Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Heading in band

b Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Heading in band Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria

Contents

Introduction 1 Purpose of the list 1 Limitations 1 Relationship to statutory lists 1 Composition of the list and assessment of taxa 2 Categories of environmental weeds 5 Arrangement of the list 5 Column 1: Botanical Name 5 Column 2: Common Name 5 Column 3: Ranking Score 5 Column 4: Listed in the CALP Act 1994 5 Column 5: Victorian Alert Weed 5 Column 6: National Alert Weed 5 Column 7: Weed of National Significance 5 Statistics 5 Further information & feedback 6 Your involvement 6 Links 6 Weed identification texts 6 Citation 6 Acknowledgments 6 Bibliography 6 Census reference 6

Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories. 7 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name. 19 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name. 31

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria i Published by the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, March2008 © The State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment 2009 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Victorian Government, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-0751362-7-0 For more information contact the DSE Customer Service Centre 136 186 Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an accessible format, such as large print or audio, please telephone 136 186, 1800 122 969 (TTY), or email [email protected] www.dse.vic.gov.au/weeds ii Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Introduction

Weeds are one of the greatest risks to our native bushland, The information in these lists may assist in the development national parks and forests. In a global context, invasive plants of weed management plans, priority allocation of tasks and are the second greatest threat to maintenance of biodiversity, resources associated with weed control, management and as they compete with and displace native species, disrupt extension activities, and policy development. ecological processes such as fire and soil erosion patterns, Weed lists of this type serve to increase awareness of weed and may alter the genetic composition of native plant invasions and may encourage community members, non- poulations (Carr 1993). This advisory list will help everyone government organisations, local government and industry to who protects these values by assisting them to understand become involved in weed management activities associated the relative risks posed by different invasive plant species with invasions in native vegetation. and to concentrate their efforts on the species that pose the highest risk. These lists are relevant to the coastal plains and heathy forest bioregions of Victoria (Figure 1). Advisory lists are also Preventing new weeds from becoming established is available for the ranges, inland plains, and mallee bioregions the highest priority. This can be done by remaining of Victoria. A state-wide advisory list of aquatic weeds is also alert and reporting new occurrences. This list may not available. include species in this category, as they are yet to be assessed. (EWWG 2007) The invasive plants documented in this list are ranked to indicate priority for control or management in native There are at least 970 taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, vegetation. A scoring system based on five key attributes hybrids) of weeds that are established in native vegetation was used to score and group species into priority categories. in Victoria. Around 580 of these threaten biodiversity, landscape and/or social values. These species are the subject of the advisory lists. A species may be a high risk to coastal Limitations vegetation but may be much less significant as a weed in • Some species will not be listed as they are new and a wet forest. The relative risk each weed poses has been emerging and have not yet been recorded as natualised. assessed based on the potential effects they have in different • Rankings are based on expert opinion and should be seen bioregions. as a guide only. • Environmental changes, such as climate change, Many more species have been introduced to the State and introduction of new pollinators or changed land-use can some of these are likely to escape their current confines, affect the risks posed by exotic plants. such as a garden or aquarium, and establish in the wild. As around 10 new species of plant naturalise in Australia each Relationship to statutory lists year (Groves et al. 2005), any advice concerning the status of weeds in Victoria must be considered as dynamic and will The primary piece of legislation relating to weed be further refined over time as our knowledge about weeds management is the Catchment and Land Protection Act improves. 1994 (CALP Act), which details the approach to declaring weeds as noxious. However, many weeds impacting on This list is based on expert opinion. We welcome and value native vegetation have not been declared ‘noxious’. For feedback about the impacts of weeds in different ecosystems these weeds, management responsibility is contained in the so that the list can be further refined. environmental objectives of a range of Acts including the In Australia, invasive plants cost the economy $4 billion Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act), National per annum in lost production, contamination and control Parks Act 1975 and Sustainable Forests (Timber) Act 2004. costs with most of these costs occurring in food production This advisory list is not the same as the statutory list of weeds regions (Sinden et al. 2004). In 2006-2007 in Victoria, documented under the CALP Act. There are neither legal invasive plants were estimated to cost the agricultural sector requirements nor consequences that flow from inclusion $253 million per annum with costs mostly attributed to of a species in this advisory list, unless the species is already reduced productivity and direct costs of control (Australian listed under other legislation, where legal requirements Bureau of Statistics). Although the impact of invasive plants are implied. The CALP Act can be viewed at the Victorian on biodiversity assets is enormous, the financial value of Legislation and Parliamentary Documents website these losses defies ready calculation. Current costs of invasive http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/ plants to the Victorian economy are conservatively estimated at $300 million per annum. ‘The invasion of native vegetation by environmental weeds’ is listed as a Potentially Threatening Process under the FFG Act. Purpose of the list Section 4 of the FFG Act states that it is the responsibility of all public authorities to have regard to the flora and fauna This list is intended to provide general advice on the current and management objectives of the Act. and potential risk associated with plants naturalised in native vegetation.

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 1 Introduction

The FFG Act also lists establishment of several environmental This advisory list focuses on weeds of native vegetation. weeds as Potentially Threatening Processes (Pittosporum Invasive plants that are restricted to agricultural, horticultural undulatum, Rubus fruticosus, Spartina spp). This Act restricts or urban environments have been excluded from this the release or abandonment of prescribed flora into the wild. assessment, although the impacts of weeds in these A full list of of Potentially Threatening Processes is published environments can be substantial. on the DSE website (www.dse.vic.gov.au) or is available The ranking scores allocated to each species were generated from DSE offices (Customer Service Centre tel. 136 186). by considering five key attributes: • potential for invasion, Composition of the list and assessment • impact on natural systems, of taxa • area of potential distribution, This advisory list contains 661 invasive plant taxa recorded • range of susceptible habitat types, and from the Bridgewater, East Gippsland Lowlands, Gippsland • rate of dispersal. Plain, Glenelg Plain, Greater Grampians, Otway Plain, Each key attribute was allocated one of three qualitative Warrnambool Plain and Wilsons Promontory bioregions values (Table 1). Using a sequential ordering process, each (Figure1). Collectively these are referred to as the coastal combination of scores produced a final ranking score forests and heathy forest bioregions of Victoria. Assessment that ranged from 1 to 243. Species with low final scores of invasive plants in each of the eight component bioregions pose a higher risk to biodiversity than species with high was not undertaken due to time and budgetary constraints. final scores. The order of key attributes has a significant This advisory list is not preceded by other lists, but may weighting effect on the final score. Attributes scored first change in the future as new information on the ecology, carry more weight than those scored later in the process. In distribution or impact of particular weed species becomes this way, high risk weeds are those that have a significant available. Most plants in this advisory list are exotic plants impact on the vegetation as a whole, not just grow in large indigenous to countries other than Australia. Native plants numbers or replace a few native species. In addition, high naturalised beyond their pre-settlement distribution are risk weeds have the potential to spread into many more included in this list. Species that are poorly known in Victoria places than they currently occupy, and they do so faster than or dubiously naturalised in native vegetation have been weeds of lesser importance. Therefore, long-established, excluded from assessment and await further evaluation. It widespread and successful invasive plants that is possible that important new and emerging weeds may occupied most of their range, will be considered less of be contained in this group of poorly known plants. These a risk than those that are still increasing in numbers. species may require assessment as further information and Values allocated to each key attribute were produced by a resources become available. In this advisory list, several consensus process using three experienced botanists with mosses are listed but no algae, liverworts, hornworts or detailed knowledge of the naturalised flora of Victoria. lichens have been included. This is indicative of the poor While every attempt has been made to allocate accurate knowledge-base associated with the distribution, status and scoring values, consensus processes are subjective and impact of introduced species within these groups of plants. can be prone to error. This scoring process addresses this The species presented in this advisory list are recorded issue by documenting individual attribute scores, allowing as naturalised in databases utilised by the Department modifications and re-assessment should contradictory data of Sustainability and Environment (Flora Information become available. The advisory lists are therefore dynamic System), Department of Primary Industries (Integrated Pest and will evolve as new information or views are taken into Management System) and Parks Victoria (Environmental consideration. Information System). While these databases contain Formal risk evaluation using the Victorian Weed Risk extensive records of naturalised plants, they are far from Assessment Process (Weiss & McLaren 2002) provides a complete. Invasive plants are generally not well represented sophisticated, evidence-based scoring for the invasion in herbaria and records, particularly of cryptic, rare or potential of plants in Victoria. This process is essential for newly arrived species, are likely to be poorly documented. consideration of plants for listing under the CALP Act. Submission of new records substantiated with voucher Formal evaluation requires greater resource investment material to the National Herbarium of Victoria is encouraged. than the methods used for the preparation of advisory lists. The Victorian Weed Spotter Network provides details on the However, advisory lists can help prioritise the selection of process and linkages available for recording new invasive species destined for formal weed risk assessment. taxa (see http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au).

2 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Introduction

Figure 1. Coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 3 Introduction

Table 1. Score allocation criteria for five key attributes. Key attribute Scoring criteria Potential for A measure of the ability to invade and persist in natural ecosystems. Native species were scored in invasion their naturalised and adventive1 range only. Species considered non-invasive in native vegetation were excluded from further assessment. Many species were segregated for further assessment pending additional information or evaluation as they could not be scored with current knowledge. Scores High Species that readily establish in native vegetation. Medium Species with limited capacity to establish in native vegetation Low Species with poor ability to establish and persist in native vegetation. Species considered incapable of invading native vegetation were excluded from further assessment. Impact on natural A measure of the ecological consequences following invasion. systems Scores High Species with the ability to cause acute disruption to ecological processes dominate vegetation strata and cause severe loss of biodiversity. Rates of biomass accumulation are generally high. Multiple cases of invasion with high impact consequence are known or documented. Medium Species with the ability to invade native vegetation with low levels of disturbance, cause loss of biodiversity. Moderate to high rates of biomass accumulation. Cases of invasion are known or the potential to cause biodiversity losses are considered sufficient to warrant suppression. Low Species naturalised in native vegetation, but causing minimal disruption to ecological processes, losses to biodiversity or their presence is of a transient nature or minimal. Area of potential A measure of the area of unoccupied but potentially suitable habitat available. distribution Scores Extensive The species has occupied only a small proportion of its potential distribution In Victoria and few, if any constraints limit future expansion. Moderate The species is well established within its potential range but potential for expansion or in-filling is considerable. Limited The species has occupied most of it potential range. Range of susceptible A measure of the number of susceptible vegetation communities within the study area. habitat types Scores High Broad range of vegetation communities susceptible to invasion. Some vegetation communities may be more vulnerable than others Medium A moderate range of susceptible vegetation communities Low Habitat specialists. While the number the vulnerable vegetation communities may be low, the impact within susceptible vegetation communities can be substantial. Rate of dispersal Human-assisted spread was avoided in this assessment and scoring was based on non-human means of dispersal Scores Rapid Dispersal is rapid and the species is capable of long-distance transport. This is usually associated with species with very small seeds, bird-dispersed seeds or wind dispersed seeds. Moderate Long-distance dispersal uncommon with most dispersal within confined distances from the parent population, for example, water dispersed seed. Slow Species with short dispersal ranges, mostly species that propagate only by asexual means or produce large seeds that are not transported widely by wind, animals or water.

1. “Adventive”, as used here, means a species that is not native to and not fully established in a new habitat or environment; locally or temporarily naturalized

4 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Introduction

An example of scoring attributes: Impact on Area of Range of Potential natural potential susceptible Rate of Ranking Botanical name for invasion systems distribution habitats dispersal score Senecio angulatus H H M H L 12 Solanum linnaeanum H M M H M 38 Solanum pseudocapsicum H M M H H 37 Sparaxis bulbifera H H M H L 12 Categories of environmental weeds Column 3: Ranking Score Final ranking scores for environmental weeds were grouped The ranking score for each species was generated by into five categories. The score range for each class is as considering five key attributes and allocating one of three follows: qualitative values. A sequential ordering process allocated a score within the range of 1 to 243. This provides an Ranking Score Name importance rank. range 1–30 Very High Risk Weeds Column 4: Listed in the CALP Act 31–60 High Risk Weeds A  indicates that the species is listed in the CALP Act 61–90 Moderately High Risk Weeds and as such there are legal requirements associated with 91–120 Medium Risk Weeds its trade, spread, management or control 121–243 Lower Risk Weeds (http://www.dse.vic.gov.au).

