winning nine seats. The party is typically iden- MANDELBAUM GATE UN-monitored official tified with the right-wing spectrum of Israeli crossing point on the post-1948 border be- politics because of its support of settlements tween Israel and Jordan in Jerusalem (West and its opposition to any land-for-peace deal. and East Jerusalem). The Mandelbaum Gate In November 2008, Mafdal voted to disband was named after the owner of what was then and join the new Jewish Home Party, which a strategically located house and was the only was created by Mafdal’s merger with most way for diplomats and tourists to move be- National Union factions. tween the two sides of the divided city dur- ing the period of Jordanian rule of the West MAHLUL Form of land ownership in Ottoman Bank (1948-1967). The gate was located on Empire law. Mahlul was miri agricultural land today’s Road #1, next to the building that (see Miri) that reverted to the state when an currently houses the Museum on the Seam, owner died without an heir or the land was but was pulled down by Israeli troops in 1967. not cultivated for three or more years. The last owner could reclaim the land by pay- ment of the unimproved value, or if the owner failed to do so, others could purchase the lease to the land.

MAJD AL-KRUM MASSACRE Assault on the Akko-area village of Majd Al-Krum between 29 October and 5 November 1948, in which

Israeli forces picked between five and 12 MANSURAT AL-KHAYT MASSACRE Haganah at- men and killed them in front of the other tack on Mansurat Al-Khayt in the Safad area villagers. According to historian Benny Mor- on 18 January 1948 with the order to elimi- ris, the Israeli forces went on to search the nate anyone who resisted. According to village for arms, killed another four villagers Israeli historian Benny Morris, Jewish forces (including two women), confiscated 275 burned homes, shacks, and tents in the vil- sheep and goats, and blew up the home of lage and killed farm animals. the head of the village.

MARCH 15 MOVEMENT Term referring to a AL-MAJLISYOUN (English: The Councilists) Term short-lived movement of various Palestinian that refers to the followers of the Haj Amin youth and activist groups from the West Bank Al-Husseini-led forces during the period of and Gaza Strip, which employed social media the British Mandate (opponents were the outlets to organize massive peaceful marches Nashashibi-led Mu’aridun). Al-Majlisyoun be- and non-violent protests against the Pales- came identified with the Supreme Muslim tinian internal divide and the Hamas-Fatah Council, which its members considered the conflict on 15 March 2011. While widely con- focal point of Palestinian leadership. sidered a brave initiative to set off action on

the ground and bring the cause back to the

106 M rest of the Palestinians, the movement did see thousands of settlement homes de facto not succeed in bringing about broad protests legalized. similar to the in Tunisia or Egypt. MAROM PLAN Master plan commissioned by MARJ AZ-ZUHUR Camp named after a nearby the Israeli government for the development village in South Lebanon to which Israel ex- of Jerusalem to be implemented by the Jeru- pelled 416 alleged Islamists from the OPT on salem Development Authority with the goal 17 December 1992, following a week of Ha- to promote Jerusalem “as an international mas attacks that left six Israeli soldiers dead. city, a leader in commerce and the quality of The Palestinians suspended negotiations with life in the public domain.” Critics see the Israel in response to the move, which was plan as part of the Israeli efforts to transform condemned worldwide, including in UN Se- Jerusalem into a “largely Jewish high-tech curity Council Res- tourist destination” with Palestinians as a mi- olution 799. The ep- nority. Together with the ‘Jerusalem 2020’ isode contributed to and ‘Jerusalem 5800’ master plans (see above), Hamas’ emergence the Marom Plan involves multiple and multi- as a player in the faceted investments in the tourism, transport, international arena. environment, and infrastructure sectors in fa- Marj Az-Zuhur deportees praying vor of Jewish Jerusalem with negative effects on the presence and development prospects MARKET REGULATION Interpretation of a legal of Palestinians in the city. mechanism or principle based on the pre-

tense that settler homes built on private Pal- MARONITES Members of one of the Syriac East- estinian land were done so in good faith (i.e., ern Catholic Churches and one of the largest “mistakenly”). The interpretation is based on United churches in the Section 5 of the 1967 Order Concerning Gov- Arab world. Maronites are ernment Property in Judea and Samaria, the leading Christian com- which reads that “A transaction made in munity in Lebanon and good faith between the Custodian of Gov- represent the majority of ernment Property in the Territories and any Lebanese in the Diaspora. other person regarding property that the The Maronite Church is Custodian thought at the time of the trans- named after their founder, action was government property shall be va- St. Maron. St. Maron lid, even if the land in question [is later found

to+ not belong to the State.” A corresponding MARTYR Person who voluntarily suffers death policy was recommended by the Zandberg as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing Committee in 2018 as a means on how to le- to renounce a religion or political belief. Pal- galize unlawfully built settlement homes, and estinians refer to Palestinians killed by the the Israeli government immediately used the causes related to Israeli occupation as mar- principle as least twice. First, in response to tyrs. Palestinian petitions against structures on

their land near the Ofra settlement in Novem- MARTYR ABU AL-ABBAS Small electoral list ber 2017, claiming the 45 dunums in question that represented the PLF in the January 2006 were initially seized by mistake. Second, with PLC elections. Named after the founder and regard to the Mitzpe Kramim outpost, which late PLF leader Mohammed Zeidan (Abu Court Judge Arnon Da- Abbas) and led by Omar Shalabi, the list did rel retroactively legalized in August 2018, not succeed in winning a seat in the PLC. holding that privately owned Palestinian land

can be expropriated for the settlements when MARTYR ABU ALI MUSTAFA List formed by the built “in good faith” and with government PFLP, which ran in the January 2006 PLC support. Adoption of “market regulation” as elections and won three out of 132 parlia- recommended by the Zandberg Report would ment seats (4.2%). The list was named after

107 M the late Secretary-Gen- The term refers to the experience of some eral of the PFLP Abu Ali 960 Jewish zealots who held the fortified Mustafa, who was assas- castle of (above the Dead Sea) from sinated by Israeli forces in 66-73 CE and refused to surrender to the Ro- 2001, and was led by im- man forces, eventually choosing suicide over prisoned Ahmad Sa'adat. defeat and capitulation. Since then it is said PFLP Election Poster to play a role in Israeli political thinking, ac- cording to which it is preferable to fight to MARTYR ABU ALI MUSTAFA BRIGADES see Abu the end (death) rather than to surrender and Ali Mustafa Brigades acquiesce to loss of independent statehood.

MARWANI MOSQUE (Arabic: Al-Masjid Al-Mar- AL-MASCUBIYYA PRISON see Russian Com- wani) Massive subterranean hall located in pound the southeastern corner of the Al-Aqsa Mos- que compound, which was renovated and MASTERPLAN FOR JERUSALEM see Jerusalem rehabilitated in 1996. The accurate year of its Master Plan construction remains unknown, but Al-Masjid Al-Marwani was built before the Al-Qibly MATRUKA (also spelled Metruka) One of the Mosque. It can be accessed via a stone stair- legal modes of land ownership in Ottoman case and is made of 16 naves that extend over Turkish law that referred to ‘common’ land four and a half acres of land, which makes it set aside for public use such as roads and the largest physical structure inside Al-Aqsa’s pastures. Matruka land cannot be sold by an premises with the capacity to accommodate individual nor is disposition possible. over 6,000 worshipers at once. It was named “Al-Musalla Al-Marwani” (Al-Marwani prayer MAVI MARMARA Turkish passenger ship par- hall) in honor of the Umayyads who des- ticipating in the 2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla cended from Marwan bin Al-Hakam, includ- to break the siege against the Gaza Strip, ing Abd Al-Malik, Suleiman, Hisham, and Al- which was raided by Israeli naval forces on Walid who built most of the essential struc- 31 May 2010, during which nine foreign ac- tures of Al-Aqsa Mosque. tivists were killed (with a tenth dying later of his wounds).

Entrance (right) and interior of the Marwani Mosque

AL-MAWASI Narrow strip of coastal land 1 km wide and 14 km long between the Mediter- ranean Sea and the former Gush Katif set- tlement block in the Gaza Strip. Al-Mawasi borders Deir Al-Balah to the north, and Ra- fah and Egypt to the south. The area, home

to some 5,000 Palestinians, is rich in water MASADA COMPLEX Expression that was quoted and contains Gaza’s best farmland. Due to its probably for the first time by columnist Ste- location next to Gush Katif, the Oslo Accords wart Alsop in the July 12, 1971 edition of the treated Al-Mawasi differently than the rest Newsweek in reference to a high US official of Gaza, giving the PA responsibility for civil who had accused then Israeli Prime Minister affairs and Israel responsibility for security of having a "Masada complex". affairs. Following the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa

108 M Intifada, the Israeli army severely restricted past accords. A national unity government the movement of Al-Mawasi's residents, at took office on 17 times prohibiting all movement in or out of March 2007 but the area. was dissolved by President Abbas on 14 June of the same year. Abbas (l) & Haniyeh (r)

MEGED OIL FIELD Oil reserves in the West Bank, which were first discovered in the 1980s al- though production only began in 2010. While Palestinians say the 200 km2 Meged oil field is located inside the West Bank within the borders of the Ramallah and Al-Bireh Gover- norate near the Palestinian village of , north-west of Ramallah, Israel claims that it is west of the Green Line (1948 Armistice

Line). In 2004, the Israeli oil exploration com- MAWAT (also spelled Mewat) One of the legal pany Givot Olam declared to have made the modes of land ownership in Ottoman Turkish field commercially viable to drill and in 2010 law that referred to waste or “dead” land began production of oil and some natural gas. that was declared unsuitable for any purpose According to Palestinians, 80% of the Meged (e.g., desert, swamp, mountains) and had not oil field is on land owned by Palestinians and been left or assigned to its inhabitants. Ar- Givot Olam began ticle 103 of the 1858 Ottoman Land Code spe- drilling only after cifies Mawat land as (1) vacant, (2) grazing Israel built the Se- land not possessed by anybody, (3) not as- paration Barrier signed ab antiquo to the use of inhabitants, west of the field, and (4) land where no human voice can be allowing it free heard from the edge of habitation (a distance access to the site. estimated to be 2.85 km). Mawat land was mainly used for grazing under common prop- (Hebrew acronym for Medina Yehudit, erty regimes (‘open access’) and provided an Medina Demokratit; English: Jewish State, opportunity for the poor to acquire land Democratic State) Left-wing, religious-Zionist through their efforts, i.e., reviving dead land movement founded in 1988 by Rabbi Yehuda by cultivating and developing it. Amital as a breakaway group from the Na- tional Religious Party. Meimad was estab- MECCA AGREEMENT (Fatah-Hamas) (also: Pal- lished in 1999 as a party to represent reli- estinian Unity Agreement) Agreement be- gious and non-religious people who believe tween Fatah and Hamas signed in Mecca, Israel should be both a democratic and Jew- Saudi Arabia in February 2007, calling for an ish state. It maintained that territorial com- immediate ceasefire between the Palestinian promise regarding the Land of Israel is ac- factions. The agreement stressed the principle ceptable because saving a life is more impor- of political partnership and power-sharing tant than and supersedes any other biblical between Hamas and Fatah, and charged injunctions. Meimad won one seat in the Prime Minister-elect Haniyeh with the task of 1999 Israeli elections and was represented in forming a national unity government. The the Knesset by former Chief Rabbi of Nor- Mecca Agreement was criticized for its vague way, Michael Melchior. Allied with the Labor wording and was dismissed by the US and Party until the 2009 elections, Meimad ran a Israel who insisted that any new government joint list with the Green Movement and did must reject terror, recognize Israel, and honor not receive enough votes to be present in the

109 M Knesset. Since then, the party was basically Mapam, the centrist-socialist , and the defunct but considered a comeback in 2018 centrist Party. Meretz was initially led ahead of the April 2019 by Ratz chairwoman and was elections, which was, how- a major coalition partner of the Labor Party. ever, never realized. However, Meretz lost a quarter of their seats in the 1996 elections, after which MEKOROT National Water Company of Israel, became the new party leader and part of founded in 1937 as a joint venture of the His- Shinui broke away to form a separate move- tadrut, the Jewish National Fund, and the ment. Meretz ran on a joint list with Roman Jewish Agency. Since 1982, Mekorot has con- Bronfman's Democratic Choice Party for the trolled all water issues in Palestine. Due to 2003 Knesset elections; however, the party Israel’s discriminatory water policies, Pales- disbanded in December 2003, following a sig- tinians are forced to purchase water, which nificant blow in the elections, and re-estab- belongs to them according to international lished itself as Meretz- after merging law, from Mekorot. While water supplies to with Yossi Beilin’s Shahar movement. In 2006, settlements are regular, the supply to Pales- the party dropped Yachad. At the 2015 elec- tinian communities is often reduced or inter- tions Meretz won five seats in the Knesset rupted. Mekorot has been the subject of in- under the leadership of Zehava Gal-On. In the ternational boycott (BDS) campaigns, which April 2019 elections, it received 3.63% of the in December 2013 vote and won four seats, led by Tamar Zand- led Dutch water berg. Since June 2019, Nitzan Horowitz is the company Vitens to new leader of the party, which is a member sever its ties with of the Progressive Alliance and the Socialist its Israeli counter- International as well as an observer member parts. of the Party of European Socialists. In the Sep- tember 2019 elections, Meretz ran as part of MENA SUMMITS/CONFERENCES Middle East the Democratic Union list, headed by Nitzan and North Africa Economic Conferences Horowitz, which also included the Israel Dem- (MENA) held under the sponsorship of the US ocratic Party and the Foreign Relations Committee and the World Green Movement and Economic Forum, which aimed to strengthen won 5 seats. cooperation between governments and busi- ness communities to reinforce achievements MERETZ-YACHAD (Literally: Together; Hebrew made in peace talks. The first summit was acronym for Yisrael Hevratit Demokratit; held in the wake of the Oslo Accords in Casa- English: Social-Democratic Israel; also: Yachad) blanca from 30 October-1 November 1994 Israeli dovish, left-wing, social democratic and was attended by representatives of 64 party that evolved from a merger of Meretz countries. The second summit took place in and Yossi Beilin's Shahar movement in De- Amman from 29-31 October 1995, and the cember 2003 during the 16th Knesset to unite third summit in Cairo from 12-15 November and resuscitate the Israeli Zionist peace camp. 1996. Due to the slowing down of the peace The party was initially named Ya'ad (Goal), process following the election of then-Prime but then renamed Yachad. It supported the Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, it was down- Geneva Accord, the two-state solution, and graded to simply a ‘conference.’ The fourth previous peace agreements between Israel and final MENA Conference took place in and the Palestinians. Yossi Beilin was elected Doha, Qatar, from 16-18 November 1997, chairman in March 2004 and served in this but was boycotted by most Arab countries role until 2007. In July 2005, the party and the PA. changed its name to Meretz-Yachad, and then in 2006 dropped Yachad and ran simply MERETZ (Acronym for Mapam and Ratz, Eng- as Meretz in the elections for the 17th Knesset lish: vigor) Israeli left-wing Zionist party (see also Meretz). formed in 1992 by the merger of the socialist

110 M MIDDLE EAST PEACE CONFERENCE Interna- years for its ineffec- tional gathering on 15 January 2017 in Paris tiveness in promoting aimed at kick-starting peace talks between the peace process. Israel and the Palestinians with more than 70 countries and international organizations, but MILITARY COURT Courts based on the British neither Israel (rejecting the event) nor the Mandate 1945 Defense (Emergency) Regula- Palestinians (welcoming it), were represented. tions, which were instituted by the ‘Israeli The meeting concluded with the pledge to Defense Forces’ following the establishment support a two-state solution as the only way of the State of Israel in 1948. Prior to 1967, to achieve lasting peace in the region as well military courts were mainly used to try Pales- as with a call on Israel to withdraw to its tinian citizens of Israel, however immediately 1967 borders, and for both parties to “ab- after the outbreak of the 1967 June War, stain from unilateral actions” that could jeo- courts were established by the Israeli army pardize future negotiations. for security-related cases in the Palestinian territories. They are mainly regulated by Mil- itary Order Concerning Security Provisions (Judea and Samaria) (No. 378) 5727-1967 of 20 April 1970, which constitutes the basis for the laws governing the arrest and detention of Palestinians in Israeli custody, the defini- tion of offenses and the determination of pe- nalties for offenders, and the establishment of legal procedures in the military courts. Military courts are normally presided over by MIDDLE EAST QUARTET (also simply ‘Quartet’) a senior Israeli army officer (Captain or higher) Panel comprised of the Foreign Ministers of and two other officers who act as ma- the US and Russia and senior representatives gistrates. An Israeli officer presents the pros- from the UN and EU. The Quartet was formed ecution’s case in Madrid during former US Secretary of State while the de- Powell’s visit to Europe and the Middle East fendant may shortly after President Bush called for Israel appoint a civi- to "withdraw immediately" from recently reoc- lian attorney. cupied Palestinian territories on 4 April 2002. The Quartet’s mandate was to organize a MILITARY INTELLIGENCE Relatively small unit of Middle East conference later that year, which the Palestinian security forces, which is part never materialized, and to design a road map of the National Security Forces and responsi- to achieve an Israeli-Palestinian permanent ble for information gathering on external ene- status agreement based on the phased formu- mies and members of the security forces re- la enunciated in the Mitchell Report, includ- garding their involvement in criminal or terror ing the establishment of a Palestinian state. In activities (including collaboration with Israel) 2007, the Office of the Quartet was estab- and preventing the infiltration of militant or lished in Jerusalem, which is administered by hostile groups. The unit is currently led by the United Nations Office for Project Services Maj.-Gen. Zakaria Misleh and estimated to (UNOPS) and currently headed by John Clarke be comprised of 950 troops. (since 2017). While its mandate was primarily to help mediate Middle East peace negotia- MILITARY LIAISON Small Palestinian security tions, the Quartet today mainly supports Pal- forces unit responsible for communication estinian economic development and institu- and liaison with its counterparts in Israel, tion building in the areas of energy, water, usually via the District Coordination and Liai- rule of law, movement and trade, economic son offices. They maintain a permanent line mapping and telecommunication. However, of communication with Israel. The unit, which the Quartet has been criticized for many also returns Israelis who have accidentally

111 M entered PA territory and reports “price tag” MITCHELL REPORT Document published by a attacks, is currently led by Maj.-Gen. Jihad fact-finding committee that investigated the Al-Jayousi. events leading to the Al-Aqsa Intifada and how to prevent their recurrence, how to re- MILITARY ORDER Israeli system of rule and build confidence, and how to resume nego- main form of legislation for regulating life in tiations. The Committee, headed by former the OPT since 1967. Military orders apply to US senator and US Special Envoy to the Mid- Palestinians in Areas B and C, but not to set- dle East, George J. Mitchell, tlers because they are governed by Israeli was formed following the civil law. They also do not apply to East Jeru- summit at Sharm Ash-Sheikh salem since it was illegally annexed by Israel (17 October 2000), which in 1967 and thus became subject to Israeli was attended by Israel, the law. Enforcement under this system is subject PA, Egypt, Jordan, the US, to military courts as opposed to civil courts. the UN, and the EU. George Mitchell Military orders are dictated by Israel’s own Members of the Committee were: former interests and include acquisition and confis- senator Warren Rudman, EU representative cation of land, access re- , former Turkish President Sulei- strictions, manipulation man Demirel, and Norwegian Foreign Minis- of natural resources, de- ter Thorbjorn Jagland. Recommendations of portations, implementa- the report, completed on 30 April 2001 and tion of economic restric- published on 20 May 2001, included a “freeze tions, and use of ‘secu- of all settlement activity, including the ‘natu- rity’ pretexts. To date, ral growth’ of existing over 2,500 military or- settlements”, a call on ders have been issued. both sides to reaffirm Military Order 16-91 their commitment to ex- isting agreements, and MILLET (Arabic: Millah) 19th Century Ottoman an immediate, uncondi- Turkish law and term for a confessional com- tional ending of violence munity, which describes a form of autonomy and resumption of secu- and legal protection regarding the handling of rity cooperation. community affairs granted by the Ottoman authorities to non-Islamic entities (i.e., reli- MIXED ARMISTICE COMMISSION Commission gious minority groups, primarily Jews and formed by the UN in 1949 as a component of Christians). the Jordanian-Israeli Armistice Agreement to supervise and monitor the implementation MIRI Most common form of land ownership in of the terms of the armistice. The Mixed Ar- the Ottoman Empire. Miri is land suitable for mistice Commission included a sub-commit- agricultural use, for which the state techni- tee on Jerusalem, which was charged with cally owns the title, but sells the heritable, ensuring access to holy sites, securing transit usufructuary rights to cultivators (govern- between no man’s land zones, and liaising mental land lease). While Miri rights could be with the UN’s other bodies, as well as the transferred to heirs and the land could be Jordanian and Israeli governments.

sublet to tenants, ownership could only be transferred with the approval of the state. If the owner died without an heir or the land was not cultivated for three years the land reverted to the government (see Mahlul). Most cultivated land in Palestine was Miri (see also the opposite: Mulk).

112 M MOLEDET (English: Homeland) Small ideological The talks ended with a deal to establish a right-wing party in Israel, which was founded Palestinian unity government and have Ha- in 1988 by Rehavam Ze'evi, who headed it mas and Islamic Jihad join the PLO, which until his murder in 2001, after which Rabbi has yet to be implemented. was elected as its chairman. Moledet advocated voluntary transfer of the MOSHAV (plural: moshavim, English: village, Palestinian population as an integral part of settlement) Israeli cooperative community of a comprehensive plan to achieve peace be- small farmers who own property individually tween Jews and Arabs. It united with other (with farms of fixed and equal size), but or- small parties to form the National Union in ganize their work cooperatively and market 1999 and announced a merger with other their produce jointly. The first moshav was right-wing parties to form established in September 1921 in the Jezreel Party in November 2008, but broke away Valley and named Nahalal. Many moshavim soon after and joined a revived National were built on former Arab villages or lands. Union for the 2009 elections. Afterwards, in- ternal tensions led to (full: Hamossad LeModi’in UleTafki- the departure of Mo- dim Meyuhadim; English: Institute for Intelli- ledet, which has since gence and Special Operations) Israeli intelli- been defunct. gence agency responsible for overseas intel- ligence work, including intelligence collection, MORRISON-GRADY PLAN Federal solution for counter terrorism, covert operations such as Palestine proposed by British Deputy Prime paramilitary activities and political assassina- Minister Herbert Morrison and US Ambassa- tions, and the facilitation dor Henry Grady in July 1946, following the of aliyah where it is rejection of the Anglo-American Committee banned. The Mossad fo- of Inquiry’s recommendations to increase cuses largely on anti-Is- Jewish immigration. The plan intended to rael organizations and convert the British Mandate into a trustee- the Arab nations. ship and to divide the country into Jewish and Arab provinces, as well as two districts MOUNT SCOPUS AGREEMENT Arrangement (Jerusalem and Negev). In September 1946, reached between Israel and Jordan under the Palestine Roundtable Conference in Lon- UN supervision, signed on 7 July 1948, regu- don rejected the plan with Arab delegates lating the status of Mount Scopus. The hill in proposing a unitary state of Palestine, in East Jerusalem, since 1925 home to the He- which Jews would have full civil rights. brew University, was to be demilitarized and

divided into a Jewish (including Hebrew Uni- versity and ) and a Jordanian (including the village of Issawiya) sector. Disputes were to be settled by the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). The Jewish section was a de facto Israeli exclave until Israel captured and occupied East Jerusalem in 1967.

Herbert Morrison Henry Grady MU’ARADA (plural: Mu’aradun; English: Oppo- MOSCOW TALKS (Fatah-Hamas) National re- sition) Term that refers to the followers of the conciliation talks held in Moscow between Nashashibi-led Palestinian opposition during representatives of all the Palestinian factions the British Mandate, which stood for secu- in January 2017, attended at times by Rus- larism and modern development (see also sian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, to ex- Al-Majlisyoun). plore ways to end the factions’ disputes and the rift between the West Bank and Gaza.

113 M MUBADARA (English name: Palestinian Nation- cussion of more than just al Initiative) Political party formed in 2002 by municipal elections, and Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, Ibrahim Dakkak, and sought a meeting with in- Dr. Haidar Abdel Shafi, with the goal to offer ternational participation. a third political way, an alternative to Fatah Israel first ignored the pro- and Hamas, to realize Palestinian national posals, then rejected them rights and a durable, just peace. The party’s in a cabinet vote on 6 Oc- main goals are the establishment of a nation- tober 1989. al emergency leadership, implementation of President Husni Mubarak democratic elections at all levels of the po- litical system, and reform of administrative, MUEZZIN BILL (formally: Prevention of Hazards political, and other institutional structures in Bill – Amendment: Prevention of Noise from a Palestine. Mubadara, which is led by General PA System in a House of Prayer) Israeli pro- Secretary Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, ran in the posed legislation which seeks to impose limits January 2006 PLC elec- on the Muslim call to prayer in Israel and oc- tions on a joint list (as cupied East Jerusalem via a blanket categori- “Independent Pales- zation of them as “unreasonable noise” caused tine”) with some inde- by loudspeaker systems. Two preliminary pendents, gaining 2.7% versions of the bill were passed in the Knesset of the votes and two on 7 March 2017, much to the anger of Arab PLC seats. Knesset members who claim the bill is racist in nature. The bill has not yet been enforced. MUBARAK'S TEN POINTS Proposal formulated by President Husni Mubarak of Egypt in MUGHRABI GATE (also: Moroccan Gate) One September 1989, which was comprised of ten of eleven gates providing access to the Al- points and based on the ‘land-for-peace’ Haram Al-Sharif and the only entrance for formula and the notion of trying to reach a non-Muslims. The access ramp to the Mug- final settlement in the OPT. It also proposed hrabi Gate collapsed in early 2004, and in that a Palestinian-Israeli meeting be held in February 2007 Israel started controversial ex- Cairo. In particular, the proposal suggested cavations to prepare for the construction of the following: (1) An Israeli commitment to a new ramp. The excavations were stopped accept any and all results of the Palestinian after an outcry from Arabs and Muslims elections. (2) The presence of international worldwide, who feared they would not only observers for the elections. (3) The granting endanger the foundations of the holy site, of total immunity to elected representatives. but would also change the political status (4) A withdrawal of the Israeli army from the quo of the complex by increasing Jewish balloting areas on Election Day. (5) An Israeli access to the compound. Their appeals re- commitment to start talks on the final status ceived widespread international support, in- of the OPT on a specific date within three or cluding from within Israel. Today, a wooden bridge leads up to the Mughrabi Gate. five years. (6) An end to all settlement activi- ties during the elections. (7) Complete free- dom to organize and hold election campaigns. (8) A ban on entry on Election Day for all Israelis who do not live or work in the OPT. (9) The participation of East Jerusalemites in the elections. (10) An Israeli commitment to

the principle of exchanging land for peace. MUKHTAR (Literally: Chosen) Head or (elected) Palestinians were receptive to the proposal, representative of a kinship unit or a village, but insisted that the Palestinian delegation town, or neighborhood. Generally the highest be appointed by the PLO and could include ranking official at the local level and as such Palestinians from outside the OPT. Further, in charge of dealing with other authorities. they called for the agenda to be open to dis-

114 M MUKHTAR PROTOCOL Procedure developed by mutual and regional interest: (1) water, (2) the Israeli government for land in East Jeru- security and arms control, (3) refugees, (4) salem as an alternative to the formal land- environment, and (5) economic development. registration process which it had frozen in 1967. It is employed by the Jerusalem muni- MUNICH OPERATION Assault during the Sum- cipality to bypass one of the most difficult mer Olympics in Munich (5-6 September obstacles to Palestinian construction in Jeru- 1972), in which 11 members of the Israeli salem, which is the fact that ownership of Olympic team were taken and even- about 90% of East Jerusalem land is not tually killed or injured by a group of Palestini- listed in the Israel Land Registry, thus making ans associated with the Black September Or- it impossible to prove property ownership, a ganization. The group demanded the release requirement for submitting applications for of hundreds of Palestinian prisoners from construction permits. To overcome this, the Israeli prisons. Five of the eight attackers protocol was developed together with the (from refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, and Justice Ministry stating that anyone who Jordan), nine of the hostages, and a German wants to build on their land must collect sig- police officer were killed during the rescue at- natures of consent from mukhtars, local lead- tempt. Israel responded with a series of air- ers, or clan heads recognized by the city hall, strikes and assassinations of those suspected who acknowledge that the land in question of planning the killings (see Operation ‘Spring is, indeed, owned by the claimant. After sett- of Youth’ and Operation ‘Wrath of God’). ler groups campaigned to this end, the Je- rusalem Planning and Building Committee an- MUNTADA AL-ADABI see Literary Society nulled the “mukthar protocol” in March 2019, MUNTADA FALASTIN (English: Palestinian Fo- in what Palestinians saw as an attempt to pre- rum) Political party founded in October 2007 venting development and improvement in East by Palestinian businessmen and led by Munib Jerusalem communities. However, one month Masri in an attempt to challenge the Islamist later in April 2019, the protocol was report- Hamas and secular Fatah and to provide an edly reinstated as the only means for Pales- alternative to the two polarized parties. tinians to prove their land ownership claims.

MULK Ottoman land ownership term in which MUQATA’A (Literally: something separated) both the title and the usufructuary rights Walled government compound in Ramallah were privately owned and could be trans- which was originally used by the British mili- ferred to others without state interference. tary in the 1920s. After the Israeli occupation Mulk land also could be mortgaged or be- in 1967, the Israeli army turned it into its queathed (see also the opposite: Miri). military headquarters and a prison in Ramal- lah. After Israeli redeployment from West MULTILATERAL TALKS Consultations launched Bank population centers (Area A) in the wake at the 1991 Madrid Conference where par- of the Oslo Accords (1995), Palestinians as- ticipants were split into five working groups sumed control of the compound and the – water, security and arms control, refugees, Muqata'a became President Arafat’s official environment, and economic development – West Bank headquarters. It included offices, which were coordinated by the World Bank. a helipad, a meeting hall, a VIP guesthouse, a Numerous rounds of talks were held, and a prison, and a residential block housing Arafat few steering committee meetings took place himself and his aides. From December 2001 in 1996 before talks were halted in 2000 due to October 2004, Arafat was forcibly con- to a general stalemate in the peace process. fined (by Israel) to the compound, much of which was destroyed or damaged in March- MULTILATERAL WORKING GROUPS Five work- April 2002, when Israel invaded and reoccu- ing groups were established as part of the pied Ramallah, including the Muqata’a. In multilateral talks (see above) track of the Mid- November 2004, President Arafat was buried dle East peace process to address issues of on the compound and a mausoleum was built

115 M on top of his grave. The Muqata’a still serves pire referring to commonly owned and culti- as the PA’s headquarters. Since November vated land (e.g., village land). 2016, the rebuilt complex also houses the Yasser Arafat Museum, which, inter alia, dis- MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD (Arabic: Al-Ikhwan plays the late President’s bedroom and rooms Al-Muslimun) Organization that was estab- that were used during the Israeli siege. lished by Hassan Al-Banna in Egypt in 1929 as an Islamic political-religious movement to fight against Egypt’s secular 1923 constitu- tion and promote the return to Islam’s fun- damental values. The Muslim Brotherhood soon spread to other Arab countries and is consid- ered the ideological basis and/or forefather of many Islamic groups and organi- AL-MURABITUN/AL-MURABITAT Groups of Pal- zations (including Hamas). estinian men and women, respectively, who volunteer to be present on Al-Aqsa Mosque MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS (MCA) As- compound to pray, guard and protect the sociations which first appeared in Jaffa (in holy site. The term derives from the singular November 1918) and Jerusalem (early 1919) ‘murabat,’ meaning someone who ties him- to both express a Palestinian national iden- self to the place. Israel outlawed the Murabi- tity and oppose Zionism. The MCA was com- tun/Murabitat in September 2015. posed of representatives of leading families and religious scholars and soon became a MURISON COMMISSION Special commission countrywide network with its headquarters of inquiry under Sir William Murison, former in Jerusalem. Chief Justice of Singapore and Zanzibar, and Sir Harry Trusted, Attorney General of the MUTASSARIF Ottoman title for the administra- Mandate government, to report on the causes tive governor of a Sanjak (sub-province). San- of the 1933 disturbances (general Arab strike jaks were in turn sub-divided into different followed by weeks of disturbances aimed Kazas (districts), each governed by a Kaima- against the British government). The commis- kam. The Mutassarif was responsible to a sion presented its report to the British High vali, the ruler of a wider vilayet (providence) Commissioner on 4 January 1934, stating and thereafter to the Sultan in Istanbul. that the riots were “to protest against the policy of the Government” and should be seen as an expression of no-confidence, re- sulting from "a general feeling of apprehension amongst the Arabs engendered by the pur- chase of land by the Jews and by Jewish im- migration”. It blamed the Arab Executive Committee for the outbreak, while absolving the Arab police of any responsibility. In re- sponse to the report, Britain’s High-Commis- sioner proposed to amend the Legislative Council so as to reflect the fact that Arabs were the majority. The proposal was rejected by Westminster.

MUSHA (also spelled Mesha' or Mesha'a) A form of land ownership in the Ottoman Em-

116 N NAJADA Palestinian Arab pa- ramilitary youth movement formed by Mohammed Nimr Al-Hawari in October 1945 in N Jaffa. Najada was dissolved around 1948.

Mohammed Al-Hawari UPRISING Anti-Zionist uprising in and around Jerusalem that erupted in early NAKBA The term “Nakba” (Arabic for “disaster” April 1920 during the Muslim festival of Nabi or “catastrophe”) refers to the deliberate and Musa, an annual pilgrimage from Jerusalem systematic mass expulsion of Palestinians by to Jericho and the site of the Mosque of Zionist forces, which resulted in the creation Prophet Musa. The riots followed rising ten- of the Palestinian refugee problem, as well as sions in Arab-Jewish relations over the impli- the destruction and confiscation of their prop- cations of Zionist immigration. erty during the period leading to and follow- ing the creation of the state of Israel (1947-49).

