sign in sign up
<<
Home , Agrostis, Agrostis elliottiana, Agrostis perennans, Agrostis scabra, Aira caryophyllea, Aira praecox

ANNOTATED LIST OF GRASSES () Edward E. Terrell and Paul M. Peterson Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution , D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. [email protected]; [email protected]

a b s t r a c t Accepted names, common names, and widely used synonyms for 347 of grasses found in Maryland are reported. We provide information on their frequency, distribution, and conservation status.

r e s u m e n Se divulgan los nombres aceptados, nombres comunes, y los sinónimos ampliamente utilizados para 347 especies de pastos encontradas en Maryland. Proporcionamos información de su frecuencia, distribución, y estado de la conservación.

The grass (Poaceae or Gramineae) is the fourth largest flowering family in the world and con- tains about 11,000 species in 800 genera worldwide. Twenty-three genera contain 100 or more species or about half of all grass species, and almost half of the 800 genera are monotypic or diatypic, i.e., with only one or two species (Watson & Dallwitz 1992, 1999). Specializations for open habitats and grazing toler- ance, highly reduced floral structure, and wind in the grasses have enabled the family to be extremely successful at planet-wide radiation and colonization. One notable feature of grasses and other monocots are intercalary meristems that allow individual culms to resprout once they have been removed. Grasses are well adapted to open, marginal, and frequently disturbed habitats, and can be found on every continent, including Antarctica. With the infusion of molecular data our present concept and classification of the grasses is changing at a rapid rate. In Maryland we currently recognize eight subfamilies: Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, , Arundinoideae, Danthonoideae, Aristidoideae, , and (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001; Soreng et al. 2009). Over the last 120 years or so the flora of the eastern has been well documented. In Mary- land, local treatments such as the flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity (Hitchcock 1919), Maryland grasses (Norton 1930), herbaceous of Maryland (Brown & Brown 1984), a checklist of plants in the Washington-Baltimore area (Hermann 1946), an annotated checklist of vascular plants of Rock Creek Park (Fleming & Canal 1995), an annotated list of the flora of Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (Terrell et al. 2000), and an annotated list of vascular plants of the Washington-Baltimore area (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002) have vastly improved our distribution records. Regional treatments have also contributed to an environmental awakening making the identification of grasses more accessible (Fernald 1950; Brown & Brown 1984; Gleason & Cronquist 1991). The natural flora is always in a tenuous position since its survival is often in the hands of bureaucrats, politicians, and ultimately developers. Knowledge of our ever changing flora is critical to the conservation of our plant biodiversity, including the monitoring of native, introduced, and invasive species. We hope this annotated checklist will be useful to everyone who is concerned with maintaining our natural heritage and that it will serve as a useful step toward subsequent lists.