While final scores within each class indicate relative Column 5: Victorian Alert Weed importance, it is recommended that weed categories rather A  indicates that the species is listed as a Victorian than individual scores be used to influence management or Alert Weed and is under voluntary management schemes policy directions. organised by the Victorian Department of Primary Industries (http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au). Arrangement of the list This list is presented in three formats. The first lists Column 6: National Alert Weed environmental weeds alphabetically within risk categories A  indicates that the species is listed as a National Alert (Appendix 1). The second lists the same species by Weed (http://www.weeds.gov.au/weeds/lists/alert.html) alphabetical order using their botanical name (Appendix 2). or National Sleeper Weed (http://www.weeds.gov.au/ The third lists the same species by alphabetical order using weeds/lists/sleeper.html). their common name (Appendix 3). Column 7: Weed of National Significance Column 1: Botanical Name A  indicates that the species is listed as a Weed of The taxonomy amd nomenclature used in this list is based National Significance (www.weeds.org.au/natsig.htm). on A Cenus of the Vascular Plants of Victoria (Walsh & Stajsic 2007) and subsequent advice from the National Herbarium Statistics of Victoria. Ranking scores for invasive plants with more than 1 variety or cultivar have not been separately undertaken. Very Moderately Medium Lower High Risk High Risk High Risk Risk Risk Category Weeds Weeds Weeds Weeds Weeds Column 2: Common Name Total The common names listed are mostly those provided in number of 84 43 52 123 355 authorative publications, particularly the Flora Information species CALP Act System of DSE, (the FIS is the only comprehensive list 5 0 3 0 2 of common names in the state) Flora of Victoria (Walsh listed Victorian & Entwisle 1994, 1996, 1999), A Handbook of Plants 4 0 3 0 1 in Victoria (Willis 1970, 1973) and other national, state Alert Weeds National and regional floras. The comprehensive text A global 3 0 0 1 1 Alert species compendium of weeds (Randall 2002) was also utilised as Weeds of a source for common names. In some cases floras from the National 18 0 3 0 0 country of origin of naturalised plants were utilised where no Significance Australian name could be located.

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 5 Introduction

Further information & feedback Citation Adair, R., Cheal, D., White, M. (2008). Advisory list of Your involvement environmental weeds in coastal plains and heathy forest You are invited to contribute to preventing the establishment bioregions of Victoria. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/ of new weeds and assisting in the control of established weeds. You can assist in prevention by addressing the Acknowledgments sources of weeds (around 66% have garden origins (Groves Stephen Platt and Anne Dennis (DSE) provided guidance et al. 2005)), volunteering to assist in Weed Spotting (see and comment in the development of this advisory list. Geoff www.dpi.vic.gov.au) and helping land managers with weed Carr (Ecology Australia Pty. Ltd) and Paul Gullan (Viridans Pty control. Ltd) provided constructive critical comment on the species We welcome comments on, and evidence supporting, the listings. This list was intitially supported with funding from relative risk of species in different bioregions (DSE Customer the Weeds and Pests on Public Land Initiative. Service Centre pH. 136 186). Bibliography Links: • Environmental Weed Working Group. (2007). Guidelines • Weed identification tool – and procedures for managing the environmental impacts http://www.weeds.org.au/weedident.htm of weeds on public land in Victoria 2007. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. • Growing low impact garden plants – http://www.weeds.org.au/escapees.htm • Groves, R.H., Boden, R. and Lonsdale, W.M. (2005). Jumping the garden fence. Invasive garden plants in • Sustainable Gardening Australia – Australia and their environmental and agricultural http://www.sgaonline.org.au/ impacts. CSIRO report prepared for WWF-Australia. WWF-Australia, Sydney. Weed identification texts: • Blood, K. (2001). Environmental Weeds—A field guide • Randall, R. (2002). A global compendium of weeds. for SE Australia. Cooperative Research Centre for Weed R.G. & F.J. Richardson. 905 pp. Management Systems, Adelaide. C H Jerram (Science • Walsh, N.G. and Entwistle, T.J. (eds) (1994, 1996, 1999). Publishers), Mt Waverley, Victoria. Flora of Victoria Vols 2–4. Inkata Press. • Muyt, A. (2001). Bush Invaders of South-East Australia— • Walsh, N. G. and Stajsic, V. (2007). A Census of the A guide to the identification and control of environmental Vascular Plants of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens and weeds found in South-east Australia. RG and FJ National Herbarium, South Yarra. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria. • Weiss, J. and Mclaren, D. (2002). Victoria’s pest plant • Navie, S. and Adkins, S. (2008). Environmental Weeds of prioritisation process in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australia – An interactive identification and information Australian Weeds Conference. resource for over 1000 invasive plants. Centre for Biological Information Technology, The University of • Willis, J.H. (1970, 1973). A Handbook of Plants in Victoria. Queensland. Melbourne University Press. • Richardson, F.J., Richardson, R.G. and Shepherd, R.C.H. (2006). Weeds of the South-east—An identification guide for Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria. • Sinden, J., Jones, R., Hester, S., Odom, D., Kalisch, C., James, R. and Cacho, O. (2004). The economic impact of weeds in Australia. CRC for Australian Weed Management Technical Series No. 8. pp.55.

6 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS VERY HIGH RISK WEEDS Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle 29 Acacia karroo (syn Vachellia karroo) Karroo Thorn 3    Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Coast Wattle 2 Acer negundo Box-elder Maple 21 Allium triquetrum Angled Onion 12  Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass 24 Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass 14 Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper 1   Asparagus scandens Asparagus Fern 10 Billardiera heterophylla Bluebell Creeper 1 Chamaecytisus palmensis Tree Lucerne 30 Chrysanthemoides monilifera Boneseed 13   Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata Bitou Bush 19   Coprosma repens Mirror Bush 10 Cotoneaster franchetii Grey Cotoneaster 28 Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Bright Bead Cotoneaster 28 Cotoneaster pannosus Velvet Cotoneaster 28 Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn 19  Crataegus X sinaica Azzarola 19 Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora Montbretia 12 Cytisus scoparius English Broom 3   Delairea odorata Cape Ivy 11 Dipogon lignosus Common Dipogon 3 Disa bracteata African Weed Orchid 28 Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt-grass 1 Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt-grass 13 Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt-grass 13 Equisetum spp. Horestails 21    Eragrostis curvula African Love-grass 11  Eragrostis mexicana Mexican Love-grass 20 Erica baccans Berry-flower Heath 30 Erica lusitanica Spanish Heath 2 Erica quadrangularis Angled Heath 29 Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash 11 Genista linifolia Flax-leaf Broom 12  Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom 12  Gladiolus undulatus Wild Gladiolus 12 Glyceria declinata Manna Grass 20 Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass 20 Hakea drupacea Sweet Hakea 12 Hedera helix English Ivy 10 Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog 13 Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree 12 Leycesteria formosa Himalayan Honeysuckle 10 Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaf Privet 10 Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet 10 Ligustrum vulgare European Privet 10 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle 11 Lycium ferocissimum African Box-thorn 16  Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not 11 Nassella hyalina Cane Needle-grass 22  Nassella leucotricha Texas Needle-grass 10 Nassella neesiana Chilean Needle-grass 10   Nassella tenuissima Mexican Feather Grass 10  

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 7 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Nassella trichotoma Serrated Tussock 10   Pinus pinaster Cluster Pine 3 Pinus radiata Radiata Pine 3 Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosprum 4 Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort 12 Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup 23 Rhamnus alaternus Italian Buckthorn 10 Rubus anglocandicans Blackberry 13   Rubus cissburiensis Blackberry 13   Rubus erythrops Blackberry 13   Rubus laciniatus Cut-leaf Bramble 13   Rubus leucostachys Blackberry 13   Rubus polyanthemus Blackberry 13   Rubus ulmifolius Blackberry 13   Rubus vestitus Blackberry 13   Salix alba White Willow 20 Salix cinerea Grey Sallow 10   Salix fragilis Crack Willow 20   Salix X rubens Basket Willow 20   Senecio angulatus Climbing Groundsel 3 Sparaxis bulbifera Harlequin Flower 12 Sparaxis tricolor Tricolor Harlequin-flower 12 Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass 19 Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew 11 Ulex europaeus Gorse 15   Vinca major Blue Periwinkle 12 Watsonia meriana Bulbil Watsonia 12  Watsonia versfeldii Pink Watsonia 12 Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum-lily 21 HIGH RISK WEEDS Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia Sallow Wattle 38 Acacia retinodes Wirilda 51 Agapanthus praecox Agapanthus 57 Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feather-moss 37 Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass 44 Carpobrotus aequilaterus Angled Pigface 48 Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot Fig 48 Catapodium marinum Stiff Sand-grass 47 Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass 50 Centranthus ruber Red Valerian 48 Chasmanthe floribunda African Cornflag 39 Cortaderia jubata Pink Pampas-grass 55 Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass 55 Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge 49 Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii Freesia 39 Freesia laxa Freesia 39 Galium aparine Cleavers 40 Gazania linearis Gazania 39 Gazania rigens Coastal Gazania 39 Hainardia cylindrica Common Barb-grass 49 Hakea sericea Silky Hakea 39 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag Iris 46 Ixia maculata Yellow Ixia 38 Ixia paniculata Long-tube Ixia 39 Ixia polystachya Variable Ixia 39 Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush 49

8 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Juncus microcephalus Tiny-headed Rush 49 Kunzea ambigua White Kunzea 39 Melaleuca diosmifolia Green Honey-myrtle 39 Melaleuca hypericifolia Hillock Bush 39 Oxalis incarnata Pale Wood-sorrel 39 Oxalis latifolia Large-leaf Wood-sorrel 39 Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob 39  Oxalis purpurea Large-flower Wood-sorrel 48 Parapholis incurva Coast Barb-grass 49 Parapholis strigosa Slender Barb-grass 49 Paraserianthes lophantha Cape Wattle 39 Plectranthus ciliatus African Spur-flower 48 Puccinellia fasciculata Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass 47 Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress 52 Solanum linnaeanum Apple of Sodom 38  Solanum pseudocapsicum Madeira Winter-cherry 37 Sporobolus africanus Rat-tail Grass 40 MODERATELY HIGH RISK WEEDS Acacia elata Cedar Wattle 66 Acacia prominens Gosford Wattle 66 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple 78 Aptenia cordifolia Heart-leaf Ice-plant 75 Arum italicum Italian Cuckoo-pint 75 Carex divisa Divided Sedge 74 Carex flacca Blue Sedge 74 Carex punctata Dotted Sedge 74 Clematis vitalba Old Man’s Beard 74  Coprosma robusta Karamu 64 Cotoneaster divaricatus Green Cotoneaster 82 Crassula multicava Cape Province Pygmy Weed 75 Crassula natans Crassula 73 Crassula tetragona Shrubby Crassula 75 Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress 65 Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot 68 Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper 75 Echium plantagineum Paterson’s Curse 89  Erica arborea Tree Heath 65 Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge 75 Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed 73   Fallopia japonica Japaneset Knotweed 64   Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed 73  Galenia pubescens Coastal Galenia 78 Galenia secunda Galenia 75 Gladiolus tristis Evening-flower Gladiolus 66 Ilex aquifolium English Holly 73 Ipheion uniflorum Spring Star-flower 66 Ipomoea indica Blue Morning-glory 66 Ipomoea purpurea Tall Moring-glory 66 Lophopyrum ponticum Tall Wheat-grass 64 Melaleuca armillaris Giant Honey-myrtle 66 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Ice-plant 77 Olea europaea Olive 64 Opuntia aurantiaca Tiger Pear 78 Opuntia cardiosperma Riverina Pear 78 Opuntia puberula Blind Prickly-pear 78