Nabi Musa Festival, 1920

NABLUS Palestinian governorate and second largest West Bank city, located in the north- It is closely linked to the emergence of both ern West Bank between Mount Ebal and Western efforts to secure materialistic he- gemony over the resources of the Middle Mount Jerizim. It has an estimated popula- th tion of 388,321 (governorate) and 156,156 East and of political Zionism in 19 Century (city) respectively (PCBS, 2019) and is consi- Europe, its growing determination to estab- dered a commercial and cultural center. It is lish a nation state for Jews to escape centu- also home to An-Najah National University, ries of anti-Semitic persecution, and the sub- one of the largest Palestinian institutions of sequent immigration of Jews to the “Prom- higher learning, as well as to the refugee ised Land”. The Zionist colonization of Pales- camps of , , Camp No. 1 and Far’a. tine as a process thus began long before The famous Palestinian dessert knafeh is 1948. In 1998 then-President Yasser Arafat believed to have originated here. The city was decided that ‘Nakba Day’ will be commemo- under Jordanian administration from 1949 to rated annually on 15 May, the day after Israel 1967 and is since then under Israeli occupa- proclaimed its independence in 1948. How- tion, despite the fact that administrative ever, though the Nakba dates back to 1948, control was handed over to the Palestinian it was not a one-time occurrence, but part of Authority under the 1995 Oslo II Accord. a larger plan for the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from Palestine which is still going on today. Since that first wave of disposses- sion and displacement, entire generations of Palestinians have been born scattered around the world and lived without justice and free- dom. The conflict still endures and the events of the past are still shaping present-day Pal- estinian life, upholding the refugee problem, disintegrating an entire society, thwarting NADI AL-ARABI see Arab Club

117 N economic development, and keeping a nation before its democratic character, disregarding broadly dependent upon international aid for the Arab minority and its rights. Its provisions survival (see also War of 1948). include, inter alia, defining Israel as “the his- torical homeland of the Jewish people” (Ar- NAKBA LAW (formally: Budget Foundations Law ticle 1a), stating that the exercise of the right – Amendment No. 40) Amendment to the to national self-determination in the state of Israeli Budget Foundations Law, which was Israel is unique to the Jewish people” (Article passed in the Knesset on 22 March 2011. Ac- 1c), and that “the state views the develop- cording to independent human rights and ment of Jewish settlement as a national legal center Adalah, the law authorizes the value and will act to encourage and promote Israeli Finance Minister to reduce state fund- its establishment and consolidation” (Article ing or support to an institution if it holds an 7), as well as downgrading the Arabic lan- activity that rejects the existence of Israel as guage from being one of the country’s official a “Jewish and democratic state” or comme- languages to one holding “special status” (Ar- morates “Israel’s Independence Day or the day ticle 4a and b). The bill was approved in the on which the state was established as a day Knesset on 7 July 2018 and is now in effect of mourning.” It therefore effectively deprives part of the constitutional framework of the Palestinian citizens of commemorating the state of Israel. Since then, many petitions Nakba, which is an integral part of their his- against the law have been submitted to the tory, thus violating their rights and restrict- Supreme Court, claiming that it reinforces the ing their freedom to express their opinion. prevailing racial discrimination in all spheres of life and erodes the democratic framework NAKSA see War of 1967 of the country as a whole. Palestinians see the law as the mere culmination of decades- NASSER Homemade rockets manufactured by long Judaization efforts aimed at marginaliz- the Palestinian Resistance Committees with ing Palestinians, their history, and heritage. several models ranging from 6-10 km. NATIONAL AND ISLAMIC FORCES Umbrella NASSER AD-DIN MASSACRE Attack on Nasser group of Palestinian forces established shortly Ad-Din village near Tiberias in April 1948. Ac- after the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada to cording to Israeli historian Benny Morris, on serve as a coordinating body, provide politi- 12 April “the Haganah met unexpected resis- cal leadership, conduct national dialogue, and tance, most of the population fled to Tiberias, work towards national unity. Members were and the village was occupied. The Haganah Fatah, PFLP, Hamas, DFLP, PPP, FIDA, PPSF, recorded 22 Arabs killed, six wounded and PLF, Islamic Jihad, ALF, Palestinian Arab Front, three captured.” He adds that “some non- PFLP-GC, Islamic National combatants, including women and children, Salvation Party, and Pop- were killed.” Other Palestinian and British ular Liberation War Pio- sources record up to 15 villagers killed includ- neers (Sa’iqa). The forces ing women and children. According to Pales- have been less active tinian researcher Salman Abu Sitta, Lehi and since 2005. Irgun forces dressed as Arab fighters entered the village on 13-14 April 1948, killed all but 40 NATIONAL BLOC PARTY (Arabic: Al-Kutlah Al- people, and raised all houses to the ground. Wataniyah) Party founded in 1935 by Abdul Latif Salah that remained AL-NASSER SALAH AL-DIN BRIGADES Military weak even in its ‘strong- wing of the PRC in Gaz, initially formed by holds’ of Tulkarem and members of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades. Nablus. During different periods, the National Bloc NATION-STATE LAW (formally: Basic Law: Israel Party both promoted co- – The Nation-State of the Jewish People) Leg- operation with the British islation that places Israel’s Jewish character and struggled against them.

118 N The party nearly disappeared in the early the responsibility of the municipality to that 1940s before being reconstituted in 1944, of the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority, however it remained uninfluential. which is in charge of the protection of nature, landscape, and heritage, but has – unlike a NATIONAL COALITION FOR JUSTICE AND DE- municipality – no obligation towards the res- MOCRACY see Wa’ad idents and is thus also not required to pro- vide compensation for private land located in NATIONAL DEFENSE PARTY Party headed by its parks. Seizure of areas for national parks Ragheb Al-Nashashibi, which was established and other alleged public projects such as in December 1934 by the Nashashibi family roads, archaeological excavations and tourism and their followers, known as Al-Mu’aradun. development has been a common tool to es- The National Defense Party was a rival to the tablish Israeli presence and prevent Palestin- Husseini family and their Arab Party. They op- ian development, especially in and around the posed land sales to Jews and Jewish immi- Old City of Jerusalem. Examples are the Walls gration, but were altogether more compro- of Jerusalem National Park (a strip surround- mising with the British and the Zionists. The ing the walls of the Old City), the “City of Da- National Defense Party maintained a close vid” (Silwan), the Tzurim Valley National Park relationship with Emir Abdullah of Trans- (Suwaneh) and the planned Mount Scopus jordan, and was the only Slopes Park on land belonging to the Pales- political group to formal- tinian neighborhoods of At-Tur and Issawiya. ly accept partition with the Arab state linked to NATIONAL RECONCILIATION DOCUMENT see Transjordan and the 1939 Prisoners’ Document MacDonald White Paper. The party ceased func- NATIONAL RELIGIOUS PARTY see Mafdal tioning in the mid-1940s. Ragheb Al-Nashashibi NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL A 14-member body formed and headed by President Arafat NATIONAL GUIDANCE COMMITTEE Palestinian on 11 September 2003 to unify and supervise leadership initiative that emerged during the all eight Palestinian security, military, and 1970s inside the Occupied Territories and police forces to guarantee their unity and ef- was formally established in November 1978, fectiveness. The Council was initially com- in part by the Arab Thought Forum, to oppose prised of the President of the PA, the Prime both the Egyptian-Israeli Camp David Accords Minister, the Foreign Minister, the Interior and Israel’s new Likud government. Members Minister, a PLO Executive Committee mem- included Palestinians mayors, journalists, pro- ber, a PLC member, the Chief of the Civil Po- fessionals, representatives of unions, and reli- lice, the two Commanders of the West Bank gious figures, and reflected new strategic and Gaza National Security Forces, the Gen- thinking and a new generation of local lead- eral Intelligence Service Chief, the Military In- ers. The Committee soon served as a link be- telligence Service Chief, and security advisors. tween Palestinian anti-Israeli activities inside President Mahmoud Abbas reconstructed (28 the territories and the exiled PLO. It was October 2005) and re-formed (8 April 2007) banned by Israel in 1982 and dissolved soon the Council via presidential decrees before dis- after. solving it in June 2007 in the wake of Hamas’ takeover of Gaza. NATIONAL PARKS According to Israeli law, a national park is broadly defined as "an area NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES Palestinian secu- designated for public use for leisure in nature rity force responsible for internal and border or to commemorate values of historic, arc- security, seen essentially as the Palestinian haeological, architectural, natural or landscap- army. It is currently organized into 9 batta- ing importance or the likes…" An area de- lions in the West Bank with directorates (e.g., clared as a national park is transferred from training and finance) and sub-branches (e.g.,

119 N military intelligence). The inclusion of Hamas. After various hostilities forces are trained by the between Hamas and Fatah, President Abbas British and Italians in Jeri- dissolved the government on 17 June 2015, cho and by the US in Jor- on the grounds that it was unable to operate dan and are currently com- in the Gaza Strip. After a new rounds of talks manded by Maj.-Gen. Nid- held in Moscow, both parties agreed to es- al Abu Dukhan. tablish a unity government in January 2017. Nidal Abu Dukhan After more talks in Cairo, Hamas announced on 17 September 2017 its readiness to dis- NATIONAL UNION (Hebrew: HaIhud HaLeumi) solve its administration in Gaza, hold general Coalition formed in 1999, which was initially elections and direct reconciliation talks with comprised of the Israeli secular parties Herut Fatah, and on 12 October 2017 an Egyptian- (National Movement), Moledet (Homeland), brokered agreement was reached to this end. and Tekuma (Rebirth), but was joined by Yi- During 2018, discussions were renewed in srael Beiteinu in 2001. The National Union successive rounds of talks, but implementa- opposes a Palestinian state and advocates tion of the agreement remains stalled and the “transfer.” In 2005, Yisrael Beiteinu left the PA has not taken steps to resume its respon- Union to run on its own in the 2006 Knesset sibilities in Gaza. The key unresolved issues elections. In the 2009 elections, the National are: the PA’s insistence on having a monopoly Union ran as an alliance of Moledet, Eretz on force in Gaza (i.e., disarming Hamas), re- Yisrael Yehudi, HaTikva, and some of Tekuma turn of the public land in Gaza that Hamas which had split. With Tekuma, the only re- confiscated from the PA; restoring Fatah maining faction, joining members to the public-sector jobs they held the Jewish Home list for before Hamas seized power in 2007, and to the 2015 elections, the reinstate the PA legal system in Gaza instead National Union de facto of the religious legislation Hamas introduced. ceased to exist. NATIONAL WATER CARRIER (Hebrew: Ha Movil NATIONAL UNITY GOVERNMENT Coalition gov- Ha' Artzi) Water works project unilaterally ernment consisting of all or the major par- undertaken by Israel to manage its water re- ties in a legislature, usually formed following sources. The carrier has been fully operational the deterioration in the security situation, since 1964 and was designed to bring water during a time of war, or due to other na- from the less arid north to arid areas in the tional emergency. In the Palestinian context, south. It diverts water from the Jordan River it refers to unity governments built by the PA/ above the northwest corner of Lake Tabarriya. Fatah and Hamas. The first such government The project has a big ecological impact on the was formed in March 2007, headed by then lake, and even more on the quantity of water Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh (Hamas) and flowing consisting of 25 members. It only lasted three through the months due to failing international support Jordan River and was dissolved by President Mahmoud and into the Abbas on 14 June 2007, triggering the Pales- Dead Sea. tinian infighting that led to Hamas’ takeover Today, some of Gaza. A second national unity government 80% of the was formed on 2 June 2014 after the signing water is uti- of the Gaza Agreement on Fatah-Hamas re- lized for do- conciliation (23 April 2014). It had 20 nomi- mestic con- nally independent but mainly Fatah-loyal mi- sumption in nisters and was headed by Prime Minister Israel. Rami Hamdallah. It was not approved by the PLC, but while the international community Route of the Carrier agreed on it, Israel rejected it because of the

120 N NATIONALITY LAW see Citizenship Law NEW MOVEMENT-MERETZ List formed for the 2009 Knesset elections following the merger NATIVITY CHURCH see Church of the Nativity of HaHadasha (The New Movement) and Meretz. The list garnered 2.95% of the NATIVITY CHURCH STANDOFF Siege of the Na- vote and won three seats in those elections tivity Church in Bethlehem by the Israeli army (see also Meretz). from 2 April to 10 May 2002. The siege was part of the Israel’s large-scale military opera- THE NEW RIGHT see Hayamin Hehadash tion “Defensive Shield” in the West Bank, during which Israeli troops reoccupied large NGO FUNDING TRANSPARENCY LAW (also: NGO parts of the West Bank, including Bethle- Law or Transparency Law; formally: Transpa- hem, where they attempted to capture al- rency Requirements for Parties Supported by leged Palestinian militants, many of whom Foreign State Entities Bill 5766-2016) Contro- sought refuge in the Church of the Nativity versial Israeli government bill, proposed by on 2 April. Israeli troops surrounded the holy Israeli Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked and ap- site with tanks and troops until 10 May 2002, proved on 11 July 2016, stipulating that NGOs when a negotiated agreement was reached which receive more than half of their fund- according to which 26 Palestinians were ex- ing from “foreign government entities” (i.e., pelled to Gaza, 13 others were flown by a foreign countries or foundations, the EU, the British military plane to Cyprus pending the UN, etc.) have to inform Israeli authorities making of a decision as to which European about this. Critics see the law unfairly target- country they will be deported, and 84 were ing NGOs critical of Israel’s policies, espe- freed. The ten foreigners inside the church cially those dealing with human rights in the were arrested after Israeli soldiers stormed OPT or the rights of refugees and migrants, the compound. The exchange of gunfire dur- with the intention to restrict their work. The ing the siege left eight Palestinians dead and approved bill was a slightly less severe ver- parts of the church damaged. sion of the original, which, inter alia, asked for NGO representatives to wear a tag and to NETUREI KARTA (Aramaic name for Guardians disclose funding sources at the start of every of the City) Group founded in Jerusalem in meeting. In June of 2017, Prime Minister Ne- 1938 by religious Orthodox Jews who have tanyahu called the law too weak and pledged maintained traditional Jewish opposition to for a law that would completely prohibit do- Zionism and thus refuse to recognize Zionist nations by foreign countries to Israeli NGOs. authority, including the "State of Israel" in any So far, no new bill has been presented. aspect of their lives. They argue that the entire concept of a sovereign Jewish state is contrary NGO MONITOR Israeli far-right pressure group to Jewish Law. Its followers do not participate that was established in 2002, with the initial in Israeli elections nor do they accept any support of the Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs. Although it claims to be working inde- pendently since 2007, NGO Monitor is be- lieved to be closely linked to the government as its President Gerald M. Steinberg has pre- viously worked as a consultant for the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Israeli Na- tional Security Council. Among its alleged social services or aid from the government. goals are to promote transparency and ac- Demonstrating Neturei Karta members countability by “producing and distributing critical analysis and reports on the activities NEW ISRAELI SHEKEL (NIS) Israeli currency, of the international and local NGO networks, which is also used in the OPT. The NIS re- for the benefit of government policy makers, placed the Shekel on 1 January 1986, and journalists, philanthropic organizations and one NIS is divided into 100 Agorot. the general public”. However, the group is

121 N still widely seen as tool to defend and sustain Two days ahead of the Israeli policies that uphold the occupation of elections with- the Palestinian territories. It scrutinizes or- drew from the race. ganizations supporting Palestinian rights and very often comes up with unfounded allega- NO-MAN’S LAND UN demilitarized buffer zones tions of Anti-Semitism, which the concerned between Israeli occupied territory and Jorda- organizations see as attempts to prevent for- nian-controlled territory in Jerusalem and the eign donors from funding them. NGO Moni- Area and between Israeli and Jorda- tor has also been criticized for failing to re- nian demilitarized zones on Mount Scopus, search right-wing NGOs, selectively targeting Jerusalem. The buffer zones were created by human rights organizations, presenting infor- the 1948/1949 cease-fire agreements. mation out of context, and providing mani- pulative interpretations. In addition, it part- NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) Coalition of ners with far-right Islamophobic politicians developing countries formed in 1955 in Ban- in Europe. For instance, in June 2017, NGO dung, Indonesia to pave a neutral path be- Monitor presented its research in an event tween the US and the Soviet Bloc. The Non- hosted by Danish far-right Aligned Movement held its first conference politician Anders Vistisen, in Belgrade in 1961 and confers every few who has previously called years to coordinate positions on internation- for a reduction in the num- al political and economic issues. It currently ber of Muslims in Den- consists of 120 member states of which Pa- mark. lestine is a full member. The 7th NAM Sum- mit in New Delhi in 1983 resulted in the es- NIGHT CONFUSION UNITS (also: Nighttime or tablishment of the Committee on Palestine, Night Disturbance Units or Night Squads) Tac- whose task it is to support the rights of the tic employed since September/October 2018 Palestinian people in accordance with inter- by Palestinian activists along the Gaza fence national law and to work towards a just, dur- in protest of the decade-long and ongoing able, and comprehensive peace in the Middle blockade: during dusk-till-dawn demonstra- East which will enable tions, tires are burned, incendiary devices the Palestinian people are launched or thrown, and loud sounds are to exercise their rights made (e.g., by banging drums, playing loud in a free and sovereign music and chanting songs) to fray the nerves manner in their inde- of Israeli military lookouts and disturb nearby pendent homeland. Israeli communities. NON-PAPER ON THE REVIVAL OF A DYNAMIC NILI (Acronym for the Hebrew phrase Netzakh OF PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST see French Yisrael Lo Yishaker – English: The Eternity [G-D] Proposal of Israel will not lie) Small Jewish underground group formed in Palestine during World War I NORMALIZATION (1.) Term referring to the in- to assist the British Army against the Turks. ternational normalization of diplomatic and The group ceased to exist following the death economic relations with Israel. Normalization of its co-founder and leader Aaron Aaron- was an integral component of the peace plan sohn. of Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah Ibn Abdul Aziz (see Saudi Peace Initiative), who suggested NOAM Far-right ultra-Orthodox party that was in mid-February 2002 that Arab countries nor- newly formed for the Israeli September 2019 malize relations with Israel in exchange for elections, led by Rabbi Zvi Thau. It ran under full withdrawal from all Arab lands occupied the slogan “A normal nation in our own land” since the 1967 war. and campaigned for a return to Jewish family (2.) Normalization in the context of civil life/ values and vehemently against LGBTQ rights, society within Israel and Palestine. According with no other political or economic agenda. to the BDS Campaign, normalization is “the

122 N participation in any project, initiative or ac- ian state on 100% of the occupied territory tivity, in Palestine or internationally, that aims with "border modifications" based on an equit- (implicitly or explicitly) to bring together Pal- able and agreed-upon territorial exchange estinians (and/or Arabs) and Israelis (people (1:1), relinquishment of the demand to real- or institutions) without placing as its goal re- ize the right of return in exchange for finan- sistance to and exposure of the Israeli occu- cial compensation for refugees and their hav- pation and all forms of discrimination and ing the opportunity to reside in the Palestin- oppression against the Palestinian people.” ian state, and an open Jerusalem as capital of two states with Palestinian sovereignty NORTHEASTERN AQUIFER BASIN (NEAB) over Arab neighborhoods and Israeli sove- Trans-boundary aquifer in the north central reignty over Jewish neighborhoods and each part of the West Bank, covering the areas of side having guardianship – not sovereignty – Nablus and Jenin. The aquifer starts near over the respective holy sites. Nablus and flows northwards towards the Gil- boa Mountains, Jezreel, and the Bet Shean valley. The feeding and storage area lies com- pletely in the West Bank with most recharge occurring in the mountains of the West Bank. In the Oslo II Agreement, the annual recharge of the NEAB was estimated to yield 145 mil- lion cubic meters. Israel utilizes most of the aquifer through wells and springs located out- side the West Bank.

NOTABLES Prominent men, often from large clans, who wielded socioeconomic and polit- ical influence in Palestine, particularly prior to the outbreak of the First Intifada in 1987.

NUSSEIBEH-AMIRAV DOCUMENT Unsuccessful proposal for rapprochement between the PLO and the Israeli Likud party which was an attempt to start peace talks in 1987. A result of secret meetings and discussions, Palestin- ian academic Sari Nusseibeh and Likud-mem- ber Moshe Amirav presented a document with three key principles: (1) an immediate cessation of hostilities, (2) mutual Israeli and PLO recognition, and (3) a halt to new construction. Opponents on both sides quickly nullified the efforts.

NUSSEIBEH-AYALON PLAN Peace initiative de- veloped and launched by Al-Quds University President Sari Nusseibeh and former Shin Bet chief Ami Ayalon in 2002 under the slogan “The People’s Voice” to win support from the Israeli and Palestinian public rather than the leadership. The plan is based on a six- point Statement of Principles that foresees Israeli withdrawal to the 4 June 1967 line, the establishment of a demilitarized Palestin-

123 O cember 1991 by UN General Assembly Reso- lution 46/182 to strengthen the UN’s response to complex emergencies, natural disasters, O and humanitarian suffering. OCHA operates through a network of field offices and OCCUPATION The control or administrative maintains regional support takeover by a certain (hostile) power over a offices, including one in the territory, which is not under its formal sove- OPT. reignty, as a result of an armed conflict be- tween states or entities. Occupation is the- OLIVER TAMBO RESOLUTION Decision named reby of a temporary or provisional character after the prominent anti-apartheid figure, who which distinguishes it from annexation. Ac- served as African National Congress (ANC) cording to Article 42 of The Hague Regula- president between 1967 and 1991. It was tions an occupation to exist for the purposes passed by South Africa’s ruling party, the ANC, of international law, if there is some degree on 4 July 2017, downgrading South Africa’s of effective control by hostile troops over a diplomatic representation in Israel in protest foreign territory and the following three ele- of “Israel’s continued illegal occupation of ments apply: 1) the unconsented-to presence Palestine and the continued human rights of foreign forces; 2) the foreign forces’ impo- abuses against the peoples of Palestine." sition of its own authority; 3) the related ina- bility of the local sovereign power to exert (Hebrew: Yisrael Ahad) A political its authority over the territory due to the oc- alliance comprised of the Labor, Gesher and cupation. Acquisition of territory by war is in- Meimad parties in Israel which was formed admissible according to the Fourth Geneva to run jointly in the 1999 elections and so Convention of 1949 (signed by Israel). The con- make the candidacy of Ehud Barak for Prime vention defines “Occupied Territory”, “Occu- Minister more acceptable to Israelis who pying Power”, and “Protected People” as a would not vote for Labor. As a result of Ba- situation resulting from cross-border military rak's participation in the Camp David Summit action. in July 2000, Gesher pulled out of the alliance on 4 August 2000, thus bringing an end to OCCUPIED ENEMY TERRITORY ADMINISTRA- One Israel. TION (OETA) see British Military Administra- tion (Hebrew: Am Ehad) An Israeli social democratic party established in March OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES (OPT) 1999 as a splinter party from Labor with the Those areas of Mandatory Palestine occu- goal to represent workers’ interests. One pied by the State of Israel following the June Nation was led by Histadrut chairman Amir War of 1967 (i.e., West Bank and Gaza Strip). Peretz, but merged back into the Labor Party They comprise approximately 22% of the in May 2005. land of historic Palestine, which was con- trolled by the British Mandate authorities ONE-STATE-SOLUTION A bi-national approach prior to 1948. to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, in which Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza OCHA see Office for the Coordination of Huma- Strip would merge into a single state where nitarian Affairs Jews and Palestinians would coexist in a uni- tary, federal or confederate state. The one- OCTOBER WAR see Yom Kippur War state-solution comes currently in two main versions. One advocates for the creation of a OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANI- single democratic country with equal rights TARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) A department of the and citizenship for all inhabitants, in which UN Secretariat, which was established in De- Palestinians would outnumber Jews, thus end-

124 O ing “Israel as a Jewish state” (which is why ucts (competition for Israel) and the passage most Israelis reject this version). The second of workers to the Gulf States and elsewhere. version, favored by the right wing, would see The remittances of these workers to the OPT Israel’s annexation of the West Bank, either were essential for the market of Israeli goods. forcing out Palestinians or denying them the The policy also aimed at encouraging emi- right to vote so as to remain a Jewish state gration, as Palestinians aged 20-40 were not with a larger Arab minority. In recent years, permitted to return for nine months and the one-state-solution has been increasingly would lose their "right of residence" if they debated, as the two-state approach, favored did not return within three years. by the international community, is consi- dered less likely to be implemented. OPERATION ‘AN FAR’ (short for Anti-Farouk, in reference to Egypt’s King Farouk I) Israeli op- ONE VOICE CAMPAIGN Grassroots peace initi- eration under , lasting from 8-11 ative which emerged in 2002 as an offshoot July 1948, against the villages south of Ar- of the US-based Peace Works Foundation and Ramleh, from Hebron to the coast. Its objec- was officially launched on tives were to “liquidate Arab villages within 24 February 2004 by Mid- the area” and to stop the Egyptian army from dle East Director Moham- advancing. Only a month later, Israel received mad Darawshe, an Israeli a plan from the Jewish National Fund to start Arab, and Peace Works building settlements in the region. President Daniel Lubetzky, a US Jew. The initiative adopts a similar ap- OPERATION ‘ASSAF’ Israeli operation under proach to the Nusseibeh-Ayalon People’s Plan Dalet, lasting from 5-6 December 1948, Voice campaign and aims to mobilize the against Gaza, with the successful aim of tak- silent moderate majority on the Israeli and ing control of the western Negev Desert. Palestinian sides as well as in the wider Middle East. The One Voice Campaign calls OPERATION ‘AUTUMN CLOUDS’ Israeli military for a three stage process: first, signatures will operation that began on 1 November 2006 be collected for a set of principles, second, a with Israeli forces entering the Gaza Strip panel of experts will formulate an agreement near and lasted until 8 Novem- in line with those principles, and third, the ber 2006, when Israel began withdrawing. agreement will be presented to the leaders During the opera- of the two sides. The campaign was endorsed tion, which was of- by a broad range of organizations and people, ficially launched including Seinfeld star Jason Alexander, Hol- with the objective lywood celebrities Brad Pitt and Jennifer Anis- of stopping Pales- ton, chairman Edgar tinian rocket at- Bronfman, and American Arab Institute Pres- tacks into Israel, ident . IT company IBM is one of over 50 Palestini- the campaign’s major sponsors. The cam- ans were killed and paign has been subject to criticism from Pal- 200 wounded. Operation ‘Autumn Clouds’ estinian solidarity groups worldwide which was preceded by Operation ‘Summer Rains’ claim it is promoting normalization, has a hid- (see below). den agenda, and avoids Palestinian history and rights. OPERATION ‘BARAK’ (English: Lightning) Jew- ish operation under Plan Dalet, lasting from OPEN BRIDGES POLICY Policy introduced by 9 May-1 June 1948, against the area south of Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan after Ar-Ramleh, Bureir and the Negev road. Its the 1967 War to provide Palestinians with objective was to capture villages north of access to the Arab World via the two bridges Gaza in anticipation of the arrival of the Egyp- across the Jordan River to Jordan. Access tian army. would facilitate the export of Palestinian prod-

125 O OPERATION ‘’ Jewish operation under rach, Gilad Shaar and Naftali Frenkel) from a Plan Dalet, lasting from 13-21 May 1948, hitchhiking stop near Gush Etzion. The Israeli against Acre and Western Galilee. The aim of government blamed Hamas, which denied the this operation was to attack and occupy the allegations. The campaign included the raid- city of Acre and four nearby villages, all part ing of over 1,000 Palestinian homes with the of the territory allocated to Palestine in the arrest of over 400 Palestinians, mostly asso- Partition Plan. ciated with Hamas, and triggered numerous clashes with Palestinians, leaving at least six OPERATION ‘BEN NUN’ (English: Nun's son, in dead. The campaign was also seen by many reference to , conqueror of Canaan) observers as an Israeli attempt to spoil any Israeli operation under Plan Dalet, lasting opportunity for progress which may have from 16-30 May 1948, against the Arab le- come from the recent unity agreement be- gion in Latrun, with the goal of seizing con- tween Fatah and Hamas and drew a lot of crit- trol of the road to Jerusalem. This operation icism against the PA for its cooperation with consisted of two failed attempts at capturing . After the Israeli army the police station in Latrun. eventually recovered the settler’s bodies on 30 June 2014, Israeli extremists kidnapped OPERATION ‘BI'UR CHAMETZ’ (English: Passover Mohammed Abu Khdeir, 15, from Shu’fat, Cleaning) Jewish operation under Plan Dalet, and burnt him alive in a suspected revenge which was carried out from 24-30 April 1948, killing. This triggered more clashes as well as with the goal of expelling the Palestinians liv- rocket fire from Gaza, which in turn led to a ing in villages, south and south east of Haifa. major Israeli military offensive on the Gaza Strip (see Operation ‘Protective Edge’). OPERATION ‘BLACK BELT’ Israeli military oper- ation that began on 12 November 2019 with OPERATION ‘CAST LEAD’ Israeli military opera- a surprise that killed Baha Abu Al- tion that began on 27 December 2008, alle- Ata, senior leader of the Islamic Jihad in Gaza, gedly in response to the latest series of Ha- as well as his wife and injured four of their mas rocket attacks against southern Israel. children. In retaliation to the assassination, However, the operation was planned six members of the Islamic Jihad fired rockets months earlier by Defense Minister Ehud Ba- and mortar shells at Israel, while the Israeli rak. The Israeli attack involved aerial bomb- army struck Islamic Jihad targets. The 48- ings, including the use of phosphorus bombs, hour confrontation that followed ended on and ground invasions. Operation ‘Cast Lead’ 14 November with a ceasefire brokered by left at least 1,300 Palestinians dead and over Egypt. According to international, Israeli, as 4,000 wounded. (For the aftermath: see Gold- well as Arab news outlets, the operation left stone Report). 34 Palestinian dead, including eight children and three women, and 111 injured. No Israeli was reportedly killed during the operation.

Houses in Gaza damaged during Operation Cast Lead Abu Al-Ata house hit by Israeli airstrike OPERATION ‘CHAMETZ’ (English: the Passover OPERATION ‘BROTHER'S KEEPER’ Code name Cleaning) Jewish operation under Plan Dalet, for an Israeli military campaign in the West which was carried out from 27 April-5 May Bank launched on 12 June 2014 following the 1948, with the goal of expelling Palestinians kidnapping of three Israeli settlers (Eyal Yif- from their villages in the Jaffa area.

126 O OPERATION DALET see Plan Dalet OPERATION ‘DETERMINED PATH’ Israeli mili- tary operation, which began on 22 June 2002, OPERATION ‘DANI’ Israeli operation under Plan to reach some of the unachieved objectives Dalet which was carried out from 7-18 July set forth for Operation ‘Defensive Shield’, 1948, which was named after fallen Palmach particularly in the northern West Bank. officer Daniel "Dani" Mass, with the goal of capturing Lydda, Ar-Ramleh and their sur- OPERATION '’ (initially: Operation rounding villages. It was the largest operation ‘Thunderbolt’; later: Operation ‘Yonatan’ af- at the time and led to one of the biggest ter the raid commander, Colonel Yonatan expulsions of Arabs during the 1948 War. Netanyahu, who died during the operation) Israeli rescue of 103 hostages from an Air OPERATION ‘DAYS OF PENITENCE’ Israeli mili- France plane hijacked en route to France tary operation in the northern Gaza Strip from Israel on 27 June 1976 and flown via which lasted from 30 September to 16 Octo- , Libya, to Entebbe, , where ber 2004. Operation ‘Days of Penitence’ fo- the 258 non-Israeli passengers were re- cused on Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia, and Jabalia leased. The hijackers, two from the Popular Refugee Camp, from which Qassam rockets Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Exter- were launched on in the Negev and nal Operations (PFLP-EO) and two from the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip. The op- German "Revolutionäre Zellen" (Revolutio- eration resulted in the deaths of over 130 nary Cell), demanded the release of 40 Pales- Palestinians, at least 42 of whom were civi- tinians held in Israel and 13 other detainees in lians, and five Israelis. prisons in , Germany, Switzerland, and France. In response, Israel airlifted several OPERATION ‘DEFENSIVE SHIELD’ Israeli re- army units to Uganda, which, on the night of invasion of West Bank cities during the Al- 3-4 July 1973, executed a raid, in which seven Aqsa Intifada (29 March-3 May 2002), which hijackers, one soldier and three hostages were left at least 500 Palestinians dead and over killed. Various Arab countries and groups, the 1,500 injured, most of the population under Communist Bloc, and many African countries prolonged curfews, the PA infrastructure in condemned the Entebbe Operation as an act ruins, and caused unprecedented damage to of piracy, while Western countries praised it. private and public property. It was Israel’s largest military operation in the West Bank OPERATION ‘GIDEON’ Jewish operation under since the 1967 War. Plan Dalet, lasting from 10-15 May 1948, which systematically destroyed villages in the Baysan area. The goal was to capture the re- gion and to block one of the potential en- tries for Jordanian forces.

OPERATION ‘GRAPES OF WRATH’ Major Israeli attack on Lebanon launched in April 1996 in retaliation to previous Hizbullah attacks. Op- eration ‘Grapes of Wrath’ left over 150 civi- lians dead. Israeli re-invasion of the West Bank OPERATION ‘HA HAR’ (English: The Mountain) OPERATION ‘DEKEL’ (English: Palm Tree) Larg- Israeli operation under Plan Dalet, lasting est Israeli offensive under Plan Dalet during from 18-30 October 1948, against villages the first and second truce of the 1948 War in southwest of Jerusalem, including attacks on the north of Palestine, carried out from 8-14 Hebron villages, with the aim of widening the July 1948 against Acre and Nazareth. The op- . This operation served to eration led to the occupation of Nazareth and shape the border with Jordan in the later the . 1949 Armistice Agreement.

127 O OPERATION ‘HAR’EL’ Second Jewish operation aim to reoccupy the West Bank and possibly under Plan Dalet, named for the Har’el Bri- the Gaza Strip, destroy the PA, and force out gade, lasting from 13-20 April 1948, against President Arafat. villages along the Jerusalem Road. It allowed the Jewish army to transport food, supplies OPERATION ‘LITANI’ Operation launched by and troops into Jerusalem and eventually led Israel in March 1978 in retaliation to a PLO to the opening of the (a make- commando attack on a bus near Haifa four shift bypass road between Kibbutz Hulda days earlier. Operation ‘Litani’ was a full-scale and besieged Jerusalem). invasion of Lebanon designed to push PLO positions away from the border, bolster the OPERATION ‘HIRAM’ Israeli operation under power of the SLA, and seize a security belt Plan Dalet, named in reference to Hiram I, south of the . The operation re- the Biblical king of Tyre, which was carried sulted in thousands of casualties. out from 29 October-2 November 1948, tar- geting Upper Galilee. As a result, the region (allocated to Arabs on the Partition Plan) was seized by Israel and thousands of Pales- tinians left to Lebanon.

OPERATION ‘HOREV’ Israeli operation under

Plan Dalet, lasting from 22 December 1948-6 January 1949, to occupy the remainder of OPERATION ‘MACCABI’ Jewish operation un- Palestine south of Beer Sheba. The objective der Plan Dalet, lasting from 8-16 May 1948, of this operation was to trap the Egyptian against villages in the Ramleh-Latrun area. It army in the Gaza Strip. After the British aimed to take control of the road to Jerusa- threatened to intervene, the operation came lem from Sha’ar Hagai eastwards. to an end and the Armistice Agreement was

signed. Horev is the name given in the Scrip- OPERATION ‘MISPARAYIM’ (English: Scissors) tures for Mount Sinai. Jewish operation under Plan Dalet, which was

carried out on 21 April 1948 against the in- OPERATION ‘HOT WINTER’ Israeli military cam- habitants of Haifa, aimed at capturing the paign in the Gaza Strip which took place from city’s Arabic neighborhoods. 29 February-3 March 2008 in response to

Qassam rocket attacks. At least 112 Palestin- OPERATION ‘NACHSHON’ First Jewish opera- ians and three Israelis were killed, and more tion under Plan Dalet, which was named af- than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis were ter the Biblical figure Nachshon Ben Amina- injured. There was widespread condemna- dav, who was the first to wade into the Red tion of Israel's "disproportionate use of force" Sea when the Hebrews escaped from slavery with the US calling on Israel to exercise cau- in Egypt. It was carried out from 6-15 April tion to avoid the loss of innocent life, and 1948, targeting the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem Road. the EU urging Israel to halt activities that One of the most significant battles took endanger civilians. place at the Qastel, a former crusader for-

tress along the road, where the Arab leader OPERATION ‘JUSTIFIED ’ (also: Da- of the battle Abdul Qader Al-Husseini was gan Plan after (retired) General , shot and killed. Director of Mossad) Contingency plan pre-

sented by Israeli army chief of staff Shaul OPERATION ‘NIKAYON’ (English: Cleansing) Mofaz to the Sharon government in July 2001 Israeli operation under Plan Dalet, which was under the title "The Destruction of the Pal- carried out from 24-28 August 1948, target- estinian Authority and Disarmament of All ing the and Isdud (Ashdod) areas. The Armed Forces”, to be implemented after the Palestinians had returned to what is now next big inside Israel with the

128 O Ashdod during a UN sanctioned truce but OPERATION ‘PROTECTIVE EDGE’ Israeli mili- were killed by Israeli troops. tary offensive on the Gaza Strip that began on 8 July 2014 in response to rocket fire from OPERATION ‘NOAH'S ARK’ Israeli military ac- Gaza, which itself was triggered by another tion on 3 January 2002 in which navy and air Israeli operation in the West Bank (see Oper- forces intercepted the Karine A freighter in ation ‘Brother’s Keeper’). On 17 July, Israeli the Red Sea (see Karine A). The ship was forces began a ground invasion of Gaza to transporting some 50 tons of Iranian and destroy the tunnel system leading from Gaza Russian-made weapons, including Katyusha to Israel and Egypt respectively. On 26 Au- rockets and anti-tank missiles. The crew, the gust 2014, Israel and Hamas agreed to an captain (PA Coastal Police officer and Fatah open-ended ceasefire putting an end to seven member Omar Akawi) and 12 others, surren- weeks of unprecedented Israeli bombard- dered without a fight. The Karine A was alle- ments, which left more than 2,100 Palestini- gedly bound for Gaza. ans dead, more than 11,100 wounded, and 520,000 Gazans displaced. OPERATION ‘PEACE FOR GALILEE’ Israeli inva- sion of Lebanon in 1982, including a two- OPERATION ‘QEDEM’ (also: Kedem; English: month siege and bombardment of Beirut East) Israeli operation under Plan Dalet, that lasted until PLO forces agreed to leave which was carried out on 17 July 1948 Lebanon. Some 18,000 people were re- against the Old City of Jerusalem. ported killed and 30,000 injured, the vast majority of who were civilians. Israeli forces OPERATION ‘QILSHON’ (English: Pitchfork) Jew- occupied Beirut ish operation under Plan Dalet, which was until July 1983 carried out on 14 May 1948, targeting Arab when they with- western Jerusalem, outside the Old City. It drew to the ‘se- aimed in particular to connect isolated Jew- curity zone’. ish communities in southern Jerusalem.

