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Notes on Enidae, 7. Revision of the Enidae of Iran, with Special Reference to the Collection of Jacques De Morgan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302902618 Notes on Enidae, 7. Revision of the Enidae of Iran, with special reference to the collection of Jacques de Morgan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) Article · April 2016 CITATIONS READS 2 1,481 2 authors: Ruud Bank Eike Neubert University of Groningen Natural History Museum Bern 212 PUBLICATIONS 11,189 CITATIONS 178 PUBLICATIONS 1,177 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: European landsnails View project Biodiversity databases View project All content following this page was uploaded by Eike Neubert on 21 November 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Vita Malacologica 14: 1-84 16 April 2016 Notes on Enidae, 7. Revision of the Enidae of Iran, with special reference to the collection of Jacques de Morgan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)1 Ruud A. BANK Chopinlaan 21, 9603 AM Hoogezand, the Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] Eike NEUBERT Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastraße 15, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] Key words: Enidae, Iran, revision, taxonomy, distribution ABSTRACT papers related to his expeditions, namely from Perak (1885a-b) and Iran (1910). In addition, he published malacological papers The family Enidae from Iran is revised, presenting all data avail- on fossil molluscs from France (1916a, 1916b, 1920). able to the authors. The main proportion of specimens originate from the collection of the late French diplomat, archaeologist and De Morgan explored, together with colleagues, Iran inten- scientist, Jacques de Morgan. Currently, 43 (sub)species of Enidae sively. A vast amount of publications resulted from these are known from Iran. All taxa are described and illustrated. The explorations. In the series “Mission scientifique en Perse” following 17 species are described as new to science: Geminula dol­ De Morgan himself published geographical, archaeological menensis spec. nov., Geminula pyramidata spec. nov., Geminula and geological volumes (1894, 1895a, b, 1896, 1897, 1905a). urmiensis spec. nov., Iranopsis (Iranopsis) granulata spec. nov., These volumes are rare, but they can be found (in part) on Pseudochondrula arsaci spec. nov., Pseudochondrula bondouxi Internet at the digital library Digimon, a project carried out spec. nov., Pseudochondrula darii spec. nov., Pseudochondrula by the “Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée”. In addition, orientalis spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus alborsicus spec. nov., De Morgan published two books describing the background Pseudonapaeus demorgani spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus fusi­ of the expeditions (1902, 1905b). Much information about the formis spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus ignoratus spec. nov., Pseudo­ life and work of De Morgan is present in the autobiography napaeus kermanensis spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus menkhorsti published by Jaunay (1997) and in the obituary by Germain spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus minutus spec. nov., Pseudonapaeus (1928). The work in Iran was carried out in 1889-1892 during orculoides spec. nov., and Turanena pseudobscura spec. nov. the “Mission scientifique en Perse” and in 1897-1912 during The generic name Mordania Bank & Neubert, 1998 (preoccu- the “Délégation scientifique en Perse”. The molluscs were pied by Mordania Dworakowska, 1979) is herewith emended to mostly collected by De Morgan, but Hassan (a person who Mordaniella, and is considered a subgenus of Iranopsis. remained unknown to us) and Roland de Mecquenem (1877- 1957) contributed as well. This collected material is a very rich source for malacological studies, as was already mentioned INTRODUCTION by De Morgan (1905b: 152) and Germain (1917, 1924). Part of the molluscan samples from the Iranian expeditions from Jacques Jean Marie de Morgan (Huisseau sur Cosson, 03-VI- De Morgan have been revised (Caspicyclotus, Pomatias and 1857; Marseille, 12-VI-1924), a gifted French archaeologist, Carychium – De Morgan (1910); Ecrobia? – Germain (1911); diplomat, geographer, geologist and biologist (Textfig. 1), Parmacellidae and Limacidae – Germain (1912); Clausiliidae received his final training at the École des Mines (Paris), where he graduated in 1882. He conducted a variety of archaeological 1 BANK, R.A. & NEUBERT, E., 1998. Notes on Buliminidae, 5. On surveys, such as in Turkey, India, the kingdom of Perak (now the systematic position of Arabian Buliminidae (Gas­­­tropoda Pul- West Malaysia), the Caucasus (e.g. Armenia), Egypt, and Iran. monata), with the description of a new genus. — Basteria 61 (4/6): During his archaeological surveys he also collected, amongst 73-84. others, natural history objects, including molluscs. His mol- BANK, R.A., BAR, Z. & NEUBERT, E., 2015. Notes on Enidae, 6. On lusc collection is housed in the Muséum National d’Histoire Euchondrus pseudovularis, an endemic species in Israel (Gastro- Naturelle (Paris). De Morgan published three malacological poda, Pulmonata: Enidae). — Quaternary International 390: 69-74. VITA MALACOLOGICA 14: 1 Bank, R.A. & Neubert, E. – Enidae from Iran – Germain (1933, 1936), Szekeres (1970) and Nordsieck (1978, 1994, 1995); freshwater bivalves – Franc (1949) and Kuiper (1962, 1981); Gastrodontidae, Pristilomatidae and Oxychilidae – Riedel (1966); Orculidae – Hausdorf (1996); Iranopsis – Bank & Neubert (1998)), but the majority of his material has still not been studied. This paper is a revision of the Iranian Enidae in general, for which we studied – apart from the J. de Morgan collection – most of the other available recent and historical material. Iranian records of Enidae have been published by Issel (1865), E. von Martens (1874b), Kobelt (1880), Ancey (1884), O. Boettger (1889, 1898), Westerlund (1890, 