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 9 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Opuntia robusta Wheel Cactus 78  Opuntia stricta Common Prickly-pear 78  Passiflora tarminiana Banana Passion-fruit 74 Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu 66 Pennisetum macrourum African Feather-grass 77 Phalaris aquatica Toowoomba Canary-grass 68 Pinus nigra Austrian pine 66 Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 87 Psoralea pinnata Blue Psoralea 66 Salix babylonica Weeping Willow 74 Salix nigra Black Willow 64   Salix X pendulina Weeping Willow 74   Salix X sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Golden Weeping Willow 74   Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass 66 MEDIUM RISK WEEDS Acacia baileyana Cootamundra Wattle 93 Acacia decurrens Early Black-wattle 120 Acacia fimbriata Brisbane Golden Wattle 93 Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle 93 Agrostis capillaris Brown-top Bent 106 Agrostis castellana Bent Grass 106 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent 97 Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass 115 Aira cupaniana Quicksilver Grass 115 Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass 115 Aira praecox Early Hair-grass 115 Alopecurus aequalis Orange Fox-tail 92 Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Fox-tail 92 Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Fox-tail 92 Alstroemeria aurea Yellow Alstroemeria 102 Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily 102 Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel 115 Anagallis minima Chaffweed 115 Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine 102 Aristea ecklonii Blue Stars 93 Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat Grass 93 Artemisia verlotiorum Chinese Wormwood 100 Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Cane Cactus 93 Babiana angustifolia Baboon Flower 102 Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass 95 Bromus diandrus Great Brome 103 Bromus madritensis Madrid Brome 103 Bromus rubens Red Brome 103 Callistachys lanceolata Greenbush 93 Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 115 Centaurium tenuiflorum Slender Centaury 115 Cerastium balearicum Minor Mouse-ear 115 Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium fontanum Chickweed 115 Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium pumilum Curtis’s Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle 115  Cistus inflatus Rockrose 102 Cistus monspeliensis Montpellier Cistus 102

10 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Cynodon dactylon Couch 99 Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge 94 Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort 106  Echium vulgare Viper’s Bugloss 94  Elytrigia repens English Couch 101 Erodium botrys Big Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium cicutarium Common Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium malacoides Oval Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium moschatum Musky Heron’s-bill 106 Euryops abrotanifolius Winter Euryops 93 Ferraria crispa 102 Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 101  Fuchsia magellanica Fuchsia 100 Fumaria bastardii Bastard’s Fumitory 95 Fumaria capreolata White Fumitory 95 Fumaria densiflora Dense-flower Fumitory 92 Fumaria indica Indian Fumitory 92 Fumaria muralis Wall Fumitory 95 Fumaria officinalis Fumitory 92 Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Crane’s-bill 104 Geranium molle Dove’s Foot 104 Geranium yeoi Greater Herb-Robert 104 Hakea laurina Pincushion Hakea 93 Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue 94 Hypericum perforatum St John’s Wort 95  Hypericum tetrapterum St Peter’s Wort 101   Hypochoeris glabra Smooth Cat’s-ear 115 Hypochoeris radicata Flatweed 115 Juncus acutus Spiny Rush 107  Juncus effusus Soft Rush 106 Juncus fontanesii Rush 101 Kniphofia uvaria Red-hot Poker 92 Leontodon taraxacoides Lesser Hawkbit 115 Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress 107 Lepidium bonariense Argentine Cress 98 Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye Daisy 95  Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Lotus creticus Lotus 101 Lotus subbiflorus Hairy Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Lotus uliginosus Greater Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Medicago arabica Spotted Medic 95 Medicago lupulina Black Medic 107 Melaleuca nesophila Mauve Honey Myrtle 102 Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal 102 Minuartia mediterranea Fine-leaved Sandwort 119 Nasturtium microphyllum Brown Watercress 104 Nasturtium officinale Watercress 105 Oxalis articulata Sour Grass 102 Oxalis brasiliensis Wood-sorrel 102 Oxalis debilis Pink Wood-sorrel 102 Oxalis hirta Hairy Wood-sorrel 102 Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum 97 Poa bulbosa Bulbous Meadow-grass 103 Poa infirma Early Meadow-grass 103 Podalyria sericea Silky Podalyria 93

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 11 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed 115 Polygala virgata Purple Broom 93 Polygonum arenastrum Wireweed 101 Raphanus maritimus Sea Radish 101 Sambucus nigra Common Elder 100 Senecio jacobaea Ragwort 94  Senecio pterophorus African Daisy 118  Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle 115 Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle 115 Tribolium acutiflorum Desmazeria 101 Tribolium obliterum Cape grass 101 Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover 97 Trifolium arvense Rabbit’s Foot Clover 98 Trifolium campestre Large Hop Clover 98 Trifolium cernuum Drooping-flower Clover 98 Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover 98 Trifolium glomeratum Cluster Clover 98 Trifolium ornithopodioides Birdsfoot Clover 98 Trifolium repens White Clover 99 Trifolium resupinatum Shaftal Clover 98 Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover 98 Tritonia crocata Orange Tritonia 93 Tritonia lineata Lined Tritonia 93 Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell 101 Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue 115 Vulpia ciliata Fringed Fescue 115 Vulpia fasciculata Dune Fescue 115 Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue 115 Vulpia myuros Rat’s-tail Fescue 115 Abelia X grandiflora Glossy Abelia 216 LOWER RISK WEEDS Acacia floribunda White Sallow-wattle 213 Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 201 Acacia iteaphylla Flinders Range Wattle 228 Acacia podalyriifolia Mount Morgan Wattle 228 Acacia pravissima Ovens Wattle 213 Acanthus mollis Bear’s Breeches 159 Acetosa sagittata Rambling Dock 167 Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel 124 Achnatherum caudatum Espartillo 155 Acmena smithii Lilypilly 157 Actinotus helianthii Flannel Flower 182 Agave mericana Century Plant 156 Western Australian Willow Agonis flexuosa Mrytle 147 Agonis juniperina Juniper Myrtle 147 Agrostis gigantea Red-top Bent 157 Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven 156  Aloe arborescens Candelabra Aloe 201 Aloe maculata Common Soap Aloe 219 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed 211 Anchusa arvensis Bugloss 227 Anchusa capensis Cape Forget-me-not 227 Anthemis cotula Stinking Mayweed 236 Aphanes arvensis Parsley Piert 121 Aphanes microcarpa Small Piert 122

12 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Araujia sericifera White Bladder-flower 199 Arbutus unedo Irish Strawberry Tree 146 Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed 205 Arctotheca populifolia Beach Daisy 127 Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis 210 Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort 187 Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaf Sandwort 187 Arundo donax Giant Reed 156 Asparagus aethiopicus Ground Asparagus 227 Asparagus officinalis Asparagus 184 Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed 188  Astartea heteranthera Astartea 210 Aster subulatus Aster-weed 124 Atriplex patula Spear Orache 185 Atriplex prostrata Hastate Orache 185 Avellinia michelii Avellinia 124 Avena barbata Bearded Oat 214 Avena fatua Wild Oat 214 Avena sativa Oat 214 Avena strigosa Bristle Oat 232 Axonopus fissifolius Carpet Grass 209 Bellis perennis English Daisy 185 Brachypodium distachyon False Brome 236 Brachypodium sylvaticum Slender False Brome 236 Brassica rapa White Turnip 242 Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass 125 Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome 184 Bromus tectorum Wall Brome 211 Cakile edentula American Sea Rocket 134 Cakile maritima European Sea Rocket 134 Calicotome spinosa Spiny Broom 201  Callistemon rugulosus Scarlet Bottlebrush 228 Callitriche hamulata Thread Water-starwort 125 Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse 187 Cardamine flexuosa Wood Bitter-cress 236 Cardamine hirsuta Common Bitter-cress 236 Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle 187  Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle 124  Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle 238  Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle 178 Centaurium maritimum Sea Centaury 124 Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury 124 Cestrum parqui Green Poison-berry 209 Chamaemelum nobile Common Chamomile 237 Chenopodium album Fat Hen 187 Chenopodium ambrosioides Mexican Tea 130 Chenopodium murale Sowbane 187 Chlorophytum comosum Bracket Plant 174 Cicendia filiformis Slender Cicendia 184 Cicendia quadrangularis Square Cicendia 184 Ciclospermum leptophyllum Slender Celery 188 Coleonema pulchellum Diosma 201 Conium maculatum Hemlock 215  Convolvulus arvensis Common Bindweed 213 Conyza albida Tall Fleabane 124

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 13 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Conyza bilbaoana Smooth Fleabane 124 Conyza bonariensis Flaxleaf Fleabane 124 Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane 124 Conyza primulaefolia Rough Conyza 124 Conyza sumatrensis Tall Fleabane 124 Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage-tree 238 Corrigiola litoralis Strapwort 181 Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum 213 Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula 212 Cotyledon orbiculata Pig’s Ear 156 Crassula alata Three Part Crassula 127 Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard 178 Crepis foetida Stinking Hawksbeard 178 Crepis setosa Bristly Hawksbeard 178 Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawksbeard 178 Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog’s-tail 175 Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog’s-tail 175 Danthonia decumbens Heath Grass 182 Datura stramonium Common Thorn-apple 240  Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 239 Digitaria sanguinalis Summer Grass 230 Diplotaxis muralis Wall Rocket 231 Diplotaxis tenuifolia Sand Rocket 231  Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel 216  Dodonaea viscosa cv. purpurea Purple Hopbush 210 Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass 239 Eleusine indica Goose-grass 239 Eleusine tristachya American Crows-foot Grass 239 Emex australis Spiny Emex 130  Epilobium ciliatum Glandular Willow-herb 130 Epilobium hirsutum Great Willow-herb 130  Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass 212 Erigeron karvinskianus Seaside Daisy 172 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 210 Erysimum cheiri Wallflower 237 Eschscholzia californica Californian Poppy 209 Eucalyptus astringens Brown Mallet 210 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum 210 Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart 210 Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge 175 Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue 149 Festuca rubra Red Fescue 200 Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier 173 Galium divaricatum Slender Bedstraw 130 Galium murale Small Goosegrass 130 Gamochaeta calviceps Silky Cudweed 238 Gamochaeta purpurea Spoonleaf Purple Everlasting 232 Gastridium phleoides Nit-grass 238 Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned-poppy 133 Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush 231 Gomphocarpus fruticosus Swan Plant 231 Grevillea juniperina Prickly Spiderflower 210 Grevillea robusta Silky Oak 210 Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaf Hakea 213 Hedypnois cretica Cretan Hedypnois 184

14 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Hirschfeldia incana Buchan Weed 203 Holcus annuus Annual Fog 238 Holcus mollis Creeping Fog 211 Homalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart Tree 239 Hordeum distichon Two-row Barley 166 Hordeum glaucum Northern Barley-grass 175 Hordeum hystrix Mediterranean Barley-grass 175 Hordeum leporinum Barley-grass 175 Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass 175 Hordeum murinum Wild Barley 175 Hyacinthoides non-scripta English Bluebell 210 Hydrocotyle bonariensis American Pennywort 128 Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 184  Isolepis hystrix Awned Club-sedge 122 Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush 172 Juncus capillaceus String Rush 227 Juncus capitatus Capitate Rush 226 Juncus oxycarpus Spiny-fruit Rush 228 Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral-pea 231 Kickxia elatine Hairy Toadflax 227 Lachenalia spp. Lachenalia 240  Lactuca saligna Willow-leaf Lettuce 178 Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce 178 Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-tail Grass 124 Lamarckia aurea Golden-top 241 Lamium galeobdolon Aluminium Plant 213 Lavandula stoechas Topped Lavender 216  Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine-cress 230 Leucanthemum maximum Shasta Daisy 240 Lilaea scilloides Lilaea 210 Lilium formosanum Taiwan Lily 237 Limonium companyonis Riviera Sea-lavender 186 Limonium hyblaeum Sicilian Sea-lavender 186 Limonium sinuatum Notch-leaf Sea-lavender 185 Linaria pelisseriana Pelisser’s Toad-flax 240 Linaria vulgaris Common Toad-flax 240 Linum trigynum French Flax 240 Linum usitatissimum Flax 240 Lobelia erinus Bedding Lobelia 228 Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum 240 Lolium loliaceum Stiff Rye-grass 206 Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass 206 Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass 207 Lolium rigidum Wimmera Rye-grass 206 Lolium temulentum Darnel 206 Lotus angustissimus Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil 239 Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin 240 Lycium afrum Kaffir Box-thorn 199 Lycium barbarum Chinese Box-thorn 199 Malus pumila Apple 238 Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow 228 Malva nicaeensis Mallow of Nice 231 Malva parviflora Small-flower Mallow 177 Malva sylvestris High Mallow 231 Marrubium vulgare Horehound 212 