OPERATION ‘PILLAR OF CLOUD’ (also: Opera- OPERATION ‘RAINBOW’ Israeli military opera- tion ‘Pillar of Defense’) Israeli military offen- tion in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip from sive on the Gaza Strip that began on 14 No- 18-23 May 2004 to clear ‘terrorist’ infrastruc- vember 2012 with the assassination of the ture, destroy smuggling tunnels, and kill al- chief of Hamas’ military wing, . leged militants. Operation ‘Rainbow’ followed Presented by Israeli officials as an act of self the deaths of 13 Israeli soldiers in Palestinian defense (to end to the rocket attacks coming militant attacks and left over 60 Palestinian from Gaza), the operation was widely seen dead, including many civilians. as a show of force by Prime Minister Neta-

nyahu, seeking reelection in January 2013, OPERATION ‘SHIFFON’ Jewish operation under and a way to gather support against the vote Plan Dalet, which was carried out on 14 May for an upgrading of Palestine’s status at the 1948, targeting Jerusalem and the Old City. It UN General Assembly to non-member ob- aimed to take con- server state. A cease-fire brokered by Egypt trol of British out- put an end to eight days of intense Israeli posts in the Old City bombardments, which left more than 150 which had been aban- Palestinians dead. doned.

OPERATION ‘SHOTER’ (English: Policeman) Jew- ish operation under Plan Dalet, lasting from 24-26 July 1948, against the "Little Triangle" area and the region south of Haifa. It aimed to clear the road from Tel Aviv to Haifa. According to United Nations estimates 8,000

129 O people were displaced from the “Little Trian- and prisoners under-18 be freed from Israeli gle” area during the operation. jails. The stated goals of Operation 'Summer Rains' were the release of Corporal Shalit OPERATION ‘SKY WINDS’ Code name for the and the prevention of future Qassam rocket Israeli military operation against the Gaza attacks into Israel. The operation consisted Freedom Flotilla on 31 May 2010 with the of several sub-operations and lasted until aim to take over the boats and arrest the ac- October 2006. Israeli attacks consisted of air- tivists aboard (see Gaza Freedom Flotilla for strikes, including the bombing of the Gazan details). power plant, and ground offensives. Opera- tion 'Summer Rains' was widely condemned OPERATION ‘SOLOMON’ for its “disproportionate use of force” and Israeli airlift in 1991 was followed by Operation 'Autumn Clouds' which brought some in November 2006. 14,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel in a single day. OPERATION ‘UVDAH’ (English: Fact) Israeli op- eration under Plan Dalet, lasting from 6-10 OPERATION ‘SPRING OF YOUTH’ Sub-opera- March 1949; it was the last campaign under- tion of the larger ‘Wrath of God’ operation taken by the Israeli military during the war (see below). The raid on Lebanon by Israeli and its objective was to capture the south- elite commandos and the ern Negev desert, including the village of Mossad, led by then unit-commander Ehud Umm Rashrash (Eilat). Barak, took place from 9-10 April 1973 and targeted PLO bases in Beirut and in re- OPERATION ‘WRATH OF GOD’ (also: Operation taliation for the 1972 Munich attack against ‘Bayonet’) Israeli undercover operation the Israeli Olympic team. The unit arrived at launched by then Israeli Prime Minister Lebanese beaches in patrol boats and were Golda Meir in autumn of 1972 against the then driven to their targets by Mossad agents. Black September perpetrators of the 1972 During the operation, the main target of . The military action con- which was two seven-story buildings in West sisted of several operations, all of which were Beirut (headquarters and residence of the intended to assassinate some 20-35 Black PLO leaders), three PLO leaders (Mohammed September and PLO members and to strike An-Najjar, , and Kamal Adwan) fear into Palestinian militants. Operations in- were killed as well as other PLO staff, Leba- cluded the killing of a PLO Representative in nese security forces, and several civilians. Italy, Wael Zuaiter (), a PLO Rep- resentative in France, Mahmoud Hamshari (), a Fatah representative in Cyprus, Hussein Al-Bashir (January 1973), his replacement Ziad Muchasi (April 1973), Law professor Basil Al-Kubaisi (April 1973), Black September Director of Operations in France, Mohammad Boudia (June 1973), and Ali Has-

Mohammed Najjar Kamal Nasser Kamal Adwan san Salameh (), who was consi- dered by Israel the mastermind of Munich. OPERATION ‘SUMMER RAINS’ Military opera- Several other assassinations and assassina- tion launched on 28 June 2006 in response tion attempts have been attributed to the to a Hamas raid three days earlier near the Wrath of God campaign, although doubt Kerem Shalom border crossing of the Gaza exists as to whether Mossad was behind Strip. During the operation, two Israeli sol- them. Operation 'Spring of Youth' in April diers were killed and Corporal Gilad Shalit 1973 (see Operation 'Spring of Youth') was a was kidnapped. For the release of Shalit, Ha- sub-operation of Operation 'Wrath of God'. mas demanded that all Palestinian women

130 O OPERATION ‘YEVUSI’ (English: Jebusite) Jewish ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION operation under Plan Dalet, lasting from 26- (OIC) (formerly Organization of the Islamic 30 April 1948, against villages around Jeru- Conference) Created in 1969 following the salem. The Arabs were driven out of Sheikh arson attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was Jarrah, traffic to Mount Scopus was resumed considered an attack on the whole of the and other strategic positions were gained. , to coordinate protection of However, the Arabs took this opportunity to the holy places of Islam and to support the strengthen outposts around Sha’ar Hagai. struggle of the Palestinian people in recover-

ing their rights and freeing their land. The OPERATION ‘YIFTACH’ Jewish operation under OIC also has political, cultural, economic, Plan Dalet, masterminded by Palmach com- and social objectives and is comprised of 57 mander Yigal Allon and lasting from 28 April- member states, including 25 May 1948, against , Tiberias and the Palestine, which has been Eastern Galilee. It succeeded in securing the a full member since 1969. upper and Eastern Galilee areas for the Jews. The OIC, which is head- Safed, a strategically important town, was quartered in Jeddah, has taken following the second Jewish attack. observer status at the UN. OPERATION ‘YOAV’ (English: Ten Plagues) Israeli operation under Plan Dalet, which was ORIENT HOUSE Main political address of Pales- carried out during 15 October-9 November tinians in East Jerusalem and the PLO's un- 1948, targeting the south. It aimed to open a official representation in the city until its corridor to Negev and to isolate the Egyptian closure in 2001. Orient House is property of forces along the coast. the Husseini family and was built in 1897. In 1992, the Palestinian Delegation to the peace OPERATION ‘YORAM’ Israeli operation under talks set up headquarters in the building, Plan Dalet, lasting from 9-10 June 1948, headed by Faisal Husseini, who remained in against the Arab Legion in Latrun. This oper- charge of the house as the PLO’s address in ation aimed at opening up the road to Jeru- Jerusalem. Orient House is subject to an salem, but failed as the British police station, Israeli law of December 1994 which bans any monastery and Arab village were controlled political PLO activity in the city not approved by the Arabs. by the Israeli government. Israel had regu- larly threatened it with full or partial closure, OR COMMISSION Israeli investigation commis- and on 10 August 2001, less than three sion established by the Israeli government to months after the death of Faisal Husseini on examine the events and clashes that took 31 May 2001, Israeli troops stormed and place in the Arab sectors of Israel during the raided the building, confiscating computers, beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in October data, files and other materials, and ordered 2000 and left 13 Israeli-Arabs dead. The com- it closed. The closure has remained intact mission is named after its chairman, Israeli ever since. Today, part of the building houses High Court Judge Theodore Or. The findings, the headquarters of the WHO in Jerusalem. which were released in September 2003,

criticized police for being unprepared for the riots and for using excessive force to dis- perse protestors. Eight policemen were re- primanded, and the commission recommend- ed that then-Internal Security Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami be removed from his post. The Commission also found that Arab citizens suffer discrimination in Israel and that the state must act against this. A year after the release of the report, Theodore Or publicly attacked the government for failing to im- plement its recommendations. Orient House

131 O OSLO I AGREEMENT see Gaza-Jericho Agree- OTZMA YEHUDIT Right- ment wing Kahanist party that ran as part of the OSLO II AGREEMENT see Interim Agreement Union of Right-Wing on the West Bank and Gaza Strip Parties in the April 2019 elections and won 5 seats. In the September 2019 elections the OSLO (PEACE) PROCESS Series of peace talks party ran alone and failed to gain any seats, between PLO members and Israeli officials receiving only 1.9% of the vote. that began with secret negotiations in Oslo, Norway and led to the Declaration of Prin- OUTPOST (also: settlement outpost) Structure, ciples in September 1993. The talks outlined often consisting of uninhabited containers or the path for further bilateral negotiations to a few mobile homes, erected by the settler bring about a permanent solution to the Pal- movement without official recognition on estinian-Israeli conflict. Parts of the process the part of the Israeli government. Outposts include the Gaza-Jericho Autonomy Agree- often serve as precursors to new settle- ment (1994) and the Interim Agreement on ments or settlement expansion and are dis- the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (1995). creetly funded by the Israeli government. As of December 2018, listed 101 un- OTTOMAN EMPIRE State empire founded by authorized outposts in the Occupied West Sultan Othman I around the year 1300 and Bank (in addition to some 130 “‘official” set- governed by Turkish sultans until 1917. The tlements) (see also Sasson Report, Levy Re- Ottoman Empire peaked in the mid-16th Cen- port and Regulation Law). tury, when it controlled large portions of Asia, the Middle East, including Palestine, and most of southeast Europe. In December 1917, Ot- toman forces capitulated in Jerusalem to the allied forces led by General Allenby, and on 30 December 1918 the Turkish government signed an armistice, effectively ending the Ottoman Empire. It was replaced by the mod- ern state of Turkey and various other states in the Middle East, which were initially under Illegal outpost near the settlement of Eli the control of European colonial powers. OUTPOST REGULATION LAW see Regulation Law 1 and 2

132 P Syrian-controlled Sa’iqa faction of the PLO, but the importance of both P has diminished.

PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT (PLF) (Arabic: PALESTINE COMMUNIST PARTY (PCP) (Arabic: Jabhat At-Tahrir Al-Filastiniyya) Militant PLO Hizb Al-Shuyu'i Al-Filastini) Party originally faction formed by Mohammed Zeidan (Abu- founded by Palestinians and Jews in 1922. As l-Abbas) and Tala‘at Yaqoub in April 1977 af- tension and violence between the two com- ter splitting from the PFLP and later the munities grew, it split in 1943. Most of the PFLP-GC (1977) to follow a pro-Iraqi stance. Arab members then joined a new group, the The PLF split into three different factions in National Liberation League, and after the the 1980s: a pro-Damascus faction under 1948 War the Jordan Communist Party (JCP) Tala‘at Yaqoub, a pro-Iraqi faction under or in the case of the Palestinians in Israel the Abul Abbas and ‘Ali Ishaq, and a militant, Israeli Communist Party. In the Gaza Strip, the pro-Syrian faction under Abdel-Fattah Gha- Communist Party of Gaza developed sepa- nim. The PLF is a member of the Rejectionist rately. In mid-1975, the JCP transformed its Front and is responsible for the hijacking of West Bank branch into the Palestine Com- the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro in Octo- munist Organization which, following internal ber 1985. Its position towards the PLO lea- struggles with the Jordanian party, re-estab- dership is uncertain, but the PLF strongly op- lished the PCP in February 1982. The newly poses the Madrid and Oslo processes. Al- established party included communists from though considered inac- Gaza and affirmed its support for the PLO. In tive, it is represented in April 1987, Suleiman Najjab was the first PCP the PLO Executive Com- leader to be elected to the PLO Executive mittee, currently by Wasel Committee. After the fall of the Soviet Abu Yousef, and is listed Union, the PCP was renamed the Palestinian as a ‘terrorist’ organiza- People’s Party (see below). tion by the US State De- partment. PALESTINE CONCILIATION COMMISSION see UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) (UNCCP) (Arabic: Munazzimat At-Tahrir Al-Filastiniyya) Body founded by a meeting of 422 Palestin- PALESTINE FORUM see Muntada Falastin ian personalities on 28 May 1964 in Jerusa- lem following an Arab League decision to PALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY (PLA) Army that that end. The first elected head was Ahmed was formed in 1964 as the PLO’s military Shuqeiri. The conference also set up a legis- branch and originally comprised of three bri- lative body, the Palestine National Council gades: Ein Jalut (Gaza and Egypt), Qadisiyya (PNC), the PLO Executive Committee, a Na- (Iraq), and (Syria). The PLA established tional Fund, and the Palestine Liberation the Popular Liberation Troops (Arabic: Kuwat Army (PLA) and drafted a National Covenant At-Tahrir Ash-Sha’biya) in Gaza in 1968 as and Basic Law towards liberating Palestine, commando units to fight against the Israeli implementing the right of return and exercis- occupation. Under PLO Chairman Arafat's ing self-determination. After Shuqeiri’s resig- leadership the army followed a guerrilla war- nation on 23 December 1967, Yahya Hamou- fare strategy, and most forces were dep- deh became head of the PLO, and at the fifth loyed in Syria and Lebanon. Following the session of the PNC in Cairo in February 1969, Oslo Accords, most PLA units were deployed Fatah leader Yasser Arafat was elected as in the OPT and were absorbed into the PA the PLO’s third leader. The PLO became an security apparatus. The Syrian PLA remains umbrella organization for various Palestinian in operation, closely coordinated with the factions and acquired a more central role in

133 P mobilizing Palestinians Sa’iqa, FIDA, PPSF, PAF. An issue under de- at home as well as in bate is the inclusion of Islamic groups. For the the Diaspora and in- time being, they remain outside the PLO, ternational support. which traditionally separates religion and pol- The PLO established a itics. In 2015, the PLO became a member of number of depart- the International Criminal Court. ments to provide edu- cation, health, and re- PALESTINE NATIONAL CHARTER (also: PLO lief services and formed a quasi-government Charter or Palestinian Covenant; Arabic: Al- with security bodies, a military, a financial sys- Mithaq Al-Qawmi Al-Filastini) Document tem, information offices, and foreign rela- adopted by the PNC during its first meeting tions. On 14 October 1974, the PLO was in 1964 that outlines in 29 articles five prin- recognized by the UN General Assembly as ciple Palestinian national demands after the the representative of the Palestinian people 1948 war: (1) total liberation of Palestine; (2) (Resolution 3210, which also granted ob- self-determination; (3) definition of Palestini- server status), and on 28 October 1974, it ans as “Arab nationals” who “resided nor- was recognized by the Arab League Rabat mally in Palestine until 1947,” and “Jews who Summit as the sole legitimate representative are of Palestinian origin (…) if they are willing of the Palestinian people. In 1975, the PLO to live loyally and peacefully in Palestine;” was granted access to the UN Security (4) keep the status quo by stipulating that Council. On 15 November 1988, the PLO de- the PLO (seen as too subordinate to Arab clared Palestinian independence at the 19th governments) would not exercise any sove- PNC in Algiers, and in December 1988, it an- reignty over Palestinian areas; and (5) the nounced the recognition of Israel and re- use of Arab unity as the principal instrument nounced terrorism. The PLO’s first headquar- of Palestinian liberation. The 1964 version was ters were in Jerusalem, then (after 1967) in amended by the PNC in July 1968, adding a Amman until the ‘Black September’ con- stronger emphasis on Palestinian identity as frontation with the Jordanian army (1970), opposed to a pan-Arab one, which served as and then in Beirut until the PLO’s evacuation a type of ‘basic law’ for the PLO. However, in the course of the 1982 Israeli invasion. this version was later superseded by subse- Afterwards, Tunis accepted to host the PLO quent PNC decisions. During a meeting in leadership and Arafat set up their new head- Gaza on 14 December 1998, and in the quarters there. The PLO remained the “Pal- presence of then-US President Clinton, PNC estinian government in exile” and carried out members revoked parts of the Charter that state functions for Palestinians, especially called for the destruction of Israel and con- after Jordan’s administrative disengagement tradicted the letters exchanged between the from the West Bank in July 1988. The PLO is PLO and the Government of Israel in the in charge of negotiations with Israel and, wake of the 1993 Declaration of Principles. since the Declaration of Principles of 13 September 1993 and the subsequent Oslo Set of nearly 1,700 confi- Accords, serves as the political umbrella for dential documents detailing the inner work- the PA in the Palestinian self-rule areas ings of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process (Gaza and West Bank). In an exchange of let- (memos, e-mails, maps, minutes from private ters between Chairman Arafat and then meetings, accounts of high level exchanges, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1993, strategy papers and power point presenta- the PLO recognized the State of Israel and tions dating from 1999 to 2010), which were Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate leaked to and disclosed by Al-Jazeera TV in representative of the Palestinian people. January 2011. The files exposed the scale Since the death of Yasser Arafat on 11 No- of concessions made by Palestinian negotia- vember 2004, the PLO has been headed by tors in a decade of talks on settlements, Je- Mahmoud Abbas. Present PLO members rusalem, refugees, and the demilitarization include: Fatah, PFLP, DFLP, PPP, PLF, ALF, As- of a Palestinian state, as well as the extent of

134 P Israeli intransigence and US complicity. The gotiations and the performance of the PA. PLO initially labeled the documents as "for- The party has repeatedly called for the re- geries", but then acknowledged their au- construction of the PLO and dialogue with thenticity. For many the “Palestine Papers” opposing groups. The PPP distanced itself exposed what they have suspected for a long from the PA on 15 August 1998, following re- time: that Israel is not interested in peace ports of corruption and the collective resig- and the PA is very weak. In May 2014, the nation of the PA government. The PPP plays Guardian and Al-Jazeera revealed that Ziyad a more important role locally than in the Clot, a French citizen of Palestinian origin and PLO. Bassam As-Salhi, the PPP’s leader since former legal advisor to Palestinian negotia- 2003, ran unsuccessfully in the January 2005 tors, was the key source for the documents, (receiving 2.67% of the which – according to his own statement – his vote). In the 2006 PLC elections, the PPP ran conscience compelled him to leak, because with FIDA and the the “‘peace negotiations’ were a deceptive DFLP on a joint list farce, whereby biased terms were unilate- (Alternative or Al- rally imposed by Israel and systematically Badeel), gaining 2.92% endorsed by the US and EU capitals” (…) of the popular vote while “creating and aggravating divisions and thus two of the amongst Palestinians.” Council's 132 seats.

PALESTINE PARTITION COMMISSION see Wood- PALESTINIAN ARAB CONFERENCE (also: Pales- head Commission tinian Arab Congress) Umbrella organization formed in 1919 by leaders of the Palestinian PALESTINE PEACE COALITION Palestinian NGO Christian community. It was later expanded that was established in the wake of and in to include regional representatives from po- order to promote the Geneva Accord along litical parties, Palestinian notable families, with its Israeli counterpart, Heskem. and religious figures. The organization held conferences and made public statements of Palestinian unity in opposition to the British mandatory policies.

PALESTINE PEOPLE’S PARTY (PPP) (Arabic: Hizb PALESTINIAN ARAB FRONT Ash-Sha’ab Al-Filastini) Leftist PLO faction, (PAF) (Arabic: Al-Jubhat grown out of the Palestinian Communist Al-Aarabiya Al-Filistiniya) Party, which was formed in 1982 in the OPT Minor Palestinian faction and became a full member of the PLO in which was founded in 1987. The PPP was a member of the UNLU 1993 after a split in the during the First Intifada. The party broke Arab Liberation Front with its Leninist past in late 1991 and re- (ALF) in protest of the Oslo Accords. The PAF launched itself under the new name – Pales- is a member of the PLO as well as of the tine People’s Party – as a democratic, prag- Palestinian National and Islamic Forces and matic party, calling for more popular partici- carries the slogan “Independence – Freedom pation in the decision-making process. The – Democracy”. It participated in the 2006 PPP was led by Bashir Barghouthi from 1982- PLC elections under the list of "Freedom and 98, and in October 1998, the party held its rd Independence,” headed by Salim Al-Bardeni, 3 Convention in Ramallah, electing a three- but remained far below the 2%-barrier. PAF member committee as General Secretariat supports the right of return for Palestinian (Mustafa Barghouthi, who left four years refugees, the establishment of a Palestinian later to found Al-Mubadara, Hanna Amira, state within the 1967 borders and with and Abdel Majid Hamdan). The PPP sup- Jerusalem as capital, release of prisoners ported, with reservations, the DOP, but was from Israeli prisons, evacuation of all settle- skeptical about the further course of the ne- ments, demolition of the Separation Barrier,

135 P as well as strengthening the Arab League and on 27 April 1999 in Gaza to discuss the ex- Arab unity and cooperation. Current Secre- piry of it. In January 2018, in the aftermath tary-General is Samil Bardoni. of the US’s recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, the PCC convened in Ramal- PALESTINIAN ARMED STRUGGLE COMMAND lah and called for the suspension of the Subsidiary of the PLO with military-police PLO's recognition of Israel (until it recognizes functions that was created in April 1969 to Palestine as a state in return) and of the PA’s unite the fedayeen and coordinate the activi- security coordination with Israel. After anoth- ties of PLA units in the various Arab coun- er meeting in Ramallah, the PCC issued an tries. Today, it serves as a police force to official statement on 29 October 2018, say- maintain law and order in the Palestinian ing that it decided to end the PLO’s com- refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria mitments toward all agreements signed with and deals with conflicts between opposing Israel, including the suspension of its recog- Palestinian factions. nition of Israel until the latter recognizes the state of Palestine in return and the cessation PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY (PA) Administrative of its security and economic coordination in organization established in 1994 on the basis all its forms with Israel. At present, the PCC of the Declaration of Principles signed by the has 124 members elected during a PNC meet- PLO and Israel on 13 September 1993 as a ing between 30 April and 3 May 2018. temporary administrative body to serve dur- ing the 5-year interim period and govern Pal- PALESTINIAN CITIZENS OF ISRAEL Palestinian estinian (security-related and civilian) affairs population that remained in what became in the self-rule areas. It consists of the elected the state of Israel following the War of 1948. president, the appointed cabinet, and the In 1950, their number was estimated at elected Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). 160,000; today, there are nearly one and The PA is subject to agreements signed with half million – about 20% of Israel's total pop- Israel and as such has no foreign relation ulation, the vast majority of whom are Mus- powers. It is responsible for negotiating the lims. While citizens of Israel, Palestinians in permanent status issues towards a final set- Israel are not equal under the law, as evi- tlement with Israel. Since the Hamas takeo- denced by the Discriminatory Laws Database ver of the Gaza Strip in of Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minor- June 2007, after which ity Rights in Israel, which lists over 65 Israeli PA Chairman Abbas dis- laws that discriminate directly or indirectly missed the unity gov- against Palestinian citizens in Israel on the ernment, the PA’s rule basis of their national belonging. is in effect limited to the PA-controlled areas of PALESTINIAN CIVIL POLICE the West Bank, while Police unit that was in- Hamas has effective con- itially established under trol of the Gaza Strip. the 1994 Oslo I Agreement and officially formed by a PALESTINIAN CENTRAL COUNCIL (PCC) Second presidential decree with leading body of the PLO which was first the task to maintain safe- formed in June 1970 as an ad hoc body and ty, security and order in then established by the PNC in 1973 under the areas administered by the Palestinian the chairmanship of Khaled Al-Fahum. The Authority. It is subordinated to the Ministry PCC functions as an intermediary body be- of Interior. Today, the Civil Police is divided tween the PNC and the Executive Committee between the West Bank and the Hamas- that is quicker and easier to convene than governed Gaza Strip. In the former, it is the the full PNC. The PCC met in Tunis in October PA’s main law enforcement apparatus in 1993 to ratify the Declaration of Principles Area A, handling ordinary police functions (by a vote of 63-8 with nine abstentions) and such as combating crime and upholding pub-

136 P lic order, with subunits such as criminal in- does not see itself as a rival to the main- vestigation, drug enforcement, public order, stream PLO, of which it is not a member, but traffic, emergency response, and women’s strongly opposes the Oslo Accords. The Pal- police. It also is in charge of prisons. In Gaza, estinian Islamic Jihad has been involved in the Civil Police was initially known as the several attacks and suicide bombings, partic- “Executive Force” (see above) and is made ularly since the mid-1990s, and has launched up of members of Hamas and other factions. its own rockets from Gaza (Al-Quds rockets). However, it is significantly smaller than Ha- PALESTINIAN FOURTEEN (14) POINTS List of mas and lacks its wide social network. Is- demands presented by Palestinian leaders lamic Jihad is currently based in Damascus and representatives of nationalist institutions and is listed as a terrorist organization by the at a press conference in Jerusalem on 14 Jan- US State Department, the EU, Canada, Japan, uary 1988 in preparation for an international and Australia. Despite being a Sunni group, peace conference to settle the Palestinian- Palestinian Islamic Jihad remains ideologically Israeli conflict. Their demands included an supportive of, and main- end to Israel’s iron-fist policy, abidance of in- tains close ties with, ternational law, the release of Intifada pris- Iran's Islamic Revolu- oners, an end to sieges, deportations, deten- tionary Guards Corps. tions, the withdrawal of the Israeli army from Most of its budget is all population centers, the cessation of all funded by Iran. settlement activity and land confiscation, can- cellation of taxes imposed by Israel, the eli- PALESTINIAN JUSTICE Small list formed to mination of all restrictions on political free- compete in the January 2006 PLC elections doms and development, including licenses under the banner of "liberty, justice and and building permits, an end to economic dis- peace." The top position on the ballot was crimination and restrictions on political con- held by Samir Qadri, however the party ran tact between Palestinians in the OPT and the unsuccessfully. PLO. PALESTINIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (PLC) The PALESTINIAN INTERIM SELF-GOVERNMENT AU- PA’s (not the PLO’s) legislative body (parlia- THORITY see PISGA ment) which was first elected on 20 January 1996 in accordance with the Oslo I and II Ac- PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (Arabic: Harakat cords. The PLC was initially made up of 88 Al-Jihad Al-Islami Al-Filastini) Political faction members elected in 16 electoral districts of that split from the Muslim Brotherhood and varying sizes (voter turnout: 79%) and was was formed as a separate militant Islamic dominated by Fatah. It was responsible for movement by Fathi Shiqaqi, Abdul Aziz Odeh drafting a Palestinian constitution as well as and other Palestinian students in Egypt in legal and regulatory frameworks, and its 1979. The establishment of Islamic Jihad was members automatically become members of influenced by the Islamic revolution in Iran the PNC. All legislation and acts must be earlier that year and encouraged by the fact transmitted to the Israeli authorities for ap- that the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood in proval, and the PLC has no powers in regards the Gaza Strip was considered too moderate. to foreign relations and agreements. The The organization was led by Odeh until his second elections took place on 25 January deportation 1988, then by Shiqaqi until his 2006 and brought Hamas to power. The PLC assassination on 26 October 1995 in Malta, had 132 members, 74 of which from Hamas, and is currently headed by Ziad Al-Nakhaleh. and was chaired by Hamas legislator Abdel Islamic Jihad advocates armed struggle for as speaker, who, according to the the liberation of Palestine, which it considers statutes, replaces the president if the latter a prerequisite for Islamic ascendancy, and is unable to perform his role. On 14 June believes the struggle must be preceded by 2007 parliament sessions were disrupted fol- spreading religious values in the society. It lowing clashes between Fatah and Hamas

137 P and the latter’s taking over control over the attend, as they are not members of the PLO. Gaza Strip. In late December 2018, the al- PFLP boycotted the meeting and declared ready defunct PLC was dissolved by Constitu- holding a meeting in Ramallah would give tional Court decree, which also called for Israel the power to decide who could and new elections within six months. could not attend. PNC resolutions are passed by a simple majority, however two-thirds of the members must attend for quorum. The PNC is currently comprised of 747 members, most of whom are appointed by the PLO Ex- ecutive Committee. Many Palestinians see the PNC as the most important instrument to revive their national movement and progress

with Palestinian national reconciliation. Cur- PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AND ISLAMIC FORCES rently, Salim Za’noun serves as President of see National and Islamic Forces the PNC and Taysir Quba’a as Vice-President.

PALESTINIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL (PNC) Legis- PALESTINIAN (PNF) Faction lative and decision-making body of the PLO, formed in January 1973 by the PNC to act as which represents Palestinians worldwide. an organizational framework and autonom- The PNC formulates policies and guidelines ous PLO affiliate to coordinate activities of for the Executive Committee and elects the nationalist resistance forces in the OPT. It Executive Committee; a speaker, two depu- formed the nationalist bloc for candidates in ties and a secretary who make up the Bu- the 1976 elections and won 18 out of 24 city reau of the Council. It adopted the Palestin- council seats. It was declared illegal by Israel ian National Charter in 1964. At its 19th ses- in October 1978 and was then absorbed by sion on 15 November 1988 in Algiers, the PNC its successor, the National Guidance Commit- unilaterally declared the independence of the tee, which coordinated opposition to Camp State of Palestine. According to its statutes, David and the Begin administration. The Na- the PNC must meet annually and can hold tional Guidance Committee was outlawed by special meetings as needed. In practice, Israel in May 1982. though, it convenes less frequently. At its 21st session from 22-25 April 1996 in Gaza, the PALESTINIAN NATIONAL FUND The Palestinian PNC voted for altering its 1964 National Char- national treasury was set up alongside the ter in line with the 1993 Declaration of Prin- PLO in 1964 (Article 24 of the PLO fundamen- ciples, i.e., canceling all provisions which tal law) to finance its institutions and activi- were inconsistent with the PLO commitment ties. The Palestinian National Fund is ma- to recognize and live in peace side by side naged by a board of directors appointed by with Israel (thereby nullifying Articles 6-10, the PLO Executive Committee, and a chair- 15, 19-23, and 30, as well as certain passages man elected by the PNC. Revenues come from in Articles 1-5, 11-14, 16-18, 25-27 and 29). a fixed tax on the wages earned by all Pales- This amendment was confirmed at a meet- tinians living in Arab countries which is col- ing on 14 December 1998 in Gaza, described lected by those respective governments. Ad- by the Palestinians as "The Palestinian Pop- ditionally there are financial contributions by ular Congress", at the end of which the par- Arab states and non-Palestinian individuals ticipants – members of the PNC, PLC, PLO within those states, although these types of Central Council, cabinet, and other Palestin- contributions are in decline. Currently the ian institutions – and in the presence of then PNF has headquarters in Amman and is led US President Bill Clinton, raised their hands by Dr. Ramzi Khouri. In March 2017, Israeli in support of it. Most recently, the PNC con- Foreign Minister labeled vened from 30 April-3 May 2018 in Ramallah it a ‘terrorist entity’ because of the monthly (23rd session), where 103 new members were payment it makes to Palestinians who are or approved. Hamas and Islamic Jihad did not were jailed in Israel or their families.