1896), Rosen (1892; 1893a,b), Nägele (1893, 1901, 1902, 1906, 1910, E.A. Smith (1899), Lindholm (1915), Schlesch (1934), Forcart (1935; 1959), Biggs (1936, 1937, 1962, 1971), Anonymus (1952), Starmühlner & Edlauer (1957), Starmühlner (1961), Reed (1962), Yassini (1976), Solem (1979), and Bank & Neubert (1998). It should be noted that all these papers deal either with faunal lists of a restricted area, or with records of a single (or at most a few) selected species. Furthermore, most of the authors did not collect the studied material themselves, but obtained it from other naturalists (none of these naturalists being mal- acologists). Only Biggs, Reed, Rosen and Yassini collected their own material. From this chronological list it can be concluded that our knowledge on the Enidae of Iran started with the pioneer- ing publication of Issel (1865). He mentioned Bulimus sido­ niensis, B. bayeri, B. tridens var. eximius and B. ghilanensis from Iran. With B. sidoniensis most propably Pseudonapaeus Fig. 1. Portrait of Jacques de Morgan (photograph taken around asterabadensis is meant, B. bayeri and B. tridens var. eximia 1895, during his function of “Directeur Général des Antiquités belong to Chondrula tridens, while B. ghilanensis belongs to égyptiennes”). the genus Geminula. The other three Bulimus taxa that Issel mentioned from Iran, namely Bulimus polygiratus Issel, 1865, B. subcylindricus (Linnaeus, 1767) and B. doriae Issel, 1865, do not belong to the Enidae; these are Zootecus insularis (Ehrenberg, 1831), Cochlicopa lubrica (O.F. Müller, 1774) and Pupoides coenopictus (T. Hutton, 1834), respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS Iran is a mountainous land: over 50% is covered by moun- For the collections the following abbreviations are used: tains, which mostly run parallel to its international borders. The Alborz range runs in a slight crescent from west to east ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Zagros range runs from northwest to southeast. In the FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago northwest, both ranges intersect in the Caucasus, whereas in MHNG Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la ville de the east the Alborz extends in the Kopet Dagh and the Zagros Genève, coll. Bourguignat merges into the Makran range. The Alborz and the Zagros MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris encloses the area constituting Iran’s central plateau. The total MZL Musée Zoologique, Lausanne land area is approximately 1,640,000 square kilometres. Iran NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum Basel is at the junction of different faunal regions (the Palaearctic, NHMUK Natural History Musem, London Oriental and Ethiopian), and at the junction of four different NMBE Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde phyto-geographic regions (the Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian, Bern Saharo-Arabian and Sudanian). The diversity in geography NMG Naturhistoriska Museet, Göteborg has resulted in high endemism levels in terms of both flora NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien and fauna. Here we describe 43 (sub)species of the land snail NMWales National Museum of Wales, Cardiff family Enidae, 17 of them being new to science. RBA R.A. Bank, Hoogezand VITA MALACOLOGICA 14: 2 Bank, R.A. & Neubert, E. – Enidae from Iran Fig. 2. Nomenclature of (A) the apertural dentition in Enidae and (B) the shell measurements. — 1 = suturalis; 2 = suprapalatalis; 3 = palatalis superior; 4 = infrapalatalis; 5 = basalis; 6 = columellaris; 7 = columellar ledge; 8 = parietalis; 9 = spiralis; 10 = subangularis. H = shell height; LWH = last whorl height; MH = mouth height; LWD = last whorl diameter (without mouth); LWM = last whorl diameter with mouth; MD = mouth diameter. VITA MALACOLOGICA 14: 3 Bank, R.A. & Neubert, E. – Enidae from Iran RBINS
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  • Model for Quality Improvement of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping from Lidar-Derived Dems Saied Pirasteh* and Jonathan Li

    Model for Quality Improvement of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping from Lidar-Derived Dems Saied Pirasteh* and Jonathan Li

    Pirasteh and Li Geoenvironmental Disasters (2017) 4:19 Geoenvironmental Disasters DOI 10.1186/s40677-017-0083-z RESEARCH Open Access Probabilistic frequency ratio (PFR) model for quality improvement of landslide susceptibility mapping from LiDAR-derived DEMs Saied Pirasteh* and Jonathan Li Abstract This paper expands the previous efforts by other researchers to present a quantitative and deterministic approach for terrain analysis. This study evaluates both spatial and temporal factors contributing landslides utilizing Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds in conjunction with the frequency ratio model (PFR) than has previously been used in the Alborz Mountains. The study area is Marzan Abad of the Alborz Mountain in Iran. The significance of this study is the performance of a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) derived from LiDAR point clouds in order to provide detailed information in improving landslide susceptibility evaluation. This study discusses how we improve the quality of landslide susceptibility evaluation. We apply the PFR model to consider the effect of landslide-related factors associated with Google Earth’s high-resolution images and field observations. The LiDAR point cloud data and GIS-based analysis have allowed performing high quality ways of landslide hazard assessments using inventory dataset as compared to previous studies. We contributed an improved landslide inventory map of the Mazandaran Province. We used image elements interpretation from the available ASTER DEM (30 m), LiDAR-DEM (5 m), and the Google Earth high spatial resolution images in conjunction with the field observations. This study evaluates factors such as geology, geomorphology, landuse, soil, slope, and distance from roads and drainage to represent, manipulate, and analyze factors.
