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Alopecurus Aequalis Var. Sonomensis (Sonoma Alopecurus) 5-Year

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Alopecurus Aequalis Var. Sonomensis (Sonoma Alopecurus) 5-Year Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis (Sonoma alopecurus) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation © 2010 National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office Sacramento, California September 2011 5-YEAR REVIEW Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis (Sonoma alopecurus) I. GENERAL INFORMATION Purpose of 5-Year Reviews: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is required by section 4(c)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (Act) to conduct a status review of each listed species at least once every 5 years. The purpose of a 5-year review is to evaluate whether or not the species’ status has changed since it was listed (or since the most recent 5-year review). Based on the 5-year review, we recommend whether the species should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened species, be changed in status from endangered to threatened, or be changed in status from threatened to endangered. Our original listing of a species as endangered or threatened is based on the existence of threats attributable to one or more of the five threat factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act, and we must consider these same five factors in any subsequent consideration of reclassification or delisting of a species. In the 5-year review, we consider the best available scientific and commercial data on the species, and focus on new information available since the species was listed or last reviewed. If we recommend a change in listing status based on the results of the 5-year review, we must propose to do so through a separate rule-making process defined in the Act that includes public review and comment. Species Overview: Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis is a tufted perennial in the Poaceae (grass family). The plant occurs in freshwater marshes and swamps and riparian scrub within Marin and Sonoma Counties, California (California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) 2011). Five of six known populations are clustered within a 12-square kilometer (4.6-square mile) area on the Point Reyes Peninsula in Marin County. The only known extant population in Sonoma County is located at Annadel State Park. Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis grows from 30 to 75 centimeters (12 to 30 inches) tall. The stems are mostly erect and either straight or weakly bent near the base. The leaf blades are up to 7.5 millimeters (0.3 inch) wide. The panicle is 2.5 to 9.0 centimeters (1.0 to 3.5 inches) long and 4 to 8 millimeters (0.1 to 0.3 inch) wide. The spikelets are usually tinged violet-gray near the tip. The awn is straight, and exceeds the lemma body by 1.0 to 2.5 millimeters (0.04 to 0.1 inch). This variety is distinguished from A. aequalis var. aequalis by a more robust, upright appearance, generally wider panicle, violet-gray tinged spikelets, and longer awn (Rubtzoff 1961; W. Crins, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, in litt. 1993). Methodology Used to Complete This Review: This review was prepared by the Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office (SFWO), following the Region 8 guidance issued in March 2008. We used information from surveys conducted by experts who have been monitoring various localities of this species. Monitoring reports, a thesis by Sasha Gennet entitled Experimental Introductions of the Endangered Grass Sonoma alopecurus (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) at Point Reyes National Seashore (Gennet 2004), and communications with experts were our primary sources of information used to update 1 the species’ status and threats. We received no information from the public in response to our Federal Notice initiating this 5-year review. This 5-year review contains updated information on the species’ biology and threats, and an assessment of that information compared to that known at the time of listing or since the last 5-year review. We focus on current threats to the species that are attributable to the Act’s five listing factors. The review synthesizes all this information to evaluate the listing status of the species and provide an indication of its progress towards recovery. Finally, based on this synthesis and the threats identified in the five-factor analysis, we recommend a prioritized list of conservation actions to be completed or initiated within the next 5 years. Contact Information: Lead Regional Office: Larry Rabin, Deputy Division Chief for Listing, Recovery, and Environmental Contaminants, Region 8, Pacific Southwest; (916) 414-6464. Lead Field Office: Josh Hull, Recovery Division Chief; Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, (916) 414-6600. Federal Register (FR) Notice Citation Announcing Initiation of This Review: A notice announcing initiation of the 5-year review of this taxon and the opening of a 60- day period to receive information from the public was published in the Federal Register on March 25, 2009 [74 FR 12878-12883]. No responses regarding Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis were received from the public. Listing History: Original