138 P PALESTINIAN NATIONAL INITIATIVE see Muba- PALESTINIAN REVOLUTIONARY COMMUNIST dara PARTY (PRCP) (Arabic: Al-Hizb Ash-Shuyu‘i Ath- Thawri Al-Filastini) Party established by Pal- PALESTINIAN NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT estinian communists in Lebanon in 1982 as a (PNSF) (Arabic: Jabhat Al-Inqadh Al-Watani dissident wing of the Palestine Communist Al-Filastiniyya) Umbrella organization that op- Party. The PRCP was pro-Syrian and anti- posed Arafat’s policies and attempted to un- Oslo. It advocated armed struggle and was dermine his leadership. It was formed by the part of the Palestinian National Salvation PFLP and pro-Syrian groups in March 1985 in Front. In 1993, it joined the Alliance of Pales- Damascus and was chaired by Khaled Al- tinian Forces (also: Damascus Ten), which Fahum. In 1993, Palestinian oppose peace negotiations with Israel. opposition forces (mainly those against the Oslo Ac- PALESTINIAN UNITY GOVERNMENT (1.) Na- cords and process) formed tional unity government, which was formed a new front, the Alliance of on 2 June 2014 based on the Fatah-Hamas Palestinian Forces (APF), Gaza Agreement concluded in April that year. which replaced the PNSF. The government of then Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah, which was rejected by Israel but PALESTINIAN POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT by and large welcomed by the international (PPSF) (Arabic: Jabhat An-Nidal Ash-Sha'bi- community, lasted until its resignation on 17 yya Al-Filastiniyya) Small, anti-Arafat PLO June 2015 for not being able to operate in faction that is leftist-Ba’ath in character. The Gaza – a move protested by Hamas. In July PPSF was created before the 1967 War but and December 2015 Abbas reshuffled the was formally established in July 1967 and cabinet, but excluded Hamas, which de- broke from its affiliation with Fatah in 1973. nounced the unilateral step. The faction was first led by Subhi Ghosheh and (2.) Announcement by Fatah’s Azzam Al-Ah- Bahjat Abu Gharbiyya and then by Dr. Samir mad and Hamas’ Musa Abu Marzouq at the Ghosheh (until his death in 2009) who also end of a three-day meeting of all Palestinian represented it in the PLO Executive Commit- factions in Moscow in January 2017 to form tee. It is currently led by Ahmad Majdalani. a national unity government to end ten years PPSF members primarily live in Lebanon and of internal division. In October of that year, Syria. In 1991, the PPSF Hamas and Fatah reached a Reconciliation accepted the PLO's en- Agreement in Cairo. However, this has not dorsement of UN Secu- been implemented to date. rity Council Resolution 242. PALESTINIAN UNITY TALKS Series of talks be- tween Palestinian factions that have taken PALESTINIAN RED CRESCENT SOCIETY (PRCS) place since Hamas seized control of Gaza Organization established by the PLO on 26 from Fatah in June 2007, mostly with Egyp- December 1968 and mandated by the PNC in tian mediation, in a bid to eventually form a 1969 to provide social services and meet the unity government. These include talks bro- health and welfare needs of the Palestinian kered by King in people both in the OPT Mecca in February 2007, the Yemeni Initia- and in the Diaspora. To- tive in March 2008, a meeting brokered by day, the PRCS is active in Senegalese President Aboulaye Wade in Se- Palestine, complementing negal in June 2008, and reconciliation talks the work of the Ministry in Cairo during March 2009. On 4 May 2011, of Health and of health Fatah and Hamas signed, along with other NGOs, and in Arab and European countries. main factions, a reconciliation agreement in The PRCS is a full member of the Interna- Cairo. The deal provided, inter alia, for the tional Movement of the Red Cross and Red creation of a joint caretaker government and Crescent. elections within a year, but other key issues,

139 P such as reforming the security forces, re- PALESTINIAN WATER AUTHORITY (PWA) Regu- mained unsolved. In Doha in February 2012, latory governmental institution established President Abbas and Hamas politburo chief in 1995 as part of the PA Khaled Mashaal agreed to form an interim to assume administrative government of independent technocrats and responsibility for water oversee elections and Gaza’s restoration. resources while Israel However, some Hamas leaders rejected the maintains overall con- agreement. Further talks reached “a dead- trol. lock” after Hamas prevented the Central Elections Commission from updating the Gaza PALIN REPORT (also: Palin Commission of In- voter registry in July 2012 and boycotted the quiry) Commission headed by Major-General local elections in October that year. Talks P. C. Palin to examine the rioting in Jerusa- nevertheless continued and on 23 April 2014 lem during 4-7 April 1920 (see Nabi Musa the PLO and Hamas signed a unification ac- Uprising). Its report, submitted in August cord in Gaza, providing for an interim govern- 1920 but never published, refers to various ment of national consensus and the holding “causes of the alienation and exasperation of elections. On 2 June 2014, President Abbas of the feelings of the population of Pales- swore in a new government headed by Prime tine” and was very critical of the Zionists. Minister Rami Hamdallah. However, due to Further, the report called the situation in Pa- the Israeli assault on Gaza that summer, no lestine “exceedingly dangerous.” The Palin further steps were taken. Talks continued in findings were similar to those of the Haycraft Qatar in February and May 2016, but made Report a year later (see Haycraft Report). no progress. On 15-17 January 2017 in Mos- cow, both sides agreed finally to establish a PALMACH (Abbreviation for Pelugot Mahatz; unity government, to include Hamas and the English: Assault or Shock Forces) Special unit Islamic Jihad in the PLO, and to form a new established in May 1941 as PNC. After additional talks in Cairo, Hamas the Haganah’s fighting force announced on 17 September 2017 its readi- for commando operations ness to dissolve its administrative committee during the British Mandate. in Gaza, hold general elections and engage in The Palmach was integrated direct reconciliation talks with Fatah, leading into the Israel Defense Forces to a Reconciliation Agreement signed on 12 following the War of 1948. October 2017 in Cairo. Although discussions were renewed in successive rounds of talks PALMER REPORT Inquiry commission into during 2018, implementation of the agree- Israel’s attack on 31 May 2010 on a Gaza Aid ment remains stalled and the PA has not Flotilla, appointed by then UN Secretary Gen- taken steps to resume its responsibilities in eral Ban Ki‐moon and chaired by Sir Geoffrey Gaza. Key points of contention are modes of Palmer, a law professor and former Prime election, security responsibilities and com- Minister of New Zealand. Members were Al- position of the envisioned unity government. varo Uribe, President of Colombia from 2002 to 2010, and a representative each of Turkey and Israel. The report was criticized for de- pending solely on material supplied by Israel and Turkey, not hearing any witnesses, and failing to examine the events in an indepen- dent fashion. Both Israel and Turkey issued statements disagreeing with aspects of the report which, inter alia, stated that Israel’s naval blockade to prevent receipt of arms of Gaza was legal and a form of self-defense since a state of conflict existed between Israel and militants in the Gaza Strip. While

140 P the report stated that the Israeli military used protests, British Prime Minister MacDonald excessive force and that a range of alterna- sent his own statement to the head of the tive options should have been tried, it also World Zionist Organization Chaim Weizman a said that once on board the Mavi Marmara, few months later, nullifying the clauses of the Israeli forces acted in self-defense against the Passfield White Paper in order to ap- a “hardcore group of (...) activists”. Palmer pease the mounting criticism. That letter recommended that Israel issues an appropri- would be known to Arabs as ‘Black Letter.’ ate expression of regret for its actions and that it pay into a compensation fund for the PEACE NOW (Hebrew: Shalom Achshav) Israeli victims. Turkey refused to accept anything non-partisan volunteer Peace Movement less than a full apology as well as that the founded in 1978 during the Israeli-Egyptian blockade is legal. The Palmer Report’s find- peace talks by 348 Israeli reserve officers ings were quite different from the findings of and soldiers to press the Israeli government an inquiry conducted in 2010 by the UN Hu- to seek peace through negotiations and mu- man Rights Council. tual compromise with the Palestinians and other Arab neighbors. Peace Now recognizes PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (2017) see Middle the right of Palestinian self-determination in East Peace Conference their own demilitarized state alongside Israel. They were the driving force behind the mass PARIS PROTOCOL see Protocol on Economic protests against the 1982 Israeli invasion of Relations Lebanon. Peace Now advocates a peace agreement with Syria on the basis of Israeli PARIS TALKS Mini-summit convened on 4 Oc- withdrawal from tober 2000 in Paris to discuss ways to end the Golan Heights the ongoing Palestinian-Israeli clashes in the and fights against wake of the Al-Aqsa Intifada. The talks were the Israeli occupa- attended by French President Chirac, US Sec- tion of the Pales- retary of State Albright, CIA Director Tenet, tinian territories, President Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister particularly its set- Barak, who refused to accept an interna- tlement policy. tional inquiry into recent events which was one of the main suggestions made at the PEACE TO PROSPERITY WORKSHOP US-orga- summit. nized workshop that was held in Manama, Bahrain, on 25 and 26 June 2019. The work- PASSFIELD WHITE PAPER Formal British policy shop represented the economic part of Presi- statement issued by Colonial Secretary Lord dent Trump’s claimed Israel-Palestine peace Passfield on 20 October 1930 following the plan and aimed at encouraging capital in- Arab riots in Palestine vestment through infrastructure and indus- and the recommenda- trial development in the occupied West Bank, tions of the Shaw and Gaza, and the region. The plan included in- Hope-Simpson Commis- vesting upwards of $50 billion in the Pales- sions. Based on these, tinian territories and neighboring Arab states the Passfield White Pa- over the course of 10 years, the creation of per put significant re- more than 1 million Palestinian jobs, and re- strictions on Jewish im- ducing the unemployment rates in the OPT, migration and land pur- therefore laying the foundation for peace. chases, and determined Specifically, Arab Gulf countries were sup- that due to the limited posed to play a key role in committing bil- “economic absorptive lions in investment for the occupied West capacity” future land sale be based on levels Bank and the Gaza Strip, while initiating of Arab as well as Jewish unemployment. projects of regional economic cooperation. However, following strong worldwide Zionist The absence of a clear political solution and

141 P the lack of Palestinian trust in the Trump ad- plan was rejected by the Arabs, with the ex- ministration led to a strong joint opposition ception of Abdullah of Transjordan, and split to the workshop. The PLO-PA, Palestinian the Zionist movement. factions, and most Palestinian business own- ers voiced their opposition and boycotted the workshop due to the attempt by the workshop to decouple economics from poli- tics. Palestinian political parties and Palestin- ian civil society in the OPT and surrounding refugee camps organized large-scale protests against the workshop calling for their de- mands for sovereignty and self-determination to be addressed. Despite the PA having urged Members of the Peel Commission Arab states to not take part, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and Qatar had attended. Despite PEGASE (French acronym for Palestino – Eu- the critical feedback by the international com- ropéen de Gestion et d'Aide Socio-Economi- munity claiming the need for a political solu- que) PEGASE was launched in February 2008 tion, not just an economic one, son-in-law as the mechanism of both EU Member states and senior advisor to President Trump, Jared and the European Commission to channel sup- Kushner afterwards claimed the workshop port for the three-year Palestinian Reform was a “tremendous success,” and stated that and Development Plan (PRDP), which was pre- his “very detailed and reasonable plan was sented by PA Prime Minister Salam Fayyad at well received by at- the Paris Donor Conference in 17 December tendees.” Nonethe- 2007. PEGASE builds upon and replaces the less, not much had Temporary International Mechanism (TIM), been achieved in shifting emphasis from emergency assis- terms of solid com- tance to a sustainable Palestinian develop- mitment by interna- ment process. The mechanism is implemented tional and Arab lead- in full partnership with the PA and has a larger ers to investing in scope, covering not only recurrent expendi- Kushner’s plan. ture, but also economic development and investment projects. PEGASE, which covers EU PEEL COMMISSION (also: Palestine Royal Com- assistance to the West mission) Commission appointed in August Bank, Gaza, and East 1936 by the British government following Jerusalem, is coordi- the outbreak of the Arab Revolt to examine nated locally with EU the status of the British Mandate and make member states and proposals for the future. The Peel Commis- other international sion, led by Lord Earl Peel, concluded its re- partners. port in July 1937, which stated that the Mandate in Palestine was unworkable, there PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE Program whose establish- was no hope of any cooperative national ent- ment was included in Article VII of the 1995 ity comprised of Arabs and Jews, and that Oslo II Agreement with the aim to change both sides could not live in peace together in the way Palestinians and Israelis interact by one state. In conclusion, it suggested the par- fostering wider public exposure to and in- tition of Mandatory Palestine into two states, volvement in the peace process and develop- one Jewish and one Arab, while maintaining ing mutual understanding and cooperation a British-controlled corridor from Jerusalem based on equality and reciprocity. To achieve to the coast at Jaffa. The commission recom- this, the program supported joint initiatives mended population transfer to deal with the by Israeli and Palestinian public and private issue of population balance between Jews organizations, particularly on a ‘grassroots’ and Arabs in the proposed Jewish state. The level. Priority was given to initiatives that had

142 P the potential to bridge large audiences in the the presence of Palestinians on Lebanese two societies. The program was facilitated by soil. The party is pro-Western and anti-pan- Norway through the Fafo Institute for Applied Arab. In the beginning of the Lebanese Civil International Studies, the main sponsor of the War they cooperated with Syria, but after People-to-People scheme. 1982 Israel became their most important ally. Units from the Lebanese Forces (Pha- THE PEOPLE’S VOICE see Nusseibeh-Ayalon langist military wing), which was actively Plan supported by Israel during the and was under the command of Elie Ho- PERES-ABU ALA PLAN see Abu Ala-Peres Plan beika, were responsible for the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacres which left thousands PERMANENT STATUS ISSUES Several issues of Palestinian women and children dead. deemed to be complicated and tricky that were deferred by the 1993 Declaration of (also: Philadelphi corridor Principles (DoP), which served as the basis or Philadelphi buffer zone) 100-200-meter for the subsequent Oslo Accords, to subse- wide strip of Israeli-controlled territory along quent permanent status negotiations, which the border between Egypt and the Gaza were to be finalized in 1999 but have not yet Strip which, according to the Oslo Accords, been held. According to Article 5 of the DOP remained under direct Israeli military con- (titled Transitional Period and Permanent trol. During the Second Intifada the Israeli Status Negotiations) “these negotiations shall army demolished thousands of homes, in- cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, cluding 1,600 during the army’s ‘Operation refugees, settlements, security arrangements, Rainbow’ in September 2004, to prevent the borders, relations and cooperation with other alleged smuggling of weapons through tun- neighbors, and other issues of common in- nels dug under the route and erected a for- terest.” tification system with walls and armored out- posts. In September 2005, the Israeli army PERMITS Documents or licenses issued by the handed over control of the Philadephi Route Israeli authorities, which are required by Pal- to the Egyptian army, which is now responsi- estinians for many daily acts, including tran- ble for security and for fighting smuggling in sit and work permits for OPT residents to en- the area. In January 2009 Israel bombed some ter Jerusalem or Israel proper and in some 300 smuggling tunnels during Operation ‘Cast cases even to move between cities and vil- Lead’. lages. Other permits include building per- mits, import/export permits, and permits to travel abroad.

PETITION OF THE 20 Public statement signed in November 1999 by respected local Pales- tinian leaders from different backgrounds to express frustration and distrust regarding the performance of the PA. The PA responded heavy-handedly and, amongst other things, arrested eight of the signatories. Part of the Philadelphi Route

PHALANGIST (French: Phalanges Libanaises; PISGA (Acronym for Palestinian Interim Self- Arabic: Al-Kataib Al-Lubnaniyya) Largest and Government Authority) Outline of a model for most important Christian-Maronite party in Palestinian self-government during a transi- Lebanon, which was founded in 1936 by tional phase that was developed by Pales- Pierre Gemayel to preserve a Christian Leba- tinians from within the OPT under the lea- non. The Phalangists espouse an extreme dership of Faisal Husseini. PISGA was first right-wing nationalist ideology and oppose presented by the Palestinian delegation dur-

143 P ing the Washington talks on 14 January 1992 PLO DEPARTMENTS Subdivisions of the PLO, and was formally handed to the Israeli del- with the Political Department being the larg- egation on 3 March 1992. The purpose of est of the PLO departments; it directs and the suggested interim arrangements was to supervises the work of PLO representatives ensure the peaceful and orderly transfer of abroad, including representing the PLO at in- authority from Israel to PISGA, and to create ternational conferences. Other departments the proper conditions for final status nego- are Returnees, Culture and Information, So- tiations. PISGA was to consist of an elected cial Affairs, Education, and Popular Organiza- 180-member Legislative Assembly, a 20- tions. In addition, there is the Palestinian Red member Executive Council, an independent Crescent Society (established in 1965), Samed, Judiciary, and a Chairperson to be elected by the Martyrs’ Works Society (established in the assembly. The plan was approved by the 1970), and the news agency (estab- PLO leadership in Tunis but was rejected by lished in 1972). the Israeli government under Prime Minister Shamir which insisted on its own “Interim PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Highest executive Self-Government Arrangement” (ISGA) pro- body of the PLO which represents the PLO posal (see Israeli Proposal for a Self-Govern- internationally. The Executive Committee con- ing Authority in the Territories). This pro- sists of 21 members (18 elected by the PNC, posal offered the establishment of a Pales- 3 appointed) and has full operational author- tinian Administrative Council to assume pow- ity over all sub-organizations and budgets. It ers and responsibilities related to dealing acts as a cabinet, implementing policy and with daily life issues. directing the activities of the PLO in accor-

dance with the Covenant and the Basic Law. PLAN DALET (also: Plan D) Master Plan of the Current chairman is Mahmoud Abbas. Zionist High Command to coordinate various

military sub-operations, executed between POPULAR COMMITTEES (also: Neighborhood April 1948 and March 1949, which resulted Committees) Grassroots organizations estab- in the expulsion of over 700,000 Palestinians lished during the First Intifada (1987-93) to and the destruction of some 418 Arab vil- lages. The plan itself was developed by the coordinate self-help activities (e.g., produc- Haganah in 1947 to prepare for a potential tion of food, education, health-care), organ- Arab attack on the Jewish state and to en- ize resistance activities against the occupying sure control over its territory. The final revi- forces and the Civil Administration, and pro- sion of the plan was made on 10 March 1948 vide the foundations for self-rule. They were and it was launched on 4 April. Plan Dalet comprised of individuals from across Pales- consisted of several operations relating to tinian society and varied greatly in size and the various areas of Palestine, including Op- scope. It is estimated that by the spring of eration Nachshon (Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road), 1988 there were several hundred such com- Operation Chametz (Tel Aviv-Jaffa area), mittees across the OPT. The Israeli army Operation Shiffon (Old City of Jerusalem), made concerted efforts to disrupt their ac- (Nazareth and Lower Gali- tivities by arresting members and declaring lee), Operation Dani and Kedem (East Jeru- them illegal on 17 August 1988. Popular Com- salem), and Operation Yoav (Negev and Gaza). mittees continue to function today in the All aimed at what was later described by West Bank and the Gaza Strip and, partic- scholars as “ethnic cleansing” – expelling the ularly in the West Bank, have united under people and occupying their land. several coalitions in order to organize grass- roots resistance against Israel’s occupation. PLO see Palestine Liberation Organization POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PLO CENTRAL COUNCIL see Palestinian Central PALESTINE (PFLP) (Arabic: Al-Jabha Al-Sha‘- Council biyya li-Tahrir Filastin) Faction established in 1967 by the Arab Nationalist Movement and PLO CHARTER see Palestine National Charter led by George Habash until 2000. The PFLP

144 P began a transformation towards a Marxist- POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF Leninist ideology in early 1969, seeing the PALESTINE – EXTERNAL OPERATIONS Splin- struggle for Palestine as part of a larger rev- ter group of the PFLP formed in 1971 by Wa- olution to transform Arab society. The fac- die Haddad, who disagreed with the decision tion split twice, once in 1968 when the Pa- of the PFLP to halt airplane hijackings and lestine Liberation Front broke away (now other violent acts which had drawn atten- PFLP-GC), and again in 1969 when the DFLP tion, but at high public relations costs, and split from the movement. In the 1970s, the vowed to continue such operations. A plane PFLP became known for hijacking actions, hijacking in June 1976 that ended in En- led by Wadi Haddad (the armed wing is tebbe, Uganda was attributed to the group. known as the Red Eagles), but the organiza- After Haddad’s death in 1978, the group tion became more moderate after 1973. The splintered and dissolved. PFLP pulled out of the PLO Executive Com- mittee in 1974 but rejoined it in 1981. The POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF faction led an anti-Arafat coalition in the PALESTINE – GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP- early 1980s, opposing both the Fez Plan and GC) Splinter group of the PFLP formed in late negotiations with Jordan. It was a member 1968 and led by , a former of- of the UNLU during the First Intifada and ficer in the Syrian Army. The PFLP-GC is a opposes the Oslo Accords. Until 2018, the militant pro-Syrian, anti-Arafat faction within PFLP was represented in the PLO Executive the PLO, committed to armed struggle and Committee by Abdel Rahim Malouh, but in guerrilla warfare, and is thought to be con- reality it has been marginalized since the nected to Syrian military intelligence. The Oslo process began. Reconciliation with Fatah/ PFLP-GC was part of the Rejectionist Front, Arafat took place in Cairo in August 1999. rejects any compromise with Israel, and has The PFLP advocates for the establishment of been involved in numerous attacks on Israeli a democratic state on the land of historic soldiers and civilians. It is based in Damascus Palestine where all peoples can live as equal and lacks broad popular presence. During citizens. In September 1999, the PFLP’s Dep- the 1990s, and more recently, the PFLP-GC uty Secretary Abu Ali Mustafa returned to limited its activities to training and equip- Palestine, and following the resignation of ping other groups, such as Hamas and the Habash became the new head in July 2000. Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The PFLP-GC has no In August 2001 he was assassinated by Israeli significant branch in the forces and Ahmed Sa'adat was elected to re- OPT and is not currently place him in October 2001. The PFLP sup- represented in the PLO ported the candidate of the Palestinian Na- Executive Committee. It tional Initiative, Mustafa Barghouthi, during is listed as a ‘terrorist’ the 2005 presidential elections and won the organization by the US mayorship of Birzeit during the 2005 munici- State Department and the pal elections. They also participated in the European Union. PLC elections of January 2006 as the Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa List, winning 4.2% of the POPULAR RESISTANCE COMMITTEES (PRC) popular vote and taking three of the 132 (Arabic: Lijan Al-Muqawamah Al-Sha’biyya) seats. The PFLP’s mili- Coalition of local militants that emerged in tary wing is called Abu Gaza during the early days of the Al-Aqsa Ali Mustapha Bri- Intifada to resist Israel’s assaults on the Pal- gades. The PFLP is cur- estinians. The committees mainly consist of rently listed as a ‘ter- dissident or breakaway members of Fatah rorist’ organization by and former PA security officials, but also have the US State Depart- Hamas- and Islamic Jihad-affiliated members. ment and the EU. The PRC was behind several attacks against Israeli targets in the Gaza Strip, often setting roadside bombs to target Israeli tanks. The

145 P PRC rejected the US/Israel demanded re- PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S FIVE PRINCIPLES FOR forms in the PA in 2002 as well as the hudna PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST Five key issues in 2003. They claimed responsibility for an to be addressed in order to achieve peace in attack on a US convoy in northern Gaza in the Middle East as outlined by US President October 2003, which Lyndon Johnson in a speech on 19 June left three US security 1967. They include (1) the right for every na- men dead. The PRC tion in the Middle East to exist, (2) justice for are currently led by the refugees, (3) respect Abu Yasser Shashnyeh. for maritime rights, (4) an end to the Middle East PRAWER PLAN (later Prawer-Begin Bill, after arms race, and (5) respect recommendations by Minister Benny Begin for political independence were included; formally: Law for the Regula- and territorial integrity of tion of Settlement in the Negev – all states in the area. 2013) Israeli bill first formulated in September President Johnson

2011, named after its initiator Ehud Prawer (a PRESIDENTIAL GUARD Palestinian security force former Deputy Chair of the National Security responsible for the protection of the presi- Council), and approved by the Knesset on 24 dent, other VIPs, important locations such as June 2013. If implemented it would destroy the presidential compound and residence in 35 "unrecognized villages", thereby displac- Ramallah, and foreign delegations visiting ing/forcibly relocating some 70,000 Bedouin the PA. Established in 1994 as “Presidential citizens of Israel from the Negev/Naqab area. Security” (absorbing the remnants of Force The plan, which the Israeli government claims 17) and renamed "Presidential Guard" in 2006, is part of a campaign to develop the Negev/ it operates under the direct control of the Naqab, was rejected by the Bedouin commu- President of the State nity as well as by human rights/advocacy of Palestine. In 2006, organizations inside Israel for entrenching the force was estimated the state’s historic injustice against the Be- to be 3,500-member douins. It also faced strong international strong. It is currently opposition, including from the UN and the led by Major General , which led to its halt in Munir Az-Zuabi. December 2013. However, on the ground, demolitions and displacement have contin- PREVENTIVE SECURITY SERVICES (Arabic: Al- ued apace. 'amn al-wiqa'i) Palestinian security force re- sponsible for internal intelligence, investigat- PRESIDENT (Palestine) Primarily symbolic but ing internal security cases (e.g., weapons vi- de facto powerful position of the head of olations, corruption, money laundering), and the State of Palestine and of the PA. First counterespionage. The Preventive Security held by Yasser Arafat (from 1994 until his Service was established in 1994 by President death in November 2004), then by his suc- Yasser Arafat in accordance with the Oslo Ac- cessor Mahmoud Abbas, who is still the act- cords. It has two branches, one responsible ing president despite the fact that his term for Gaza and another for the West Bank. formally ended on 9 January 2009 (because no new presidential elections were held PRICE TAG Policy launched in April 2008 by ex- since 2005). The president is supposedly treme right-wing settlers across the West elected every four years by the Palestinian Bank, in which settlers seek revenge (“a price”) people in the Palestinian Territories. He for each evacuation of outposts by harming heads the armed forces and appoints the Palestinians (e.g., beatings, attacking homes, prime minister. throwing stones, burning fields, uprooting trees, killing livestock, and poisoning wells).

146 P PRIME MINISTER (Palestine) Position of the study the newly-occupied population. Their official head of government of the State of “official” goal was the creation of a body Palestine (formerly of the Palestinian Au- responsible for “long-term planning” in the thority), which was created in 2003 (via an occupied territories, but another objective amendment to the Basic Law) to head the was to find ways to both ensure they would Council of Ministers and to reduce the ex- not resist the occupation regime and resettle ecutive authorities of then President Yasser the refugees, i.e., to encourage them to Arafat. The prime minister has the authority leave the country. The Committee thereby to form the Council of Ministers (cabinet) based its work on the assumption that the within three weeks (Article 66 of the Basic modernization of Palestinian society was de- Law) and manage and supervise their opera- trimental to Israeli interests and that keep- tions. First prime minister was Mahmoud ing, for example, unemployment high and Abbas (2003) followed by Ahmed Qrei’a (2003- development low would serve their goals as 05), (acting, December 2005), Palestinians would leave to other places Ahmed Qrei’a (2005-06), Ismail Haniyeh where they could make a living. However, (2006-07, since then disputed), Salam Fay- that bill did not add up as most Palestinians yad (2007-13), Rami Hamdallah (2013-19), were determined to stay and eventually and Mohammed Shtayyeh (since 2019). return to what had become Israel. The Com- mittee submitted its first draft report on al- PRISONERS’ DOCUMENT (officially: National ternative development scenarios for the West Reconciliation Document; also: 18-Point-Plan Bank, Gaza, and Northern Sinai on 10 Sep- or Document of National Accord) 18-point tember 1967 and their complete research in document drawn up in spring 2006 by Pales- February 1968. tinian prisoners held by Israel. Contributors were affiliated with Fatah, Hamas, Islamic Ji- PROTOCOL ON ECONOMIC RELATIONS (for- had, the PFLP, and the DFLP. Most promi- mally: Protocol on Economic Relations be- nent among them were Fatah leader Mar- tween the Government of the State of Israel wan Barghouthi and Hamas MP Abdul Kha- and the PLO, representing the Palestinian lek An-Natsheh. The document was to serve people; also: Paris Protocol) Document signed as a basis for reconciliation between the ri- on 29 April 1994 that formed part of the val factions. Key provisions of the document 1994 Oslo I/Gaza-Jericho Agreement, which included a call for Israeli withdrawal to the was signed a few days later and to which it pre-1967 borders, the right of return for Pal- was attached as Annex IV. It was also incorpo- estinian refugees, and the creation of a Pal- rated with minor amendments in the 1995 estinian state. It was seen as granting im- Oslo II Accord, as Article XXIV to provide the plicit recognition to Israel, but Hamas lead- framework to regulate all economic interac- ers emphasized that their charter remained tion between Israel and the PA during the in effect. Before Hamas and Fatah nego- five-year the interim-period. However, the tiated an agreement, the Hamas and Islamic Palestinian economy was de facto integrated Jihad prisoners who co-drafted the Prisoners’ into Israel’s through a quasi-customs union, Document retracted their names and with- with Israel controlling all borders, imports drew their support of it in protest of Presi- and exports as well as tariffs, VAT rates and dent Abbas' decision to hold a referendum gasoline prices, while Palestinians were pre- based on the plan. vented from engaging in any independent trade relations. The protocol allows Israel to PROFESSORS COMMITTEE (formally: Commit- collect tariffs and VAT on Palestinian imports tee for the Development of the Administered on behalf of the PA, levying unjustifiably high Territories) Committee established in July collection and processing fees, as well as all 1967 by then Israeli Prime Minister Levi Esh- income tax from Palestinians who work in kol, which consisted of professors and their Israel and in settlements. While the Paris Pro- research teams, headed by tocol no longer applies to the Gaza Strip Michael Bruno, who were commissioned to since the 2007 Hamas takeover, Israel re-

147 P tains control over its borders and the move- ment of goods and people. Palestinians and other critics argue that the protocol, which should have expired 20 years ago, not only Q prevents any Palestinian economic growth but ensures Palestinian economic depen- dence on Israel. QADI Muslim judge who renders decisions ac- cording to Shari’a Law on cases involving in- PROTOCOL ON FURTHER TRANSFER OF POW- heritance, pious bequests (waqf), marriage, ERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES (also: Further and divorce. Transfer Protocol) Agreement signed during the Oslo process by Israel and the Palestini- QALQILYA Palestinian governorate and city in ans in Cairo on 27 August 1995, transferring the West Bank which has an estimated pop- additional civilian spheres to the PA’s re- ulation of 112,400 and almost 48,200 respec- sponsibility including labor, trade and indus- tively (PCBS, 2019). It is located in the north- try, agriculture, gas and gasoline, insurance, west of the West Bank on the “border” with statistics, postal services, and local govern- Israel, about 12 km from the Mediterranean ment. coast, and is surrounded by Israel’s West Bank barrier, which isolates it from all sides except PROVISIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE Provisional a small Israeli-controlled corridor in the east representative and legislative body of Israel connecting it with smaller Palestinian villages. from 14 May 1948 to 25 January 1949 be- Qalqilya was under Jordanian administration fore being replaced by the First Knesset, the from 1949 to 1967, and since then has been election of which it initiated and supervised. under Israeli occupation, despite the fact that administrative control was handed over to PROXIMITY TALKS Round of peace talks the Palestinian Authority under the 1995 Oslo launched in March 2010 without face to face II Accord. The city’s main attraction is the meetings between the parties. US Middle largest zoo in the West Bank.

East envoy George Mitchell shuttled be- tween Jerusalem and Ramallah in a bid to bridge the gap between the two sides. As was widely expected the talks failed to even- tually re-launch negotiations.

PURPLE LINE Ceasefire line (drawn in purple on UN maps) between Syria and Israel after the 1967 War during which Israel captured the entire Golan Heights. The Purple Line was supervised by a series of positions and ob- MASSACRE Attack by Haganah forces servation posts manned by UN personnel, on the Jerusalem district village of Qalunya as and has effectively become the new border part of Operation Nachshon on 11 April 1948. between Israel and Syria. According to Israeli historian Illan Pappé, the attackers blew up 50 homes, systematically destroying the village. Israeli historian Benny Morris’s accounts put the number of homes blown up at approximately 55, with Haganah orders to “kill everyone found in the village.” Morris’s sources conclude that “some Arabs may have died in the attack,” while others were captured and executed. Some other accounts state that at least 14 villagers were killed.

148 Q QASSAM ROCKETS (Qassam-1, -2, -3, and -4; of a Jew or a Haganah officer and that on 16 also: Kassam) Short-range version of Katyu- December, the villagers, fearing retaliation, sha rockets developed primarily by Hamas in had sent many of their women and children Gaza and manufactured from common civi- to safety in nearby Na‘na. His sources also lian products such as piping and homemade state that following 19 December, more explosives as warheads. They are launched women and children were evacuated. from the Gaza Strip and fired at Israeli towns, mostly those close to the Gazan border such QISARYA MASSACRE Attack by Palmach forces as Sderot. The rockets are named after Ha- on Qisarya (today known as ) on 15 mas’ military wing, the Izz Eddin Al-Qassam February 1948. Some accounts state that the Brigades, which in turn is named after Muslim forces killed all those who did not escape the Brotherhood member Sheikh Izz Eddin Al- village and that Qisarya was the first village Qassam, who fought against the British and to be expelled in its entirety. Historian Benny the Zionists and was killed in action by British Morris’s accounts state that Qisarya was the forces in 1935. The Qassam-1, first launched one case of authorized expulsion, meaning in October 2001, had a range of up to 4.5 km that the inhabitants of the village were culti- and could carry a warhead of 0.5 kilograms, vating Jewish and Greek Orthodox Church land the Qassam-2 had a range of 8 km and could and were evacuated in early January by a lead- reach the southern outskirts of Ashkelon, the ing family. At the end of the month, Jewish Qassam-3 carries a payload of 10-20 kilograms forces ambushed a bus killing two and injur- of explosives and reaches as far as 10-15 km, ing eight Arabs. After Jewish forces occupied and the Qassam-4 has a range of up to 17 the village on 10-20 February, they destroyed km. Although many of these unsophisticated houses and looted abandoned homes, relocat- rockets missed their targets, they have caused ing the approximately 20 remaining villagers. considerable damage and numerous injuries Sources continue that even a month after the and deaths (28 people were killed as of 9 evacuation, the villagers, who had “done all January 2009). In response to Qassam rocket in their power to keep the peace,” still had attacks, the Israeli government launched sev- not gotten their stolen money and valuables eral raids against the Gaza Strip. The Israeli back from the Jewish leaders who expelled government also installed early warning ra- them. dar systems to notify commun- QIBLA (English: Direction; also: Qiblah or Kibla) ities of Qassam Direction of the sacred shrine of the Ka'aba in launches. (See Mecca, toward which Muslims turn five times also Grad Rock- each day when performing their daily pray- ets). ers. However, the first qibla AL-QAWMIYUN AL-ARAB see Arab Nationalist Muslims prayed Movement towards was Al- Aqsa Mosque in MASSACRE Attack on the village of Jerusalem. Qazaza south of Ramle on 19 December 1947 The Ka’aba in Mecca by Jewish paramilitary forces, who blew up AL-QIBLY MOSQUE The first physical structure houses, including that of the Mukhtar. Some ever built by Muslims on the Al-Aqsa Mosque accounts note that five Arab children were compound by the Ummayad Caliph Abdul killed while others, such as historian Benny Malik Bin Marwan between 706-714 AD. The Morris, note that only two villagers were Mosque was the first holy site of Islam (be- killed and several injured. Morris also states fore Mecca) towards which Muslims directed that Qazaza was one of the specific villages their prayers (Qibla), hence the name. Al-Qibly which orders to harass, cleanse, and destroy, Mosque is a square building with nine en- were directed toward. He further states that trances and made of seven naves, the biggest the attack came in response to the murder

149 Q of which is topped with a large silver dome. ing Al-Quds rockets from Gaza at Israel. It is Today, it is commonly referred to as Al-Aqsa the second-largest armed group in Gaza af- Mosque (see also Al-Aqsa Mosque compound). ter Hamas’ Izz Eddin Al-Qassam Brigades.

Al-Qibly/Al-Aqsa Mosque

QIBYA MASSACRE Israeli military action on 14

October 1953 at the climax of a number of

border clashes against the northern West Bank

village of . The massacre was carried out by an Israeli paratroop company and Unit 101 under the command of Ariel Sharon (see Unit 101). In 1993, Israeli historian Benny Morris quoted original documents of the time show- ing that Sharon ordered his soldiers to con- quer the village with “maximal killing and damage to property.” The attack was a reta- liatory strike in response to Jordanian forces killing a Jewish woman and her two children in the Israeli town of Yahud two days earlier. According to Morris and other at least one other Israeli historian, at least 69 Palestin- ians civilians were killed and at least 45 houses in the village, then under Jordanian control, were demolished, as were its school, mosque, and water reservoir. The attack was widely criticized both internationally and among many Israelis and was condemned in UN Security Council Resolution 101 of 24 No- vember 1953. Israel decided to refrain from directly targeting civilians and to cancel the independence of Unit 101.

QUARTET see Middle East Quartet

AL-QUDS 1 AND 2 Grad or Katyusha rockets developed by the Pal- estinian Islamic Jihad in Gaza with a range of up to 16 km.

