Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Summary Table... http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/...
Plants > Invasive Species > Invasive Plants > Policy Summary Table for Canada's Least Wanted Invasive Plants Project - June 2010
Consultation Closed (2010-09-17)
Contact the Invasive Plants Section if you want copies of any of the detailed risk management documents or if you have questions or comments related to this consultation
Table of Contents
Aegilops cylindrica (jointed goatgrass) Alopecurus myosuroides (slender foxtail) Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem) Cenchrus echinatus (southern sandbur) Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle) Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) Crupina vulgaris (common crupina) Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) Dioscorea polystachya (Chinese yam) Echinochloa colona (jungle-rice) Galega officinalis (goat's rue) Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass) Milium vernale (spring millet grass) Nassella tenuissima (Mexican feather grass) Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis grass) Peganum harmala (African-rue) Persicaria perfoliata (mile-a-minute) Pueraria montana (kudzu) Senecio inaequidens (South African ragwort) Senecio madagascariensis (fireweed) Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade) Zygophyllum fabago (Syrian bean-caper)
Legend for CFIA Recommendation
QP = regulate as a quarantine pest under the Plant Protection Act by placing the species on the List of Pests Regulated by Canada
WSO-1 = regulate under the Seeds Act as a Class 1 PROHIBITED NOXIOUS weed on the Weed Seeds Order
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*A hardiness zone is a geographically-defined area in which certain kinds of plants are capable of growing, as determined by average climatic conditions. Higher numbers indicate milder zones (adapted from The Atlas of Canada - Plant Hardiness Zones
Aegilops cylindrica (jointed goatgrass)
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Hardiness Zone* 2
Canada: ON
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MI, MO, MT, Distribution ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WY
Other: Mexico, Asia, Europe
Agriculture: cereal crops (primarily winter wheat and also Sector(s)/ spring wheat) and pasture Habitat Affected Environment: disturbed areas such as railways
Losses in crop yield and quality in the U.S. estimated at $150 million annually.
Field experiments demonstrated a first year infestation of 1 to 5 plants per square metre led to yield losses of 3 to 30% the following year. Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Presence of spikelets has been shown to lower wheat grade in U.S. and cause dockage losses in winter wheat. and/or Societal Impacts the Reduction in planting of winter wheat, a component of reduced- tillage systems.
Potential for hybridization with herbicide tolerant wheat varieties if A. cylindrica is allowed to establish.
Contaminated farm machinery
Pathways Spillage from trucks and rail cars
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Contaminated grain lots (particularly winter wheat), straw and livestock
QP CFIA Recommendation Retain in WSO-1
Alopecurus myosuroides (slender foxtail)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, CA, DC, DE, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MS, NC, NJ, Distribution NM, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, TX, VA, WA, WV Other: Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, Australia, New Zealand
Agriculture: winter cereal crops and pasture Sector(s)/ Environment: moist meadows, deciduous forests and Habitat Affected disturbed ground
Most damaging weed of winter cereals in Europe. Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Difficult to eradicate from cultivated fields. Populations in and/or Societal Impacts England have developed resistance to several grass herbicides.
Contaminated grass seed, cereal grains, hay, straw, and Pathways manure
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed)
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Hardiness Zone* 7
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD, MS, SC, TX, PR, VI Distribution Other: Asia, Africa, Australia, Central and South America, Caribbean, Europe
Agriculture: corn, soybeans, potatoes, vegetables, tobacco and pastures Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: roadsides, gardens, swamps, ponds, canals, reservoirs, shallow ditches and fallow rice fields
Reported as a weed in more than 30 crops in over 65 countries. Agricultural, Horticultural, Horticulture Industry (ornamental) - used as an aquarium or water Environmental garden plant, but alternate species can be used; not known to be and/or Societal Impacts currently cultivated in Canada.
Intentional importation as an aquarium or medicinal plant Pathways Possible seed or grain contaminant of rice, corn and soybeans
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem)
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Hardiness Zone* 2
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, KS, LA, MS, NM, NY, OK, SC, TN, TX, Distribution UT, PR, VI.