Listing FR Notice: 62 FR 55791 Date of Final Listing Rule: October 27, 1997 Entity Listed: Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis, a plant variety Classification: endangered State Listing None Associated Rulemakings: None Review History: No formal status review has been conducted since the species was listed in 1997. Species’ Recovery Priority Number at Start of 5-Year Review: The recovery priority number for Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis is 9 according to the Service’s 2010 Recovery Data Call for the SFWO, based on a 1 to 18 ranking system where 1 is the highest-ranked recovery priority and 18 is the lowest (Endangered and Threatened Species Listing and Recovery Priority Guidelines, 48 FR 43098, September 21, 1983). This number indicates that the taxon is a variety that faces a moderate degree of threat and has a high potential for recovery. 2 Recovery Plan or Outline: No recovery plan or outline for this species has been completed. II. REVIEW ANALYSIS Application of the 1996 Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Policy The Endangered Species Act defines “species” as including any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment (DPS) of any species of vertebrate wildlife. This definition of species under the Act limits listing as distinct population segments to species of vertebrate fish or wildlife. Because the species under review is a plant, the DPS policy is not applicable, and the application of the DPS policy to the species’ listing is not addressed further in this review. Information on the Species and its Status Species Biology and Life History While the reproductive mechanisms of this species have not been studied, Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis appears to reproduce both sexually (assumed via wind pollination) and vegetatively (via rhizomes) (Gennet 2004). Flowering begins in mid - May and lasts through August (Gennet 2004). Gennet (2004) observed germination rates in the greenhouse at 62.2 percent. All seed germination occurred within 16 days of planting. There appeared to be a linear relationship between seed weight and germination rate (Gennet 2004). Spatial Distribution Historically, Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis was known from 16 populations in Marin and Sonoma Counties. When the final listing rule was written, A. aequalis var. sonomensis was known from eight natural populations. Three of the populations, in Sonoma County, were privately owned, four populations were on Federal land within Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS) in Marin County, California, and one population was on a private inholding within the PRNS (CNDDB 1993; Service 1997). One of the populations in Marin County was initially thought to be the result of seeds washed down from a reintroduced population, but it is now considered a natural population (Service 1997). Currently, the CNDDB (CNDDB 2011) lists 22 occurrences for Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis. Fourteen of these occurrences are historical, meaning they have not been observed in at least 20 years. Due to difficulty in verifying older records, it is uncertain if some of the occurrences are duplicates of others (Gennet 2004). All populations occur in moist soils in permanent freshwater marshes and swamps or riparian scrub between 10 and 1,180 feet in elevation. The historical range of Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis was approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles), reaching north from Point Reyes Peninsula to Guerneville and east to Cunningham Marsh. At the time of listing, we noted that although fewer sites were present, the range of the species had changed little from the historical range. Currently, Point Reyes National Seashore has five out of six known extant populations of A. aequalis var. sonomensis. These five populations are clustered in a small (12-square kilometer) area on the Point Reyes Peninsula (PRNS 2010). A small population at Ledson Marsh is the only known extant population in Sonoma County, and the population distribution of this grass species has shifted to Marin, rather 3 than Sonoma, County (Gennet 2004). In addition, as of summer 2010, the population at Ledson Marsh was present, but reduced in size, and appropriate habitat appeared to be shrinking (A. Howald, Garcia and Associates, in litt. 2009 in A. Ryan, PRNS, in litt. 2011; J. Herrick, California Native Plant Society (CNPS) in litt. 2010). Abundance Observations made during the censusing and monitoring visits at both the Marin and Sonoma populations from 1983 to 2000 indicate that the number of individuals in each Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis population can fluctuate dramatically among and within years. This fluctuation may be attributable to annual habitat characteristics, weather patterns, and water level, changing land use patterns, or to inconsistent monitoring and inventory methods (Gennet 2004). To control for monitoring irregularities and more accurately observe A. aequalis var. sonomensis population dynamics at PRNS, a standard monitoring protocol was established in 2000. Because identifying individual plants is not possible due to the plants growth habit and morphology, the number of inflorescences is counted during the census.
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