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Key Techniques and Risk Management for the Application of the Pile-Beam-Arch (PBA) Excavation Method: a Case Study of the Zhongjie Subway Station

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Key Techniques and Risk Management for the Application of the Pile-Beam-Arch (PBA) Excavation Method: a Case Study of the Zhongjie Subway Station Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID 275362, 16 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/275362 Research Article Key Techniques and Risk Management for the Application of the Pile-Beam-Arch (PBA) Excavation Method: A Case Study of the Zhongjie Subway Station Yong-ping Guan,1 Wen Zhao,1 Shen-gang Li,1 and Guo-bin Zhang2 1 School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China 2 Shenyang Design and Research Institute of Municipal Engineering, Shenyang 110015, China Correspondence should be addressed to Yong-ping Guan; [email protected] Received 22 December 2013; Accepted 16 February 2014; Published 9 April 2014 Academic Editors: B. Kumar and E. Yasar Copyright © 2014 Yong-ping Guan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The design and construction of shallow-buried tunnels in densely populated urban areas involve many challenges. The ground movements induced by tunneling effects pose potential risks to infrastructure such as surface buildings, pipelines, and roads. In this paper, a case study of the Zhongjie subway station located in Shenyang, China, is examined to investigate the key construction techniques and the influence of the Pile-Beam-Arch (PBA) excavation method on the surrounding environment. This case study discusses the primary risk factors affecting the environmental safety and summarizes the corresponding risk mitigation measures and key techniques for subway station construction using the PBA excavation method in a densely populated urban area. 1. Introduction Many studies have been conducted to investigate the risk assessment of tunneling projects in urban areas and the Subway construction projects are generally located in com- adverse impact of the PBA excavation method on ground plex surrounding environments and are often built beside settlement and adjacent utilities. or under residentially, commercially, or officially important Considering the uncertainties, Einstein [6]proposed buildings. However, tunneling in dense urban areas can a probabilistic approach to assist decision making in the cause ground movements and surface settlements, which form of engineering design, selecting particular construction may lead to additional deformations and damage to existing procedures or more general decisions made by decision structures and utilities such as residential buildings and makers in geotechnical engineering. Reilly [7]discussed pipelines [1]. In this situation, one of the key factors in design an overview of management for complex, underground, andconstructionproblemsmaybetheamountofallowable and tunneling projects, suggested an improved methodology settlement. for the “project delivery process,” and summarized crucial Underground projects are extremely complex and are supporting systems such as partnering and risk mitigation. associated with many uncertainties resulting from geological You et al. [8]presentedamethodologytoselectanoptimal and geomechanical parameters, external load, and construc- supporting scheme and advance rate quantitatively for the tion quality [3]. These uncertainties during tunneling can design of a tunnel by performing a risk analysis considering lead to potential risks to both the workers and the surround- the construction fee and the cost of losses related to tunnel ing environment [4]. To minimize the adverse effects on collapse. Fang et al. [9] proposed a risk management method- the surrounding environment and perform appropriate risk ologythataimsatprocesscontrolforgroundsettlementand mitigation measures in time, a risk management technique surface buildings, to guarantee the environmental safety. should be adopted throughout the underground construction In terms of the PBA excavation method research, project development [5]. Wang et al. [10–12] analyzed the influence of a subway station 2 The Scientific World Journal N Shenyang commercial center Laobian restaurant Zhongjie subway station Guanglu North Trade Building cinema Meigui Hotel Women’s world building The outline of subway station Pangjiang street station Zhonggong Qigong street street station station Liming Yunfeng Beijie Huaiyuan men square station Dong Zhongjie Yingbin road Shenyang Zhan station station Baogong street Zhongjie station Yuhong square station station Nan Shichang station station station Tiexi square station station Taiyuan street Qingnian station Dajie station Kaifa Dadao station Shisan Hao Qihao street street station station Zhangshi station Zhongyang Sihao street Dajie station