Other: Europe, Asia, Caribbean, Mexico, South America
Agriculture: cultivated areas, pastures, rangeland Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: roadsides, waste ground, grasslands
Horticulture Industry (soil stabilizer) - introduced into the U.S. for its positive economic impacts as a soil stabilizer.
Field Crops Industry (forage) - a highly productive, nutritious plant Agricultural, used in pasture and range blends and for hay production - not Horticultural, known to be cultivated in Canada. Environmental and/or Societal Impacts Threatens native grasslands and causes lower species richness and diversity on rangelands.
Bothriochloa monocultures can decrease rodent and bird species diversity and arthropod biomass.
Intentional introduction of seeds for hay production and soil stabilization or improvement Pathways Contaminated niger grain and forage seed.
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Cenchrus echinatus (southern sandbur)
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Hardiness Zone* 8
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AZ, CA, DC, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD, MS, NC, NM, OK, SC, TX, Distribution VA, PR, VI
Other: Mexico, Central and South America, Africa, Asia
Agriculture: corn, soybeans, alfalfa, pastures, orchards and vineyards.
Sector(s)/ Environment: abandoned fields, field margins, roadsides, ditch Habitat Affected banks, lawns, dunes, along river sands
Social: beaches, playgrounds
Considered to be among the "world's worst weeds."
Presence in crops can cause injuries to workers and increase costs by impeding harvests.
Burs can cause injury to grazing animals and reduce acceptability Agricultural, Horticultural, of forage Environmental and/or Societal Impacts Burs can reduce the value of wool and hides and make shearing hazardous.
Burs are sharp enough to penetrate the hands and feet of humans, making it a nuisance in places where people may walk barefoot (e.g. beaches).
Contaminant of hay
Pathways Clothing of travellers
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Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: CA, KS, OR, WA, WY Distribution Other: Europe, Asia
Agriculture: range and pasture, hay
Sector(s)/ Environment: roadsides Habitat Affected Social: recreational areas
Displaces valuable forage species in pastures and rangelands.
Agricultural, Horticultural, Its sharp spines deter grazing animals, restricting access for Environmental livestock and reducing the value of hay. and/or Societal Impacts Infestations can impede recreational use and restrict access for wildlife.
Contaminated clover seed
Pathways Livestock Raw wool and raw hides
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: absent
U.S.: AZ, CA, CO, CT, FL, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Distribution MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY
Other: Europe, Asia, South America
Agriculture: horses, rangelands, cereals, orchards, vineyards, cultivated crops Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: roadsides, wastelands Social: recreational areas, private land
Toxic in large amounts to horses.
Losses due to interference with livestock grazing and forage harvesting procedures.
Lower yield and forage quality of rangelands. Livestock avoid Agricultural, grazing in heavily infested areas resulting in slower weight gain and Horticultural, reduced quality of milk, meat, wool and hides. Environmental and/or Societal Impacts Reduces wildlife habitat and forage, displaces native plants, decreases native plant and animal diversity, alters the water cycle (by using more water to a greater soil depth) and fragments habitat.
Can limit access to recreational areas and reduce land value.
Contaminated alfalfa seed, cereal grain, hay and nursery stock with soil Pathways Movement of vehicles, equipment and livestock
QP CFIA Recommendation Retain in WSO-1
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Crupina vulgaris (common crupina)
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Hardiness Zone* 4
Canada: absent
U.S.: WA, ID, OR, CA, MA Distribution Other: Europe, Asia, Africa
Agriculture: pastures, rangelands, hayfields, livestock Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: undisturbed roadsides, waste places
Could have serious economic impacts on forage and livestock production. Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Can be highly competitive and dominate sites, displacing other and/or Societal Impacts plant species and reducing biodiversity. It also increases the risk of soil erosion.