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 15 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Matthiola incana Stock 240 Medicago minima Little Medic 242 Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic 206 Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic 206 Melaleuca decussata Totem-poles 237 Melaleuca incana Grey Honey Mrytle 240 Melianthus comosus Tufted Honey-flower 216 Melianthus major Cape Honey-flower 213 Melilotus indicus Sweet Melilot 176 Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm 237 Mentha spicata Spearmint 240 Modiola caroliniana Red-flower Mallow 233 Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed 172 Moraea flaccida One-leaf Cape-tulip 213 Moraea miniata Two-leaf Cape-tulip 213 Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not 239 Myosotis discolor Yellow-and-blue Forget-me-not 212 Myosotis laxa Bay Forget-me-not 212 Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil 228 Narcissus tazetta Tazetta 228 Nepeta cataria Catmint 243 Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco 242 Nonea lutea Yellow Alkanet 240 Oenothera glazioviana Reddish Evening-primrose 185 Oenothera stricta Common Evening Primrose 239 Onopordum acanthium Scotch Thistle 241  Onopordum illyricum Illyrian Thistle 232  Ornithopus pinnatus Sand Bird’s-foot 172 Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape 229 Osteospermum fruticosum Shrubby Daisybush 201 Oxalis corniculata Yellow Woodsorrel 242 Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy 239 Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy 239 Parentucellia latifolia Red Bartsia 242 Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia 242 Parietaria judaica Wall Pellitory 239 Paronychia brasiliana Whitlow Wort 228 Paronychia franciscana Chile Nailwort 228 Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass 209 Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion-fruit 210 Passiflora edulis Black Passion-fruit 240 Pelargonium quercifolium Oakleaf Pelargonium 216 Pelargonium X domesticum Regal Pelargonium 216 Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass 200 Pennisetum villosum Feathertop 215 Pentaschistis airoides False Hair Grass 133 Persicaria maculosa Redshank 166 Petrorhagia dubia Velvety Pink 227 Petrorhagia nanteuilii Childling Pink 227 Petroselinum crispum Parsley 243 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass 158 Phalaris canariensis Canary Grass 158 Phalaris coerulescens Blue Canary-grass 209 Phalaris minor Lesser Canary-grass 158 Phalaris paradoxa Paradoxical Canary-grass 158

16 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Phleum pratense Timothy Grass 242 Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date-palm 159 Physalis alkekengi Alkekengi 214 Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry 199 Physalis viscosa Sticky Ground-cherry 211 Phytolacca octandra Red-ink Weed 163 Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine 147 Pinus pinea Stone Pine 159 Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet 209 Pittosporum crassifolium Karo 212 Pittosporum eugenioides Tarata 212 Plantago australis Southern Plantain 182 Plantago bellardii Silky Plantain 242 Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn Plantain 125 Plantago lanceolata Ribwort 179 Plantago major Greater Plantain 188 Plectranthus ecklonii Blue Spurflower 216 Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass 178 Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue-grass 214 Polygonum aviculare Wireweed 242 Polypogon maritimus Mediterranean Beard Grass 131 Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass 131 Polypogon viridis Water Bent 128 Populus alba White Poplar 155 Populus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar 155 Populus X canescens Grey Poplar 155 Potentilla anserina Silverweed 240 Potentilla indica Indian Strawberry 209 Pseudoscleropodium purum Neat Feather-moss 127 Pyracantha angustifolia Orange Firethorn 235 Ranunculus muricatus Sharp Buttercup 131 Ranunculus parviflorus Small-flower Buttercup 239 Ranunculus sardous Pale Hairy Buttercup 215 Ranunculus sceleratus Celeryleaf Buttercup 242 Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish 215 Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant 240 Robinia pseudoacacia Locust Tree 213 Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass 242 Romulea rosea Onion Grass 242 Rosa canina Dog Rose 172 Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar 172  Rostraria cristata Annual Cat’s-tail 185 Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock 185 Rumex crispus Curled Dock 185 Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock 185 Rumex pulcher Fiddle-leaf Dock 185 Sagina procumbens Spreading Pearlwort 217 Salpichroa origanifolia Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley 210  Salvia verbenaca Wild Sage 239 Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion 128 Schinus molle Pepper Tree 157 Sedum praealtum Sedum 210 Selaginella kraussiana Garden Selaginella 129 Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel 133 Senna multiglandulosa Downy Senna 213

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 17 Appendix 1 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed alphabetically within risk categories.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Setaria parviflora Slender Pigeon Grass 242 Sherardia arvensis Field Madder 229 Silene conica Striated Catchfly 236 Silene gallica French Catchfly 236 Silene longicaulis Portuguese Catchfly 236 Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly 236 Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion 236 Sinapis arvensis Charlock 239 Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard 230 Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge-mustard 230 Sisyrinchium iridifolium Striped Rush-leaf 176 Solanum americanum Glossy Nightshade 121 Solanum chenopodioides Whitetip Nightshade 121 Solanum douglasii Douglas’ Nightshade 121 Solanum furcatum Broad Nightshade 121 Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Tree 236 Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade 121 Solanum physalifolium Hairy Nightshade 121 Solanum triflorum Cut-leaf Nightshade 121 Spartium junceum Spanish Broom 147 Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey 180 Spergula pentandra Five-stamen Corn-spurrey 179 Spergularia bocconii Bocconi’s Sand-spurrey 179 Spergularia media Media Sand Spurrey 180 Spergularia rubra Red Sand Spurrey 179 Spiloxene capensis Peacock Flower 237 Stachys arvensis Stagger Weed 230 Stellaria media Chickweed 169 Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed 169 Suaeda baccifera Berry Seablite 127 Taraxacum officinale Dandelion 175 Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify 236 Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover 206 Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover 239 Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover 240 Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover 239 Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium 210 Ulmus aff. procera English Elm 156 Urtica dioica Giant Nettle 187 Urtica urens Small Nettle 187 Valerianella eriocarpa Italian Corn-salad 239 Vellereophyton dealbatum White Cudweed 124 Verbascum thapsus Woolly Mullein 230  Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 230 Verbena bonariensis Purple-top Verbena 212 Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water-speedwell 236 Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell 232 Veronica persica Persian Speedwell 232 Vicia hirsuta Tiny Vetch 239 Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch 239 Vicia sativa Common Vetch 239 Vicia tetrasperma Slender Vetch 239 Viola odorata Common Violet 240 Watsonia borbonica Rosy Watsonia 147

18 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Abelia X grandiflora Glossy Abelia 216 Acacia baileyana Cootamundra Wattle 93 Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle 29 Acacia decurrens Early Black-wattle 120 Acacia elata Cedar Wattle 66 Acacia fimbriata Brisbane Golden Wattle 93 Acacia floribunda White Sallow-wattle 213 Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 201 Acacia iteaphylla Flinders Range Wattle 228 Acacia karroo (syn Valchellia karroo) Karroo Thorn 3    Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia Sallow Wattle 38 Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Coast Wattle 2 Acacia podalyriifolia Mount Morgan Wattle 228 Acacia pravissima Ovens Wattle 213 Acacia prominens Gosford Wattle 66 Acacia retinodes Wirilda 51 Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle 93 Acanthus mollis Bear’s Breeches 159 Acer negundo Box-elder Maple 21 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple 78 Acetosa sagittata Rambling Dock 167 Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel 124 Achnatherum caudatum Espartillo 155 Acmena smithii Lilypilly 157 Actinotus helianthii Flannel Flower 182 Agapanthus praecox Agapanthus 57 Agave mericana Century Plant 156 Western Australian Willow Agonis flexuosa 147 Mrytle Agonis juniperina Juniper Myrtle 147 Agrostis capillaris Brown-top Bent 106 Agrostis castellana Bent Grass 106 Agrostis gigantea Red-top Bent 157 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent 97 Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven 156  Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass 115 Aira cupaniana Quicksilver Grass 115 Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass 115 Aira praecox Early Hair-grass 115 Allium triquetrum Angled Onion 12  Aloe arborescens Candelabra Aloe 201 Aloe maculata Common Soap Aloe 219 Alopecurus aequalis Orange Fox-tail 92 Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Fox-tail 92 Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Fox-tail 92 Alstroemeria aurea Yellow Alstroemeria 102 Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily 102 Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feather-moss 37 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed 211 Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass 24 Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel 115 Anagallis minima Chaffweed 115 Anchusa arvensis Bugloss 227 Anchusa capensis Cape Forget-me-not 227 Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine 102

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 19 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Anthemis cotula Stinking Mayweed 236 Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass 14 Aphanes arvensis Parsley Piert 121 Aphanes microcarpa Small Piert 122 Aptenia cordifolia Heart-leaf Ice-plant 75 Araujia sericifera White Bladder-flower 199 Arbutus unedo Irish Strawberry Tree 146 Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed 205 Arctotheca populifolia Beach Daisy 127 Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis 210 Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort 187 Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaf Sandwort 187 Aristea ecklonii Blue Stars 93 Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat Grass 93 Artemisia verlotiorum Chinese Wormwood 100 Arum italicum Italian Cuckoo-pint 75 Arundo donax Giant Reed 156 Asparagus aethiopicus Ground Asparagus 227 Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper 1   Asparagus officinalis Asparagus 184 Asparagus scandens Asparagus Fern 10 Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed 188  Astartea heteranthera Astartea 210 Aster subulatus Aster-weed 124 Atriplex patula Spear Orache 185 Atriplex prostrata Hastate Orache 185 Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Cane Cactus 93 Avellinia michelii Avellinia 124 Avena barbata Bearded Oat 214 Avena fatua Wild Oat 214 Avena sativa Oat 214 Avena strigosa Bristle Oat 232 Axonopus fissifolius Carpet Grass 209 Babiana angustifolia Baboon Flower 102 Bellis perennis English Daisy 185 Billardiera heterophylla Bluebell Creeper 1 Brachypodium distachyon False Brome 236 Brachypodium sylvaticum Slender False Brome 236 Brassica rapa White Turnip 242 Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass 44 Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass 125 Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass 95 Bromus diandrus Great Brome 103 Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome 184 Bromus madritensis Madrid Brome 103 Bromus rubens Red Brome 103 Bromus tectorum Wall Brome 211 Cakile edentula American Sea Rocket 134 Cakile maritima European Sea Rocket 134 Calicotome spinosa Spiny Broom 201  Callistachys lanceolata Greenbush 93 Callistemon rugulosus Scarlet Bottlebrush 228 Callitriche hamulata Thread Water-starwort 125 Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse 187 Cardamine flexuosa Wood Bitter-cress 236

20 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Cardamine hirsuta Common Bitter-cress 236 Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle 187  Carex divisa Divided Sedge 74 Carex flacca Blue Sedge 74 Carex punctata Dotted Sedge 74 Carpobrotus aequilaterus Angled Pigface 48 Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot Fig 48 Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle 124  Catapodium marinum Stiff Sand-grass 47 Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass 50 Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle 238  Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle 178 Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 115 Centaurium maritimum Sea Centaury 124 Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury 124 Centaurium tenuiflorum Slender Centaury 115 Centranthus ruber Red Valerian 48 Cerastium balearicum Minor Mouse-ear 115 Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium fontanum Chickweed 115 Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium pumilum Curtis’s Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear Chickweed 115 Cestrum parqui Green Poison-berry 209 Chamaecytisus palmensis Tree Lucerne 30 Chamaemelum nobile Common Chamomile 237 Chasmanthe floribunda African Cornflag 39 Chenopodium album Fat Hen 187 Chenopodium ambrosioides Mexican Tea 130 Chenopodium murale Sowbane 187 Chlorophytum comosum Bracket Plant 174 Chrysanthemoides monilifera Boneseed 13   Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata Bitou Bush 19   Cicendia filiformis Slender Cicendia 184 Cicendia quadrangularis Square Cicendia 184 Ciclospermum leptophyllum Slender Celery 188 Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle 115  Cistus inflatus Rockrose 102 Cistus monspeliensis Montpellier Cistus 102 Clematis vitalba Old Man’s Beard 74  Coleonema pulchellum Diosma 201 Conium maculatum Hemlock 215  Convolvulus arvensis Common Bindweed 213 Conyza albida Tall Fleabane 124 Conyza bilbaoana Smooth Fleabane 124 Conyza bonariensis Flaxleaf Fleabane 124 Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane 124 Conyza primulaefolia Rough Conyza 124 Conyza sumatrensis Tall Fleabane 124 Coprosma repens Mirror Bush 10 Coprosma robusta Karamu 64 Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage-tree 238 Corrigiola litoralis Strapwort 181 Cortaderia jubata Pink Pampas-grass 55 Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass 55