AL-QUDS BRIGADES (Arabic: Saraya Al-Quds) Military wing of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad movement which is responsible for launch-

150 R Jews, Christians and Muslims. For the latter, it is holy as it is the site of the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque (named after one of the companions R of the Prophet Mohammed). The Muslim cem- etery on the grounds of the tomb belongs to the Ta’amreh Bedouin tribe. In 1949, the UN RA’AM-TA’AL see United Arab List ruled that the status quo arrangement con- cerning rights, privileges and practices in cer- th RABAT SUMMIT The 7 Arab Summit meeting tain holy places applies to the site. Until the held in Rabat from 25-28 October 1974, 1967 War, it was Waqf property and open to which recognized the PLO as the sole repre- worshippers of all faiths. In 1996, Israel built sentative of the Palestinians and affirmed a fortress wall around it to ensure absolute "the right of the Palestinian people to estab- power over the site. Today, the tomb is under lish an independent national authority in any full Israeli control and is completely sepa- Palestinian territory rated from the rest of Bethlehem by an that is liberated” as extension of the West Bank barrier built in well as Arab solidar- 2005. Consequently, this also highly restricts ity with the Palestin- Palestinian access to the site. Notwithstand- ian cause. ing Israeli policies, UNESCO officially declared Rachel's Tomb to be a mosque in 2010. More RACHEL CORRIE Name of the 23-year-old Amer- recently, in October 2018, the Executive ican college student and peace activist from Board of UNESCO adopted resolutions reaf- Olympia, Washington, who was crushed to firming that the tomb (along with the Tomb death by an Israeli bulldozer on 16 March of the Patriarchs in Hebron) are "integral 2003 in Gaza, during a nonviolent protest as parts of the Occupied Palestinian territory." part of the International Solidarity Move- ment to protect the home of a Palestinian family from demolition. In February 2015, the Israeli Supreme Court rejected an appeal for damages by the family of Rachel Corrie, determining that the state bore no respon-

sibility for her death on the grounds that it had occurred as a result of wartime activity. RAFAH MASSACRE Israeli assault on the Gaza The ruling prompted criticism from the fam- Strip town on 12 November 1956 during its ily, internationally and from human rights occupation of the and Gaza groups. Protectorate following the Suez Crisis, which left 111 residents of Rafah and the nearby refugee camp dead.

RAKAH (Hebrew acronym for Reshima Komu- nistit Hadasha; English: New Communist List) Party established by Israeli Arabs in 1965 after splitting from the Israeli Communist

Party (ICP) over differences vis-à-vis Arab RACHEL’S TOMB (Arabic: Qubbat Rachel) Con- nationalist leaders like Egyptian President tested burial place of the Biblical matriarch Nasser. The new party also had Jewish-Israeli Rachel (Jacob’s wife) at the northern en- members but remained mainly Palestinian trance of Bethlehem. The tomb was originally and was regularly represented in the Knes- built by the Crusaders and the present struc- set. In 1977, Rakah joined other marginal left ture was built in 1620, but has been altered wing and Arab parties in forming the Demo- many times. Rachel’s Tomb is revered by cratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash)

151 R to gain votes from non-Communists. In 1989, REAGAN PLAN Diplomatic initiative proposed Rakah changed its name to (Hebrew by US President Ronald Reagan on 1 Septem- acronym for HaMiflega HaKomunistit HaYi- ber 1982 to end the Arab-Israeli conflict. It sra'elit – Israeli Communist Party), which is was based on a 5-year transition period, be- currently the main component of the Hadash ginning with free elections for a self-govern- list, which ran in the April ing Palestinian Authority 2019 elections together and a freeze in settle- with Ta’al, gaining 6 seats, ment activity, and ending and in the September with a Palestinian entity 2019 elections as part of in confederation with Jor- the Joint List, gaining 13 dan. With regard to Jeru- seats. salem, negotiations would decide the final status. RAMADAN Ninth month of the Muslim lunar Ronald Reagan calendar and the holy month in which Proph- et Mohammed received the first revelations RECONCILIATION TALKS see Palestinian Unity of the Qur’an in 610. Muslims mark it with Talks fasting and discipline of character between dawn and sunset. Ramadan is a time for spi- RED EAGLES (also: Red Eagle Gang or Group; ritual reflection, prayer, and doing good deeds. Arabic: Nasr Al-Ahmar) Military wing of the Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five PFLP formed in the northern West Bank dur- pillars of Islam. The period ends with the ing the First Intifada to confront the Israeli three-day Eid Al-Fitr. army and kill suspected Palestinian collabora- tors. Following the signing of the Oslo Ac- RAMLEH MASSACRE Attack on Ramleh on 18 cords, they essentially disbanded. However, February 1948, reported in multiple local they re-emerged with the outbreak of the newspapers and cited by historian Benny Second Intifada, at times under the name Morris, in which a Zionist terrorist, disguised ‘Forces of the Popular Palestinian Resistance,’ as an Arab, planted a bomb in one of the and then as ‘Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa Bri- city’s markets, killing seven civilians and in- gades’ after the 2001 assassination of PFLP juring 45 others, many of them women and Secretary-General Mustafa Al-Zabri (Abu Ali children. Another massacre was reported in Mustafa). the groves near “Arab As-Satariyya” near Ramleh, in which 10 Arab workers, including RED SEA-DEAD SEA CANAL Proposal supported a woman, were killed in late February. by the World Bank to transport Red Sea wa- ter to the Dead Sea along a 110-mile pipeline RAMON PLAN FOR JERUSALEM Unilateral plan to stabilize the water level of the latter and advanced by former Labor and Kadima poli- reverse the negative impacts desiccation is tician Haim Ramon and the Peace and Secu- having on the ecosystem. Supporters argue rity Association in 2016, which aimed at relin- that the canal would help preserve tourism, quishing Jerusalem’s eastern Palestinian agricultural production, mineral extraction, neighborhoods in order to maintain Israeli and generate hydropower by using the 400- control over the city in light of the “demo- meter differential between the bodies of wa- graphic threat”. It proposes to divide Jeru- ter. Opponents argue that pumping seawater salem by keeping Palestinian Jerusalemites will further damage the already overdeve- in 28 neighborhoods out of loped Gulf. Furthermore, earthquakes could the city, revoke their Israeli break the canal and resulting seawater flooding resident status and social could destroy agricultural land and pollute benefit entitlements, and the groundwater. One ‘natural alternative’ transfer them to the Pal- proposed by environmentalists and local ge- estinian Authority (with the ologists is to bring water back to the Jordan status of "Area B"). Haim Ramon River, thus increasing the amount of fresh-

152 R water carried into the Dead Sea. Experts REFUGEE(S) Person(s) who is/are forced to cross have estimated the canal will cost € 10 an international border to seek safety as a billion. In October 2009 the Jordanian gov- result of war or another manmade or natural ernment announced that it would unilate- disaster. In the Palestinian discourse, the rally tender a Jordan Red Sea Project (JRSP). term refers to anyone who fled or was forced Instead of constructing a canal, a pipeline to leave their home and cross into a neigh- would be built in Jordanian territory. On 9 boring state during the 1948 Nakba or fol- December 2013, an agreement to build the lowing the 1967 June war (including their pipeline was signed by Israel, Jordan and descendants) who were then forbidden to Palestine. After a deadly shooting in the Israe- return. The rights of refugees are enshrined li embassy in Amman (24 July 2017), and fol- in various articles of international law, and lowing tensions many now live in refugee camps adminis- between Jordan tered by UNRWA in neighboring Arab states and Israel, plans (see also Internally Displaced Persons and for the con- UN General Assembly Resolution 194). The struction of the issue of refugees is one of the issues (along pipeline were with Jerusalem, settlements, borders, secu- stalled. Jorda- rity arrangements, relations and cooperation nian authorities with other neighbors, and other issues of com- are determined mon interest) that the 1993 Declaration of to continue the Principles and the Oslo process deferred to project with or subsequent permanent status negotiations, without cooper- which were to be finalized in 1999 but have ation with Israel, not yet been held. in order to cope with the water shortage in the country.

REDEPLOYMENT (FURTHER) Relocation of Israeli troops from areas in the OPT. According to Article XIII, 2 of the DOP, “In redeploying its military forces, Israel will be guided by the principle that its military forces should be redeployed outside populated areas.” In contrast, the term ‘withdrawal’ implied the Palestinian refugees at Allenby Bridge, 1967 actual removal of troops, including the trans- fer of powers in the DOP with withdrawal (also: Refusers) Term applied to con- only referring to the Gaza Strip and Jericho. scientious objectors in Israel, i.e., Israeli sol- diers or reservists who refuse to serve in the REFORM PARTY (Arabic: Hizb Al-Islah) Party OPT or in the Israeli army altogether. The established in June 1935 first refuser movement Yesh Gvul (English: by Hussein Fakhri Al-Kha- ‘There’s a Limit’) was launched in 1982 with lidi, which accepted the the outbreak of the First Lebanon War. Its British-proposed Legisla- basic assumption was that every citizen in a tive Council as a step to- democratic state, when serving in the mili- wards gaining influence tary, must decide what their red lines are and eventual indepen- and which actions cross those lines. For an dence. It was dissolved Israeli to legally avoid military service based in 1937. Hussein Fakhri Al-Khalidi on the grounds of conscience or refusal, one must be granted ‘Conscientious Objector’ status, which is extremely difficult to obtain.

153 R The Refusenik movement gained strength December 2018. The bill was introduced af- during the Second Intifada when a group of ter the decision on Regulation Law 1 was Israeli reserve combat officers and soldiers delayed and practically frozen for over a drafted the Combatants’ Letter in January year. It pursues the same goal as Regulation 2002, outlining their decision to refuse to Law 1, but refers only to those illegal settle- serve in any capacity that would uphold ments that were built on what is claimed to Israel’s "illegal and thus immoral" occupation. be government land – 66 outposts, some of As a result, the group ‘Courage to Refuse’ which stretch deep into the West Bank. The was founded. In 2002, the Israeli High Court Law freezes all legal proceedings against the of Justice ruled that refusal to serve was legal outposts, directs the government to treat on the grounds of unqualified pacifism. How- these outposts as legal settlements (i.e., ever, "selective refusal" which accepted some connect them to state infrastructure such as duties and not others – such as refusal to water and electricity, provide garbage re- serve in the territories – was illegal and would moval, and approve budgets for them), and "weaken the ties that bind us as a nation." gives the state two years to find a way to re- face jail sentences of several weeks. troactively legalize them.

REGULATION LAW 1 (formally: Settlements REJECTIONIST FRONT An Iraqi-backed coalition Regularization Law for Judea and Samaria of Palestinian groups opposing the PLO strat- [the West Bank]) Legislation that was passed egy of seeking a negotiated settlement based by the Knesset on 6 February 2017, but has on a two-state-solution and instead advocat- since been frozen by the High Court of ing armed struggle to liberate Palestine. The Justice while it considers the law’s consti- Rejectionist Front was created in Baghdad in tutionality. It allows the state to retroac- 1974 and at the time rejected any settlement tively legalize some 3,500 illegal Israeli struc- with Israel. It was composed of the PFLP, tures in the West Bank by expropriating pri- PFLP-GC, PPSF, ALF, and PLF. The group be- vate Palestinian land on which they have came inactive by 1980. been built, provided that they were estab- lished “in good faith” or had government REVISIONISTS Large faction within the Zionist support, and that the Palestinian owners re- movement formed in the mid-1920s and led ceive 125% financial compensation for the by Poland’s Ze’ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky, its land in question. In December 2018, Israeli founding ideologue, until his death in 1940. Attorney General asked The Revisionists rejected the pragmatism of the High Court to strike the law, writing in a the WZO and Jewish Agency leadership and letter that “there is no escape from the judi- demanded the terms of the British Mandate cial declaration that the Regulation Law is an be ‘revised’ to encourage Jewish coloniza- unconstitutional law, which is null and void.” tion throughout the area of Transjordan and Critics denounced the law as violating Pales- Palestine. The Revisionists tinian rights as well as Israel’s 1992 Basic Law split from the WZO in 1935 on Human Dignity and Liberty, because it and commenced a violent does not provide landowners with legal op- campaign against the British tions to oppose expropriation if they refuse and Palestinians in 1937. compensation. Some also argued that the Today, the Revisionist’s con- Knesset was not authorized to pass laws stituent factions have re- regarding property in the West Bank as it is formed to make up the under the jurisdiction of the military. Likud bloc in Israeli politics. Ze’ev Jabotinski

REGULATION LAW 2 (also: Young Settlement RHODES TALKS Armistice Talks that began on Bill or Fabric of Life Law) Bill proposed by 13 January 1949 in Rhodes to formalize the MKs (Habayit Hayehudi) end of the fighting between Israel and its and (Likud), and passed a pre- Arab neighbors without prejudice to the set- liminary Knesset committee reading on 16 tlement of the Palestine Question. Armistice

154 R agreements with Israel were signed on 24 RIGHT OF ENTRY/RE-ENTRY TO THE OCCUPIED February by Egypt, PALESTINIAN TERRITORY Grassroots cam- on 23 March by paign in response to an undeclared Israeli Lebanon, on 3 April policy employed since mid-2006 that denies by Transjordan, and entry and/or re-entry via the international on 20 July by Syria. Israeli borders at , Allenby Iraq refused to en- Bridge, Sheikh Hussein Bridge, and Eilat, to ter into talks. foreign passport holders who want to visit, live, or work in the OPT. Palestinian natives, RIBAT Originally small fortifications or build- spouses, children, and other close relatives ings located on the borders of Muslim lands of Palestinian ID card holders are primarily in which the military volunteers defending affected. Israel’s arbitrary turning away of those lands (al-murabitun) lived. After the foreign nationals at its ports of entry has re- departure of the Crusaders, the ribats in Je- sulted in, inter alia, the separation of fami- rusalem were used to accommodate visitors lies, the departure of investors, the disrup- and Muslim pilgrims. tion of education and other services, and the prevention of access to properties. The cam- RIBAT AL-KURD Originally a -period hos- paign supports individuals and organizations pice, Ribat Al-Kurd is located in front of the denied entry and advocates for the rights of Arghouniyeh School near the Iron Gate (Bab access, movement and residency in the OPT. Al-Hadid in Arabic – one of the gates leading to the Al-Aqsa Mosque) at the western wall of RIGHT OF RETURN One of the key Palestinian the Mosque’s compound. It was founded by demands relating to the peace process. Right Prince Al-Muqir As-Sayfi Al-Kurd in 1293 to of Return refers to the right of Palestinian house the murabitun – military volunteers refugees and their descendants to return to who safeguarded Muslim lands and places. It their pre-1948 homes in Israel and the OPT. consists of a small plaza, an alleyway and a Legal reference to the right of return can be number of houses inhabited by several Pales- found in UN General Assembly Resolution tinians from the Shihabi family (hence the 194 of 11 December 1948, which states, “Ref- area is also referred to as Hoash Shihabi). In ugees wishing to return to their homes and 1967, the Israeli occupying forces confiscated live at peace with their neighbors should be the area of Ribat Al-Kurd, which is Islamic Waqf property, and in 1971 Israeli excava- permitted to do so.” Israel, which has its own tions led to the structure’s partial collapse. In right of return (i.e. the automatic right of the 1980s, Israeli sources spoke of the discov- every Jew in the world to settle in Israel and ery of part of the Western Wall and groups of obtain citizenship), has constantly rejected settlers began to visit the site and pray the idea of allowing the refugees to return. there, calling it the “Little Kotel” (to emphas- ize its connection with the Wailing Wall), RIYADH DECLARATION (regarding Arab Peace although there was no evidence for previous Initiative of 2002) Jointly signed declaration Jewish worship at the site. In 2006, Israeli by Arab leaders at the March 2007 Arab authorities converted it into a Jewish prayer League summit in Riyadh, stressing their re- hall and in 2011, declared the wall of Ribat Al- solve to renew the Arab peace initiative of Kurd to be a Jewish holy site. They banned 2002. It follows the land-for-peace-formula the Waqf from undertaking renovation works which calls for full Israeli withdrawal from all there, erected a checkpoint at its entrance, Arab territories occupied since 1967, for and installed surveillance cameras. Israel's acceptance of an independent Pales- tinian State with Jerusalem as its capital, and for a just solution to the Palestinian refugee problem. The declaration received interna- tional support, but Israel requested major amendments, particularly to the clauses con- cerned with the refugee problem and the rec-

155 R ognition and normalization of relations with ROGERS PLAN Peace plan announced by US Israel, and has not recognized the document. Secretary of State William Rogers on 9 De- cember 1969. The Rogers Plan is comprised of two parts: a call for an Israeli-Egyptian ceasefire agreement along the Suez Canal and an attempt to move the Israeli-Jorda- nian and Israeli-Egyptian negotiations forward with- in the framework of UN Se- curity Council Resolution 242. Israel rejected the US initiative, while Jordan and Egypt accepted it. William Rogers Riyadh Summit, March 2007 RUBBER BULLETS A type of bullet employed by ROAD BARRIERS/BLOCKS see Closure Obstacles the Israeli army and security forces to dis- perse demonstrations, which are in fact metal ROAD MAP (formally: Performance-Based Road bullets encased in a thin rubber coating. The Map and Goal-Driven Road Map) Plan put use of these ‘rubber’ bullets on unarmed Pal- together by the Middle East Quartet in De- estinian demonstrators has been widely con- cember 2002, and issued on 30 April 2003 demned because they are highly inaccurate after Mahmoud Abbas was sworn in as first and can be lethal when Palestinian Prime Minister. The road map fired at close-range, aimed to find a “final and comprehensive which is often the case settlement of the Israel-Palestinian conflict in riot situations. by 2005” based on a full two-state solution, beginning with an end to Palestinian terror- Israeli detention and in- ism, a freeze on Israeli settlements, and other terrogation facility located in a complex in steps to normalize conditions. The plan in- West Jerusalem which was constructed by cluded “clear phases, timelines, target dates, the Russian Orthodox Church in the late 19th and benchmarks aiming at progress through Century. The compound is used to house and reciprocal steps by the two parties in the interrogate Palestinian security prisoners as political, security, economic, humanitarian well as criminals. According to Physicians for and institution-building fields” and had mon- Human Rights, who have visited the com- itoring groups under the auspices of the pound, but were denied access to the Shin- Quartet. It envisaged a Palestinian state by Bet controlled “security section”, torture and 2005. After the end of President Bush's term ill treatment are commonplace. The prison of office in January 2009, the roadmap fell complex, which also contains a court, is into the background. known to Palestinians as Al-Mascubiyya.

Road Map handed over to Prime Minister Abbas Russian Compound Prison

156 S killings. Further, an international inquiry com- mission led by former UN Assistant Secre- tary-General Sean MacBride held Israel, as oc- S cupying power, directly responsible for plan- ning and allowing the Phalange’s entry into the camps and ignoring the murders. Never- SABIREEN MOVEMENT (Arabic: Harakat As- theless, no one in Lebanon or Israel was pros- Sabireen, English: Movement of Those Who ecuted for the massacres. In 2001, following Endure with Patience) Islamic armed group Sharon's election as Prime Minister, a Belgian in Gaza that split from the Islamic Jihad move- court agreed to look into a war crimes case ment in 2014. While its positions are consis- filed against Sharon by 28 survivors of the tent with Iran's sectarian stances and the massacre, and on 12 February 2003, the Bel- group’s flag and symbols closely resemble gian Supreme Court ruled that Sharon and those of Hizbullah and the Iranian Revolutio- others could be prosecuted in this case – nary Guard Corps, in 2016, founder and lead- which, however, never happened. The mas- er Hisham Salim told the Palestinian news sacre’s anniversary is commemorated in Pa- agency Ma’an that although the group was lestine and other Arab states. directly funded by the Iranian government, it was non-sectarian, non-religious and not a “Shiite movement.” Sabireen has repeatedly clashed with Hamas as it refuses to abide by Hamas’ orders to maintain the alleged truce with Israel by firing rockets in response to Israeli missile strikes. It was banned by Hamas in Gaza in 2015 and its members are subject to ongoing arrests and confiscation of their weapons. Salim was report- edly arrested by SACRIFICE ZONES Term used to describe the Hamas in Febru- phenomena of the waste industry seeking ary 2019. out communities or countries where the regulation of hazardous waste is less strin- SABRA AND SHATILA MASSACRE Atrocity that gently regulated and enforced and thus re- occurred within the framework of Israel’s ducing the operating costs of waste treat- June 1982 invasion of Lebanon and siege on ment. Often, sacrifice zones are located near West Beirut, which aimed to destroy the poor and disempowered populations, who PLO’s infrastructure. The massacre occurred wind up suffering a disproportionate expo- when then-Israeli Defense Minister Ariel sure to environmental harm. In the West Bank Sharon and Israeli army chief of staff Rafael this refers to the areas where Israel transfers Eitan allowed the Israeli-supported Christian much of the hazardous waste it produces, Phalange militia, under the leadership of Elie thus threatening the health of the Palestin- Hobeika, to enter the Palestinian Refugee ian people and the integrity of their environ- Camps of Sabra and Shatila on 16-18 Septem- ment and natural resources. According to ber, where they killed between 800 (Israeli B’Tselem, at least 15 figures) to 2,700 (ICRC numbers) Palestinian waste treatment fa- civilians, mainly women, children, and old cilities have been men. An Israeli government investigation (see built in the West Kahan Commission) later found Sharon, Eitan, Bank to process and others “indirectly responsible”, because mostly Israeli-pro- they had allowed the Phalange into the refu- duced (hazardous) gee camps and ignored information about the waste.

157 S SAFDIE PLAN Development plan for Jerusalem organization, but had no serious presence drafted by renowned Israeli architect Moshe outside Syria and Lebanon. Since 2007, the Safdie. The plan was initiated during Ehud group has been led by Farhan Abu Al-Hayja Olmert’s tenure as mayor of Jerusalem, and (formerly Issam Al-Qadi). As-Saiqa opposes called for the construction of some 20,000 the Oslo process, and thus the PA. Today, it is housing units on hills to the west of Jerusa- considered insignificant outside Syria, although lem as well as the construction of new roads it retains a presence in Lebanon. Its impor- to serve those neighborhoods on natural and tance to Syria also has lessened, mainly due planted forests near Ramot. After harsh op- to Damascus’ shifting of support to the Pal- position by environmentalists and years of estinian Islamist factions of Hamas and Islam- debate, Mayor Uri Lupoliansky suspended ic Jihad. the plan in late November 2006, and in Feb- ruary 2007, the National Board for Planning SALADIN AL-AYOUBI BRIGADES Armed group and Building rejected it. It was finally buried initially from Gaza that was closely linked to in September 2008. The plan was “one of the President Yasser Arafat and vowed to con- largest construction projects ever proposed duct attacks until Jerusalem was liberated. in Israel” according to , which also quoted Safdie as saying that “the SALAH EDDIN (full name: Salah Eddin Yousef people who are against the westward plan Ibn Ayyoubi; known in the as are rightists who want to build to the east, Saladin) Kurdish Muslim general (1137 or and green-loving bleeding heart leftists.” 1138-1193), who led the Islamic opposition to the European Cru- saders in the Levant, recaptured Palestine and Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187, and ruled at the height of his power over Iraq, Syria, Hijaz and Yemen. Part of the Safdie Plan area

SALFIT Small Palestinian governorate and city, MASSACRE Israeli forces’ 29 October located in the northwestern West Bank, south 1948 assault on the Galilee village of Safsaf of Qalqilya and hemmed in by illegal Israeli as a part of the Israeli forces operation to take settlements. The populations are 75,400 and control of the Galilee. Both Israeli sources 10,900 (PCBS, 2019) respectively. Salfit was (namely the diaries of senior Haganah officer under Jordanian administration from 1949 to Yosef Nachmani) and Arab oral records agree 1967, and since then has been under Israeli on accounts of soldiers entering the village, occupation, despite the fact that administra- tying the hands of 52-70 men and shooting tive control was handed over to the PA under them, as well as raping several women in- the 1995 Oslo II Accord. cluding a 14-year-old. Israeli historian Benny Morris outlines or references the massacre in at least three of his books.

AS-SAIQA (English: Storm or Thunderbolt) Sy- rian-backed and controlled pan-Arabist PLO commando group of Ba’athist ideology. As- Saiqa, which saw the liberation of Palestine within the context of a pan-Arab movement MASSACRE Assault on Saliha village led by Syria, was established in February 1968 (Safad district) on 30 October 1948. Specific and originally led by Yousef Zu’ayyin. It was details of the massacre vary between the di- considered the second largest PLO guerrilla aries of Haganah officer Yosef Nachmani and

158 S journalist Robert Fisk’s inteviews with Saliha turer's Association and the Trade and Ma- families in Lebanon, however most accounts rketing Association, but also became the eco- agree that Israeli troops either blew up a nomic and investment arm of the PLO with structure, possibly a mosque, killing the 60- commercial contacts and assets in various 94 people who had taken refuge inside, or countries, mainly Africa, Asia, and Eastern first murdered the villagers, then piled their Europe. It also published Samed Al-Iqtisadi, corpses up in the building and blew it up. an economic magazine. Since the establish- ment of the PA, Samed has been dormant. Ethno-religious group of the Le- vant, which descended from the ancient SAN REMO CONFERENCE Post-World War I northern kingdom of Israel, and is today es- conference held in San Remo, Italy, from 19- timated to number around 700. The Samari- 26 April 1920, following the 1919 Paris Peace tans live mainly in the Kiryat Luza village on Conference. It was attended by the repre- Mount Jerizim near Nablus, but a smaller sentatives of the four Principal Allied Powers group has settled in near Tel Aviv. of World War I: Britain, France, Italy and Ja- While they worship in Hebrew and most hold pan. The conference awarded the adminis- dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship, they con- tration of the former Ottoman-controlled ter- sider themselves Palestinians, are integrated ritories of Syria and Lebanon as "mandates" into Palestinian society, and are represented to France, in the PLC. The Samaritans are led by a high and those of priest and their religion is based on some of Palestine, the same books used as the basis of Judaism Transjordan, but in their own version of the Torah, known and Mesopo- as Memar Markah, and their own liturgy, law tamia (Iraq) codes and biblical commentaries. They be- to Britain. lieve in the following main principles of faith: 1) One God – The God of Israel; 2) One SANA'A DECLARATION (Fatah-Hamas) Yemeni Prophet – Ben Amram; 3) Belief in the plan to resume direct reconciliation talks be- Torah (the first five books of the bible); and tween Fatah and Hamas. The Sana’a Decla- 4) One Holy ration was signed on 23 March 2008 by Place – Mount Musa Abu Marzouk, Deputy Chief of Hamas, Jerizim (as op- and Fatah official Azzam Al-Ahmad in the posed to the presence of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah “Temple Mount Saleh. Under the deal, the two factions of Moriah” in agreed to return the political situation in the Jerusalem). Palestinian territories to its status before the June 2007 power struggle, in which Hamas SAMED (originally: Palestine Martyrs Works seized the Gaza Strip. They also agreed to Society) Economic organization/fund estab- stress the "unity of the Palestinian homel- lished by the PLO in Jordan in 1970 and led and, people, territory and authority." Ac- by Ahmad Qrei’a, to provide the children cording to Reuters, only hours after the and families of Palestinians who were killed signing of the declaration, the two parties during the conflict with Israel with jobs and disagreed on the interpretation. Fatah said it vocational training. Samed was reorganized would agree to direct reconciliation talks in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1971 and extended its only if Hamas services to all Palestinians in the mid-1970s. first agreed to It played an important role, particularly in relinquish its the 1970s and 1980s, providing the econom- hold on Gaza, ic infrastructure for Palestinian communities. and Hamas de- It not only operated a number of businesses, manded that including factories and agricultural coopera- the same con- tives, and associations, such as the Manufac- ditions apply

159 S to the West Bank, where the Fatah-led PA that some civilians, including cripples, may had dismissed a Hamas-led unity govern- have been killed after the village was con- ment and arrested some Hamas supporters. quered.

SANCTIONS Instruments of influence applied or SASSON REPORT Report that then Israeli Prime threatened by one or more countries against Minister Ariel Sharon was compelled to another country or individual in order to exert commission due to increasing local and in- pressure for change or compliance with inter- ternational criticism of the settlement out- national law. Sanctions can be economic in posts and the role of the government. The nature involving commercial and or financial report, prepared by Attorney Talia Sasson, penalties, such as restrictions on trade or fi- was presented in March 2005 and stated nancial transactions, or can take the form of that many of the outposts were established political decisions that impose restrictions or on lands that are not state-owned, including exclude targeted entities from something, 15 on private Palestinian land and 46 on such as military embargoes and cutting off lands of unknown ownership. The report de- diplomatic relations. tailed numerous governmental bodies of committing blatant illegal offenses to estab- SANJAK Ottoman administrative sub-province lish outposts, particularly the Construction and sub-division within a larger province and Housing Ministry, which planned and (vilayet). funded illegal outposts funded (with millions of shekels from state budg- SARIYA-2 Home-made rockets developed by ets) without any cabinet the Tanzim that are much less common than decisions. The report rec- the Qassam rockets of Hamas (see Qassam). ommended that Sharon The range of the Sariya-2 is some 3 km. consider criminal investi- gations against those sus- SA'SA' MASSACRE (1.) Attack by the Palmach pected of involvement. Third Battalion on Sa’sa’ village (Safad dis- Talia Sasson trict) on 15 February 1948. reported on 16 February 1948 that “a SAUDI PEACE INITIATIVE (also: Arab Peace In- large party of armed Jews entered Sasa with- itiative) Peace plan developed initially by out opposition planted charges against the Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah in February 2002, houses. Three houses were completely demo- the final version of which was discussed, lished and 11 badly damaged. The explosions slightly modified, and then adopted at the killed 11 Arabs, including five small children, March 2002 Arab League summit in Beirut. and wounded three others while the Jews The Saudi Peace Initiative calls for Israeli suffered no known casualties in the raid.” In withdrawal from all territories occupied since his book Sacred Landscape: The Buried His- 1967 and the return of Palestinian refugees tory of the Holy Land Since 1948 (2000) to Israel in return for recognition of Israel Meron Benvenisti writes that 60 people were and normalization with the Arab World. The killed in the raid in Sa'sa' and 16 houses de- proposal was received with skepticism by molished. Israel and had little practical effect. In 2006, (2.) Israeli assault on the village as part of the initiative assumed new importance as “Operation Hiram” on 30 October 1948, in Arab states tried in vain to get the Hamas which the village was captured, several of its government to agree to it. The plan was re- inhabitants were killed, and the remaining endorsed several times, most recently in ones expelled. According to historian Benny April 2013 with the updated terms that a Morris, , the commander of peace agreement should be based on the th the operation, recalled in a 1984 interview two-state solution on the basis of the 4 of that he had seen evidence that there were June 1967 line and could include mutual killings in the village after it was captured. agreed minor land swaps, but de facto the Morris notes that another report also states initiative has remained dormant.

160 S many observers see it as part of an Israeli strategy to annex large parts of West Bank land while encircling Palestinian population centers. The construction of the barrier drew international opposition, as it cuts deep into Palestinian territory and involves the confis- cation of large amounts of fertile Palestinian land, the ‘ghettoization’ of Palestinian towns and villages, and the cutting off of thousands Beirut Summit endorsing the Saudi Peace Plan, March 2002 of Palestinians from social services, schools, and farmlands. In some places, the fence runs see Lake Tabariyya along the Green Line, but it primarily pene- trates the West Bank by up to several kilome- SEAM ZONE Term referring to the Palestinian ters leaving a large section of Area C outside land or land enclaves that are located be- the region accessible to most West Bank ID tween the Green Line and the Separation holders (see Seam Zone). On 9 July 2004, the Barrier in the so-called Area C of the West International Court of Justice ruled that con- Bank. It is largely populated by Israeli settlers, struction of the Separation Barrier was illegal while the residents of its approximately 150 and “contrary to international law” because Palestinian communities are required to ap- it involves destruction and confiscation of ply for Israeli-issued permits in order to access Palestinian property and imposes severe re- their land. Thousands of Palestinians with strictions on Palestinian movement. Further, Jerusalem ID cards live also in the Seam Zone. the court stated that Israel must “cease forthwith the works of construction of the SECOND INTIFADA see Al-Aqsa Intifada wall being built in the OPT, including in and around East Jerusalem,” return seized prop- SEMIRAMIS HOTEL BOMBING Terrorist attack erty, and compensate Palestinian landown- carried out by the Haganah on the Christian owned Semiramis Hotel located in Jerusa- lem’s neighborhood on 5 January 1948, killing between 19 and 26 civilians, in- cluding at least one child, and wounding over 20. The incident is accounted in detail in Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins history book O Jerusalem! According to Israeli histo- rian Benny Morris, the attack was one of the main precipitants of Palestinian residents abandoning their homes and fleeing the neigh- borhood. Morris also states that at the time, ers whose interests have been damaged by “The Haganah believed that several irregu- its construction. The ICJ’s Advisory Opinion lars’ commanders lived there and, possibly was confirmed by UN General Assembly Res- mistakenly, that the hotel served as the olution ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004. In Decem- neighborhood militia HQ.” However, the at- ber 2006, UNGA established the UN Register tack was widely condemned. of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall (UNROD), which, by 16 June 2019, had SEPARATION BARRIER (also: Wall or Fence) collected 69,554 claims (mostly agriculture Barrier (fences, trenches, razor wire, and, losses) and over 1 million supporting docu- especially around Jerusalem, concrete walls) ments. The barrier’s total length (both con- within the West Bank constructed by Israel structed and projected) with 710 km is more on the pretext of security, beginning in June than twice the length of the 1949 Armistice 2002 to prevent Palestinians from entering Line (Green Line = 323 km) between the West Israel ‘illegally.’ However, Palestinians and Bank and Israel; upon completion, only 15%

161 S of the barrier will run on the Green Line or in Such contiguity is further eroded by the fact Israel, while 85% will be inside the West Bank. that the settlements are connected by a Some 9.4% of West Bank land, including East dense network of roads (bypass roads) each Jerusalem, is located between the barrier and with a ‘buffer zone’ adjacent to it, which Pal- the Green Line. Some 65 of the 150 West estinians are forbidden to use. In combination Bank settlements and over 85% of the total with the extensive security zones around each settler population are located on the ‘Israeli’ settlement and land held in ‘reserves’, total side of the barrier’s route. As of 2018, 64.3% land usage of settlements represents with an of the planned trajectory has been con- estimated almost 42% a significant proportion structed (some 456.7 km). A further 7.7% is of the West Bank (figures: B’Tselem, Peace under construction, and 28% is planned. Now, ARIJ, and the Israeli Ministry of Inte- rior). Palestinians prefer to use the term co- SEPHARDI(M) Jews who were expelled from lonies over settlements, because the latter Spain and Portugal during the Inquisition and gives the impression of empty lands being settled in the Balkans, Mediterranean, Middle “settled,” ignoring the fact that colonies were East, and North Africa. The term is common- usually established on fertile, agricultural land ly used to refer to all ‘Oriental Jews,’ al- confiscated from Palestinians and feature typ- though indigenous Middle East Jews are more ical elements of colonialism, such as conquest accurately called Mizrahim. Sephardi Chief of territory and maintaining rule by military Rabbi of Israel is Yitzhak Yosef since 2013. force, triggered by material profits on the part (See also Ashkenazim). of the “conqueror,” and exporting/expelling undesired indigenous populations. SETTLEMENT(S) Jewish-only communities es- tablished illegally, usually on prime Palestin- ian agricultural land or above major aquifers, by the State of Israel on land occupied dur- ing the 1967 June War. They vary enorm- ously in size from small collections of tents or trailers to large cities. Settlements are one

of the issues (along with Jerusalem, borders, refugees, security arrangements, relations SETTLEMENT BLOCS Areas in the West Bank and, and cooperation with other neighbors, and formerly, the Gaza Strip where groups of set- other issues of common interest) that the tlements have been established in relatively 1993 Declaration of Principles and the Oslo close proximity to each other. The blocs are process deferred to subsequent permanent not recognized by the Palestinians or the in- status negotiations, which were to be fina- ternational community as having any special lized in 1999 but have not yet been held. In status. About 80% of settlers live in settle- 2018, there were an estimated 130 “official” ment blocs. Main blocs are the Ariel bloc (14 settlements in the West Bank (excluding 101 settlements in the northern West Bank, includ- unauthorized outposts), and about 26 in Jeru- ing Ariel, , Karnei Shomron, Ma’ale salem, housing over 630,000 settlers, about Shomron, Bet Arye, and Ofarim), the Jerusa- 225,000 of them in East Jerusalem alone. lem bloc (eight settlements, including Givat Gaza settlements were evacuated in 2005 Ze’ev and Ma’ale Adumim), the Etzion bloc under Sharon’s unilateral disengagement plan (10 settlements in the southern West Bank, (see Disengagement Plan). Numerous UN including Efrata and Betar Illit), and the Resolutions have condemned the construc- Modi'in bloc (five settlements northwest of tion of settlements, which is prohibited under Jerusalem, including Modi'in Illit). the terms of the Fourth Geneva Convention.