Intentional import by tourists and recreational users
Contaminated hay, seed and field crops
Clothing on travellers Pathways Vehicles and equipment
Livestock
Wool
QP CFIA Recommendation Retain in WSO-1
Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge)
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Hardiness Zone* 7
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, KY, LA, MD, MN, MO, Distribution MS, NC, NJ, NY, OK, OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, PR, VI
Other: Central and South America, Asia, Australia
Agriculture: sugar cane, corn, cotton, rice, vegetables and Sector(s)/ cultivated fields in general. Habitat Affected Environment: turf, lawns, ditch banks
Frequently referred to as the "world's worst weed."
Can quickly form dense colonies, providing formidable resource competition for larger crop plants and ornamentals.
Under experimental conditions, barley yield was reduced by 15 Agricultural, Horticultural, to 25% by Cyperus rotundus residues in the soil. Environmental Creates non-uniform turf as it grows faster than the desired and/or Societal Impacts lawn grass, is lighter green and has an upright growth habit.
Difficult to control with herbicides
Displaces native plants and changes the availability of food and shelter for wildlife.
Soil attached to transplanted material or loads of topsoil Pathways Vehicles
QP (regulate in BC only) CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Dioscorea polystachya (Chinese yam)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MO, MS, NC, Distribution NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WV
Other: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
Environment: forests, scrub, herbaceous plant communities, Sector(s)/ mountain slopes, granite outcrops, along rivers, creek bottoms, Habitat Affected roadsides, drainage canals, waste places, fence rows
Horticulture Industry (root crop) - the large, edible tuber is flavourful and nutritious and is sometimes used in herbal medicine. Processed or dried roots can be imported rather than the plant being grown in Canada.
Agricultural, Horticulture Industry (ornamental) - the species is often planted for Horticultural, its ornamental value. Environmental and/or Societal Reduces native species richness and abundance and can cause Impacts branches of trees and shrubs to break.
Manual and mechanical treatment methods are very time and labour-intensive; repeated herbicide treatments are necessary to kill underground tubers.
Intentional introduction as an ornamental, medicinal plant or tuber Pathways crop
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Echinochloa colona (jungle-rice)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IL, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MO, MS, Distribution MT, NC, NJ, NM, OK, OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, PR, VI Other: widespread throughout tropic, subtropic and warm-temperate regions
Agriculture: corn, soybeans, sorghum Sector(s)/ Environment: low-lying, damp to wet disturbed areas, waste Habitat Affected ground, ditches
Considered one of the "world's worst weeds" as an important weed in rice, cotton, corn, sorghum and sugar cane.
2 Agricultural, Horticultural, A heavy infestation (4,188 plants/m ) can reduce corn yield by up Environmental to 60%. and/or Societal Impacts Field Crops Industry (fodder) - produces a highly palatable fodder that is considered one of the finest in tropical areas, but not currently grown in Canada.
Pathways Contaminated sorghum seed and grain and bird seed
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Galega officinalis (goat's rue)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: ON
U.S.: WA, UT, CO, NE, NY, PA, MD, ME, MA, CT Distribution Other: North Africa, Pakistan, Europe
Agriculture: alfalfa, cattle, horses, goats Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: ditch banks, natural seepage areas
Contains a poisonous alkaloid that makes the plant unpalatable to horses and cattle and toxic to goats.
Agricultural, Horticultural, Its presence in hay can render it unpalatable. Environmental Can form dense crowns along waterways and outcompetes and/or Societal Impacts native vegetation.
Horticulture Industry (medicinal herb).
Possible intentional import for medicinal uses
Pathways Contaminated alfalfa seed Vehicles and farm machinery
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton)
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Hardiness Zone* 3
Canada: absent
U.S.: AZ, CA, CO, WA, ID, MT, NE, NV, NM, OR, SD, UT, WY Distribution Other: Russia
Agriculture: sheep ranching Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: dry, disturbed areas
Reported to be toxic to sheep. Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Alters soil chemistry, physical structure and the soil microbial and/or Societal Impacts community making re-vegetation with native species difficult.