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 21 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum 213 Cotoneaster divaricatus Green Cotoneaster 82 Cotoneaster franchetii Grey Cotoneaster 28 Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Bright Bead Cotoneaster 28 Cotoneaster pannosus Velvet Cotoneaster 28 Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula 212 Cotyledon orbiculata Pig’s Ear 156 Crassula alata Three Part Crassula 127 Crassula multicava Cape Province Pygmy Weed 75 Crassula natans Crassula 73 Crassula tetragona Shrubby Crassula 75 Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn 19  Crataegus X sinaica Azzarola 19 Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard 178 Crepis foetida Stinking Hawksbeard 178 Crepis setosa Bristly Hawksbeard 178 Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawksbeard 178 Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora Montbretia 12 Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress 65 Cynodon dactylon Couch 99 Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog’s-tail 175 Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog’s-tail 175 Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge 94 Cytisus scoparius English Broom 3   Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot 68 Danthonia decumbens Heath Grass 182 Datura stramonium Common Thorn-apple 240  Delairea odorata Cape Ivy 11 Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 239 Digitaria sanguinalis Summer Grass 230 Diplotaxis muralis Wall Rocket 231 Diplotaxis tenuifolia Sand Rocket 231  Dipogon lignosus Common Dipogon 3 Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel 216  Disa bracteata African Weed Orchid 28 Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort 106  Dodonaea viscosa cv. purpurea Purple Hopbush 210 Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper 75 Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass 239 Echium plantagineum Paterson’s Curse 89  Echium vulgare Viper’s Bugloss 94  Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt-grass 1 Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt-grass 13 Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt-grass 13 Eleusine indica Goose-grass 239 Eleusine tristachya American Crows-foot Grass 239 Elytrigia repens English Couch 101 Emex australis Spiny Emex 130  Epilobium ciliatum Glandular Willow-herb 130 Epilobium hirsutum Great Willow-herb 130  Equisetum spp. Horestails 21    Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass 212 Eragrostis curvula African Love-grass 11  Eragrostis mexicana Mexican Love-grass 20 Erica arborea Tree Heath 65

22 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Erica baccans Berry-flower Heath 30 Erica lusitanica Spanish Heath 2 Erica quadrangularis Angled Heath 29 Erigeron karvinskianus Seaside Daisy 172 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 210 Erodium botrys Big Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium cicutarium Common Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium malacoides Oval Heron’s-bill 106 Erodium moschatum Musky Heron’s-bill 106 Erysimum cheiri Wallflower 237 Eschscholzia californica Californian Poppy 209 Eucalyptus astringens Brown Mallet 210 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum 210 Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart 210 Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge 75 Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge 49 Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge 175 Euryops abrotanifolius Winter Euryops 93 Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed 73   Fallopia japonica Japaneset Knotweed 64   Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed 73  Ferraria crispa 102 Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue 149 Festuca rubra Red Fescue 200 Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 101  Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash 11 Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii Freesia 39 Freesia laxa Freesia 39 Fuchsia magellanica Fuchsia 100 Fumaria bastardii Bastard’s Fumitory 95 Fumaria capreolata White Fumitory 95 Fumaria densiflora Dense-flower Fumitory 92 Fumaria indica Indian Fumitory 92 Fumaria muralis Wall Fumitory 95 Fumaria officinalis Fumitory 92 Galenia pubescens Coastal Galenia 78 Galenia secunda Galenia 75 Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier 173 Galium aparine Cleavers 40 Galium divaricatum Slender Bedstraw 130 Galium murale Small Goosegrass 130 Gamochaeta calviceps Silky Cudweed 238 Gamochaeta purpurea Spoonleaf Purple Everlasting 232 Gastridium phleoides Nit-grass 238 Gazania linearis Gazania 39 Gazania rigens Coastal Gazania 39 Genista linifolia Flax-leaf Broom 12  Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom 12  Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Crane’s-bill 104 Geranium molle Dove’s Foot 104 Geranium yeoi Greater Herb-Robert 104 Gladiolus tristis Evening-flower Gladiolus 66 Gladiolus undulatus Wild Gladiolus 12 Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned-poppy 133 Glyceria declinata Manna Grass 20

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 23 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass 20 Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush 231 Gomphocarpus fruticosus Swan Plant 231 Grevillea juniperina Prickly Spiderflower 210 Grevillea robusta Silky Oak 210 Hainardia cylindrica Common Barb-grass 49 Hakea drupacea Sweet Hakea 12 Hakea laurina Pincushion Hakea 93 Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaf Hakea 213 Hakea sericea Silky Hakea 39 Hedera helix English Ivy 10 Hedypnois cretica Cretan Hedypnois 184 Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue 94 Hirschfeldia incana Buchan Weed 203 Holcus annuus Annual Fog 238 Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog 13 Holcus mollis Creeping Fog 211 Homalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart Tree 239 Hordeum distichon Two-row Barley 166 Hordeum glaucum Northern Barley-grass 175 Hordeum hystrix Mediterranean Barley-grass 175 Hordeum leporinum Barley-grass 175 Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass 175 Hordeum murinum Wild Barley 175 Hyacinthoides non-scripta English Bluebell 210 Hydrocotyle bonariensis American Pennywort 128 Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 184  Hypericum perforatum St John’s Wort 95  Hypericum tetrapterum St Peter’s Wort 101   Hypochoeris glabra Smooth Cat’s-ear 115 Hypochoeris radicata Flatweed 115 Ilex aquifolium English Holly 73 Ipheion uniflorum Spring Star-flower 66 Ipomoea indica Blue Morning-glory 66 Ipomoea purpurea Tall Moring-glory 66 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag Iris 46 Isolepis hystrix Awned Club-sedge 122 Ixia maculata Yellow Ixia 38 Ixia paniculata Long-tube Ixia 39 Ixia polystachya Variable Ixia 39 Juncus acutus Spiny Rush 107  Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush 49 Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush 172 Juncus capillaceus String Rush 227 Juncus capitatus Capitate Rush 226 Juncus effusus Soft Rush 106 Juncus fontanesii Rush 101 Juncus microcephalus Tiny-headed Rush 49 Juncus oxycarpus Spiny-fruit Rush 228 Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral-pea 231 Kickxia elatine Hairy Toadflax 227 Kniphofia uvaria Red-hot Poker 92 Kunzea ambigua White Kunzea 39 Lachenalia spp. Lachenalia 240  Lactuca saligna Willow-leaf Lettuce 178

24 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce 178 Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-tail Grass 124 Lamarckia aurea Golden-top 241 Lamium galeobdolon Aluminium Plant 213 Lavandula stoechas Topped Lavender 216  Leontodon taraxacoides Lesser Hawkbit 115 Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress 107 Lepidium bonariense Argentine Cress 98 Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine-cress 230 Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree 12 Leucanthemum maximum Shasta Daisy 240 Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye Daisy 95  Leycesteria formosa Himalayan Honeysuckle 10 Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaf Privet 10 Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet 10 Ligustrum vulgare European Privet 10 Lilaea scilloides Lilaea 210 Lilium formosanum Taiwan Lily 237 Limonium companyonis Riviera Sea-lavender 186 Limonium hyblaeum Sicilian Sea-lavender 186 Limonium sinuatum Notch-leaf Sea-lavender 185 Linaria pelisseriana Pelisser’s Toad-flax 240 Linaria vulgaris Common Toad-flax 240 Linum trigynum French Flax 240 Linum usitatissimum Flax 240 Lobelia erinus Bedding Lobelia 228 Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum 240 Lolium loliaceum Stiff Rye-grass 206 Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass 206 Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass 207 Lolium rigidum Wimmera Rye-grass 206 Lolium temulentum Darnel 206 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle 11 Lophopyrum ponticum Tall Wheat-grass 64 Lotus angustissimus Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil 239 Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Lotus creticus Lotus 101 Lotus subbiflorus Hairy Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Lotus uliginosus Greater Bird’s-foot Trefoil 95 Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin 240 Lycium afrum Kaffir Box-thorn 199 Lycium barbarum Chinese Box-thorn 199 Lycium ferocissimum African Box-thorn 16  Malus pumila Apple 238 Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow 228 Malva nicaeensis Mallow of Nice 231 Malva parviflora Small-flower Mallow 177 Malva sylvestris High Mallow 231 Marrubium vulgare Horehound 212  Matthiola incana Stock 240 Medicago arabica Spotted Medic 95 Medicago lupulina Black Medic 107 Medicago minima Little Medic 242 Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic 206 Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic 206

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 25 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Melaleuca armillaris Giant Honey-myrtle 66 Melaleuca decussata Totem-poles 237 Melaleuca diosmifolia Green Honey-myrtle 39 Melaleuca hypericifolia Hillock Bush 39 Melaleuca incana Grey Honey Mrytle 240 Melaleuca nesophila Mauve Honey Myrtle 102 Melianthus comosus Tufted Honey-flower 216 Melianthus major Cape Honey-flower 213 Melilotus indicus Sweet Melilot 176 Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm 237 Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal 102 Mentha spicata Spearmint 240 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Ice-plant 77 Minuartia mediterranea Fine-leaved Sandwort 119 Modiola caroliniana Red-flower Mallow 233 Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed 172 Moraea flaccida One-leaf Cape-tulip 213 Moraea miniata Two-leaf Cape-tulip 213 Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not 239 Yellow-and-blue Myosotis discolor 212 Forget-me-not Myosotis laxa Bay Forget-me-not 212 Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not 11 Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil 228 Narcissus tazetta Tazetta 228 Nassella hyalina Cane Needle-grass 22  Nassella leucotricha Texas Needle-grass 10 Nassella neesiana Chilean Needle-grass 10   Nassella tenuissima Mexican Feather Grass 10   Nassella trichotoma Serrated Tussock 10   Nasturtium microphyllum Brown Watercress 104 Nasturtium officinale Watercress 105 Nepeta cataria Catmint 243 Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco 242 Nonea lutea Yellow Alkanet 240 Oenothera glazioviana Reddish Evening-primrose 185 Oenothera stricta Common Evening Primrose 239 Olea europaea Olive 64 Onopordum acanthium Scotch Thistle 241  Onopordum illyricum Illyrian Thistle 232  Opuntia aurantiaca Tiger Pear 78 Opuntia cardiosperma Riverina Pear 78 Opuntia puberula Blind Prickly-pear 78 Opuntia robusta Wheel Cactus 78  Opuntia stricta Common Prickly-pear 78  Ornithopus pinnatus Sand Bird’s-foot 172 Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape 229 Osteospermum fruticosum Shrubby Daisybush 201 Oxalis articulata Sour Grass 102 Oxalis brasiliensis Wood-sorrel 102 Oxalis corniculata Yellow Woodsorrel 242 Oxalis debilis Pink Wood-sorrel 102 Oxalis hirta Hairy Wood-sorrel 102 Oxalis incarnata Pale Wood-sorrel 39 Oxalis latifolia Large-leaf Wood-sorrel 39

26 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob 39  Oxalis purpurea Large-flower Wood-sorrel 48 Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy 239 Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy 239 Parapholis incurva Coast Barb-grass 49 Parapholis strigosa Slender Barb-grass 49 Paraserianthes lophantha Cape Wattle 39 Parentucellia latifolia Red Bartsia 242 Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia 242 Parietaria judaica Wall Pellitory 239 Paronychia brasiliana Whitlow Wort 228 Paronychia franciscana Chile Nailwort 228 Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum 97 Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass 209 Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion-fruit 210 Passiflora edulis Black Passion-fruit 240 Passiflora tarminiana Banana Passion-fruit 74 Pelargonium quercifolium Oakleaf Pelargonium 216 Pelargonium X domesticum Regal Pelargonium 216 Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu 66 Pennisetum macrourum African Feather-grass 77 Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass 200 Pennisetum villosum Feathertop 215 Pentaschistis airoides False Hair Grass 133 Persicaria maculosa Redshank 166 Petrorhagia dubia Velvety Pink 227 Petrorhagia nanteuilii Childling Pink 227 Petroselinum crispum Parsley 243 Phalaris aquatica Toowoomba Canary-grass 68 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass 158 Phalaris canariensis Canary Grass 158 Phalaris coerulescens Blue Canary-grass 209 Phalaris minor Lesser Canary-grass 158 Phalaris paradoxa Paradoxical Canary-grass 158 Phleum pratense Timothy Grass 242 Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date-palm 159 Physalis alkekengi Alkekengi 214 Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry 199 Physalis viscosa Sticky Ground-cherry 211 Phytolacca octandra Red-ink Weed 163 Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine 147 Pinus nigra Austrian pine 66 Pinus pinaster Cluster Pine 3 Pinus pinea Stone Pine 159 Pinus radiata Radiata Pine 3 Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet 209 Pittosporum crassifolium Karo 212 Pittosporum eugenioides Tarata 212 Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum 4 Plantago australis Southern Plantain 182 Plantago bellardii Silky Plantain 242 Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn Plantain 125 Plantago lanceolata Ribwort 179 Plantago major Greater Plantain 188 Plectranthus ciliatus African Spur-flower 48