Settlements represent a major obstacle to SETTLEMENTS REGULATION LAW see Regula- the realization of an independent Palestinian tion Law and Formalization Bill state, because they prevent territorial conti-

guity between Palestinian towns and cities.

162 S SÈVRES TREATY Peace Treaty concluded after person who has lived a life in accordance with World War I on 10 August 1920 in Sèvres, the will of Allah, and is thus only applied to France, between the Ottoman Empire and the those who sacrifice their lives for Allah's cause. Allies. The treaty included dismantling and par- They do so realizing that their lives belong to titioning the Ottoman Empire, giving Meso- Allah, who created them. Islam assures be- potamia (Iraq) and Palestine, including Trans- lievers that those who die fighting the infidel jordan, to Britain and Syria and Lebanon, to in battle (martyr), in defense of their faith, France. Further, the Sèvres Treaty renounced will go to Paradise. The term’s non-religious Turkish sovereignty over the kingdom of (often political) connotation is often inaccu- Hijaz. Rejected by the new Turkish nationalist rately translated to “martyr” and refers to regime, the Treaty of Sèvres was replaced by Muslims who die for a cause they believe in. the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. In this latter sense, Palestinians refer to Pales- tinians killed by the causes related to Israeli occupation as shahids.

SHAMIR FOUR-POINT PLAN (also: Shamir’s Elections Plan or Shamir’s Peace Proposal) Plan presented in early April 1989 by then- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. It is Signing of the Sèvres Treaty comprised of the following four points: (1) making the Camp David Accords the founda- SHABAH (also: Shabah position) Special interro- tion of the peace process in the region; (2) gation method and torture technique em- an end of Arab hostility and belligerency to- ployed by the Shin Bet, whereby the detainee wards Israel; (3) a multinational effort to solve is shackled in stress positions for extended the Arab refugee problem; and (4) the hold- periods while hooded or blindfolded and lis- ing of free and democratic elections to pro- tening to loud music. The painful binding of duce a delegation “to ne- the prisoner’s hands and feet gotiate an interim period of to a chair or a pole, accompa- self-governing administra- nied by sleep deprivation, re- tion.” Palestinians rejected striction of toilet facilities, phys- the plan as it ruled out PLO ical assault, inadequate food, representation and a sove- and others abusive measures reign Palestinian state. are also common. A 1999 High Yitzhak Shamir Court of Justice ruling on the legality of Israeli interrogation SHARI’A The fundamental religious concept of methods defined all the com- Islam, namely its law, which was systema- ponents of the Shabah me- tized during the 2nd and 3rd Centuries of the thod as unlawful since they Muslim era (8th-9th Centuries AD). Shari’a is deviated from the rules for the totality of religious, political, social, do- “reasonable and fair interro- mestic, and private life, and is thus a law sys- gation” and unnecessarily tem of Muslims. It consists of divine revela- injure the dignity and bodily tion in the form of the Qur’an and the prophet- wellbeing of the interrogees. ic practice, sunna (as recorded in the Hadith). The law system constitutes a system of du- SHABAK see Shin Bet ties, which all Muslim societies, in keeping with Allah’s command, are expected to fol- SHAHID (plural: shuhada) Qur’anic Arabic word low. As such it concerns all aspects of daily or name that means "witness" and refers to life, including business, economics, banking, Allah’s awareness of everything. In its true politics, family, sexuality, hygiene, and social Islamic-religious meaning, shahid is figurative- issues. ly a witness to one’s faith, i.e., a deceased

163 S SHARM ESH-SHEIKH Egyptian resort often used decided to hold a meeting on the Middle East for meetings between regional leaders, in- peace process in Moscow during spring 2009. cluding Palestinians and Israelis, at the south- Participants agreed on "the need for conti- ern tip of the Sinai Peninsula. From 1971 to nuous, and uninterrupted, bilateral negotia- 1982, Sharm tions; the principle that nothing would be Esh-Sheikh considered agreed until everything is agreed; was the site the need to reach a comprehensive agree- of the Jewish ment addressing all issues, as agreed at Anna- settlement of polis, rather than just announce agreement Ofira. on selected issues in isolation." (See also An- napolis Conference). SHARM ESH-SHEIKH AGREEMENT Agreement for the implementation of the Wye River Memorandum, which was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat in Sharm Esh-Sheikh on 4 September 1999 and witnessed by US Secretary of State Al- bright, Egyptian President Mubarak, and King Abdullah II of Jordan. The Sharm Esh-Sheikh Agreement stipulated that Israel would with- draw in three stages from another 11% of the West Bank, release some 350 Palestinian SHARM ESH-SHEIKH SUMMIT/TALKS Summit political prisoners, open the safe passages be- held on 16-17 October 2000 in Sharm Esh- tween the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and be- Sheikh to find ways to halt the recent vi- gin permanent status talks on 13 September olence (Al-Aqsa Intifada), set up an inquiry 1999 to reach a framework for a settlement into its causes, and explore the possibilities of the conflict by February 2000 and a final concerning the restoration of security coop- peace agreement by September 2000. Israeli eration between Palestinians and Israel as redeployments are split as follows: well as a return to peace negotiations. The  Transfer of 7% from Area C to B by 15 Sep- talks were attended by Palestinian President tember 1999; Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Ba-  Transfer of 3% from C to B and of 2% from rak, US President Bill Clinton, UN Secretary B to A by 15 November 1999; General Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of  Transfer of 1% from C to A and 5.1 % from the EU Council Javier Solana, Jordanian King B to A by 20 January 2000. Abdullah, and Egyptian President Hosni Mu- However, like the Wye River Accord, no offi- barak. The Mitchell Commission was estab- cial map detailing the areas to be transferred lished as part of the agreement reached at by Israel was produced. the end of the talks (see also Mitchell Com- mission).

Signing the Sharm Esh-Sheikh Agreement SHARON PLAN Plan proposed by MK Ariel Sha- SHARM ESH-SHEIKH MEETING One-day meet- ron in 1992 whereby Israel would annex some ing of the Middle East Quartet on 9 Novem- 50% of the OPT, while in the remaining areas, ber 2008 where the Annapolis process of No- mostly Palestinian population centers, 11 ‘can- vember 2007 was reiterated, and where it was tons’ would be created, within which Pales-

164 S tinians would have auton- der which is home to 14 farms located south omy. According to a 20 of the Lebanese village of Sheba’a. The farms January 1992 article in the were originally captured by Israel from Syria New York Times, Sharon in the War of 1967 and have since been held argued for a position that by Israel. Lebanon has claimed that the area the Israeli government belongs to it and should be returned how- then did not emphasize, ever the region continues to be a disputed that there was “already a territory and locus of controversy between Palestinian state, Jordan.” Ariel Sharon Israel, Lebanon, and Hizbullah, with the UN as mediator. Analysts see it as unlikely that SHARON’S DISENGAGEMENT PLAN see Unila- Israel will give up the land easily due to its teral Disengagement Plan militarily strategic location, its being a desti- nation of Hasidic pilgrimage (with reference SHAS (Hebrew acronym for Sephardi Torah to the events between God and Abraham re- Guardians) Ultra-Orthodox party formed un- ferred to in Genesis 15:9-17), and the fact der the leadership of former Sephardi chief that it is governed by the Golan Law, which rabbi in the early 1970s. Shas requires a 61- primarily represents Sephardim and made its Knesset major- first appearance in the Knesset in 1984. Since ity before it then, it has almost always formed a part of can be trans- the governing coalition, whether the ruling ferred to a for- party was Labor or Likud. In eign power. the April 2019 elections, Shas, led by Aryeh Deri, won SHEPHERD HOTEL Historic building complex lo- 8 Knesset seats, and in the cated on a 30-dunum compound in Sheikh September 2019 elections 9. Jarrah in an area known to Palestinians as Karm Al-Mufti due to its having belonged to SHAW COMMISSION British appointed Com- Grand Mufti Haj Amin Al-Husseini before it mission of Inquiry, led by Sir Walter Shaw, to was seized by the Israelis in 1967 (despite investigate the Al-Buraq disturbances, i.e., the the fact that the heirs of the rightful owner riots between the Arab and Jewish popula- were still alive and long-standing legal resi- tion in 1929, which followed the release of dents of Jerusalem and the building had the British government’s White Paper that functioned as a hotel from 1945). The land confirmed the status of the Western Wall as was apparently acquired by Jewish million- Muslim property. The Shaw Commission’s re- aire Irving Moskowitz from the Israeli Custo- port was published in March 1930; it con- dian of Absentee Property in 1985 (, 3 cluded that Palestinian violence was a result November 2005). It was subsequently rented of their fear of Zionist immigration and land to the Israeli Border Police and is now ad- purchases and recommended limitations on ministered by Moskowitz, Ateret Cohanim and both. The subsequent Hope- C&M Properties. In 2004, Israeli authorities Simpson Commission came expanded Town Planning Scheme 2591 of to the same conclusion, and 1984 (allowing construction of 20 housing both led to the issuing of units) with the goal of establishing a new Jew- the 1930 ‘Passfield’ White ish settlement at its site, including 90 apart- Paper, which recommend- ments, a synagogue and kindergarten (Town ed restriction of Jewish im- Plan Scheme 11536). A construction request migration. Sir Walter Shaw to this end was submitted to the West Jeru- salem municipality in late October 2005. In SHEBA'A FARMS (Hebrew: Har Dov; English: November 2006, the Israeli Committee for Mount Dov) Disputed 14-km-long and 2-km- the Preservation of Historic Sites recom- wide strip of land at the northern edge of the mended the demolition of the hotel on the Golan Heights along the Lebanese-Israeli bor- grounds that it had no special architectural

165 S value. In March 2007, the state formally ex- SHI'A or SHIITE (Literally: Faction) Adherents of propriated the land, at the request of the Islam's heterodoxy, the Shi'a originated among ILA, under the rubric of “acquisition for pub- the supporters of Ali, the Prophet's cousin and lic needs” (Haaretz, 20 August 2007), thus son-in-law, and his descendants. Shi'ites are reclassifying its “green area” status to make the smaller of the two great divisions of Is- way for the planned Jewish settlement. A lam and are divided into Zeidis, Twelvers, and few months later the government leased the Isma'ilis. The Alawis and the are off- land to Ateret Cohanim, despite a petition by shoots of the Isma'iliyya. Shi’as, unlike Sunnis, the Arab Hotels Company contesting owner- support the claims of Ali and his line to pre- ship of the land. On 18 March 2010 permits sumptive right to the caliphate and leader- for the construction of 20 units at the site ship of the Muslim community. Shi’as revere were issued and work began soon after. In Twelve Imams, the last of whom is believed February 2012, the High Court of Justice ruled to be hidden from view. Shi’a constitute al- that the Husseini family could not claim own- most 20% of all ership of the property, as too much time had Muslims, and passed since Israeli authorities had transferred represent the it to private developers for a legal challenge majority of the to be brought. As of 2019, the settlement population in remains uninhabited, but work continues on Azerbaijan, Ba- and around the complex with another floor hrain, Iran, Iraq, being apparently added to the existing con- and Lebanon. Shia shrine of Iman Ali, Iraq struction. SHIN BET (Hebrew: Shabak, acronym for Sherut ha-Bitachon ha-Klali; English: Israel Security Agency or General Security Services) Israeli counterintelligence and internal security ser- vice founded as one of three secret services in Israel in 1948, along with the Military Intel- ligence (Aman) and Foreign Intelligence (later Mossad). Shin Bet is believed to be at the Shepherd Hotel before destruction forefront of undercover operations against Palestinians and the recruitment of Palestin- SHEPHERDSTOWN TALKS Second round of US- ian informers. It also maintains a key role in sponsored negotiations between Israeli and Israel’s assassination policy against alleged Syrian delegations led by Israeli Prime Minis- militants. Since 2016, it has been headed by ter Ehud Barak and Syrian Foreign Minister . Israeli, Palestinian, and in- Farouk Al-Shara' which took place 3-11 Janu- ternational human rights organizations have ary 2000 in Shepherdstown, West Virginia repeatedly charged Shin Bet with continuing (the first round of talks were held 15-16 De- its torture techniques de- cember 1999 in Washington). The Shepherds- spite a 1999 court ruling town Talks failed to result in an agreement forbidding them. They with the main issue of dispute being the have also criticized the return of the Golan Heights to Syria, includ- agency for controversial ing parts of the Sea of Galilee. detentions and a lack of

accountability.

SHINUI (English: Change) Secular, liberal-capi- talist Zionist party originally formed in 1974 as a protest movement. Shinui joined Ratz and Mapam to form the Meretz party in 1992 but left in 1996 to become an independent Ehud Barak, Bill Clinton and Farouk Al-Shara' party. They vehemently oppose the influence

166 S of the ultra-Orthodox parties and the govern- market complex to make way for the building ment-supported religious establishment, call- of a new Jewish settlement at its site. ing for the separation of religion and state within the confines of Zionist ideology (e.g., demanding civil marriage, operation of trans- portation, businesses, theaters, etc. on Shab- bat, the possibility of importing non-kosher food, drafting of ultra-orthodox Jews into the army, and ending payments to stu-

dents). Following its departure from the gov- ernment over budgetary disagreements in SHULTZ INITIATIVE (also: US Peace Proposal) 2005, the party was renamed Shinui – Party Plan revealed by US Secretary of State George for the Secular and the Middle Class. In Janu- Shultz during a visit to Israel in February 1988, ary 2006, the party split into small factions, proposing a joint Jordanian-Palestinian dele- none of which managed to overcome the 2% gation to represent the Palestinians in nego- threshold needed to enter the Knesset. The tiations, based on UN Security Council Reso- party did not run in any subsequent national lutions 242 and 338, and a division of admin- elections. Yesh Atid, a party formed by Yair istrative responsibility for the OPT between Lapid in 2012, is con- Israel and Jordan. The Palestinians rejected sidered to be in the the plan as it did not foresee a Palestinian same tradition as state and offered hardly Shinui (see Yesh Atid). any change from the status quo. In July 1988, the basis SHUHADA JUNCTION (English: Martyr's junc- of the Shultz Plan became tion; also: Netzarim Junction) Central inter- unworkable when King Hus- section on Salah Eddin Street, the main north- sein announced Jordan’s south road running the length of Gaza. It was disengagement from the repeatedly closed for lengthy periods by the West Bank. George Shultz Israeli army during the Al-Aqsa Intifada, se- verely restricting movement within the Gaza SHURA COUNCIL (Arabic: Majlis Al-Shura) Con- Strip. sultative council and overarching political and decision-making body established by Hamas. SHUHADA STREET (English: Martyr's Street) ‘Shura’ is the Arabic word for ‘consultation’ Main road in Hebron, leading to Al-Ibrahimi as well as the Qur’anic concept of general as- Mosque, which once was the old city’s cen- sembly, as stated in Suret Ash-Shura 42:38: tral fruit and vegetable market but was closed "And those who have responded to their lord for Palestinians by Israel in the aftermath of and established prayer and whose affair is [de- the February 1994 Hebron Massacre by Israeli- termined by] consultation among themselves, American settler Baruch Goldstein. The street and from what We have provided them, they – including the shops and front doors of its spend" and Suret Al-Imran 3:159: "So by mer- Palestinian residents – has remained almost cy from Allah, [O Muhammad], you were le- entirely closed for Palestinians since then, nient with them. And if you had been rude allegedly for “security reasons,” while some [in speech] and harsh in heart, they would 900 Jewish settlers living in the city can walk have disbanded from about you. So pardon and drive along the street as they wish. them and ask forgiveness for them and con- Palestinians who live there are not allowed to sult them in the matter. And when you have enter their homes through the main entrance decided, then rely upon Allah. Indeed, Allah but are forced to use alleyways, rooftops, loves those who rely [upon Him]." Though it and back doors. In early December 2019, notes that the Shura Council’s membership is Israeli Defense Minister Naftali Bennett an- mostly kept secret, the on nounced plans to raze the historic wholesale Foreign Relations (ECFR) outlines the compo-

167 S sition of the council forming four sub-com- navigation in the Straits of mittee Shuras elected by Hamas members in Tiran. Israel's withdrawal Gaza, the West Bank, the Diaspora, and by was accompanied by a US- prisoners in Israeli jails. Members of the Shura sponsored UN resolution Council elect the Hamas’ Political Bureau, creating the United Na- Hamas’ main decision-making body. Under tions Emergency Force to the Shura Council are committees responsi- supervise the vacated ter- ble for supervising Hamas activities, from ritories. media relations to military operations. SINAI INTERIM AGREEMENT see Interim Agree- SIEGE (also: Blockade of Gaza) The ongoing air, ment between Israel and Egypt land, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip im- posed by Israel and Egypt since 2007, locking SONS OF THE VILLAGE (Arabic: Ibna or Abnaa in over 1.8 million Palestinians and under- Al-Balad) Movement founded in 1969 by Pal- mining any economic or other development. estinian citizens of Israel from independent groups in the city of Um Al-Fahm to counte- SIEGE OF THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY see ract Israeli attempts to divide and rule the Nativity Church Standoff Arab community in Israel. The group empha- sized that the Palestinian Arabs of 1948 be- SILWAN Palestinian neighborhood in Jerusalem, long to the Palestinian people and the Arab just south of the Old City, which is subject to nation, not to ‘Israel,’ and that regional, fierce Israeli settlement activities, often un- personal or family interest should be subor- der the pretext of archeology. Settlement ac- dinated to the national cause. The Sons of tivities are mainly coordinated by the right- the Village ran in the 1973 municipal elec- wing Israeli NGO Elad, which is also in charge tions and won a seat in Um Al-Fahm, but they of the City of David, and wants to expand Jew- then campaigned for many years against par- ish presence in East Jerusalem. Large areas of ticipating in parliamentary elections, claiming Silwan are designated as “green zone” (where it gives legitimacy to a decision-making process building is forbidden), and earmarked to be the Arab minority is entirely excluded from. part of an Israeli national park. At the same More recently, the small, secular Sons of the time many Palestinian houses are slated for Village movement has called for a single dem- demolition or have already been demo- ocratic, secular state and the right of return of lished. (See also Bustan Neighborhood and the Palestinian refugees, arguing that efforts City of David). for a two-state solution have failed. Their Secretary-General Mohammed Kanana spent four and a half years in prison after an Israeli court convicted him of aiding Hizbullah.

SOUTH LEBANESE ARMY (SLA) Armed militia founded and led mainly by South Lebanese Christians. The SLA was founded (1976) and headed by Major Sa'ad Haddad until his death Partial view of Silwan in 1984, then led by former Lt. General An- toine Lahad. Financed and trained by Israel, SINAI CAMPAIGN Egyptian-Israeli War in Oc- its main task was to control the Israeli ‘secu- tober 1956 triggered by an Israeli military op- rity zone’ in South Lebanon. eration in Egypt in response to Egypt's natio- After Israel’s withdrawal nalization of the Suez Canal and blockade of from Lebanon in 2000, Hiz- the Gulf of Aqaba. Israel, joined by Great Brit- bullah guerillas and civilians ain and France, assumed control of the Gaza from the occupied villages Strip and much of the Sinai, but withdrew took control of the area and after the US promised to maintain freedom of the SLA was disbanded.

168 S ST. JAMES CONFERENCE (also: St. James Round- STATEHOOD BID (also: Palestinian Bid for State- table) Roundtable Conference with British, hood at the UN) Alternative strategy for state- Jewish, Palestinian, and other Arab partici- hood announced in May 2011 by PA Presi- pants (Egypt, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and dent Abbas consisting in requesting interna- Transjordan) which took place from 7 Febru- tional recognition of a Palestinian state on the ary to 17 March 1939 at St. James’s Palace in worldwide endorsed terms of reference (i.e., London to discuss Jewish immigration into Pa- 1967 borders) and East Jerusalem as a capi- lestine and illegal land sales. After the confe- tal, as well as its admission as a full member rence failed to produce an agreement the of the UN. The bid was motivated by the sta- British government announced it would im- lemate of the peace process, by US President plement its own policy. Obama’s 2010 UNGA speech evoking a state of Palestine as the newest member of the UN the following year, as well as growing diplo- matic recognition and the completion of the PA’s internationally praised two-year state- building program. The request for full UN membership failed to obtain a unanimous recommendation by the UNSC Committee on the Admission of New Members in 2011 (due to the anticipated US veto), but a watered- down process requesting the UNGA to up- Arab delegation at St. James Conference grade Palestine’s UN status from observer ‘entity’ to non-member observer ‘state’ was STATE SECURITY COURTS Special military courts, overwhelmingly supported by a vote of 138:9 outside the civilian judicial system, estab- (41 abstaining) on 29 November 2012. While lished on 7 February 1995 by decree by Pres- mainly symbolic, the new status allows Pal- ident Arafat. The State Security Courts, com- estinians to pursue legal claims mainly, but prised of a Misdemeanor State Security Court, not only, against Israel for violations of inter- a General State Security Court, and a High national law in venues such as the Interna- Court of State Security, were designed to try tional Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Internation- security-related cases. The courts draw from al Criminal Court (ICC). The Palestinian State- the PLO Revolutionary Code of 1979 and hood Bid failed to pass UN Security Council Jordanian and Gazan law, and allow for the vote on 22 December 2014, with eight mem- death penalty. Court decisions were subject ber states voting in favor of it, two against to the President’s confirmation or rejection. and five abstained. Most cases that were tried involved sup- porters of opposition groups such as Hamas STATUS QUO Legal system that applies to the or Islamic Jihad, who were accused of plan- principal Holy Places, religious buildings and ning suicide bombings and possessing illegal sites in the Jerusalem area and describes the weapons. While Israeli government officials arrangements between different religions and welcomed the creation of the State Security religious groups over shared or contested sites. Courts, they were internationally and locally It supersedes any and all aspects of domestic criticized for circumventing the rule of law, law. Any governing authority exercises con- weakening judicial authority, and failing to trol over Jerusalem has to uphold its set of le- adhere to the most basic human rights stan- gal rights and obligations, which were created dards. In April 2003, widely seen as part of over centuries of practice and are now consi- the PA’s reform efforts, then-PA Interior Mi- dered binding international law. The core of nister Hani Al-Hassan announced that the the Status Quo was set out in an Ottoman fir- "State Security Court no longer exists," add- man (a decree, edict or administrative order ing that "from the outset, the establishment issued by an Ottoman Sultan) in 1757, which of this court was not legal." applied a modus vivendi to certain holy places with conflicting claims over ownership and

169 S the right to hold religious services. It was con- a meeting earlier that month and were dis- firmed in another Ottoman firman in 1852, closed by PA Information Minister Yasser Abed which froze claims of possession by religious Rabbo, who resigned on 15 May as chief ne- communities in the Christian holy places and gotiator in protest against the back-door ne- forbade any alterations to them in an attempt gotiations. The talks were facilitated by the to alleviate the Greek and Latin churches’ fight Clinton administration, which was hoping to over space and control of some areas in the achieve some tangible results before the Holy Sepulcher Church in Jerusalem and the American elections in November that year, Nativity Church in Bethlehem. It was interna- and were to concentrate on a framework for tionally codified by the 1856 Treaty of Paris the ‘final status’ arrangement. According to as well as the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which press reports, the Palestinians were offered proclaimed the 1852 decree to be inviolable some 87% of the West Bank and solutions for and extended it to other, non-Christian holy the refugees were debated; however, regard- sites. The Status Quo arrangements were ap- ing Jerusalem, there was no more than an ex- plied throughout the duration of the British change of ideas. On 21 May 2000 Barak or- Mandate. They were enshrined in the 1947 dered the suspension of the talks UN Partition Plan’s Statute on Jerusalem and because of continued violence in the OPT. endorsed by the 1949 UN Conciliation Com- Many of the proposals and ideas raised in the mission on Palestine, which named the fol- Stockholm Talks were picked up at the Camp lowing nine sites as protected by it: (1) The David Summit two months later (see Camp Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher and its depen- David). dencies, Jerusalem (2) Deir Al-Sultan, Jerusa- lem, (3) the Sanctuary of the Ascension, near STOP-AND-FRISK LAW Controversial Israeli law Jerusalem, (4) the Tomb of the Virgin Mary, on expanding police power to carry out body near Jerusalem, (5) the Basilica of the Nativ- searches, which was passed in the Knesset in ity, Bethlehem, (6) the Grotto of the Milk, February 2016. The original legislation was Bethlehem, (7) the Field of the Shepherds, proposed in 2011 and was at the time aimed Bethlehem, (8) the Wailing Wall, Jerusalem, at fighting violence in places such as night- and (9) Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem. Since clubs, pubs, discotheques, etc. But discussion its 1967 occupation, Israel has vowed to re- on it was discontinued after the first reading. spect the Status Quo, accepting inter alia the In 2015, in the wake of increased attacks by Waqf’s administration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque “lone wolves,” Public Security Minister Gilad compound, where non-Muslims are allowed Erdan reactivated the draft bill in order to to visit but not to pray. The State of Palestine apply it in the fight against “terror.” Among has affirmed its commitment to the Status other things, the law authorizes Israeli police Quo on several occasions, including in the his- to frisk persons if there is a “reasonable sus- toric Palestine-Holy See Agreement of 2014. picion that he is about to commit a violent offense, in order to check whether he is carry- STERN GANG see Lehi ing an illegal weapon.” Critics call the law rac- ist, arguing that it serves to increase discrimi- STOCKHOLM TALKS (also: ‘Se- nation against minorities in Israel, who more cret’ Stockholm Channel) A often arouse a “reasonable suspicion” among round of back-channel talks policemen. In 2018, Haaretz reported that a held in Stockholm, Sweden, Knesset committee refused to extend the in May 2000 between Pales- controversial law for another three years, tinian and Israeli delegations Ahmed Qrei’a against the wishes of the police. led by PLC Speaker Ahmed Qrei’a and Israeli Public Se- STRIKE see Commercial Strike curity Minister Shlomo Ben Ami. The talks were arranged SUEZ WAR see Sinai Campaign by President Yasser Arafat and Prime Minister Barak at Shlomo Ben Ami

170 S SULHA Traditional form of conflict resolution were appointed by the rooted in tribal law and conducted by a me- British. The Council was diator according to ancient and unwritten dissolved in 1951 and its rules. Sulha represents a popular alternative to duties were taken over by dispute settlement of criminal or civil matters the Jordanian Ministry of in civilian courts, and under Palestinian ad- Awqaf. ministration it relies on Jordanian practice. Hajj Amin Al-Husseini Sulha is aimed at reconciling the conflicting parties and demonstrating proper respect for SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT (also: Asia Minor the crisis and honor for the injured side. The Agreement) Secret agreement named after its Sulha procedure begins with a truce period negotiators, the British orientalist Sir Mark (hudna), in which the situation is examined Sykes and the former French Consul General and both parties agree not to attack each in Beirut Charles Georges Picot. The Sykes- other. This is followed by the actual Sulha Picot Agreement was signed by Britain and ritual, in which the parties reach an under- France with the assent of Russia in May 1916 standing for a peaceful resolution. during World War I to dismember the Otto- man Empire. The understanding led to the SUMUD (English: Steadfastness) Concept em- division of the Arab provinces into various phasizing non-cooperation with Israeli occu- French and British-administered areas, and as- pation authorities and resistance through signing Constantinople, the Bosphorus Strait, maintenance of land and existence (i.e., con- and most of the provinces close to the Cau- tinuing normal daily life while doggedly wait- casus to Russia. More specifically, France was ing for a solution to come from outside). The given Armenia, Syria, Lebanon, northern Iraq, term is particularly used to describe the pe- and parts of central-southern Turkey, while riod from the early years of occupation, Britain was assigned Mesopotamia (southern around 1970, until the First Intifada. Iraq), modern Jordan, modern Kuwait, the north coast of modern Saudi Arabia, and an SUNNIS (from: sunnah; English: orthodox) Adhe- area around Haifa. Palestine was to be inter- rents of Islamic orthodoxy, the largest group nationalized. in Islam. Sunnis accept the Islamic tradition (sunnah), and the legitimate authority of the caliphs as the Prophet's successors. They sup- port the traditional method of election to the caliphate and accepted the Umayyad line. On this issue they deviate from the Shi’as in the first great schism within Islam. (See also Shia).

SUPREME MUSLIM COUNCIL (SMC) Council established by British High Commissioner Her- bert Samuel in December 1921 as part of his wider effort to form autonomous Palestinian institutions and control and manage Muslim Waqf and Shari’a affairs in Palestine, including building and supporting orphanages, schools, and clinics and restoring religious buildings. In January 1922, Hajj Amin Al-Husseini was elected President of the SMC, which became a power base for the Husseini family. In 1937, following the 1936 Arab Revolt, British au- thorities dismissed Hajj Amin and dissolved the council. From Amin’s dismissal until the end of the Mandate in 1948, SMC members

171 T dent Clinton was not accepted (see Clinton Parameters). Negotiations were halted fol- lowing the election of Prime Minister Ariel T Sharon in February 2001. Given the hard les- sons of Camp David II and the impending end of the Clinton Administration, most of the TA’AL (Hebrew acronym for Tnu'a Aravit LeHi- outstanding issues were discussed during a thadshut; English: Arab Movement for Re- week of negotiations, but sizable gaps re- newal) Arab party that began as a single- mained, particularly regarding the refugee member parliamentary group formed by MK and Jerusalem issues. after he left the National Demo- th cratic Assembly (Balad) during the 15 Knes- TAGLIT see Birthright set in 1999. The party has been headed by Tibi since. Ta’al promotes a unified Arab po- TAIF AGREEMENT Treaty adopted by the Le- litical front in Israel, and demands a full banese National Assembly on 22 October Israeli withdrawal from the OPT. In the 2006 1989 with the goal of ending the Lebanese elections, the party ran on a joint list with Civil War. The Taif Agreement was based on a the United Arab List (Ra'am-Ta'al) and gained national reconciliation meeting in September 4 seats. On 12 January 2009, Israel’s Central 1989 in Taif, Saudi Arabia, which was con- Elections Committee disqualified UAL-Ta’al ducted at the initiative of the Arab League. from the upcoming elections for the 18th Knes- The agreement provided for the disbanding of set for allegedly “supporting terrorism”. How- militias and constitutional reform to adapt ever, on 21 January, the Israeli High Court of the political system to the demographic Justice overturned the committee’s decision. weight of the different communities, and was The UAL-Ta’al list garnered 3.38% of the vote incorporated in the Lebanese Constitution in and won four seats in the 2009 Knesset elec- August 1990. It also included a Syrian-Leba- tions. In 2015, Ta’al was part of the Joint List, nese security agreement to bring about the which was formed by three Arab parties and withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanese Hadash and won 10.55% of the total vote (13 territory and called for the disarmament and of 120 seats). In the April 2019 Israeli elec- disbandment of all Lebanese and non-Leba- tions internal conflicts dis- nese militia. The key government positions banded the Joint List, but were distributed according to faith in the Ta’al ran on a joint list same way as before the civil war, the Presi- with the Hadash party, dent of Lebanon would be a Maronite Chris- which won 6 seats. In the tian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and September 2019 elections, the National Assembly Chairman a Shi’a Mus- Ta’al ran as part of the lim. However, the powers of the President reunited Joint List, which were significantly reduced, and the ratio of won 13 seats. Ahmad Tibi Christian to Muslim members of parliament changed from 6:5 to 1:1 despite the fact that TABA AGREEMENT see Interim Agreement on the Christian community made up roughly a the West Bank and Gaza Strip third of the Lebanese population.

