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The Abundant Occurrence of the Three-Toothed Bulin Snail Chondrula Tridens (O

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The Abundant Occurrence of the Three-Toothed Bulin Snail Chondrula Tridens (O Przegląd Przyrodniczy XXVII, 2 (2016): 87-94 Joanna Przybylska, Andrzej Jermaczek LICZNE WYSTĘPOWANIE WAŁKÓWKI TRÓJZĘBNEJ CHONDRULA TRIDENS (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774) WZDŁUŻ LINII KOLEJOWEJ OLEŚNICA – GNIEZNO W WIELKOPOLSCE The abundant occurrence of the Three-toothed Bulin Snail Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) along the Oleśnica – Gniezno railway in Wielkopolska ABSTRAKT: W artykule scharakteryzowano stanowiska kserotermicznego ślimaka – wałkówki trój- zębnej Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) – zlokalizowane w siedliskach antropogenicznych na nasypach i w wykopach linii kolejowej Oleśnica – Gniezno (Wielkopolska). W 2015 roku gatunek stwierdzono na 13 stanowiskach na odcinku ok. 100 km pomiędzy Zdunami a Gnieznem. Niewielki udział dogodnych siedlisk naturalnych w otoczeniu linii wskazuje, że występowanie gatunku na przy- torzach jest prawdopodobnie efektem zawleczenia wraz z materiałami budowlanymi. Otwarte, suche i nasłonecznione siedliska wzdłuż linii kolejowej stanowią dogodne siedliska zastępcze tego zagrożone- go gatunku mięczaka. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: wałkówka trójzębna, linie kolejowe, siedliska antropogeniczne ABSTRACT: The paper presents the sites of the Three-toothed Bulin Snail Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) localised in anthropogenic habitats on embankments and in excavations along the Oleś- nica – Gniezno railway (Wielkopolska). In 2015 the species was found in 13 localities on a 100 km long section of the railway between Zduny and Gniezno. As natural habitats of the species in the sur- roundings are scarce, it is probable that the snails were introduced to the sites with building materials. Open, dry, insulated grasslands along tracks are suitable alternative habitats for this endangered snail species. KEY WORDS: Three-toothed Bulin Snail, railways, anthropogenic habitats Wstęp dopodobną rolę takich siedlisk i związanej z ich kształtowaniem działalności człowieka w Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na liczne rozprzestrzenianiu się gatunku. występowanie ślimaka – wałkówki trójzęb- Wałkówka trójzębna jest gatunkiem nej Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) południowo – wschodnioeuropejskim, za- (Pulmonata: Enidae) w siedlisku antropo- siedlając, jak pisze Riedel (1988), siedliska genicznym, jakim są przytorza, oraz praw- stepowe – suche, otwarte, nasłonecznione 87 Przegląd Przyrodniczy XXVII, 2 (2016) tereny, szczególnie o podłożu wapiennym około połowie długości linia przebiega na (Wiktor 2004). W Polsce występuje przede nasypie o wysokości ponad 5 m lub w wą- wszystkim w pasie od Pomorza Zachodnie- wozie. Na ich stokach wytworzyła się mozai- go przez Wielkopolskę po Lubelszczyznę, z ka zbiorowisk trawiastych nawiązujących do pominięciem polski zachodniej, południo- łąk świeżych, zbiorowisk ruderalnych oraz wej i północno wschodniej (Wiktor 2004). kadłubowych postaci muraw napiaskowych Z obszaru Wielkopolski wałkówka trójzębna i kserotermicznych. Nigdzie nie występo- podawana