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 27 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Plectranthus ecklonii Blue Spurflower 216 Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass 178 Poa bulbosa Bulbous Meadow-grass 103 Poa infirma Early Meadow-grass 103 Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue-grass 214 Podalyria sericea Silky Podalyria 93 Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed 115 Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort 12 Polygala virgata Purple Broom 93 Polygonum arenastrum Wireweed 101 Polygonum aviculare Wireweed 242 Polypogon maritimus Mediterranean Beard Grass 131 Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass 131 Polypogon viridis Water Bent 128 Populus alba White Poplar 155 Populus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar 155 Populus X canescens Grey Poplar 155 Potentilla anserina Silverweed 240 Potentilla indica Indian Strawberry 209 Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 87 Pseudoscleropodium purum Neat Feather-moss 127 Psoralea pinnata Blue Psoralea 66 Puccinellia fasciculata Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass 47 Pyracantha angustifolia Orange Firethorn 235 Ranunculus muricatus Sharp Buttercup 131 Ranunculus parviflorus Small-flower Buttercup 239 Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup 23 Ranunculus sardous Pale Hairy Buttercup 215 Ranunculus sceleratus Celeryleaf Buttercup 242 Raphanus maritimus Sea Radish 101 Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish 215 Rhamnus alaternus Italian Buckthorn 10 Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant 240 Robinia pseudoacacia Locust Tree 213 Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass 242 Romulea rosea Onion Grass 242 Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress 52 Rosa canina Dog Rose 172 Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar 172  Rostraria cristata Annual Cat’s-tail 185 Rubus anglocandicans Blackberry 13   Rubus cissburiensis Blackberry 13   Rubus erythrops Blackberry 13   Rubus laciniatus Cut-leaf Bramble 13   Rubus leucostachys Blackberry 13   Rubus polyanthemus Blackberry 13   Rubus ulmifolius Blackberry 13   Rubus vestitus Blackberry 13   Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock 185 Rumex crispus Curled Dock 185 Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock 185 Rumex pulcher Fiddle-leaf Dock 185 Sagina procumbens Spreading Pearlwort 217 Salix alba White Willow 20 Salix babylonica Weeping Willow 74

28 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Salix cinerea Grey Sallow 10   Salix fragilis Crack Willow 20   Salix nigra Black Willow 64   Salix X pendulina Weeping Willow 74   Salix X rubens Basket Willow 20   Salix X sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Golden Weeping Willow 74   Salpichroa origanifolia Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley 210  Salvia verbenaca Wild Sage 239 Sambucus nigra Common Elder 100 Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion 128 Schinus molle Pepper Tree 157 Sedum praealtum Sedum 210 Selaginella kraussiana Garden Selaginella 129 Senecio angulatus Climbing Groundsel 3 Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel 133 Senecio jacobaea Ragwort 94  Senecio pterophorus African Daisy 118  Senna multiglandulosa Downy Senna 213 Setaria parviflora Slender Pigeon Grass 242 Sherardia arvensis Field Madder 229 Silene conica Striated Catchfly 236 Silene gallica French Catchfly 236 Silene longicaulis Portuguese Catchfly 236 Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly 236 Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion 236 Sinapis arvensis Charlock 239 Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard 230 Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge-mustard 230 Sisyrinchium iridifolium Striped Rush-leaf 176 Solanum americanum Glossy Nightshade 121 Solanum chenopodioides Whitetip Nightshade 121 Solanum douglasii Douglas’ Nightshade 121 Solanum furcatum Broad Nightshade 121 Solanum linnaeanum Apple of Sodom 38  Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Tree 236 Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade 121 Solanum physalifolium Hairy Nightshade 121 Solanum pseudocapsicum Madeira Winter-cherry 37 Solanum triflorum Cut-leaf Nightshade 121 Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle 115 Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle 115 Sparaxis bulbifera Harlequin Flower 12 Sparaxis tricolor Tricolor Harlequin-flower 12 Spartium junceum Spanish Broom 147 Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey 180 Spergula pentandra Five-stamen Corn-spurrey 179 Spergularia bocconii Bocconi’s Sand-spurrey 179 Spergularia media Media Sand Spurrey 180 Spergularia rubra Red Sand Spurrey 179 Spiloxene capensis Peacock Flower 237 Sporobolus africanus Rat-tail Grass 40 Stachys arvensis Stagger Weed 230 Stellaria media Chickweed 169 Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed 169 Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass 66

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 29 Appendix 2 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by botanical name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Botanical Name Common Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Suaeda baccifera Berry Seablite 127 Taraxacum officinale Dandelion 175 Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass 19 Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew 11 Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify 236 Tribolium acutiflorum Desmazeria 101 Tribolium obliterum Cape grass 101 Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover 97 Trifolium arvense Rabbit’s Foot Clover 98 Trifolium campestre Large Hop Clover 98 Trifolium cernuum Drooping-flower Clover 98 Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover 98 Trifolium glomeratum Cluster Clover 98 Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover 206 Trifolium ornithopodioides Birdsfoot Clover 98 Trifolium repens White Clover 99 Trifolium resupinatum Shaftal Clover 98 Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover 98 Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover 239 Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover 240 Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover 239 Tritonia crocata Orange Tritonia 93 Tritonia lineata Lined Tritonia 93 Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium 210 Ulex europaeus Gorse 15   Ulmus aff. procera English Elm 156 Urtica dioica Giant Nettle 187 Urtica urens Small Nettle 187 Valerianella eriocarpa Italian Corn-salad 239 Vellereophyton dealbatum White Cudweed 124 Verbascum thapsus Woolly Mullein 230  Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 230 Verbena bonariensis Purple-top Verbena 212 Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water-speedwell 236 Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell 232 Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell 101 Veronica persica Persian Speedwell 232 Vicia hirsuta Tiny Vetch 239 Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch 239 Vicia sativa Common Vetch 239 Vicia tetrasperma Slender Vetch 239 Vinca major Blue Periwinkle 12 Viola odorata Common Violet 240 Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue 115 Vulpia ciliata Fringed Fescue 115 Vulpia fasciculata Dune Fescue 115 Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue 115 Vulpia myuros Rat’s-tail Fescue 115 Watsonia borbonica Rosy Watsonia 147 Watsonia meriana Bulbil Watsonia 12  Watsonia versfeldii Pink Watsonia 12 Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum-lily 21

30 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Ferraria crispa 102 African Box-thorn Lycium ferocissimum 16  African Cornflag Chasmanthe floribunda 39 African Daisy Senecio pterophorus 118  African Feather-grass Pennisetum macrourum 77 African Love-grass Eragrostis curvula 11  African Spur-flower Plectranthus ciliatus 48 African Weed Orchid Disa bracteata 28 Agapanthus Agapanthus praecox 57 Aleppo Pine Pinus halepensis 147 Alkekengi Physalis alkekengi 214 Aluminium Plant Lamium galeobdolon 213 American Crows-foot Grass Eleusine tristachya 239 American Pennywort Hydrocotyle bonariensis 128 American Sea Rocket Cakile edentula 134 Angled Heath Erica quadrangularis 29 Angled Onion Allium triquetrum 12  Angled Pigface Carpobrotus aequilaterus 48 Annual Beard-grass Polypogon monspeliensis 131 Annual Cat’s-tail Rostraria cristata 185 Annual Fog Holcus annuus 238 Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua 178 Annual Veldt-grass Ehrharta longiflora 13 Apple Malus pumila 238 Apple of Sodom Solanum linnaeanum 38  Argentine Cress Lepidium bonariense 98 Asparagus Asparagus officinalis 184 Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens 10 Astartea Astartea heteranthera 210 Aster-weed Aster subulatus 124 Austrian pine Pinus nigra 66 Avellinia Avellinia michelii 124 Awned Club-sedge Isolepis hystrix 122 Azzarola Crataegus X sinaica 19 Baboon Flower Babiana angustifolia 102 Banana Passion-fruit Passiflora tarminiana 74 Barley-grass Hordeum leporinum 175 Barnyard Grass Echinochloa crus-galli 239 Barrel Medic Medicago truncatula 206 Basket Willow Salix X rubens 20   Bastard’s Fumitory Fumaria bastardii 95 Bay Forget-me-not Myosotis laxa 212 Beach Daisy Arctotheca populifolia 127 Beaked Hawksbeard Crepis vesicaria 178 Bearded Oat Avena barbata 214 Bear’s Breeches Acanthus mollis 159 Bedding Lobelia Lobelia erinus 228 Belladonna Lily Amaryllis belladonna 102 Bent Grass Agrostis castellana 106 Berry Seablite Suaeda baccifera 127 Berry-flower Heath Erica baccans 30 Big Heron’s-bill Erodium botrys 106 Birdsfoot Clover Trifolium ornithopodioides 98 Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus 95

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 31 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou Bush 19   subsp. rotundata Bitter Dock Rumex obtusifolius 185 Black Bindweed Fallopia convolvulus 73   Black Medic Medicago lupulina 107 Black Nightshade Solanum nigrum 121 Black Passion-fruit Passiflora edulis 240 Black Willow Salix nigra 64   Blackberry Rubus anglocandicans 13   Blackberry Rubus cissburiensis 13   Blackberry Rubus erythrops 13   Blackberry Rubus leucostachys 13   Blackberry Rubus polyanthemus 13   Blackberry Rubus ulmifolius 13   Blackberry Rubus vestitus 13   Bladder Campion Silene vulgaris 236 Bleeding Heart Tree Homalanthus populifolius 239 Blind Prickly-pear Opuntia puberula 78 Blue Canary-grass Phalaris coerulescens 209 Blue Morning-glory Ipomoea indica 66 Blue Passion-fruit Passiflora caerulea 210 Blue Periwinkle Vinca major 12 Blue Psoralea Psoralea pinnata 66 Blue Sedge Carex flacca 74 Blue Spurflower Plectranthus ecklonii 216 Blue Stars Aristea ecklonii 93 Blue Water-speedwell Veronica anagallis-aquatica 236 Bluebell Creeper Billardiera heterophylla 1 Bocconi’s Sand-spurrey Spergularia bocconii 179 Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 13   Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia fasciculata 47 Box-elder Maple Acer negundo 21 Bracket Plant Chlorophytum comosum 174 Bridal Creeper Asparagus asparagoides 1   Bright Bead Cotoneaster Cotoneaster glaucophyllus 28 Brisbane Golden Wattle Acacia fimbriata 93 Bristle Oat Avena strigosa 232 Bristly Hawksbeard Crepis setosa 178 Broad Nightshade Solanum furcatum 121 Broad-leaf Cotton-bush Gomphocarpus cancellatus 231 Brown Mallet Eucalyptus astringens 210 Brown Watercress Nasturtium microphyllum 104 Brown-top Bent Agrostis capillaris 106 Buchan Weed Hirschfeldia incana 203 Buck’s-horn Plantain Plantago coronopus 125 Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum 66 Bugloss Anchusa arvensis 227 Bulbil Watsonia Watsonia meriana 12  Bulbous Meadow-grass Poa bulbosa 103 Bulbous Rush Juncus bulbosus 172 Burr Medic Medicago polymorpha 206 Californian Poppy Eschscholzia californica 209 Canadian Fleabane Conyza canadensis 124 Canary Grass Phalaris canariensis 158 Canary Island Date-palm Phoenix canariensis 159