TABA TALKS Talks held between Israeli and TALMUD (English: learning) Compendium of dis- Palestinian delegations at the end of Prime cussions on the earliest co- Minister Barak’s government in Taba from 21- dification of Jewish reli- 27 January 2001 to follow up on Camp David gious law (Mishnah), tradi- and to reach an understanding prior to the tions, ethics and history, Israeli elections in February 2001. Despite by generations of scholars the outbreak of the Second Intifada, Pales- and jurists in many acade- tinian-Israeli negotiations proceeded until mies over a period of sev- Taba, where they ultimately failed when a eral centuries. final bridging document presented by Presi-

172 T MASSACRE Attack by the Israeli an integral part of Al-Qaeda. Al-Tawhid wal- army’s on the village of Jihad was founded by Hisham Ali Saidani Tantura, south of Haifa on 22-23 May 1948, who fought with Al-Qaeda in Iraq following expelling and ethnically cleansing the village the US-led invasion. of its 1,728 inhabitants. The issue of the Tan- The group took re- tura massacre has come into prominence due sponsibility for shoot- to the work of an Israeli researcher, Teddy ing mortars at the Ki- Katz, who dealt with it at length in his 1998 sufim checkpoint in master's thesis at Haifa University. A sum- Gaza and for an at- mary of his research, particularly his finding tack on 27 January that more than 200 Tantura villagers, mostly 2009 in the same unarmed young men, had been shot after area, which left an the village surrendered, was published in an Israeli soldier dead article in the Hebrew press in January 2000, and three wounded. which unleashed a storm in Israel, culminat- Tawhid and Jihad Proclamation ing in a NIS 1 million libel suit brought by veterans of the Alexandroni Brigade against TAYLOR FORCE ACT (full: Taylor Force Act to Katz, although his research was based on condition assistance to the West Bank and taped testimonies not only of survivors but Gaza on steps by the Palestinian Authority to also of members of the brigade. end violence and terrorism against Israeli citizens) Bill signed into law by US President TANZIM (English: Organization) Branch of Fa- Donald Trump on 23 March 2018, which pro- tah set up in 1995 by Arafat and Fatah leaders hibits provision of any Economic Support Fund to counter the activities of the Islamic groups assistance to the West Bank and Gaza that in the OPT. It is a loose collection of militias would directly benefit the PA unless the De- that operates as a grassroots organization with partment of State certifies that the PA, PLO local decision-making and mainly consists of and “any successor or affiliated organizations” ‘insiders’ (Palestinians who grew up in the meet a series of conditions. These include OPT as opposed to the Diaspora) originating ceasing payments to (alleged) perpetrators of from Fatah cadres operating in the OPT both attacks against Israeli or American citizens, or before and during the First Intifada. Tanzim to the family members of those individuals, was seen as the leading force in directing the and revoking any Palestinian legislation that Second Intifada. Its most senior figure was ties compensation to Palestinian prisoners or West Bank Fatah chief Marwan Barghouthi, detainees to the duration of their sentence or who was arrested by Israel in April 2001, period of incarceration. The act is named af- after which the Tanzim was sidelined by the ter a young American former army officer who Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. was stabbed to death by a Palestinian in Jaffa in March of 2016 while on a visit as part of TARGETED KILLINGS Term used by Israel to de- a Vanderbilt University study group. scribe its policy of extra-judicial execution of Palestinians by Israeli undercover units or air/ TELEM (Hebrew acronym for HaTnuah Lehi- missile strikes, which are often conducted as thadshut Mamlachtit; English: the Move- pre-emptive strikes against known activists. ment for National Renewal) (1.) Israeli cen- Palestinians refer to this policy as ‘assassina- trist party founded in 1981 by Moshe Dayan, tions.’ Despite the Israeli claim that they are who had served in Menachem Begin's first ‘targeted,’ such attacks frequently kill and government as an independent MK. The injure bystanders. party supported the unilateral application of an autonomy plan for the Palestinians, op- TAWHID AND JIHAD (also: Jahafil Al-Tawhid w- posed territorial conces- al-Jihad; English: Monotheism and Jihad Le- sions, and rejected annex- gions) Organization that emerged in early ation of “Judea and Sama- November 2008 in Gaza and considers itself ria”. Telem received only

173 T two seats in the elections to the 10th Knesset pray in the Al-Haram Ash-Sharif/Al-Aqsa Mos- and dissolved in 1982 after internal turmoil que compound and to lay the cornerstone following Dayan’s death. for the ‘Third Temple’ at the site. (2.) (Hebrew acronym for Tnua Leumit Mam- lachtit; English: National Statesmanlike Move- TEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL MECHANISM ment) New Israeli party under the same name, (TIM) Mechanism developed by the EU at which was founded in January 2019 by for- the request of the Quartet and put in place mer chief of staff, Moshe Ya’alon, who quit by the European Commission in collabora- the Netanyahu government in 2016 after be- tion with the World Bank in June 2006. The ing dismissed as Defense Minister and offi- TIM was developed to help alleviate the so- cially relinquished his Likud membership in cioeconomic conditions in the Palestinian 2017. According to Ya’alon, the new party territories by facilitating the direct delivery would serve as an “independent political of assistance while avoiding any financial force” and help put the “country back on the links with the PA government. It was limited right track.” On 21 February 2019, Telem in scope and duration and was replaced by agreed to run on a united list, also including PEGASE in February 2008 (see PEGASE). Benny Gantz’s Resilience Party and Yair La- pid’s Yesh Atid, named Blue and White, which TEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE IN won 26.1% of the vote and 35 seats in the 9 HEBRON (TIPH) Inter- April 2019 elections. Telem also ran as part national civilian ob- of the Blue and White List in the September server unit set up by 2019 election, in an Israeli-PLO agree- which the list ment reached in Cairo on 31 March 1994 in gained 33 seats. the aftermath of the massacre of some 30 Palestinian worshippers at the Ibrahimi Mos- TEMPLE MOUNT Jewish-Israeli term referring que by an Israeli settler on 25 February 1994. to the Al-Haram Ash-Sharif/Al-Aqsa Mosque The TIPH was created to provide a normal compound, claiming that this was the site of life and a sense of security for the Palestini- the biblical Mount Moriah, where Abraham ans in Hebron. However, this mission lasted set the to sacrifice his son Isaac, as well only a few months and a further agreement as the site of the first and second Jewish was concluded on 9 May 1996, setting the temples (destroyed in 587 BCE and 70 CE re- framework for a TIPH mission after the par- spectively). Although the existence of arc- tial Israeli redeployment in Hebron. The two heological evidence for the Jewish narrative parties signed a new agreement on 21 Janu- is disputed, the ‘Temple Mount’ is venerated ary 1997, which called for Norway, Italy, by Jews as their holiest site. According to Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey Jewish tradition, redemption will take place to provide personnel for TIPH with Norway on the mount and a third and final temple serving as coordinator. The six participating will be rebuilt with the coming of the Jewish countries signed a Memorandum of Under- messiah. standing pursuant to the Agreement on TIPH in Oslo on 30 January 1997. On 1 February TEMPLE MOUNT FAITHFUL Extremist Jewish 1997, the multinational TIPH mission became group which aims to “liberate the Temple operational. It monitored and reported on the Mount” from Arab occupation and “rebuild human rights situation primarily in Hebron’s the Third Temple.” The Temple Mount Faith- old city and helped improve the living condi- ful supports settlements and works to pur- tions of the Palestinian community through chase Palestinian prop- women’s economic empowerment, educa- erty, particularly in and tion, and psychosocial support and rehabil- around the Old City of itation projects. While Palestinians welcomed Jerusalem. The group the TIPH’s presence, Jewish settlers in Hebron has tried on various oc- disliked it, seeing it as disturbing their ex- casions to enter and pansion plans in the old city. On numerous

174 T occasions, settlers attacked mission mem- THE THIRD WAY List formed ahead of the bers. TIPH was mainly staffed by personnel second PLC elections in January 2006 as an from Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and alternative to Hamas and Fatah and headed Turkey, and financed exclusively and directly by then-Finance Minister Salam Fayyad and by the contributing countries. On 28 January . The Third Way won two out 2019, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu de- of 132 parliament seats in the elections (or cided not to extend TIPH's mandate, stating 2.41% of the popular vote). It adopted the that the monitoring force was acting against PLO’s political program, demanding full Israeli Israel, effectively terminating its mission and withdrawal from the territories occupied in removing it from the region after over 20 1967 and resolving the refugee problem in years of presence. accordance with UN Resolution 194. The Third Way favored resumption of negotiations with TENDERS Housing units for construction mar- Israel and focused on security and govern- keted by the government to contractors. The mental reforms, democratic improvements, contractor with the winning bid builds the and socioeconomic progress. While it became housing units and markets them to consumers. widely inactive after the elections, party leaders discussed in July 2015 the possibility TENET PLAN Israeli-Palestinian ceasefire and to reactivate the party’s platform. As of security plan proposed by then CIA director 2019, the party remained defunct. George Tenet to end the violence in the re- gion. The Tenet Plan was dated 10 June 2001 and took effect on 13 June 2001. It envisaged the resumption of Israel-PA security coopera- tion, measures to enforce a ceasefire in the Second Intifada, the sharing of information on terrorist threats, and efforts to prevent acts of violence by both sides, followed by Israeli army redeployment to positions held before 28 September 2000 and the lifting of Salam Fayyad Hanan Ashrawi internal closures and border crossings. Ac- cording to Israeli think TIM see Temporary International Mechanism tank ECF, the Tenet Plan’s implementation was de- TIPH see Temporary International Presence in railed by the Israeli govern- Hebron ment’s demand for a total cessation of Palestinian at- AT-TIRA MASSACRE According to Israeli tacks for the duration of a historian Benny Morris writes that in May week, which was not ac- 1948, “the British arranged a further, orderly complished. George Tenet evacuation from Tira, of 600 inhabitants, to Jenin and Nablus. Hundreds of men stayed THIRD WAY (Hebrew: HaDerekh HaShlishit) on, however, successfully defending the Movement that broke away from the Israeli village until July, when it fell to the IDF and Labor Party in 1994 over Labor’s willingness was completely evacuated.” An index on the to consider withdrawal from the Golan website palestineremembered.com suggests Heights in return for peace with Syria. The that members of the Irgun attacked At-Tira party was formed in March 1996 towards th village south of Haifa on 12 December 1947, the end of the 13 Knesset and was led by during which time they killed 13 Palestinians former Labor MK Avigdor Kahalani. The Third and wounded 10 others. It also notes that on Way won four seats in the 1996 elections th 16 July 1948 when Israeli soldiers occupied (14 Knesset), but did not pass the qualify- the village, they killed at least 25 of the ing threshold in the 1999 elections and sub- Palestinian inhabitants. sequently disbanded.

175 T TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS Complex in the TORTURE The deliberate and systematic inflic- Old City of Hebron known in Arabic and to tion of physical or psychological suffering. Palestinians as Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi (Sanct- Methods applied by Israeli interrogators to uary of Abraham), or simply Ibrahimi Mos- Palestinian detainees include violent shak- que, and to Jews as the Cave of Machpela. It ing, isolation, beating, kicking, sleep depriva- is sacred to all three monotheistic religions tion, agonizing positioning, and infliction of which recognize this as the burial place of the pain for prolonged periods. Until a landmark patriarch Abraham as well as his son Isaac decision on 6 September 1999 by the Israeli and grandson Jacob and their wives. It is con- High Court outlawing the use of arbitrary sidered the fourth holiest site in Islam, and torture as an interrogation method, Israel after the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem the was the only “democratic” state in the world second holiest site in Palestine. The enclo- that sanctioned torture by law. According to sure was originally constructed by Herod the the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel Great during the early Roman period (37–4 (PCATI), torture of Palestinian suspects has BC). It became a mosque in the Early Islamic significantly increased and has become rou- period and the cenotaphs of the prophets tine again since September 2001. were constructed and decorated with green tapestries embroidered with Qur’anic verses TOWN PLANNING SCHEME Requirement in the and other pious inscriptions. The real tombs Jerusalem Planning and Building Law that are believed to be in the cave upon which serves as a means for supervising municipal the building was built. The Crusaders built a planning and as a method used by Israel to church inside the Herodian enclosure calling restrict Palestinian construction and devel- it the Citadel of Saint Abraham. After Salah opment in Jerusalem. Without an approved Eddin Al-Ayyoubi drove out the Crusaders in town planning scheme that complies with the 1187, it was reconverted into a mosque. infrastructural, zoning, and housing require- Since Israel occupied the West Bank in 1967, ments of the Jerusalem municipality’s plan- Jewish worshippers prayed at a site outside ning goals, no building permits will be issued. the Mosque, but following the 1994 massa- Town Planning Schemes are comprehensive, cre by a Jewish extremist of 29 Muslim wor- costly and require extensive coordination shippers praying there, Israeli military au- with the municipal authorities, which most thorities divided the mosque, turning part of of the time reject Palestinian plans and im- it into a synagogue for Jews. pose stipulations which make it nearly im- possible for Palestinians to obtain permits for development and housing projects.

TRANSFER Policy of population transfer advo- cated by many right-wing Israelis, including MKs and Prime Ministers, to move Palestini- ans, forcibly if necessary, from Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip to one of the Arab countries. A February 2002 poll by the Ma’ariv newspaper revealed that over a third

of Israelis supported the idea of ‘transfer’ and TORAH The first five books of the Bible: Gene- former Prime Minister Sharon repeatedly sis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deute- stated, “The Palestinians already have a state ronomy. The Torah is often called the Penta- – it’s called Jordan.” Today, measures applied teuch or the Law of by the Israeli Ministry of Interior or Civil Ad- Moses. In a broader ministration (e.g., closures, the extensive per- sense, it is the entire mit system, denial of certificates, and home body of the tradi- demolition) are designed to make daily life dif- tional Jewish religious ficult if not unbearable for Palestinians and to teaching and study. induce emigration. These measures are some-

176 T times referred to as ‘silent’ or ‘slow’ transfer. TUBAS Small Palestinian governorate and city For Palestinians, ‘transfer’ is a euphemism for in the richly agricultural northeastern corner “ethnic cleansing”. of the West Bank, some 3 km west of the Jordan River, which has a population of 60,927 TRANSJORDAN Emirate of Transjordan, corres- and 21,253 (PCBS, 2019) respectively. Tubas ponding geographically to today's Hashemite was under Jordanian administration from Kingdom of Jordan, which was created as a 1949 to 1967, and since then has been under separate administrative entity (part of the Israeli occupation, despite the fact that ad- British post-World War I Mandate in the ministrative control was handed over to the Middle East) on 11 April 1921 under the PA under the 1995 Oslo II Accord. leadership of Emir Abdullah. The move also excluded the land east of the Jordan River due to Britain's support of the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine. Britain gradually relinquished control of the area, following its recognition of Transjordan as an independent government on 15 May 1923. Under the March 1946 Treaty of London, Transjordan became a kingdom, and on 25

May 1946, the Transjordanian parliament TURKEL COMMITTEE/COMMISSION (formally: proclaimed the Emir King and changed its The Public Commission to Examine the Mari- name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjor- time Incident of 31 May 2010) Panel set up dan. on 14 June 2010 by the Israeli Government to investigate the Israeli raid on the Gaza- bound flotilla, especially the Mavi Marmara, on 31 May 2010 as well as the Gaza block- ade. The probe was led by retired former Israeli Supreme Court Judge Jacob Turkel and included two international observers (former Northern Irish First Minister William and former Canadian military judge Ken Watkin). The first part of the com- mission’s findings were released on 23 Janu- ary 2011, clearing “the government and mili- tary of wrongdoing" and saying that the "pas- sengers were to blame for the violence" and accusing the Turkish Islamist charity that TRANSPARENCY LAW see NGO Funding Trans- owned the Mavi Marmara, of a “planned and parency Law extremely violent” resistance. The second part of the report was published on 6 February TRIANGLE Area in central Israel which runs 2013, claiming that “Israel’s mechanisms for west of the Green Line from Umm Al-Fahm examining and investigating complaints and in the north to Kufr Qassem in the south, claims of violations of the laws of armed embracing the Wadi Ara area as well as the conflict” comply with its obligations under in- towns of Taibeh, At-Tireh, and Baqa Al- ternational law. Turkey and Palestinians dis- Gharbiyye. The area is home to some 30% of missed the report, the Arab population in Israel. called it a "whitewash," the Haaretz newspa- per a "farce,” and the New York Times re- ported that UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- see Deal of the Century moon repeated the demand for an indepen- dent investigation.

177 T TWO-STATE SOLUTION Mainstream approach shoot of the right-wing Party. and for decades, the primary focus in nego- vehemently opposes the Oslo process and tiations to resolving the Palestine-Israel con- favors full retention of the West Bank. The flict, which advocates “two states for two party joined Likud in 1996 and won five seats people” and would establish an independent in the elections. In all subsequent elections, Palestinian state alongside Israel to allow including the April and September 2019 elec- both sides to run their countries indepen- tions, Tzomet did dently. While widely considered the only not succeed to way to achieve a just and lasting peace be- win any seats. tween Israelis and Palestinians, there are in- creasing voices and warnings that the two- state solution is on the verge of collapse, if not dead altogether. This is partially because the current Israeli leadership, though nomi- nally supporting a two-state solution, appears to oppose it in practice and finds the status quo not only bearable but also preferable over an uncertain two-state solution.

TZOMET (English: Crossroads; also: Movement for Renewed Zionism) Secular, right-wing na- tionalist party established in 1983 by former army chief-of-staff Rafael Eitan as an off-

178 U issue due to the irreconcilable differences of the parties and Israel’s stiff refusal to abide by UN Resolution 181 (II) or to comply with pa- U ragraph 11 of UN Resolution 194 (III). The commission established the Refugee Office in May 1951 to estimate the value of abandoned UGANDA SCHEME (also: Uganda Proposal) Plan Arab refugee land and property in Israel. proposed by the British government for an Further, UNCCP reconciliation efforts were autonomous Jewish colony in . mainly of an explorative nature but neither Theodore Herzl proposed the British Uganda initiative brought it closer to fulfilling its plan as a temporary refuge for Jews in Russia mandate, and the UNCCP derived its signific- in immediate danger at the World Zionist ance primarily from its Congress in 1903, which decided to send an technical work. The expedition to examine the proposed terri- commission still exists tory. The plan was eventually rejected by the as merely a functio- Zionist movement at the Seventh Zionist Con- nary, if not symbolic, gress in 1905, though certain Jewish figures body based in New called an alternative conference to continue York. the plan of the Uganda scheme, which was fi- nally shelved with the publication of the Bal- UN DISENGAGEMENT OBSERVER FORCES (UN- four Declaration. DOF) UN force established in June 1974 fol- lowing the agreed disengagement of the Israeli UMMA (English: community) The Muslim com- and Syrian forces on the Golan Heights. UN- munity throughout the world. DOF continues to maintain the ceasefire and to supervise the implementation of the agree- UN BID see STATEHOOD BID ment as well as the areas of separation and limitation between the Israeli occupied Golan UN CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALES- Heights and the Syrian border. Since its crea- TINE (UNCCP) Commission created by the tion, the mandate of UNDOF UN on 11 December 1948 as part of UN Gen- has been renewed every six eral Assembly Resolution 194 (III), and based months. In the prevailing cir- on Count ’s recommenda- cumstances, the UN Secretary- tion to deal with the whole complex of prob- General considers the contin- lems that had arisen between Israel and the ued presence of UNDOF in the Arab states and "achieve a final settlement area to be essential. of all questions outstanding.” The commis-

sion was to prepare "detailed proposals for a UN EMERGENCY FORCE IN THE SINAI (UNEF) permanent international regime for the Jeru- UN force established to secure and supervise salem area" and facilitate the repatriation, the cessation of hostilities, including the with- resettlement, and rehabilitation of the refu- drawal of the armed forces of France, Israel, gees. The UNCCP consisted of three members, and the UK from Egyptian territory. Follow- France, Turkey, and the US, had its headquar- ing the withdrawal, UNEF I (November 1956- ters in Jerusalem, and was to serve as the June 1967) served as a buffer between Egyp- mediator on Palestine. However, they held tian and Israeli forces. UNEF II was estab- meetings with Arab and Israeli representa- lished in October 1973 to supervise the cea- tives separately due to the Arab states’ op- sefire between Egyptian and Israeli forces. Fol- position to direct dealings with the Jewish lowing the conclusion of the agreements of state. The UNCCP organized the Lausanne Con- 18 January 1974 and 4 September 1975, UNEF ference in 1949 (see Lausanne Conference) II supervised the redeployment of Egyptian and held several rounds of talks in Geneva in and Israeli forces and controlled the buffer 1950 and a major conference in Paris in 1951, zones established under those agreements. but failed to achieve progress on any major

179 U UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY UN organ, in which all state with Jerusalem and Bethlehem as a cor- 193 member states have equal representation, pus separatum under a special international which discusses international peace and secu- regime (Partition Plan). The idea of partition rity issues. Headquarters are in New York. was first suggested by the Peel Commission in 1937. The plan granted the Jews 56.47% of UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 181 see Mandatory Palestine, at a time when they UN Partition Plan owned less than 7% of the land, with a popu- lation of 498,000 Jews and 325,000 Arabs, UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 194 Res- and the Palestinians 43.53% of Palestine with olution adopted on 11 December 1948, stat- 807,000 Arab inhabitants and 10,000 Jewish ing the right of return: “The refugees wishing inhabitants. For Jerusalem, where the popula- to return to their homes and live at peace tion was 100,000 Jews and 105,000 Arabs, an with their neighbors should be permitted to international trusteeship and free access to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that the Holy Places was envisaged. The plan was compensation should be paid for the prop- not accepted by the Palestinians, who saw it erty of those choosing not to return and for as an extension of an ongoing Jewish attempt loss of or damage to property which, under to push them out of the land and saw the principles of international law or in equity, agreement as too favorable to the Jews at should be made good by the Governments or their own expense, nor by the Arab states, authorities responsible.” which also insisted that the UN had no right to give away the homeland of the Palestinians. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 303 Res- olution adopted on 19 December 1949, res- tating the UN’s intention to place Jerusalem under a permanent international regime which should envisage appropriate guarantees for the protection of the Holy Places, both within and outside Jerusalem, and confirm the pro- visions of the Partition Resolution 181 of 1947.

UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION ES-10/ L.22 Resolution passed by a vote of 128:9 dur- ing a rare emergency meeting on 21 Decem- ber 2017, asking nations not to establish dip- lomatic missions in the historic city of Jerusa- lem, as delegates warned that the recent de- cision by the United States to do so risked ig- niting a religious war across the Middle East.

UN INTERIM FORCE IN LEBANON (UNIFIL) UN force deployed since March 1978, headquar- tered in Naqura, to oversee the withdrawal of Israeli forces from South Lebanon, to restore inter- national peace and security in the area, and to provide humanitarian aid (since 1982).

UN PARTITION PLAN Part of UN General As- sembly Resolution 181, which was passed on 29 November 1947, formally adopting the UN- SCOP majority scheme, which proposed the division of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab

180 U UNITED NATIONS REGISTER OF DAMAGE (UN- – with one vote each. It is the only UN body RoD) (full: United Nations Register of Dam- with the authority to issue binding resolutions age Caused by the Construction of the Wall to member states. With regard to the Pales- in the Occupied Palestinian Territory) Sub- tine question, the Security Council has issued sidiary organ of the UN General Assembly 187 resolutions to date, most recently Resolu- which was established in accordance with tion 2334 in December 2016 (see below). General Assembly resolution A/RES/ES-10/17 of January 2007 in the aftermath of the In- ternational Court of Justice’s issuance of its advisory opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory on 9 July 2004. UNRoD undertakes outreach activities in the OPT to record and documentary the damage caused UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 Res- to all natural and legal persons concerned as a olution adopted on 22 November 1967, call- result of the construction of Israel’s Separa- ing on Israel to withdraw its army from ter- tion Barrier and receive, process and review ritories occupied in the course of the War of their claims. As of 16 June 2019, UNRoD had 1967. The resolution has resulted in consider- collected 69,554 claims (mostly agriculture able debate since it was passed due to the losses) and more than 1 million supporting ambiguity in meaning caused by the pres- documents. ence of a definite article in the French trans- lation, stating that Israel should withdraw UN RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALES- from “the territories,” and the absence of a TINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST (UNRWA) definite article in the English version. UN agency established by UN General As- sembly Resolution 302 of December 1949 to UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 338 Res- give emergency assistance to Palestinians olution adopted unanimously on 22 October displaced by the War of 1948. UNRWA began 1973, calling for the immediate implementa- to operate in May 1950. Its mandate to pro- tion of UN Security Council Resolution 242 vide essential education, health, and relief ser- with a vision to establish a just and durable vices to Palestine refugees living in the OPT, peace. Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria has been renewed repeatedly since 1949. UNRWA’s headquar- UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1397 Res- ters are in Gaza. In Au- olution adopted on 12 March 2002, by a vote gust 2018, the US gov- of 14-0 with Syria abstaining, articulating the ernment – the biggest broad "vision of two states – Israel and Pa- contributor to UNRWA lestine – living side by side within secure and – announced that it will recognized borders." stop its funding of the agency, which it effec- UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1515 Res- tively did as of February olution adopted unanimously on 19 Novem- 2019. ber 2003, endorsing the Middle East Quar- tet’s Road Map towards a permanent, two- UN SECURITY COUNCIL UN organ established state solution to the Palestinian-Israeli con- by the UN Charter and tasked with main- flict, and calling on the parties to fulfill their taining international peace and security, de- obligations under the plan in cooperation veloping friendly relations among nations, with the Quartet. solving international problems, and promot- ing respect for human rights. It has 15 mem- UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1544 Res- bers – five permanent (China, the US, France, olution adopted on 19 May 2004 by a vote of the UK, and the Russian Federation) and ten 14-0 with US abstaining, expressing grave non-permanent (elected for two-year terms) concern regarding the humanitarian situa-

181 U tion of Palestinians made homeless in the UN SPECIAL COORDINATOR FOR THE MIDDLE Rafah area, calling for the provision of emer- EAST PEACE PROCESS (UNSCO) UN body es- gency assistance to them, and urging Israel tablished in June 1994 to facilitate coordina- to respect its obligations under international tion among the various UN programs in the humanitarian law, particularly on its obliga- OPT, represent the UN at donor meetings, tions not to undertake demolition of homes. and assist in coordinating international donor assistance. The current Special Coordinator, UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1559 Res- appointed by the UN Secretary-General, is olution adopted on 2 September 2004 by a Nickolay Mladenov. Headquarters are in Je- vote of 9-0 with six countries abstaining, call- rusalem with of- ing upon Lebanon to establish sovereignty fices in Gaza and over all of its land and "foreign forces" to Ramallah. withdraw from Lebanon and cease interven- ing in Lebanon’s internal politics. Further, it UN SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON PALESTINE (UN- calls for all Lebanese and non-Lebanese mili- SCOP) Committee appointed in April 1947 at tias to disband, and declares support for free the end of a UN session on Palestine, fol- and fair presidential lowing the British referral of the Palestine without foreign interference. Question to the UN. Its task was to investi- gate the situation on the ground and pro- UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1701 Res- pose solutions to the problem. However, the olution adopted unanimously on 11 August 11 members could not reach an agreement 2006 to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon con- and thus published so-called majority and mi- flict. UN Security Council Resolution 1701 was nority reports. The majority plan recommend- accepted by both the Israeli Knesset and the ed partition and an international status for Je- Lebanese Parliament. rusalem (see UN Partition Plan), while the mi- nority plan advocated a single federal solu- UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1860 Res- tion with Jerusalem as its capital. The Jewish olution adopted on 8 January 2009 by a vote Agency accepted the partition plan, but the of 14:0 with one abstention (US), condemn- Arab Higher Committee rejected it. The ma- ing all violence and hostilities directed against jority report was placed before the UN Gen- civilians and all acts of terrorism and calling, eral Assembly on 29 November 1947 and inter alia, for an immediate, durable and fully adopted as Resolution 181. respected ceasefire, leading to the full with- drawal of Israeli forces from Gaza; the unim- peded provision and distribution throughout Gaza of humanitarian assistance; and inter- national efforts to alleviate the humanitarian and economic situation in Gaza.

UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 2334 Res- UNSCOP delegation olution adopted on 23 December 2016 by a vote of 14:0 with the US abstaining, condemn- UN TRUCE SUPERVISION ORGANIZATION (UN- ing Israel’s settlements policy as a "flagrant TSO) UN body established in June 1948 to as- violation" of international law that has "no sist the UN Mediator and Truce Commission legal validity" and demanding that Israel stop in supervising the observance of the truce in such activity and fulfill its obligations as an oc- Palestine. It later supervised the 1949 Armis- cupying power under the Fourth Geneva Con- tice Agreements and the cease-fire in the vention. It was the first UNSC resolution to Suez Canal area and the Golan Heights after pass regarding Israel and the Palestinian ter- the War of 1967. At present, observer groups ritories since 2009 and the first to address the are stationed in Beirut, the Sinai, and the issue of Israeli settlements so explicitly since Golan. Headquarters are in Jerusalem in the Resolution 465 in 1980. former “Government House” that was built

182 U during the British Mandate to house the Brit- UNIFIL see UN Interim Force in Lebanon ish High Commissioner. UNILATERAL DISENGAGEMENT PLAN Plan pro- posed by then Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon at the on Security on 18 December 2003, to create "maximum security with minimum friction" between Israelis and Palestinians. The Unilateral Disen- gagement Plan formulated the case that if the Palestinians did not quickly make moves to-

UNTSO Headquarters in Jerusalem ward peace, his plan would leave them with "much less" than what they could get via ne- UNDOF see UN Disengagement Observer Forces gotiations. The plan included redeployment along a "security line" in the OPT, the con- UNEF see UN Emergency Force in the Sinai struction of the Separation Barrier as part of a makeshift border, evacuation of isolated set- UNIFIED JERUSALEM LAW (also: United Jerusa- tlements, and reducing Palestinian economic lem Law) Legislation proposed by Naftali dependence on Israel by strengthening ties Bennett, leader of the right-wing Habayit Ha- between the OPT and Jordan and Egypt. Yehudi, which the Knesset passed in a first reading in July 2017 and approved by a vote UNIT 101 Special operations unit established in of 64:51 as an amendment to the Basic Law: semi-secrecy on orders from Prime Minister Jerusalem, Capital of Israel on 2 January David Ben-Gurion in August 1953 and led by 2018. It requires a special majority of 80 MKs Ariel Sharon. Unit 101, whose initial task was (out of 120) to vote in favor of ceding any retribution operations, aimed to instill fear part of Jerusalem to a foreign power. It also and instability in Palestinian society. It gained includes a clause that would make it possible notoriety for a succession of massacres com- to detach Arab neighborhoods from the city mitted on civilian targets, in particular a wide- as long as they remain under Israeli sove- ly condemned military action in October 1953 reignty. While kept rather vague, the amend- against the West Bank village of Qibya in ment mainly targets the possibility of exclud- which, according to many scholars including ing Kufr Aqab and the Shu’fat refugee camp Israeli journalist and author Uzi Benziman, from Jerusalem's municipal jurisdiction and almost 70 civilians were killed. It also was placing them under the governance of a to-be- the leading force in brutalizing and expelling established local authority. Residents would the Palestinian Bedouins from the Negev. Af- keep their Israeli residency while living in an ter 1954, its activities were primarily confined area no longer part of Jerusalem. to military targets, including the Qalqilya Po- lice raid of October 1956 during which 18 UNIFIED NATIONAL LEADERSHIP OF THE UPRIS- Israeli soldiers and some 100 Arab Legion sol- diers were killed. In January 1954, the unit ING (UNLU) Coalition of the main Palestinian nd political factions, which served as the under- merged into the Israeli army’s 202 Para- ground leadership during the First Intifada. troop Brigade and was eventually disbanded UNLU distributed leaflets to inform people after the 1956 Suez War. about the uprising and drew up a broad strat- egy to direct the struggle. UNITED ARAB KINGDOM PLAN (also: Federa- tion Plan) Plan proposed by King Hussein of Jordan on 15 March 1972 to establish a Unit- ed Arab Kingdom incorporating Jordan, the West Bank, and “any other Palestinian terri- tories (…) who wish to join it.” Amman would be the capital of the kingdom and Je- rusalem would be the capital of the region of UNLU Leaflet No. 3

183 U Palestine. Both the West Bank and Jordan new republic, which adopted would be under the sovereignty of the king a federal constitution. As an (the head of state) and be represented in a initial step toward creating National Assembly comprised of representa- a pan-, the UAR tives in equal numbers from both regions. Ex- abolished Syrian and Egyp- ecutive, legislative, and judicial powers would tian citizenship, termed its be devolved to the regions with central con- inhabitants Arabs, and called Gamal Abdul Nasser trol limited to affairs con- the country Arab territory. It nected with “the kingdom considered the Arab homel- as an international entity and to be the entire area to guarantee the king- between the dom's security, stability and the Atlantic coast. Later and prosperity.” Almost all Yemen sought security by involved parties rejected affiliating itself with the UAR the plan. King Hussein in a confederation called the United Arab States (1958-61). The UAR existed until 1961 UNITED ARAB LIST (UAL-TA’AL) (also: Ra’am- when a coup d'état in Syria brought a seces- Ta’al) Arab party formed as a joint list for the sionist group to power. However, Egypt con- 1996 Knesset elections by the Arab Demo- tinued to use the name UAR until 1971. cratic Party, the National Unity Front, and in- dividuals from the Islamic movement in Israel. UNITED ISRAEL APPEAL see Keren Hayesod The party promotes strengthening the Arab sector, dismantling all settlements, and es- UNITED JERUSALEM LAW see Unified Jerusa- tablishing a Palestinian state. UAL ran inde- lem Law pendently in the 1999 and 2003 elections and together with the Arab Movement for Re- UNITED RIGHT see Yamina newal (Ta’al) in the 2006 elections. On 12 Jan- uary 2009, the Israel Central Elections Com- Ultra-Orthodox, cen- mittee disqualified UAL-Ta’al from the elec- trist-right party founded in 1992 with the tions for the 18th Knesset for allegedly “sup- merger of Agudat Israel (representing Ash- porting terrorism”; however, nine days later, kenazi Jews from the Lithuanian) and Degel the Israeli High Court of Justice overturned HaTorah (representing Ashkenazi Jews from the committee’s decision. The UAL-Ta’al list the Hasidic community). United Torah Judaism garnered 3.38% of the vote and won four opposes any peace negotiations with the PLO, seats in the February 2009 elections. The UAL rejects the formation of a Palestinian state, ran a joint list with the Balad Party in the and supports increasing settlement activity in April 2019 Knesset elections and won four the OPT. In January 2004, the party split back seats with Mansour Abbas as the party lead- into its two factions following a disagree- er. In the Septem- ment over how to join Ariel Sharon's coali- ber 2019 elections, tion, but then reunited again in 2005. United the UAL ran again as Torah Judaism garnered 4.39% of the vote part of the Joint List, and won five seats in the 2009 Knesset elec- which won 13 seats. tions. Ahead of the April 2019 elections, De- gel Hatorah, headed by , and UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (UAR) (Arabic: Al-Jum- , headed by Rabbi Yaakoc Litz- huriya Al-'Arabia Al-Muttahida) Union formed man, formally parted ways again but only between Syria and Egypt in February 1958. “procedural”, meaning they would still run UAR was the first of a series of realignments together in the elections, in which the party throughout the Middle East, and was inspired won 8 seats (5.78% of by the pan-Arab vision of Gamal Abdul Nasser, the votes). In the Sep- who was elected as the new republic's Presi- tember 2019 elec- dent. Cairo was chosen to be the capital of the tions, it won 7 seats.

184 U UNITY GOVERNMENT see Palestinian Unity Gov- US ASSURANCES Letter sent from President Bill ernment Clinton to PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat dated 26 April 1999 specifying various US positions UNITY TALKS see Palestinian Unity Talks on issues related to the peace process. The letter acknowledged that Israel was largely to UNLU see Unified National Leadership of the blame for the stagnation of the peace process, Uprising promised that the US would increase pres- sure on the Israeli government to implement UNRECOGNIZED VILLAGES Some 176 Palestin- its part of the Oslo Accords, and urged Arafat ian villages within Israel, specifically in the to continue to rely on the peace process as a Galilee and the Negev, that do not officially means to Palestinian freedom. According to exist according to the state. The villages are Palestinian officials, the letter helped per- mainly inhabited by Bedouins and many of suade Arafat not to unilaterally declare Pal- them predate the state of Israel, while oth- estinian independence on 4 May 1999. ers are populated with 1948 internally dis- placed peoples from other parts of the Ne- US MIDDLE EAST PEACE INITIATIVE Proposal an- gev. According to ACRI, over half of the ap- nounced by US President Bush in July 2007 proximately 160,000 Negev Bedouins reside shortly after Hamas's military takeover of in unrecognized villages without municipal Gaza, which was designed to bolster Presi- services, health care, or postal/phone con- dent Abbas's Fatah government in the West nections, as their existing infrastructure was Bank. The US Middle East Peace Initiative con- built without Israeli permission. tained a proposal for the Annapolis confe- rence and an economic aid package to the Fatah-led PA government (see Annapolis Con- ference). Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and PA President Mahmoud Abbas took part in talks along with officials from the Quartet and more than a dozen Arab countries, in- cluding Saudi Arabia and Syria. Hamas was not represented. The talks came to an ab- rupt halt with Israel's military offensive in Gaza in December 2008 (see also Operation Cast Lead).

Unrecognized villages in the Negev

UNROD see UN Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall

UNRWA see UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

UNSCO see United Nations Special Coordina- tor for the Middle East Peace Process

UNSCOP see UN Special Committee on Pales- tine

UNTSO see UN Truce Supervision Organization

185 V VILAYET Ottoman provincial administrative di- vision ruled by a Vali, who was responsible to the Sultan in Istanbul. Vilayets were in turn sub-divided into Sanjaks and then Kazas. V

VA'AD LEUMI National Council of the Jewish community in Palestine during the British Mandate (1920-48). Va’ad Leumi served as an elected governing body and focused on social and welfare issues.

VENICE DECLARATION Statement by the Euro- pean Council on the Middle East at the Eu- ropean Community summit in Venice in June 1980, detailing their position on the Middle East. The Venice Declaration reiterated the right of existence and security for all states in the region, including Israel, and justice for all the peoples, including recognition of the le- gitimate rights of the Palestinian people.

VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE/TREATY (also: Paris Peace Conference) Post-World War I peace conference that took place in Paris in 1919. The “Big Four” (also known as the Coun- cil of Four) – Prime Minister David Lloyd George of England, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, Prime Minister Vit-

torio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Presi- dent Woodrow Wilson of the US – decided VILLAGE LEAGUES Network created and backed that the conquered Arab provinces would not by Israel that was equipped with municipal be restored to Ottoman rule. The treaty es- functions and operated in the West Bank from tablished, among other things, the mandate the late 1970s to mid-1980s to establish a system which entrusted Britain and France counterforce to the PLO. The village leagues with the task of governing the Arab territories were widely seen as collaborationist and never until it was determined they were ready for really challenged the PLO. independence.