Livestock
Pathways Wool and sheep pelts Human travel
CFIA Recommendation Retain in WSO-1
Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
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Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, MO, MS, Distribution NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Other: India, Nepal, China, Japan
Agriculture: crop production areas, landscape plantings and turfgrass Sector(s)/ Environment: stream banks, moist woodlands, old fields and Habitat Affected thickets, utility rights-of-way, roadsides, lawns, wetlands, ditches
Once established, can crowd out native herbaceous vegetation in wetlands and forests within 3 to 5 years.
Disrupts the quality of nesting habitats for birds Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Can alter natural soil conditions (e.g. higher pH), creating an and/or Societal Impacts inhospitable environment for many native species.
Rapid growth leads to the creation of "mats" on the forest floor that negatively affects native woody species regeneration.
Contaminant of bird seed, soil, nursery stock, and hay
Packing material
Pathways Fur of animals Human clothes and boots
Vehicles
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Milium vernale (spring millet grass)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: absent
U.S.: ID Distribution Other: Europe, Asia
Sector(s)/ Agriculture: winter wheat, pastures Habitat Affected
Agricultural, Horticultural, Serious problem in winter wheat in Europe and is considered Environmental the main weed in winter wheat in north western Greece. and/or Societal Impacts
Pathways Contaminant of grain and seed
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Nassella tenuissima (Mexican feather grass)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: recently sold in 7 garden centres in BC, MB, PEI, ON, NB
U.S.: CA, NM, TX Distribution Other: Mexico, Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
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Agriculture: pastures, grazing lands, livestock.
Sector(s)/ Environment: mountains, plateaux and arid valleys, oak or pine Habitat Affected associations, grasslands, woodlands and highlands, alpine meadows
Horticulture Industry (ornamental) - rarely offered for sale).
Reduces the carrying capacity of pastures and rangelands. It is a low-protein grass with no grazing value that is unpalatable to Agricultural, livestock and competes with desirable pastoral species. Horticultural, Sharp seeds may injure stock and devalue wool and pelts. Environmental and/or Societal Impacts Research in Australia predicts eradication could cost $39 million (AUD) over 60 years.
In South Africa, it is invading mountain grasslands and replacing native species.
Intentional import as an ornamental
Contaminant of seeds, wool, fodder and plantation logs Pathways Seeds adhere to clothes, shoes and livestock
Possible natural dispersal
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock)
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Hardiness Zone* 7
Canada: absent Distribution U.S.: absent
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Other: South America, Australia, New Zealand
Agriculture: pasture and range Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: grasslands and lightly forested terrain
Horticulture Industry (ornamental) - rarely offered for sale.
The cost to control moderate to heavily infested land in New Zealand was estimated at $98.50 to $107.35 per hectare. Continued treatment must occur for up to 22 years before an economic benefit Agricultural, can be expected. Horticultural, Can out-compete native grasses, threatening the endangered Garry Environmental Oak Meadows ecosystem of south-western BC. and/or Societal Impacts Heavy infestations of conservation lands decrease their biological diversity and aesthetic value.
Reduces carrying capacity of pastures due to its low nutritive value and poor palatability to livestock, but most pastures in Canada are outside of its potential range.
Intentional import as an ornamental (seed and plants for planting)
Pathways Contaminant of seeds of forage grasses, hay and raw wool Live woolly animals
QP CFIA Recommendation Retain in WSO-1
Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis grass)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, DC, FL, GA, HI, IL, KY, LA, MD, MO, MS, Distribution NC, NJ, NM, OK, OR, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV, PR Other: South America, southern Europe, tropical and southern Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania
Agriculture: potatoes, vegetables, pastures, orchards, vineyards Sector(s)/ Environment: heaths, shrubland, riparian habitats, freshwater Habitat Affected wetlands, swamps, lawns, roadsides, disturbed and natural clay pans
Field Crops Industry (forage) - but not currently cultivated in Canada.
Agricultural, Horticultural, Considered a weed of 14 crops in 28 countries. Environmental Weed problem on lawns, golf courses and other turf areas where and/or Societal Impacts it is very difficult to control.