32 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Candelabra Aloe Aloe arborescens 201 Cane Cactus Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica 93 Cane Needle-grass Nassella hyalina 22  Cape Forget-me-not Anchusa capensis 227 Cape Gooseberry Physalis peruviana 199 Cape grass Tribolium obliterum 101 Cape Honey-flower Melianthus major 213 Cape Ivy Delairea odorata 11 Cape Province Pygmy Weed Crassula multicava 75 Cape Wattle Paraserianthes lophantha 39 Cape Weed Arctotheca calendula 205 Caper Spurge Euphorbia lathyris 75 Capitate Rush Juncus capitatus 226 Carpet Grass Axonopus fissifolius 209 Castor Oil Plant Ricinus communis 240 Catmint Nepeta cataria 243 Cedar Wattle Acacia elata 66 Celeryleaf Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus 242 Century Plant Agave mericana 156 Chaffweed Anagallis minima 115 Charlock Sinapis arvensis 239 Cherry Plum Prunus cerasifera 87 Chickweed Cerastium fontanum 115 Chickweed Stellaria media 169 Childling Pink Petrorhagia nanteuilii 227 Chile Nailwort Paronychia franciscana 228 Chilean Needle-grass Nassella neesiana 10   Chinese Box-thorn Lycium barbarum 199 Chinese Privet Ligustrum sinense 10 Chinese Wormwood Artemisia verlotiorum 100 Cleavers Galium aparine 40 Climbing Groundsel Senecio angulatus 3 Cluster Clover Trifolium glomeratum 98 Cluster Pine Pinus pinaster 3 Clustered Dock Rumex conglomeratus 185 Coast Barb-grass Parapholis incurva 49 Coast Tea-tree Leptospermum laevigatum 12 Acacia longifolia subsp. Coast Wattle 2 sophorae Coastal Galenia Galenia pubescens 78 Coastal Gazania Gazania rigens 39 Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata 68 Common Barb-grass Hainardia cylindrica 49 Common Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis 213 Common Bitter-cress Cardamine hirsuta 236 Common Centaury Centaurium erythraea 115 Common Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile 237 Common Dipogon Dipogon lignosus 3 Common Elder Sambucus nigra 100 Common Evening Primrose Oenothera stricta 239 Common Heron’s-bill Erodium cicutarium 106 Mesembryanthemum Common Ice-plant 77 crystallinum Common Peppercress Lepidium africanum 107 Common Prickly-pear Opuntia stricta 78  Common Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia 211

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 33 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Common Soap Aloe Aloe maculata 219 Common Sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus 115 Common Thorn-apple Datura stramonium 240  Common Toad-flax Linaria vulgaris 240 Common Vetch Vicia sativa 239 Common Violet Viola odorata 240 Cootamundra Wattle Acacia baileyana 93 Corn Spurrey Spergula arvensis 180 Couch Cynodon dactylon 99 Crack Willow Salix fragilis 20   Crassula Crassula natans 73 Creeping Bent Agrostis stolonifera 97 Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens 23 Creeping Feather-moss Amblystegium serpens 37 Creeping Fog Holcus mollis 211 Crested Dog’s-tail Cynosurus cristatus 175 Cretan Hedypnois Hedypnois cretica 184 Crimson Clover Trifolium incarnatum 206 Curled Dock Rumex crispus 185 Curtis’s Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium pumilum 115 Cut-leaf Bramble Rubus laciniatus 13   Cut-leaf Crane’s-bill Geranium dissectum 104 Cut-leaf Nightshade Solanum triflorum 121 Daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus 228 Dandelion Taraxacum officinale 175 Darnel Lolium temulentum 206 Delicate Hair-grass Aira elegantissima 115 Dense-flower Fumitory Fumaria densiflora 92 Desert Ash Fraxinus angustifolia 11 Desmazeria Tribolium acutiflorum 101 Diosma Coleonema pulchellum 201 Divided Sedge Carex divisa 74 Dog Rose Rosa canina 172 Dotted Sedge Carex punctata 74 Douglas’ Nightshade Solanum douglasii 121 Dove’s Foot Geranium molle 104 Downy Senna Senna multiglandulosa 213 Drain Flat-sedge Cyperus eragrostis 94 Drooping-flower Clover Trifolium cernuum 98 Dune Fescue Vulpia fasciculata 115 Dusky Coral-pea Kennedia rubicunda 231 Early Black-wattle Acacia decurrens 120 Early Hair-grass Aira praecox 115 Early Meadow-grass Poa infirma 103 English Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta 210 English Broom Cytisus scoparius 3   English Couch Elytrigia repens 101 English Daisy Bellis perennis 185 English Elm Ulmus aff. procera 156 English Holly Ilex aquifolium 73 English Ivy Hedera helix 10 Erect Chickweed Moenchia erecta 172 Espartillo Achnatherum caudatum 155 European Privet Ligustrum vulgare 10 European Sea Rocket Cakile maritima 134

34 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Evening-flower Gladiolus Gladiolus tristis 66 False Brome Brachypodium distachyon 236 False Hair Grass Pentaschistis airoides 133 False Oat Grass Arrhenatherum elatius 93 Fat Hen Chenopodium album 187 Feathertop Pennisetum villosum 215 Fennel Foeniculum vulgare 101  Fern Grass Catapodium rigidum 50 Ferny Cotula Cotula bipinnata 212 Fiddle-leaf Dock Rumex pulcher 185 Field Forget-me-not Myosotis arvensis 239 Field Madder Sherardia arvensis 229 Fine-leaved Sandwort Minuartia mediterranea 119 Five-stamen Corn-spurrey Spergula pentandra 179 Flannel Flower Actinotus helianthii 182 Flatweed Hypochoeris radicata 115 Flax Linum usitatissimum 240 Flax-leaf Broom Genista linifolia 12  Flaxleaf Fleabane Conyza bonariensis 124 Flinders Range Wattle Acacia iteaphylla 228 Fountain Grass Pennisetum setaceum 200 Four-leaved Allseed Polycarpon tetraphyllum 115 Foxglove Digitalis purpurea 239 Freesia Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii 39 Freesia Freesia laxa 39 French Catchfly Silene gallica 236 French Flax Linum trigynum 240 Fringed Fescue Vulpia ciliata 115 Fuchsia Fuchsia magellanica 100 Fumitory Fumaria officinalis 92 Galenia Galenia secunda 75 Gallant Soldier Galinsoga parviflora 173 Garden Selaginella Selaginella kraussiana 129 Gazania Gazania linearis 39 Giant Honey-myrtle Melaleuca armillaris 66 Giant Knotweed Fallopia sachalinensis 73  Giant Nettle Urtica dioica 187 Giant Reed Arundo donax 156 Glandular Willow-herb Epilobium ciliatum 130 Glossy Abelia Abelia X grandiflora 216 Glossy Nightshade Solanum americanum 121 Salix X sepulcralis var. Golden Weeping Willow 74   chrysocoma Golden Wreath Wattle Acacia saligna 93 Golden-top Lamarckia aurea 241 Goose-grass Eleusine indica 239 Gorse Ulex europaeus 15   Gosford Wattle Acacia prominens 66 Great Brome Bromus diandrus 103 Great Willow-herb Epilobium hirsutum 130  Greater Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus uliginosus 95 Greater Herb-Robert Geranium yeoi 104 Greater Plantain Plantago major 188 Green Cotoneaster Cotoneaster divaricatus 82 Green Honey-myrtle Melaleuca diosmifolia 39

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 35 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Green Poison-berry Cestrum parqui 209 Greenbush Callistachys lanceolata 93 Grey Cotoneaster Cotoneaster franchetii 28 Grey Honey Mrytle Melaleuca incana 240 Grey Poplar Populus X canescens 155 Grey Sallow Salix cinerea 10   Ground Asparagus Asparagus aethiopicus 227 Hairy Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus subbiflorus 95 Hairy Nightshade Solanum physalifolium 121 Hairy Toadflax Kickxia elatine 227 Hairy Wood-sorrel Oxalis hirta 102 Hare’s-tail Grass Lagurus ovatus 124 Harlequin Flower Sparaxis bulbifera 12 Hastate Orache Atriplex prostrata 185 Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna 19  Heart-leaf Ice-plant Aptenia cordifolia 75 Heath Grass Danthonia decumbens 182 Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale 230 Hemlock Conium maculatum 215  High Mallow Malva sylvestris 231 Hillock Bush Melaleuca hypericifolia 39 Himalayan Honeysuckle Leycesteria formosa 10 Horehound Marrubium vulgare 212  Horestails Equisetum spp. 21    Hottentot Fig Carpobrotus edulis 48 Illyrian Thistle Onopordum illyricum 232  Indian Fumitory Fumaria indica 92 Indian Hedge-mustard Sisymbrium orientale 230 Indian Strawberry Potentilla indica 209 Irish Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo 146 Italian Buckthorn Rhamnus alaternus 10 Italian Corn-salad Valerianella eriocarpa 239 Italian Cuckoo-pint Arum italicum 75 Italian Rye-grass Lolium multiflorum 206 Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica 11 Japaneset Knotweed Fallopia japonica 64   Jointed Rush Juncus articulatus 49 Juniper Myrtle Agonis juniperina 147 Kaffir Box-thorn Lycium afrum 199 Karamu Coprosma robusta 64 Karo Pittosporum crassifolium 212 Karroo Thorn Acacia karroo 3    Kentucky Blue-grass Poa pratensis 214 Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum 66 Knotted Clover Trifolium striatum 239 Lachenalia Lachenalia spp. 240  Large Hop Clover Trifolium campestre 98 Large Quaking-grass Briza maxima 44 Large-flower Wood-sorrel Oxalis purpurea 48 Large-leaf Privet Ligustrum lucidum 10 Large-leaf Wood-sorrel Oxalis latifolia 39 Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis 237 Lesser Broomrape Orobanche minor 229 Lesser Canary-grass Phalaris minor 158 Lesser Centaury Centaurium pulchellum 124

36 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Lesser Chickweed Stellaria pallida 169 Lesser Hawkbit Leontodon taraxacoides 115 Lesser Quaking-grass Briza minor 125 Lesser Swine-cress Lepidium didymum 230 Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort Arenaria leptoclados 187 Lilaea Lilaea scilloides 210 Lilypilly Acmena smithii 157 Lined Tritonia Tritonia lineata 93 Little Medic Medicago minima 242 Little Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium semidecandrum 115 Locust Tree Robinia pseudoacacia 213 Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra ‘Italica’ 155 Long-headed Poppy Papaver dubium 239 Long-tube Ixia Ixia paniculata 39 Loquat Eriobotrya japonica 210 Lotus Lotus creticus 101 Madeira Vine Anredera cordifolia 102 Madeira Winter-cherry Solanum pseudocapsicum 37 Madrid Brome Bromus madritensis 103 Mallow of Nice Malva nicaeensis 231 Malta Thistle Centaurea melitensis 178 Manna Grass Glyceria declinata 20 Marram Grass Ammophila arenaria 24 Marsh Fox-tail Alopecurus geniculatus 92 Marsh Yellow-cress Rorippa palustris 52 Mauve Honey Myrtle Melaleuca nesophila 102 Meadow Fox-tail Alopecurus pratensis 92 Media Sand Spurrey Spergularia media 180 Mediterranean Barley-grass Hordeum hystrix 175 Mediterranean Beard Grass Polypogon maritimus 131 Mediterranean Catchfly Silene nocturna 236 Mexican Feather Grass Nassella tenuissima 10   Mexican Love-grass Eragrostis mexicana 20 Mexican Tea Chenopodium ambrosioides 130 Minor Mouse-ear Cerastium balearicum 115 Mirror Bush Coprosma repens 10 Montbretia Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora 12 Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa 65 Montpellier Broom Genista monspessulana 12  Montpellier Cistus Cistus monspeliensis 102 Mount Morgan Wattle Acacia podalyriifolia 228 Musky Heron’s-bill Erodium moschatum 106 Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Polygala myrtifolia 12 Narrow-leaf Clover Trifolium angustifolium 97 Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus 210 Neat Feather-moss Pseudoscleropodium purum 127 New Zealand Cabbage-tree Cordyline australis 238 Nit-grass Gastridium phleoides 238 Northern Barley-grass Hordeum glaucum 175 Notch-leaf Sea-lavender Limonium sinuatum 185 Oakleaf Pelargonium Pelargonium quercifolium 216 Oat Avena sativa 214 Old Man’s Beard Clematis vitalba 74  Olive Olea europaea 64 One-leaf Cape-tulip Moraea flaccida 213