była ze 110 stanowisk (Koralew- wały dobrze wykształcone, zbliżone do na- ska-Batura et al. 2010). turalnych zbiorowiska murawowe. Otwarty, Siedliska naturalne i półnaturalne ga- pozbawiony roślinności, charakter torowisk tunku to murawy kserotermiczne na krawę- utrzymywany jest za pomocą herbicydów. dziach dolin rzecznych, wzgórza, wychodnie Gatunku poszukiwano w okresie od skalne, ale także pozostałości muraw w ka- kwietnia do września, na około 50 wstępnie mieniołomach i w siedliskach stworzonych wytypowanych stanowiskach, obejmujących przez człowieka, np. hałdach. Informacje o odkryte i nasłonecznione miejsca, rozmiesz- stanowiskach typowo antropogenicznych, czonych wzdłuż całej linii. W przypadku takich jak przytorza i przydroża, są rzadkie, stwierdzenia gatunku, starano się oszacować nie poznano też mechanizmów przemiesz- jego względną liczebność, licząc wypatrzone czania się i powstawania nowych populacji. w terenie w ciągu około 5 minut, żywe osob- Wałkówka trójzębna zamieszczona jest na niki na powierzchni 1 m2. Czerwonej liście zwierząt ginących i zagro- żonych w Polsce z kategorią NT – gatunek niższego ryzyka, ale bliski zagrożenia (Wik- Wyniki tor i Riedel 2002). W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań gatunek stwierdzono na 13 stanowiskach, a Obszar badań i metody więc na około 1/4 sprawdzonych pod kątem jego występowania. Stanowiska zlokalizowa- Badania prowadzono w 2015 roku wzdłuż ne były na odcinku Zduny – Gniezno, o dłu- linii kolejowej nr 281, na odcinku Oleśnica- gości około 100 km. W południowej części Gniezno o łącznej długości 162 km. Linia linii, między Zdunami a Oleśnicą, mimo po- zbudowana została w latach 1873-1875 jako szukiwania w kilkunastu miejscach, gatun- jednotorowa, później, od roku 1906 w części ku nie odnaleziono. Większość znalezionych przebiegu rozbudowana na dwutorową, a w stanowisk zlokalizowanych było na nasypach latach 1974-75 częściowo zelektryfikowana. o wystawie zachodniej, rzadziej wschodniej i Obecnie, ze względu na zły stan techniczny, południowo-wschodniej (tab. 1). na środkowym odcinku odbywa się wyłącz- W większości przypadków populacje ga- nie mało intensywny ruch towarowy, od- tunku zasiedlały dłuższe odcinki, o długości cinki południowy i północny wykorzystuje od kilkunastu do kilkuset metrów wzdłuż li- także ruch pasażerski. Linia przebiega głów- nii. Ponieważ skontrolowano tylko wybrane, nie przez tereny rolnicze, przeważnie pola wytypowane wcześniej fragmenty linii, bio- uprawne (około 70%), lasy (około 20%), rąc pod uwagę frekwencję gatunku na kon- głównie na siedliskach żyznych, oraz tereny trolowanych stanowiskach, można założyć, zabudowane (około 10%). Naturalne sied- że w rzeczywistości stanowisk jest znacznie liska kserotermiczne i murawy napiaskowe więcej. Zasięg występowania gatunku po- sąsiadowały z linią zaledwie w kilku miej- krywać może odcinki nasypów i zboczy o scach, w granicach miasta Gniezna, oraz łącznej długości kilku do kilkunastu kilome- na krawędziach dolin Warty i Baryczy. Na trów. 88 Przybylska J., Jermaczek A. - Liczne występowanie wałkówki trójzębnej Chondrula tridens ... Tab. 1. Wykaz stwierdzonych stanowisk wałkówki trójzębnej wzdłuż linii kolejowej Oleśnica – Gnie- zno. Tab. 1. Sites with the Three-toothed Bulin Snail along the Oleśnica – Gniezno railway. Szacowane zagęszczenie Stanowisko Współrzędne [os./1m2] Charakterystyka siedlisk UTM / Site / Coordinates / Estimated / Characteristics of habitats density [ind./ 1m2] Nasyp, wystawa SE. W otoczeniu przeważa- N: 51°40’45” 1. Konarzew XT62 <5 ją pola uprawne, obecne także zadrzewienia E: 17°24’5” wzdłuż cieku i zabudowa wiejska. Nasyp, wystawa E. W otoczeniu pola upraw- N: 51°47’55” 2. Czarny Sad XT64 <5 ne, obecny niewielki płat łąk kośnych w doli- E: 17°26’25” nie uregulowanego cieku. N: 51°53’36” Stok wykopu, wystawa E. W otoczeniu pola 3. Stara Obra XT65 <5 E: 17°26’59” uprawne, zarośla tarniny i lasy grądowe. Nasyp, wystawa SE. W otoczeniu pola upraw- N: 51°55’40” 4. Siedlemin XT75 5-10 ne, niewielki płat trzcinowiska ze zbiornikiem E: 17°28’36” wodnym i zabudowa wiejska. Nasyp, wystawa SSW. W otoczeniu pola N: 51°57’6” 5. Jarocin XT75 <5 uprawne, wilgotna łąka i turzycowisko, zabu- E: 17°29’55” dowa podmiejska. Nasyp, wystawa W. W otoczeniu wilgotne N: 52°1’10” 6. Radlin XT76 <5 łąki i turzycowiska w dolinie rzeki oraz pola E: 17°30’0” uprawne. Skarpa przy wykopie, wystawa E. W otocze- N: 52°5’43” 7. Dębno XT77 <5 niu lasy i pola uprawne. Stanowisko na skraju E: 17°29’45” doliny Warty, może mieć charakter naturalny. Nasyp, wystawa W. W otoczeniu lasy, pastwi- N: 52°6’59” 8. Orzechowo XT67 <5 ska, pola uprawne, starorzecza i zabudowa E: 17°28’41” wiejska. N: 52°9’50” Nasyp i szerokie przytorze, wystawa E. W oto- 9. Czeszewo XT68 5-10 E: 17°28’36” czeniu zwarty kompleks leśny. Nasyp, wystawa zachodnia, mocno zakrza- N: 52°12’5” czony. W otoczeniu stawy rybne, ogródki 10. Miłosław XT68 <5 E: 17°28’34” działkowe, zabudowa podmiejska i zarośla tarniny. Murawa na zboczu wykopu, wystawa W. W 11. Gniezno N: 52°30’12” XU72 <5 otoczeniu pola uprawne, lasy i zabudowa Pustachowa E: 17°34’23” wiejska. Murawa napiaskowa w wyrobisku dawnej 12. Gniezno N: 52°30’28” żwirowni, nasyp o wystawie W. W otoczeniu XU72 5-10 Kokoszki E: 17°34’18” pola uprawne, lasy i zakrzaczenia. Siedliska o charakterze naturalnym. Nasyp, wystawa SSE. W otoczeniu zbiorniki N: 52°31’39” 13. Gniezno XU72 5-10 wodne, ogródki działkowe i zabudowa pod- E: 17°35’20” miejska. 89 Przegląd Przyrodniczy XXVII, 2 (2016) Fot. 1. Wałkówka trójzębna Chondrula tridens; 24.06.2015, Gniezno – stanowisko 13 (fot. J. Przybyl- ska). Photo 1. Three-toothed Bulin SnailChondrula tridens; 24.06.2015, Gniezno – site 13 (photo by J. Przy- bylska). Dyskusja budowli, na przydrożach, przytorzach i w jednym przypadku – na nasypie przy tamie O występowaniu wałkówki trójzębnej zbiornika zaporowego (Gwardjan et al. 2012, w siedliskach antropogenicznych donosi J. Przybylska – dane niepubl.). Stanowiska z terenu Bułgarii Georgiew (2008), który antropogeniczne – zarośla przy mostach i stwierdzał gatunek na porośniętych niską zbocze rowu – podawane były także z terenu roślinnością pastwiskach, na przydrożach, a Wielkopolski (Berger 1961). nawet w ogrodach (na chrzanie pospolitym Liczne występowanie gatunku w siedli- Armoracia rusticana) i w suchych zadrze- skach antropogenicznych wzdłuż badanej wieniach wiejskich. Również na Morawach linii kolejowej jest prawdopodobnie wy- gatunek podawany jest z suchych, często padkową kilku przyczyn. Przede wszystkim wykaszanych poboczy dróg (Laštůvka et al. wynika z kserotermicznych warunków, na- 2006), a na Litwie – z nasypów kolejowych
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