station Figure 1: Main route of Shenyang Metro Line 1. constructed by the PBA excavation method on the ground China (see Figure 1). Metro Line 1 is almost 22 km in length settlements and adjacent pipelines by means of numerical with 22 subway stations. The line was located along jammed simulation and field measurements. Yang et al.13 [ ]opti- roads in the central city area as shown in Figure 1.Theline mized the PBA construction procedure by implementing runs from the Thirteen Street Station in the west to Li-Ming different schemes for heading opening patterns and heading Square Station in the east. The strata in Shenyang along the excavation sequences based on three-dimensional numerical tunnel alignment is comprised of numerous sandy layers with modelling. He [14] studied the main theoretical problems variablegrainsizedistributionfromsiltsandtocoursegravel. encountered during construction and the influence of metro In this study, an environmental risk assessment was tunneling using the PBA method on adjacent piles using the performed for the Zhongjie subway station, which was numerical simulation method. constructed using the PBA excavation method and is located However, there is limited research about the environ- in the chainage of DK17+880.567 to DK18+114.267. Zhongjie mental risk assessment for subway station construction station is a double-deck tunnel of double-arch shape and using the PBA (Pile-Beam-Arch) excavation method. This the cross section size is approximately 19.7 m × 15.85 m. The paper presents an in-depth investigation of the influence overburden thickness is approximately 8.59 m, and the buried of the PBA excavation method on ground movements and depth of the bottom is approximately 24.89 m. A typical cross the surrounding environment. Simultaneously, the potential section of the Zhongjie station is shown in Figure 2. risk encountered in this project during construction and corresponding risk mitigation measures are elaborated in 2.2. PBA Excavation Method. Urban subway stations are detail. It is helpful to provide a valuable experience for generally shallowly buried in China. Because of a thin other shallow-buried subway station construction projects in overburden layer, a “soil arching effect” cannot be adequately densely populated urban areas. formed above the tunnel roof [15]. Furthermore, the collapse surface of a shallow tunnel will easily extend from the tunnel 2. Project Overview face to the ground surface. However, the adjacent utilities (pipelines, crowded surface buildings) are significantly sensi- 2.1. Geographic Location. The first subway project con- tive to ground movements induced by tunnel excavation, and structed in Shenyang was the Metro Line 1 Project-Blue Line, excessive ground movements may induce damage to adjacent The Scientific World Journal 3 Ground surface m Miscellaneous fill 8.59 32 grout pipe, L=3.5m@30 cm Backfill concrete Silt sand m 800@1200 bored and 1000 cylindrical cast-in-place pile steel column 7.29 m m m 15.85 15.85 0.45 Medium sand m 0.7 m secondary lining 4.45 m Coarse sand m 0.56 1.1 m Gravel sand 8.0 19.7 m Figure 2: Typical cross section of Zhongjie subway station. 1 3 2 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3: PBA excavation method adopted in the Zhongjie subway station. utilities. Plenty of successful subway construction projects in (2) concreting the side piles (see Figure 3(b)); China have proved that the shallow tunneling method (STM) (3) excavating the lower pilot heading (see Figure 3(c)); is very suitable for shallowly buried tunnel constructed in urban areas, which is inconvenient to excavate using the cut (4) installing the middle steel column and constructing and cover method. supporting arch (see Figure 3(d)); The PBA (Pile-Beam-Arch) excavation method is one (5) excavating the main structure via a top-down con- major approach to shallow tunneling and was adopted in struction method and concreting secondary lining the Zhongjie subway station construction project. Zhongjie (see Figure 3(e)). The construction site situation is subway station is a double-arch-double-span-double-deck shown in Figure 4. station. The main steps of the PBA excavation method for the Zhongjie subway station are shown in Figure 3.Theexca- 3. Numerical Investigation of the PBA Method vation sequence of the typical cross section can be divided into five steps. It is necessary to note that the PBA excavation 3.1. Three-Dimensional Modelling of Tunnel. The PBA exca- process was implemented under dry conditions. Thus, an vation procedure was investigated with a three-dimensional appropriate dewatering scheme should be designed to ensure simulation implemented using Flac3D code according to the that the groundwater table remains at least 0.5 m below finite difference method. The numerical simulation was capa- the excavation bottom of
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