VOICE OF PALESTINE (VOP) (Arabic: Sawt Al- Falastin) Palestinian radio station first leased by Egypt to the PLO after its establishment in 1964. VOP operated from Egypt until being closed down in 1970 when fighting stopped along the Suez Canal. However, the PLO con- tinued attacks against Israel and criticized the Rogers Peace Plan, which Egypt had ac- cepted. VOP began broadcasting in the OPT on 2 July 1994 with President Arafat’s first ad- dress from his homeland. Today, it is the offi- cial Palestinian radio station, and was first broadcasted from Jericho and then from Ramallah since April 1996.

186 W checkpoint” (after the shipping container that first served as checkpoint) – further hin- dering the movement of goods and people. W

WA'AD (also: National Coalition for Justice and Democracy) List that was formed and headed by Gazan doctor Iyad Al-Sarraj during the 2006 PLC elections. Wa’ad’s main platform was security reforms, rule of law enforce-

ment, and respect for human rights. The list WAFA (Arabic: Wikalat Al-Anba Al-Filistiniyya; did not win a seat in the 2006 PLC elections. English: Palestinian News Agency) Official Pal- estinian news agency established on 5 June WADI (sometimes wad) Arabic term referring 1972 by an order of the PLO Executive Com- to a dry riverbed or watercourse, usually lo- mittee. Until September 1982 Wafa was cated in desert envi- headquartered in Lebanon, then in Tunis un- ronments. The term til 1994 when it moved to Gaza with the es- is used in regions of tablishment of the PA. Today, it is controlled southwestern Asia by the Pales- and northern Africa. tinian Ministry Wadis often have of Information flowing water during and based in the rainy season, Ramallah. which can lead to sudden dangerous WAGNER-TAFT RESOLUTION Resolution intro- flash floods. duced by Robert F. Wagner and Robert A.

Taft in the US Senate on 1 February 1944, Wadi Qelt near Jericho calling on the US to support free Jewish im- migration to Palestine and the reconstitution WADI HILWEH Part of the East Jerusalem of that country as a Jewish commonwealth. neighborhood of Silwan, just outside the The move came in the wake of an intensified western walls of the Old City, which Jews Zionist campaign for a Jewish state as the refer to as the “City of David,” an archaeo- deadline set by the British White Paper for logical site that Israel believes to be the orig- the end of Jewish immigration to Palestine, inal site of Jerusalem. As is the case for Sil- 31 March 1944, came closer. The resolution, wan as a whole, the Palestinian population which was identical to the Wright-Compton of Wadi Hilweh is constantly threatened by Resolution that was introduced in the House house demolitions for the sake of the expan- of Representatives five days earlier (see be- sion of settler projects. low), basically paraphrased congressional reso- lutions of 1922 that had favored establishing WADI NAR (also: Kidron Valley; English: The a national home for the Jewish problem in Valley of Fire) (1.) Valley which stretches from Palestine, but added the persecution of the Jerusalem eastward through the Judean Jews during World War II as further rationale. Desert to the Dead Sea. (2.) Long and winding road that bypasses WAILING WALL see Western Wall Jerusalem along its side and is the only way for Palestinians who have no permit to enter AL-WALAJA (also spelled Al-Walajeh) Palestin- Jerusalem to travel between the northern ian village located in southern Jerusalem and southern West Bank. Following the close to Bethlehem (both inside and beyond second Intifada (2000), the Israel army es- the West Jerusalem municipality border), tablished a checkpoint – known as “container which has traditionally been associated with

187 W the cultivation of vineyards, olive trees, bar- WAQF (plural: awqaf; English: hold, confine- ley, wheat, and fruits. After the 1948 War ment, or prohibition; literally: holding certain and the Naqba, the village was handed to property and preserving it for the confined Israel in accordance with the terms of the benefit of certain philanthropy) Muslim reli- Armistice Agreement signed with Jordan on gious endowment or Islamic charitable foun- 3 April 1949, which stipulated that the south- dation that administers holy sites as well as ern Jerusalem boundary line would run along state lands and other property passed to the the Jerusalem-Jaffa railway line, north of Muslim community for public welfare (reli- which Walaja was situated (now the site of gious or charitable purposes). Waqf can be Jerusalem’s Biblical Zoo). The villagers left classified into three categories: property, their homes and moved south of the tracks corporate, and cash. The system of waqf is into Jordanian territory, where much of their regulated by Shari’a, and revenues from it land was located. After the War of 1967, the may finance mosques or religious institutions, boundaries of the expanded East Jerusalem, hence, the waqf is considered part of the which Israel had annexed illegally, brought mosque or the religious institution. Once a nearly the entire area of the new village waqf is established it is not possible to alter within Jerusalem’s city limits (the remainder the contract, except when involved parties becoming part of Israel proper, located on violate the contract or the founder or man- the other side of the Green Line). However, ager secedes from Islam. Waqf regulations although the land was annexed, its residents differ in the various Muslim societies. were not absorbed and they were conse- quently not included in the subsequent Israeli WAQF LAND Public land reserved for some 1967 census. As a result of this, they received public purpose (e.g., charitable) that is usual- West Bank identity cards instead of Jerusalem ly leased (see also Miri and Mulk). residency cards to which they were legally entitled. Today, the approximately 2,000 res- WAR CRIMES Major breaches of the laws or idents of Walaja, although living in Jerusa- customs of war that are among the gravest lem, depend on the PA for all their services crimes in international law. War crimes occur as the Israeli Ministry of Interior still refuses when superfluous injury or unnecessary suf- to issue them with Jerusalem ID cards (per- fering is inflicted upon an enemy. They are manent residency). Their village, meanwhile, defined by the Geneva Conventions and is surrounded on all sides by Jewish settle- listed their Article 147 as including, inter alia, ments ( and Betar Illit), the Separa- atrocities or offences against persons or tion Barrier and a checkpoint, all of which property, torture, deportation, willful killing involved confiscation of much land from the of civilians, ill-treatment of prisoners, plund- villagers. Most recently, Israel turned Wala- er of public or private property, willful de- ja’s Ein Hanya spring into an official national struction of cities, towns or villages, and use park, patrolled by Israeli police and off limits of disproportionate force. Individuals can be for the villagers. held criminally responsible for the actions of a country or its soldiers. Israel has been re- peatedly accused of committing war crimes in its dealings with the Palestinian popula- tion. Most recently, on 17 October 2018, the prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, issued a stark warn- ing that “extensive destruction of property without and population transfers in an occupied territory constitute WALL see Separation Barrier war crimes under the Rome Statute.”

188 W WAR OF 1948 (also: First Israeli-Arab War; by more than one million Palestinians under Israeli Jews: War of Independence; by Pales- Israeli occupation. tinians: An-Nakba) Fighting that broke out after the declaration of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948 between Israeli forces and Arab armies. Prior to this, inter-communal violence triggered by UN Partition Resolu- tion 181 of 29 November 1947 had already come to a peak. By the end of the War of 1948, Jewish forces had captured 54% of the territory assigned to the Arab state in UN Resolution 181, and Israel controlled 77.4% of the land. Egypt and Jordan retained con- trol over the Gaza Strip and the West Bank respectively. These armistice lines held until WAR OF ATTRITION Ongoing military activity 1967. As a result, Palestine was fragmented, between Egypt and Israel waged along the its society dismantled, and its people ren- Suez Canal between February 1969 and Au- dered a nation of displaced refugees (UN es- gust 1970. The War of Attrition was con- timates: 726,000 Palestinian refugees located ducted through battles and infiltrations by outside the armistice lines and some 32,000 both sides, resulting in high casualties, and inside). Some 418 Palestinian villages were ended with the renewal of a ceasefire. depopulated and erased from the map as a result of Jewish military activities, massa- cres, and expulsion orders.

WAR OF THE CAMPS Inter-confessional conflict that emerged in 1985 during the Lebanese Civil War when Syria, backed by the Shi’ite Amal militia and some Palestinian rejection-

ist factions, attempted to root out the PLO from its refugee camp strongholds. The con- WAR OF 1967 (also: June War or Six-Day War; flict lasted until September 1986, and the Le- Arabic: An-Naksa) War launched by an Israeli banese government reported that 3,871 attack on Egyptian posts on 5 June 1967 people died and 6,787 were injured during which resulted in the Israeli occupation of the fighting. the rest of Palestine (i.e., the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem). WA’RA AS-SAWDA MASSACRE Attack by Jew- Israel illegally declared its jurisdiction over ish forces on the encampment of Arab Al-Ma- what is now the OPT on 27 June and formally wasi Bedouins at Khirbat Al-Wa'ra As-Sawda' annexed East Jerusalem on 28 June 1967. in the eastern Galilee on 2 November 1948. The 1967 War also marked the start of a new The village is recorded as having been depo- phase in the conflict between Israel and the pulated. Although Palestinian historian Walid Palestinians, since the conflict created hun- Khalidi has stated that no published accounts dreds of thousands of refugees and brought of the incident exist, there is oral testimony from members of the village who state that

189 W Israeli forces had entered, destroyed their regarding Arab independence. Since these dwellings and shot at least 14 people dead. pledges were not fulfilled to Arab satisfac- tion after the war, most Arab leaders and WARREN’S SHAFT Underground tunnel system spokesmen did not consider the Weizmann- believed to have been a water conduit Faisal agreement as binding. through which residents of ancient Jerusa- lem could get water from inside the city WEST BANK Territory located west of the Jor- during periods of siege or war. The descend- dan River and the Dead Sea on some 5,650 ing tunnel ends in a vertical shaft, the km2 (130 km long and 40-65 km in width). bottom of which is at the level of the Gihon The West Bank was part of the British Spring, outside the Old City walls. It was Mandate of Palestine from 1917 to 1948, discovered in the 1860s by British scholar was captured during the War of 1948 by Jor- and excavator Charles Warren. dan and annexed to the kingdom in 1950. The territory has been illegally occupied by WASHINGTON DECLARATION Document signed Israel since the 1967 War. According to the by Jordan’s King Hussein, Israeli Prime Minis- latest Census of the Palestinian Central Bu- ter Yitzhak Rabin, and President Clinton on reau of Statistics, there were over 2.8 million 25 July 1994 at the White House, which for- Palestinians living in the West Bank in 2017 mally ended the 46-year state of war be- and according to tween Israel and Jordan and paved the way data provided by to a formal peace treaty between the two Israel’s Central countries. The treaty itself was subsequently Bureau of Sta- signed in October 1994. The declaration com- tistics, there mitted Jordan and Israel to the “achievement were 427,800 of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace Israeli settlers between Arab states and the Palestinians, living in the with Israel,” affirmed Jordan’s historic role West Bank by over the Muslim Holy Sites of Jerusalem, and the end of initiated the opening of two new border cross- 2018, excluding ings between the two countries. Further, the East Jerusalem. treaty called Israel retains di- for the linking rect control of of power grids, over 60% of the a direct tele- West Bank ter- phone line, and ritory (see also police cooper- Areas A, B, C). ation in com- bating crime. WESTERN AQUIFER BASIN Transboundary WEIZMANN-FAISAL AGREEMENT Separate aquifer located in the western part of the agreement reached between Amir Faisal West Bank and extending to the coastal (representing the Arabs) and Chaim Weiz- areas of historical Palestine. The aquifer is mann (representing the Zionists) on 3 Janu- shared between the West Bank, Israel, and ary 1919 (some sources say 4 January) at the Egypt. The recharge area is 1,800 km2 of sidelines of the post-World War I Versailles which 1,400 km2 lie in the West Bank. It is Peace Conference (where the Allied Powers the largest of all West Bank groundwater ba- met between January 1919 and January 1920 sins and consists of the upper and the lower to negotiate peace treaties with the Central aquifers. The 2,500 km2 storage area lies in Powers). Weizmann and Faisal agreed to cor- Israel. Two major natural outlets are Ras Al- dial cooperation; however, Faisal wrote a Ein (Rosh Ha’ayn) and the Timsah Springs. proviso on the document in Arabic that his The Western Aquifer Basin is estimated to signature depended upon Allied war pledges have an annual natural recharge of around

190 W 400 mcm with an average abstraction of 365 which rendered hundreds of Palestinians mcm/year. This aquifer is the only source of homeless. water for Palestinians in the West Bank and the main provider of freshwater to Israelis. Palestinians are only in control of some 5% of the aquifer’s utilization, while the re- mainder is controlled by Israel, primarily from outside the West Bank boundaries.

WESTERN WALL DISTURBANCES Inter-com- munal Arab-Jewish tensions that began in September 1928 when British authorities re- moved a screen placed by Jews at the West- ern Wall to separate male and female wor- shippers, a move Muslims denounced as a change in the site’s status quo. The incident was politicized over the months following the incident and led to violence on 23 Au- gust 1929 when Palestinians and Jews at- tacked each other in a number of cities, leav- ing over 116 Palestinians and 133 Jews dead. In 1930, Britain dispatched the Shaw Com- mission to investigate the violence (see above).

WHITE PAPER(S) Statements of British govern- WESTERN WALL (Hebrew: Kotel; Arabic: Al- ment policy during the Mandate period, Buraq) Most holy site in Judaism, which Jews which were often based on official British re- believe is the western wall of the support ports on Palestine. The final paper, pub- platform of the Second Temple from which lished in 1939, recommended partition and the Divine Presence never departed. Be- marked the end of the British commitment cause the Western Wall is the only visible re- to Jews under the Balfour Declaration. mains of the Temple, it is a pilgrimage site for Jews to mourn the Temple’s destruction WHITE PAPER OF 1922 see Churchill Memo- by the Romans in 70 AD, hence the term randum ‘Wailing Wall.’ For Muslims, the area is con- sidered a holy place because it was here that WHITE PAPER OF 1930 see Passfield White Prophet Mohammed tethered his winged Paper steed (Al-Buraq) on his journey to Jerusalem. The wall and much of the area around it WHITE PAPER OF 1939 see MacDonald White constitutes Waqf property, a fact that was Paper confirmed in 1930 by the British Inquiry Commission to Determine the Rights and WOLFENSOHN DEAL Agreement reached in Claims for Muslims and Jews in Connection 2005 between private donors and farmers of with the Wailing Wall. The plaza in front of the former Gush Katif settlement for the the wall was created after Israel’s 1967 purchase and transfer of about 1,000 green- conquest of the city and involved the demo- houses from settler ownership to Palestini- lition of the entire Arab Mughrabi Quarter, ans, in order for the latter to continue to op-

191 W erate them. The agreement was named after Peel Commission report, which stated that James Wolfensohn, at the time the Quartet’s partition was impracticable. Since the mem- Special Envoy for Gaza Disengagement and a bers of the commission could not agree on a former president of the World Bank, who single proposal, they issued three proposals, had offered $500,000 of his own money, Plans A, B, and C. The Zionist movement re- while a consortium of wealthy Americans cov- jected the plans because of the limited scope ered the remaining $13.5 million for the deal, of the proposed Jewish state. which was facilitated by the Economic Co- operation Foundation. Following the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, the PA took respon- sibility for the facilities, but failed to protect them from looters. A number of the green- houses had been dismantled by the settlers prior to their evacuation and those that were spared after the looting could also not be used successfully due to border closures im- pacting export of produce and the lack of financial subsidies that the Israeli settlers had received from the Israeli government.

WOMEN IN BLACK International movement that began in January 1988, a month after the first Palestinian Intifada broke out, as a small group of Israeli women who carried out a simple form of protest. Once a week at the same hour and in the same location, a major traffic intersection in West Jerusalem, they donned black clothing and raised a black sign in the shape of a hand with white lettering that read “Stop the Occupation.” Soon after, many such vigils were launched in other Israeli lo- cations. The move- ment then spread from country to country, wherever women sought to speak out against violence and injustice.

WOODHEAD COMMISSION (officially: Pales- tine Partition Commission) Technical Com- mission of Inquiry, chaired by Sir John Wood- head, sent by Britain in April 1938 to reex- amine the question and practicability of par- tition and make a detailed plan for it based on the 1937 Peel Commission’s report. Its hearings were boycotted by Palestinian lead- Woodhead Partition proposals ers. The Woodhead Commission published its findings in November 1938, reversing the

192 W WORLD ZIONIST ORGANIZATION (WZO) Or- into three phases totaling 13% of the West ganization founded in August 1897 at the Bank. Other main points were changes in the First Zionist Congress in Basel, which was PLO Charter, opening the Gaza airport and called by Theodore Herzl. The WZO is named the safe passage corridor, reducing the num- after Mount Zion in Jerusalem, and was de- ber of Palestinian police, and releasing Pales- signed to establish a national home for Jews tinian prisoners. Subsequently, Israel with- in Palestine. The WZO established the Jewish drew from only 2% of the West Bank near Je- Agency in 1929. After 1948, nin and some detainees were released, it mainly worked towards although most of them were criminals rather uniting the Jewish people than political prisoners. The Wye River Agree- and raising funds. The ment did not include an official map de- WZO’s formal name was tailing the areas to be transferred by Israel Zionist Organization until to PA control, and there were only informal 1960. assurances that the transfer of land out of Area C would take place primarily in the WORSHIPPERS' WAY Road in Hebron linking northern West Bank (first redeployment), Ra- the settlement and the Cave of mallah area (second), and around Hebron the Patriarchs (Arabic: Haram Al-Ibrahimi). In (third). The December 1998 Knesset vote for November 2003, after 12 Israeli soldiers and early elections in May 1999 suspended fur- security guards were killed in an Islamic Jihad ther implementation of the agreement. ambush on Worshippers’ Way, the Israeli gov- ernment decided to destroy homes along the route belonging to Arab residents.

Signing of the Wye River Memorandum

WRIGHT-COMPTON RESOLUTION Resolution introduced by Representatives James Wright and Ranulf Compton in the US House of Rep- resentatives as a result of intensive Zionist campaigns for the establishment of a Jewish state prior to the British-set deadline of 31 March 1944 for the end of Jewish immigra- tion to Palestine. The resolution called for US support for free Jewish immigration to Pales- tine and the reconstitution of that country as a Jewish commonwealth. Five days later, the identical Wagner-Taft Resolution was intro- duced in the US Senate.

WYE RIVER MEMORANDUM Agreement signed on 23 October 1998 for the implementation of the Oslo II Agreement and the resumption of final status talks. The memorandum di- vided the 2nd redeployment provided by Oslo II, which was to be completed in April 1997,

193 Y There were seven Yellow Areas, covering 4.5% of the total Gaza Strip territory: Al-Mawasi (ran 12 km southwest along the Mediterra- Y nean from Deir Al-Balah to the Egyptian bor- der), Al-Sayafa (near Beit Lahia, surrounded the former and settlements), YACHAD see Meretz-Yachad Abu Meddein (central Gaza, west of the for- mer Netzarim settlement), Deir Al-Balah (east YAMINA (English: right or rightwards; formerly: of the former Kfar Darom settlement), Tel United Right) Israeli right-wing alliance formed Zurub and Hai As-Salam (both south of Rafah by the Union of Right-Wing Parties (a merger along the Egyptian border), and Rafa border of the far right Orthodox Tkuma party and crossing (southeast edge of Gaza near the The Jewish Home), led by Rafi Peretz, and border with Egypt). the New Right party (Hayamin Hehadash), led by Ayelet Shaked, in late July 2019 to run in the September 2019 Israeli elections. Initially called the United Right, the joint electoral list was later renamed Yamina, with Ayelet Sha- Yellow Areas ked as its leader. The alliance gained 7 seats in the September 2019 elections but on 10 October 2019 Hayamin He- hadash – headed by Naftali Bennett and Ayelet Shaked – announced its split off.

YAZUR ATTACK Major assault on the Palestin- ian village of , located 6 km east of Jaffa. According to Palestinian historian Aref Al-Aref, on 18 December 1947, Zionist troops disguised as British soldiers threw bombs at the main coffeehouse, killing six villagers. Fi- lastin newspaper reported more attacks in YESH ATID (English: There is a Future) Israeli early 1948, the largest on 12 February, during center-right party founded in 2012 by Israeli which several houses in Yazur were destroyed. media personality Yair Lapid and led by him since. It was the surprise of the 2013 elec- tions winning 19 seats and becoming the YEHIDAY MASSACRE Attack on the Arab village second largest faction in the 19th Knesset. In of Yehiday (near ) on 13 Decem- the 2015 elections Yesh Atid was the largest ber 1947, in which Jewish forces disguised as centrist party with 11 seats and chose to a British army patrol shot into the coffee serve in the opposition. The party seeks to house, placed bombs next to homes, and represent the secular middle-class and focus- tossed grenades at villagers, killing at least es more on socioeconomic and civic-gover- seven and wounding many more, before nance issues rather than on political-security being stopped by real British troops arriving. issues. In the April 2019 elections, Yesh Atid merged with the Israel Resilience Party and YELLOW AREAS Areas near former Israeli settle- Telem to form the centrist ‘Blue and White’ ments in the Gaza Strip that are populated alliance, which won 35 of the 120 Knesset by Palestinians but were put under full Israe- seats. li security control and PA civil jurisdiction ac-

cording to the 1995 Oslo II Accord. The name was derived from the fact that the areas in question were shaded in yellow on the maps.

194 Y YESH DIN (English: There is Law) Organization YESHA COUNCIL PLAN Political plan proposed of volunteers established in March 2005 that by the Yesha Council in November 2003 in is concerned with the continuing violations of response to the Geneva Accord and as an al- Palestinian human rights in the Palestinian ter- ternative to the Unilateral Disengagement Plan ritories and with the damage the occupation of Prime Minister Sharon. The Yesha Council is inflicting on both Palestinian and Israeli so- Plan foresees the extension of Israeli sove- cieties. Yesh Din collects and disseminates in- reignty to all of the West Bank and Gaza Strip formation regarding violations of Palestinians' and tries to ensure that no independent Pal- human rights in the West Bank, applies public estinian state would be created west of the and legal pressure on Israeli authorities, and Jordan River. Instead, it suggests dividing the raises public awareness re- entire Israel/OPT area into cantons, two of garding these issues. Cur- which would be for the Palestinians (one in rently, Yesh Din focuses Gaza and one in the West Bank), to continue on promoting law enforce- settlement building in Jewish-majority areas ment of settler violence and create independent administrations for in the West Bank. the Arab population. Palestinian Arabs would be offered Israeli citizenship and granted the YESH GVUL (English: There is a Limit) Israeli right to vote for the Knesset, but the cantons peace group founded in response to the would be granted representation based on 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which sup- factors other than population, guaranteeing ports soldiers who refuse assignments of a a Jewish majority at all times. repressive or aggressive nature and thus refuse to serve in the OPT YISHUV (English: settlement) The Jewish com- where they would be re- munity in Palestine prior to the establish- quired to enforce policies ment of the state of Israel in May 1948, they deem illegal and im- whereby ‘’ refers to the Jews of the moral. pre-Zionist era, and the ‘New Yishuv’ refers to those of the late Ottoman and British YESHA (Hebrew acronym for Yehuda, Shomron, Mandate eras. The Yishuv established its own and Azah – English: Judea, Samaria, and Gaza, parliament: Asefat Ha-Nivharim (the "Nation- respectively) Term used in Israel to describe al Assembly"), an executive organ: Ha-Va'ad the areas controlled by Jordan and Egypt be- Ha-Le'umi (the National Council or Commit- tween the War of 1948 and the War of 1967. tee), and a judicial system: Beit Mishpat Ha- Shalom Ha-Ivri (English: the Hebrew Court of YESHA COUNCIL Umbrella organization of Israeli Peace), as well as a labor movement (Hista- settlement municipal councils. The Yesha drut), schools, courts, taxation system, medi- Council serves as a representative body of cal services, industrial enterprises, and a mil- the Jewish settlers in the Palestinian territo- itary organization (Haganah). ries with regard to security and infrastruc- ture issues and strengthening Jewish pres- YISRA’EL B’ALIYAH (English: Israel on the Rise ence in the territories. The council also and Israel for Immigration) Israeli party serves as the settlers’ political arm (e.g., lob- founded and led by former Soviet refusenik bying, public relations campaigns, and pro- Natan Sharansky in 1996. It was supported tests). The Yesha Council was founded in the primarily by immigrants, and promoted in- late 1970s as successor to Gush Emunim. The creased immigration and new immigrants’ council’s plenum is comprised of 25 mayors rights. It ran in the Israeli elections through and 10 other community leaders, and its cur- 2003, where it only gained two seats, leading rent chairman is Hana- to Sharansky’s resignation from the Knesset. nel Dorani (since Shortly after, the 2017), former head of party merged with the the of Likud in March 2003 Kedumim settlement. and ceased to exist.

195 Y YISRA'EL BEITEINU (English: Israel is Our Home; 's offers to negotiate a settle- also spelled Yisrael Beytenu) Far-right, ultra- ment. The Egyptians crossed the Suez Canal nationalist, Zionist party formed in 1999 in- on 6 October, Yom Kippur, the holiest day of itially appealing primarily to immigrants from the year for Jews, while the Syrian offensive the former . It was founded by began by heavily bombarding Israeli army out- Avigdor Lieberman and has been headed by posts and settlements in the Golan Heights. him since. In 2000, Yisra’el Beiteinu joined the After the first two days, Israel, which was Nation Union (Hebrew: Ihud Ha'leumi) to form caught by surprise despite intelligence warn- a united right-wing front against then-Prime ings about a possible attack, was able to Minister Ehud Barak's policies, particularly re- counter-attack and repulse the Arab invad- garding his negotiations with the Palestinians. ers. On 22 October, largely due to the efforts The party joined the Likud-led coalition gov- of US Secretary of State , UN ernment in 2001 but resigned from it after Security Council Resolution 338 was passed, Prime Minister Sharon publicly endorsed the calling for a ceasefire and urging "all parties eventual creation of a sovereign Palestinian to the present fighting to terminate all mili- state. Yisra’el Beiteinu takes a hard line to- tary activity immediately." Sporadic fighting wards Palestinians citizens of Israel, calling for still erupted, but came to a halt two days reducing their number by redrawing the bor- later, as UN Security Council Resolution 339 ders with a future Palestinian state, in con- called on all parties to adhere to the cease- junction with efforts to increase Jewish immi- fire guidelines established in Resolution 338. gration by encouraging a positive socioeco- By the end of the fighting on 24 October, the nomic environment for new immigrants. The Egyptian and Syrian armies had suffered huge party’s proposed solution for the conflict with losses with regard to their troops (at least the Palestinians is based upon population ex- 14,000), tanks, and planes, while Israel lost changes and the creation of two ethnically over 2,500 soldiers. A ceasefire agreement homogeneous states. The party won 11 seats between Israel and Egypt was reached on 24 in the 2006 elections and joined the Kadima- October 1973 and a Separation-of-Forces led coalition government in October 2006, Agreement was signed on 13 January 1974, but pulled out in January 2008. Yisrael Bei- in which both sides agreed to observe the teinu reached the peak of its power in the ceasefire, to reduce forces, and to establish 2009 elections for the 18th Knesset, when it the UNEF II. Israeli forces withdrew to a dis- won 15 seats and became the third largest tance of 20 kilometers east of the Suez Canal, party in the Knesset. In the elections for the and the Egyptian army withdrew most of its 19th Knesset in 2013, Yisrael Beiteinu ran forces to the west of the Canal. The final dis- with the Likud on a joint list called Likud-Bei- engagement agreement between Israel and teinu. It won six seats in the 2015 election Syria was signed in Geneva on 31 May 1974, and five in the April 2019. Lieberman’s sub- establishing a UN buffer zone in the demili- sequent refusal to join the Netanyahu-led tarized zone, arranging an exchange of pris- coalition forced new elections that took place oners of war, and calling for Israel’s evacua- in September that tion of the territory it took in the War as well year and won his as the city of Quneitra, which it had cap- party 8 seats. tured in the Six-Day War of 1967.

YISRAEL DEMOKRATIT see Israel Democratic Party

YOM AL-ARD see Land Day

YOM KIPPUR WAR (also: October War) Arab- Israeli war fought in October 1973, following a Syrian and Egyptian-led surprise attack on Israel, after the Israeli government headed by Golda Meir rebuffed Egyptian President

196 Z YOUNG SETTLEMENT BILL see Regulation Law 2

YOUNG TURKS see Committee of Union and Progress Z

YOUTH BILL New law approved by the Knesset in August 2016, which permits Israel to im- ZAKAT Annual payment made by Muslims to prison minors convicted of “serious crimes” support those most in need in form of an ob- such as manslaughter, murder, or attempted ligatory tax levied on five categories of prop- murder, even if they are under the age of 14. erty (food and grains; fruit; livestock, includ- The actual serving of the sentences would be ing camels, cattle, sheep, and goats; gold and deferred until the children reach the age of silver; and movable goods). It usually amounts 14. The new law impacts children living under to about 2.5% of one's personal wealth over Israeli civilian law, obviously targeting young the course of a year or 5-10% on farmer’s as- Palestinians from Jerusalem, while for Pales- sets or 20% on precious resources found on tinian children living in the occupied West one’s property (e.g., oil). A Muslim is obliged Bank, Israeli military law already allows for any to start paying Zakat once he owns the mini- person 12 years and older to be imprisoned. mum amount (= nisab) of property or wealth (which is when his assets are higher than his liabilities). Zakat is one of the five pillars of Is- lam, meant to remember Allah and help those who are in need as well as to free one from excessive desire and greed and learn self-dis- cipline and honesty. The tax levy required by religious law varies depending on the cate- gory. Recipients are the poor and needy.

ZANDBERG COMMITTEE Government-appointed committee to look into ways to legalize illegal Israeli settlement building in the West Bank. It included experts from the Defense, Justice and Agriculture Ministries and the Prime Mi- nister’s Office and was named after its chair, the newly appointed Jerusalem District Court judge Haya Zandberg. In its report, published in early May 2018, the committee outlined the legal obstacles related to unlawful build- ing over the Green Line, acknowledged the state’s implicit legitimization of such building in the past, and recommended working on re- gulating such construction, providing several solutions and the legal tools that would cir- cumvent the demolition of illegally built sett- ler homes.

ZEHUT (English: Identity) Israeli libertarian Zion- ist political party founded by former Likud member and Deputy Knesset Speaker in March 2015 and led by him since. It is based on two main principles of individual liberty and Jewish identity, and promotes eco- nomic freedom, separation of state and reli-

197 Z gion, support for Greater Israel, and full Israeli took place in 1897 in Basel, saw the founda- sovereignty to “Judea and Samaria” (i.e., the tion of the Zionist Organization, the adoption West Bank). In the April of Hatikvah as its anthem, and the absorption 2019 Israeli elections, the of most of the previous socie- party failed to cross the ties. Its goals were set forth in the Basel Pro- electoral threshold. gram: "Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine, secured under ZIONISM Term derived from the word ‘Zion’, a public law." Every Congress elected a Zionist hill near the city of Jerusalem, which since Executive Committee, whose members had to biblical times has symbolized the ‘national live in Eretz Yisrael since 1921. The Congress homeland.’ Zionism emerged in European- also elected an Actions Committee serving as Jewish thinking in the mid-19th Century as an legislating body between Congresses. In 1929, ideology to unite the World Jewry in both the Zionist Congress established the Jewish religious and national terms, and whose goal Agency to encourage settlement and enlist in- was the return to ‘Zion’ and the fostering of ternational Jewish support for development political and spiritual renewal of the Jewish projects. In 1960, it was renamed the World people in its ancestral homeland (Eretz Israel). Zionist Organization, although the Zionist Con- Zionism was in part a response to European gress remains its supreme ideological and Anti-Semitism (such as the Dreyfus affair) and policy-making body. to pogroms, mainly in Czar- ist Russia. Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of the modern Zionist move- ment, which is based on the pursuit of an independent Jewish state. Today, it is still considered Israel’s national ideology Theodor Herzl

ZIONIST In the true sense of the word someone who strives for an independent Jewish state in Israel. Palestinians and their supporters sometimes tend to generalize and equate First Zionist Congress Zionist with 'Jew' or 'Israeli'. (English: Remembering) Israeli non- ZIONIST COMMISSION Commission created by profit organization formed in 2002 to raise the World Zionist Organization in 1918 as a awareness and public recognition of the Nak- representative body for Zionist interests be- ba, the Palestinian catastrophe of 1948, which fore the British Mandate of Palestine and to is marginalized in Zionist collective memory. assist the British in imple- Zochrot also promotes equal rights for all menting the Balfour Dec- peoples in Israel and Palestine, including a re- laration. The Zionist Com- conceptualization of the right of Palestinians mission was headed by to return to their homes. In 2014, it launched Chaim Weizmann, and was the trilingual smartphone App iNakba (in Eng- replaced by the Palestine lish, Arabic, and Hebrew) that allows users to Zionist Executive in 1921. locate and learn about Palestinian localities Chaim Weizmann destroyed during, and ZIONIST CONGRESS Kind of a parliament of the as a result of, the Jewish-Zionist movement created by Theodor Nakba since 1948. Herzl, which first convened in 1897 and later met every two years. The first Congress, which

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Abu Sitta, Salman, The Palestinian Nakba 1948, Milstein, Uri, History of the War of Indepen- September, 2000, available at: http://www. dence: The First Month, University Press of plands.org/en/books-reports/books/the-pales America, 1997. tinian-nakba-1948. Morris, Benny, Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956, Abu Sitta, Salman and Terry Rempel, “The ICRC Oxford, UK: , 1993. and the Detention of Palestinian Civilians in Israel's 1948 POW/Labor Camps,” Journal of Morris, Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Ref- Palestine Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Summer 2014). ugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. Adalah – Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel website: https://www.adalah.org. The New York Times, TimesMachine, available at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachi Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) ne/1948/04/01/96590335.html?action=click&c website: https://www.english.acri.org.il. ontentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEnd CTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pag ARIJ, Bethlehem City Profile, 2010, available at: eNumber=. http://vprofile.arij.org/bethlehem. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Bahour, Sam, “Palestinians need a state, not a website: http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/. ‘business plan’,” +972Magazine, 20 May 2019, available at https://972mag.com/israel-palestine- Pappé, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, economy-trump-kushner/141539. Oneworld Publications, 2nd edition 2007.

“Bomb Throwing At Damascus Gate,” The Cairns Physicians for Human Rights - Israel (PHRI) web- Post, 30 December 1947, available at: https:// site: https://www.phr.org.il/. trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/42548379. The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel Bowman, Glenn, “Sharing and Exclusion: The (PCATI) website: http://stoptorture.org.il. Case of Rachel’s Tomb,” Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 58 (Spring 2014), p. 30-49. “The Rachel’s Tomb area is undergoing final wall constructions,” POICA, 1 March 2006, available B’Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for at: http://poica.org/2006/03/the-rachels-tomb- Human Rights in the Occupied Territories web- area-is-undergoing-final-wall-constructions. site: https:// www.btselem.org. UNCTAD, “Palestinian fiscal revenue leakage to “Bus Queue Bombed,” The Glasgow Herald, 30 Israel under the Protocol on Economic Rela- December 1947, available at: https://news. tions”, document UNCTAD/GDS/APP/2013/1. google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19471 230&id=DGhAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kJQMAAAAIBAJ& UNCTAD, The Economic Costs of the Israeli Oc- pg=4785,6477283&hl=en. cupation for the Palestinian People and Their Human Right to Development: Legal Dimen- “Graphic Novel on IDF 'Massacres' in Gaza Set to sions, 2018. Hit Bookstores,” Haaretz, 21 December 2009, available at: www.haaretz.com/1.4934 935. UNCTAD, The Economic Costs of the Israeli Oc- cupation for the Palestinian People: The Un- Human Rights Watch (HRW) website: https:// realized Oil and Natural Gas Potential, 2019. www.hrw.org. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) website: Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), website: https:// https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/Pages/default.aspx www.ochaopt.org/.

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