  • 水収支シミュレーション(Mike She を用いる)の構築と、その計算結果である表 流水および地下水に関する時系列データを入力して構築した利水計算モデル(Mike Basin を用 いる)に関して説明する。

    水収支シミュレーション(Mike She を用いる)の構築と、その計算結果である表 流水および地下水に関する時系列データを入力して構築した利水計算モデル(Mike Basin を用 いる)に関して説明する。

    セフィードルード川流域総合水資源管理調査 ファイナルレポート 第７章 水収支解析・利水計算モデルの構築 第７章 水収支解析・利水計算モデルの構築 本章においては、水収支シミュレーション(MIKE SHE を用いる)の構築と、その計算結果である表 流水および地下水に関する時系列データを入力して構築した利水計算モデル(MIKE BASIN を用 いる)に関して説明する。 ７.１ モデルの概要及び構築条件・手順 本検討で使用される水収支モデル(MIKE SHE)は、決定論的(次のステップが必ず一つに選択され る)アルゴリズムのプログラムで構築された物理学ベースの分布型モデルであり、蒸発散、表面流 出、中間流出、地下流出、河川流出及び、それらの相互作用を含む水循環の主要な現象を表現す る機能を有している。また、水の適正配分を検討するために、MIKE BASIN を使用して、水収支 モデルのデータ、河川構造物、水需要データなどを入力して利水計算モデルを構築した。7.1.1 節 にセフィードルードモデル（水収支解析モデルと利水計算モデル）の役割と両モデルの関係を説 明する。 ７.１.１ セフィードルードモデルの機構 セフィードルード川流域の水収支モデル(MIKE SHE)によって、自然状態の表流水量(Runoff)、地 下涵養水量(Recharge)を算出し、利水計算モデル(MIKE BASIN)はその値を境界条件として使用す る。地下涵養水は表層を通過し地下に浸透する水のことであり、そのため表層についての詳細な 情報が必要になる。 セフィードルードの水収支モデルにおいては、一辺 2040m のメッシュで東西に 165 および南北に 210 個に区切り、これら個々のメッシュに物理的データを入力している。入力データは、様々な フォーマットで属性付けられており、それらデータの空間的配置の変更が容易になるように、シ ミュレーション実施時に、初めてデータが各数値メッシュに自動的に入力される仕様となってい る。 河川網については、地形図および調査団が購入した ASTER のデジタルエレベーションマップを使 用して作成した。水収支および利水計算モデルの流域間の流水の移動は、主にこの河川網を通じ て行われる。水収支モデルでは、河道の流れについては、MIKE11 の機能を使用しており、任意 の地点において各メッシュから流入してきた流水の量が算出できるため、流量観測地点における 観測値と計算値を比較することでキャリブレーションが実施される。双モデル共に地下水の流域 間のやりとりは行われない。 以上の現象の表現については、調査の目的や、データの有効性、モデル構築にかける時間等に応 じて、現象毎に異なったレベルの空間分布や詳細さを設定することが重要である。つまり、物理 モデルの適用においては複雑性と計算時間のバランスを考慮する必要があり、時には簡易的な数 値処理手法を選択することが実用的なモデルの構築につながる。セフィードルードモデルの場合 は、計算の集計結果が小流域 R 毎に保存されるが、65 個の小流域 R に関する 30 年間の計算時間 は合計約 6 時間程度になる。 また、水収支モデルで算出した表流水・地下涵養水に関する時系列データは、利水計算モデルで ある MIKE BASIN の入力データとなる。利水計算においても水収支モデルと同様に 65 個のダム 建設・計画地点上流域である小流域 R 毎に結果が算出され、各小流域 R の水の移動は河道を通じ て行われる。なお、利水計算モデルは GIS ソフトの ARCMAP の画面上にスキーマティックに構 築できる。具体的には、流域、河道、ダムおよび水利用者等のモジュールを画面に貼り付け、そ