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 37 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Onion Grass Romulea rosea 242 Onion Weed Asphodelus fistulosus 188  Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum 239 Orange Firethorn Pyracantha angustifolia 235 Orange Fox-tail Alopecurus aequalis 92 Orange Tritonia Tritonia crocata 93 Oval Heron’s-bill Erodium malacoides 106 Ovens Wattle Acacia pravissima 213 Ox-eye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare 95  Ox-tongue Helminthotheca echioides 94 Pale Hairy Buttercup Ranunculus sardous 215 Pale Wood-sorrel Oxalis incarnata 39 Pampas Grass Cortaderia selloana 55 Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley Salpichroa origanifolia 210  Panic Veldt-grass Ehrharta erecta 13 Paradoxical Canary-grass Phalaris paradoxa 158 Parsley Petroselinum crispum 243 Parsley Piert Aphanes arvensis 121 Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum 97 Paterson’s Curse Echium plantagineum 89  Peacock Flower Spiloxene capensis 237 Pelisser’s Toad-flax Linaria pelisseriana 240 Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium 102 Pepper Tree Schinus molle 157 Perennial Rye-grass Lolium perenne 207 Perennial Veldt-grass Ehrharta calycina 1 Persian Speedwell Veronica persica 232 Petty Spurge Euphorbia peplus 175 Pig’s Ear Cotyledon orbiculata 156 Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis 115 Pincushion Scabiosa atropurpurea 128 Pincushion Hakea Hakea laurina 93 Pink Pampas-grass Cortaderia jubata 55 Pink Water-speedwell Veronica catenata 101 Pink Watsonia Watsonia versfeldii 12 Pink Wood-sorrel Oxalis debilis 102 Portuguese Catchfly Silene longicaulis 236 Prairie Grass Bromus catharticus 95 Prickly Lettuce Lactuca serriola 178 Prickly Sow-thistle Sonchus asper 115 Prickly Spiderflower Grevillea juniperina 210 Purple Broom Polygala virgata 93 Purple Groundsel Senecio elegans 133 Purple Hopbush Dodonaea viscosa cv. purpurea 210 Purple-top Verbena Verbena bonariensis 212 Quicksilver Grass Aira cupaniana 115 Rabbit’s Foot Clover Trifolium arvense 98 Radiata Pine Pinus radiata 3 Ragwort Senecio jacobaea 94  Rambling Dock Acetosa sagittata 167 Rat’s-tail Fescue Vulpia myuros 115 Rat-tail Grass Sporobolus africanus 40 Red Bartsia Parentucellia latifolia 242 Red Brome Bromus rubens 103 Red Fescue Festuca rubra 200

38 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Red Sand Spurrey Spergularia rubra 179 Red Valerian Centranthus ruber 48 Reddish Evening-primrose Oenothera glazioviana 185 Red-flower Mallow Modiola caroliniana 233 Red-hot Poker Kniphofia uvaria 92 Red-ink Weed Phytolacca octandra 163 Redshank Persicaria maculosa 166 Red-top Bent Agrostis gigantea 157 Reed Canary-grass Phalaris arundinacea 158 Reed Sweet-grass Glyceria maxima 20 Regal Pelargonium Pelargonium X domesticum 216 Ribwort Plantago lanceolata 179 Rice Millet Piptatherum miliaceum 209 Riverina Pear Opuntia cardiosperma 78 Riviera Sea-lavender Limonium companyonis 186 Rockrose Cistus inflatus 102 Rodondo Creeper Drosanthemum candens 75 Rosy Watsonia Watsonia borbonica 147 Rough Clover Trifolium scabrum 98 Rough Conyza Conyza primulaefolia 124 Rough Dog’s-tail Cynosurus echinatus 175 Rush Juncus fontanesii 101 Saffron Thistle Carthamus lanatus 124  Acacia longifolia subsp. Sallow Wattle 38 longifolia Salsify Tragopogon porrifolius 236 Sand Bird’s-foot Ornithopus pinnatus 172 Sand Rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia 231  Scarlet Bottlebrush Callistemon rugulosus 228 Scotch Thistle Onopordum acanthium 241  Sea Barley-grass Hordeum marinum 175 Sea Centaury Centaurium maritimum 124 Sea Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium diffusum 115 Sea Radish Raphanus maritimus 101 Sea Spurge Euphorbia paralias 49 Sea Wheat-grass Thinopyrum junceiforme 19 Seaside Daisy Erigeron karvinskianus 172 Sedum Sedum praealtum 210 Serrated Tussock Nassella trichotoma 10   Shaftal Clover Trifolium resupinatum 98 Sharp Buttercup Ranunculus muricatus 131 Shasta Daisy Leucanthemum maximum 240 Sheep Sorrel Acetosella vulgaris 124 Shepherd’s Purse Capsella bursa-pastoris 187 Shrubby Crassula Crassula tetragona 75 Shrubby Daisybush Osteospermum fruticosum 201 Sicilian Sea-lavender Limonium hyblaeum 186 Silky Cudweed Gamochaeta calviceps 238 Silky Hakea Hakea sericea 39 Silky Oak Grevillea robusta 210 Silky Plantain Plantago bellardii 242 Silky Podalyria Podalyria sericea 93 Silverweed Potentilla anserina 240 Silvery Hair-grass Aira caryophyllea 115 Slender Barb-grass Parapholis strigosa 49

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 39 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Slender Bedstraw Galium divaricatum 130 Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus angustissimus 239 Slender Celery Ciclospermum leptophyllum 188 Slender Centaury Centaurium tenuiflorum 115 Slender Cicendia Cicendia filiformis 184 Slender False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum 236 Slender Pigeon Grass Setaria parviflora 242 Slender Thistle Carduus pycnocephalus 187  Slender Vetch Vicia tetrasperma 239 Small Goosegrass Galium murale 130 Small Nettle Urtica urens 187 Small Piert Aphanes microcarpa 122 Small-flower Buttercup Ranunculus parviflorus 239 Small-flower Mallow Malva parviflora 177 Small-flower Onion-grass Romulea minutiflora 242 Smooth Cat’s-ear Hypochoeris glabra 115 Smooth Fleabane Conyza bilbaoana 124 Smooth Hawksbeard Crepis capillaris 178 Soft Brome Bromus hordeaceus 184 Soft Rush Juncus effusus 106 Sour Grass Oxalis articulata 102 Soursob Oxalis pes-caprae 39  Southern Plantain Plantago australis 182 Sowbane Chenopodium murale 187 Spanish Broom Spartium junceum 147 Spanish Heath Erica lusitanica 2 Spear Orache Atriplex patula 185 Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare 115  Spearmint Mentha spicata 240 Spiny Broom Calicotome spinosa 201  Spiny Emex Emex australis 130  Spiny Rush Juncus acutus 107  Spiny-fruit Rush Juncus oxycarpus 228 Spoonleaf Purple Everlasting Gamochaeta purpurea 232 Spotted Gum Corymbia maculata 213 Spotted Medic Medicago arabica 95 Spreading Pearlwort Sagina procumbens 217 Spring Star-flower Ipheion uniflorum 66 Spurred Vetch Vicia monantha 239 Square Cicendia Cicendia quadrangularis 184 Squirrel-tail Fescue Vulpia bromoides 115 St John’s Wort Hypericum perforatum 95  St Peter’s Wort Hypericum tetrapterum 101   Stagger Weed Stachys arvensis 230 Star Thistle Centaurea calcitrapa 238  Sticky Ground-cherry Physalis viscosa 211 Sticky Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium glomeratum 115 Sticky Wattle Acacia howittii 201 Stiff Rye-grass Lolium loliaceum 206 Stiff Sand-grass Catapodium marinum 47 Stink Grass Eragrostis cilianensis 212 Stinking Hawksbeard Crepis foetida 178 Stinking Mayweed Anthemis cotula 236 Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens 106  Stock Matthiola incana 240

40 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Stone Pine Pinus pinea 159 Strapwort Corrigiola litoralis 181 Striated Catchfly Silene conica 236 String Rush Juncus capillaceus 227 Striped Rush-leaf Sisyrinchium iridifolium 176 Subterranean Clover Trifolium subterraneum 240 Suckling Clover Trifolium dubium 98 Sugar Gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx 210 Summer Grass Digitaria sanguinalis 230 Swan Plant Gomphocarpus fruticosus 231 Sweet Alyssum Lobularia maritima 240 Sweet Briar Rosa rubiginosa 172  Sweet Hakea Hakea drupacea 12 Sweet Melilot Melilotus indicus 176 Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum 4 Sweet Vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum 14 Sycamore Maple Acer pseudoplatanus 78 Taiwan Lily Lilium formosanum 237 Tall Fescue Festuca arundinacea 149 Tall Fleabane Conyza albida 124 Tall Fleabane Conyza sumatrensis 124 Tall Moring-glory Ipomoea purpurea 66 Tall Wheat-grass Lophopyrum ponticum 64 Tarata Pittosporum eugenioides 212 Tazetta Narcissus tazetta 228 Texas Needle-grass Nassella leucotricha 10 Thread Water-starwort Callitriche hamulata 125 Three Part Crassula Crassula alata 127 Thyme-leaf Sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolia 187 Tiger Pear Opuntia aurantiaca 78 Timothy Grass Phleum pratense 242 Tiny Vetch Vicia hirsuta 239 Tiny-headed Rush Juncus microcephalus 49 Toowoomba Canary-grass Phalaris aquatica 68 Topped Lavender Lavandula stoechas 216  Totem-poles Melaleuca decussata 237 Tree Heath Erica arborea 65 Tree Lucerne Chamaecytisus palmensis 30 Tree Lupin Lupinus arboreus 240 Tree Mallow Malva dendromorpha 228 Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima 156  Tree Tobacco Nicotiana glauca 242 Tricolor Harlequin-flower Sparaxis tricolor 12 Tuart Eucalyptus gomphocephala 210 Tufted Honey-flower Melianthus comosus 216 Tutsan Hypericum androsaemum 184  Twiggy Mullein Verbascum virgatum 230 Two-leaf Cape-tulip Moraea miniata 213 Two-row Barley Hordeum distichon 166 Variable Ixia Ixia polystachya 39 Vasey Grass Paspalum urvillei 209 Velvet Cotoneaster Cotoneaster pannosus 28 Velvety Pink Petrorhagia dubia 227 Viper’s Bugloss Echium vulgare 94  Wall Brome Bromus tectorum 211

Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria 41 Appendix 3 Environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria listed by common name.

National Ranking Vic Alert Alert Common Name Botanical Name Score CALP Act Weed Weed WONS Wall Fescue Vulpia muralis 115 Wall Fumitory Fumaria muralis 95 Wall Pellitory Parietaria judaica 239 Wall Rocket Diplotaxis muralis 231 Wall Speedwell Veronica arvensis 232 Wallflower Erysimum cheiri 237 Wandering Jew Tradescantia fluminensis 11 Water Bent Polypogon viridis 128 Watercress Nasturtium officinale 105 Weeping Willow Salix babylonica 74 Weeping Willow Salix X pendulina 74   Western Australian Willow Mrytle Agonis flexuosa 147 Western Coastal Wattle Acacia cyclops 29 Wheel Cactus Opuntia robusta 78  White Arctotis Arctotis stoechadifolia 210 White Arum-lily Zantedeschia aethiopica 21 White Bladder-flower Araujia sericifera 199 White Clover Trifolium repens 99 White Cudweed Vellereophyton dealbatum 124 White Fumitory Fumaria capreolata 95 White Kunzea Kunzea ambigua 39 White Poplar Populus alba 155 White Sallow-wattle Acacia floribunda 213 White Turnip Brassica rapa 242 White Willow Salix alba 20 Whitetip Nightshade Solanum chenopodioides 121 Whitlow Wort Paronychia brasiliana 228 Wild Barley Hordeum murinum 175 Wild Gladiolus Gladiolus undulatus 12 Wild Oat Avena fatua 214 Wild Radish Raphanus raphanistrum 215 Wild Sage Salvia verbenaca 239 Wild Teasel Dipsacus fullonum 216  Wild Tobacco Tree Solanum mauritianum 236 Willow-leaf Hakea Hakea salicifolia 213 Willow-leaf Lettuce Lactuca saligna 178 Wimmera Rye-grass Lolium rigidum 206 Winter Euryops Euryops abrotanifolius 93 Wireweed Polygonum arenastrum 101 Wireweed Polygonum aviculare 242 Wirilda Acacia retinodes 51 Wood Bitter-cress Cardamine flexuosa 236 Wood Forget-me-not Myosotis sylvatica 11 Wood-sorrel Oxalis brasiliensis 102 Woolly Clover Trifolium tomentosum 239 Woolly Mullein Verbascum thapsus 230  Yellow Alkanet Nonea lutea 240 Yellow Alstroemeria Alstroemeria aurea 102 Yellow Bartsia Parentucellia viscosa 242 Yellow Flag Iris Iris pseudacorus 46 Yellow Horned-poppy Glaucium flavum 133 Yellow Ixia Ixia maculata 38 Yellow Woodsorrel Oxalis corniculata 242 Yellow-and-blue Forget-me-not Myosotis discolor 212 Yorkshire Fog Holcus lanatus 13

42 Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria www.dse.vic.gov.au