Smothers low-growing plants and prevents recruitment of native woody species.
Contaminant of turf grass seed, bird seed and grain (particularly rice) Pathways Deliberate introduction as a forage plant
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Peganum harmala (African-rue)
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Hardiness Zone* 3
Canada: absent
U.S.: OR, WA, CA, MT, NV, AZ, NM, TX Distribution Other: northern Africa, Asia, Europe
Agriculture: rangeland, pastures Sector(s)/ Environment: dry grasslands, saline waste areas, roadsides, Habitat Affected field edges
Horticulture Industry (medicinal herb) - but toxic to people.
Considered one of the "worst weeds in the west."
Agricultural, Horticultural, Plants are very unpalatable and toxic to horses, sheep and Environmental cattle. Heavily infested rangelands lose much of their forage and/or Societal Impacts value.
Unsuitable forage for native grazers and has a competitive advantage over native plant species. It is extremely drought tolerant.
Intentional importation of seeds Pathways Mud attached to vehicles and machinery
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
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Persicaria perfoliata (mile-a-minute)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: OR, PA, MD, WV, OH, VA, DE, NJ, NY, DC Distribution Other: Asia (most prominent in Japan, Korea and China), Turkey, Caribbean
Agriculture: nurseries, Christmas tree plantations, forage crops Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: disturbed and riparian areas Social: parks and private land
Coined "kudzu of the north."
Affects production of trees and shrubs (nurseries) and Christmas tree plantations.
Agricultural, Horticultural, Increased costs of control to the transportation industry, parks Environmental and recreation and home gardeners. and/or Societal Impacts Reduces native plant diversity, invades sensitive riparian areas and impoverishes food and habitat for native wildlife.
Reduces the aesthetic value of properties and public areas. Its prickly vines are a nuisance to people and pets.
Natural dispersal by birds and water
Seed or plants associated with nursery stock Pathways Contaminated seed (e.g. Meliosma and Ilex)
Contaminated hay or straw
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Vehicles and equipment
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Pueraria montana (kudzu)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: ON
U.S.: AL, AR, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, Distribution MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WV Other: Asia, Oceania, southern Africa, South America, Panama, Hispaniola, Ukraine
Agriculture: orchards, plantation crops, forest plantations
Sector(s)/ Environment: forests, utility rights-of-way, railroads Habitat Affected Social: parks and recreational areas
Horticulture Industry (ornamental, erosion control) - but not currently sold in Canada. Agricultural, Horticultural, Referred to as the "plant that ate the south" in the U.S. and is Environmental considered one of the "world's worst 100 invasive alien species." It and/or Societal Impacts currently infests approximately 3 million hectares in the U.S.
Forms monocultures, killing native vegetation by shading and
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crushing competitors and negatively impacting biodiversity.
Interferes with forest stand recovery after disturbance.
Could negatively impact regional air quality by emitting isoprene, a precursor to ozone and smog.
Possible reservoir for soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and Phytophthora species.
Can grow over rails, increasing control costs for railroad companies.
Encroaches on parks.
Can bring down power lines and cause power interruptions. Costs of control for power companies have been estimated at $1.5 million per year.
The U.S. forestry industry has estimated productivity losses to be between $100 and $500 million per year. Control costs have been estimated at $500 U.S. per hectare per year for five years.
Intentional import as an ornamental or fodder plant and for erosion Pathways control
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Senecio inaequidens (South African ragwort)
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Hardiness Zone* 6
Canada: absent
U.S.: absent Distribution Other: southern Africa, Europe, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia
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Agriculture: range, pasture, vineyards, livestock, crops
Environment: grasslands, stream margins, ruderal habitats, railway Sector(s)/ lines, roadsides, river ports, flat roofs, flower tubs, logging areas, Habitat Affected storm-damaged forests, industrial sites, disused quarries, rocky sites, coastal dunes
Capable of modifying landscapes and invading natural habitats such as dunes and cliffs.
The plants are toxic to livestock and humans. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids have the potential to contaminate milk and honey Agricultural, products. Horticultural, Environmental Control and/or eradication in Europe are considered difficult and and/or Societal costly. Negative economic consequences associated with herbicide Impacts resistance have been reported from German railways to be 100,000 Euros per year.
Its establishment could threaten Canada's ability to export commodities to the U.S. where it is a federal noxious weed.
Contaminant of hay, grain, wool, ornamental plants and containers Pathways Association with livestock and people
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Senecio madagascariensis (fireweed)
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Hardiness Zone* 8
Canada: absent
Distribution U.S.: absent
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Other: southern Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Argentina, Colombia, Australia, Japan
Agriculture: pastures, rangelands, cultivated land Sector(s)/ Environment: yards, fields, roadsides, disturbed land, coastal Habitat Affected plains
Strong competitor with desired pasture species, reducing pasture productivity.
Toxic to poultry, pigs, cattle and horses.
Costs due to herbicide use and toxic effects on cattle were estimated to be $11 million ten years ago in Australia (in Agricultural, Horticultural, non-drought years). Environmental Its introduction could threaten Canada's ability to export and/or Societal Impacts commodities to the U.S. where it is a federal noxious weed.
Negative effects on biodiversity by competing with native vegetation such as grass and low-growing plants.
Changes to the vegetation composition of an area could promote soil erosion.
Contaminant of seed, grain and hay Pathways Association with travellers and their effects
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1a
Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade)
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: absent
U.S.: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO, Distribution MS, NC, NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SC, TN, TX, UT, WA, PR Other: Mexico, South America, Australia, India, South Africa, Mediterranean basin
Agriculture: cereals (wheat, sorghum, corn), soybeans, alfalfa, vegetables, grapes, some fruit trees, cultivated pastures, livestock Sector(s)/ corrals Habitat Affected Environment: disturbed areas, roadsides, railways, riverbanks, canal-sides, construction sites, wastelands
Considered one of the "worst weeds of the west."
Presence of the weed decreases yield and reduces quality and sale when found in harvested products.
In Morocco, the value of infested fields reportedly decreased by Agricultural, 25%, while in the U.S. entire farms have been abandoned. Horticultural, Environmental The average total farm cost for this weed in the wheat belt of and/or Societal Impacts Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia was $1,730 (AUD) per year for control and $7,786 (AUD) per year in production losses.
May replace native vegetation in overgrazed rangeland.
Loss of value of agricultural land infested with the weed.
Contaminant of forage and crop seed (corn), hay and straw
Livestock and manure
Pathways Vehicles and agricultural machinery Nursery stock with soil
Possible natural dispersal
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
Zygophyllum fabago (Syrian bean-caper)
26 of 28 11-04-07 02:36 PM Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Summary Table... http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/...
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Hardiness Zone* 5
Canada: absent
U.S.: CA, WA, NV, ID, MT, CO, KS, NM, TX, PA, NY Distribution Other: Asia, Europe, Australia
Agriculture: rangeland Sector(s)/ Habitat Affected Environment: roadsides, corrals, gravel pits
Horticulture Industry (medicinal herb) - but no evidence of cultivation in Canada.
Considered one of the "worst weeds of the west."
Can dominate native vegetation in dry habitats. Agricultural, Horticultural, Environmental Forms dense masses that displace beneficial species on and/or Societal Impacts rangelands.
Control with herbicides is difficult due to its waxy leaf surfaces and extensive root system.
Toxic to livestock, so infestations decrease available forage.
Intentional import for planting (as plants for planting and seed)
Pathways Contaminated alfalfa seed
Vehicles
QP CFIA Recommendation WSO-1
27 of 28 11-04-07 02:36 PM Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Summary Table... http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/...
a Although this species does not seem to present a high level of risk, it is morphologically similar to Senecio inaequidens, an invasive species that presents a greater risk to Canadian agriculture and the environment. Both species should be regulated concurrently; regulating only S. inaequidens could make identification within commodities difficult.
Date modified: 2010-06-29
28 of 28 11-04-07 02:36 PM