J. Bot. Res. Inst. 3(2): 905 – 919. 2009 906 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

m e t h o d s We recognize four zones in Maryland: the coastal plain, piedmont, upper midland, and mountain. The coastal plain is east of Montgomery, Howard, Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil counties (Fig. 1) extending to and the Atlantic coast and including the lands surrounding the Chesapeake Bay. The piedmont, termed the lower midland zone in Brown & Brown (1984), includes all of the above-named five counties and the eastern part of Carroll County. The upper midland zone extends west through Washington County and a small part of Allegany County. This zone includes the northern extension of the Blue Ridge province and part of the Ridge and Valley province. The mountain zone includes most of Allegany County and all of Garrett County. This zone often has elevations above 1500 feet and its highest point is 3360 ft. This annotated list is based on reports taken from publications and from collections at the University of Maryland (MARY) and the United States National Herbarium (US) at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The main source of distribution data was taken from Brown and Brown (1984) and often the first data listed here for a species have been taken from this source. In addition we consulted the Flora of , volumes 24 and 25 (Barkworth et al. 2003, 2007), a comprehensive treatment of the grasses. We cite Reed (1964) frequently because he investigated plants found on chrome, manganese, or other ore piles in the Canton area of the port district of Baltimore. Many of these species were first reports for North America or new to the DC area. Shetler and Stone Orli (2002) who produced a list for the DC area was also extensively consulted. We include data from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (list downloaded on 13 Nov 2007) concerning rare, threatened, and endangered species. There are no Maryland grasses federally listed as Endangered or Threatened. Seventy-three grass species are listed, including mostly species that are state-rare, regardless of how common they are in the other sections of their ranges, e.g., Zizaniopsis miliacea is very rare in Maryland, but frequent to common in the remainder of its range, Maryland to and Texas and north to southeastern Missouri. Many other Maryland grasses have similar ranges, and are rated G5 for “demonstrably secure globally.” In the present list we are concerned with species that are “globally rare”. Consequently, we list here and in the text only 14 species that are designated G3 (very rare and local or with a restricted range) or G4 (secure globally but locally rare): amphicarpon (G4), nottowayanus (G3-G5), porteri (G4), aciculare subsp. aciculare (G4-G5), D. aciculare subsp. angustifolium (G4-G5), D. acuminatum subsp. leucothrix (G4), D. scabriusculum (G4), D. wrightianum (G4), glabriflora (G4), M. torreyana (G3), philadelphicum subsp. philadelphicum (G3-G5), alsodes (G4-G5), P. saltuensis subsp. languida (G3-G4), Sphenopholis pensylvanica (G4). The following abbreviations are used in the list: BARC= Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; DC= District of Columbia; DOV= Phillips Herbarium, Delaware State College, Dover, Delaware; MD= Maryland, MARY= University of Maryland herbarium; TAWES= Herbarium of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, Maryland; and US= United States National Herbarium. Accepted names appear in bold, synonyms appear in regular type, and an asterisk * designates .

a n n o t a t e d l i s t o f g r a s s e s o f m a r y l a n d AEGILOPS L. George’s, Garrett, Somerset, Wicomico cos. (all det. by M. *Aegilops. triuncialis L. – barbed goat grass. Baltimore, chrome Harvey). Locally common in and fields in Montgom- ore piles (Reed 1964). ery and Prince George’s cos. (Terrell collections), probably (AGROPYRON Gaertn.) occurs more widely in MD. Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. = Elymus repens elliottiana Schult. – Elliott’s bentgrass. Reported from Charles County (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). No col- AGROSTIS L. bentgrass. lections at MARY or US. Agrostis alba of authors = *Agrostis gigantea Roth – redtop. (A. alba L., misapplied). * L. – velvet bent. A grass reported Common and widespread. from Frederick Co. Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. – * L. – Rhode Island bentgrass, colonial ticklegrass. Common. bentgrass. Collections at US: Montgomery, Prince Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 907

Fig. 1. Location of counties in Maryland.

Agrostis mertensii Trin. – northern bent. Reported by Reed Co. and DC area. Prince George’s Co., Oxon Run (Shetler (1986). & Stone Orli 2002). (Walter) Tuck. – upland bentgrass. * myosuroides Huds. – slender foxtail. Rare, Frequent in piedmont and coastal plain. DC area. Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Prince Willd. – rough bentgrass. (A. hyemalis var. George’s Co., Beltsville (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). scabra (Willd.) Blomq. Rather widespread. * L. – meadow foxtail. Rare. Dorchester Agrostis spica-venti L. = spica-venti Co. Prince George’s Co. (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). Mont- * L. – creeping bentgrass. Widespread gomery Co., Terrell collection. in suitably moist habitats. AMMOPHILA Host Beachgrass. Agrostis tenuis Sibth. = A. capillaris Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link – European beachgrass. Oc- L. Hairgrass. casionally introduced. Reported by Kartesz & Meacham Aira capillaris Host = A. caryophyllea var. capillaris (2008). *Aira caryophyllea L. Ammophila breviligulata Fernald – American beachgrass. var capillaris (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Bluff & Fingerh. – deli- Ocean and bay beaches and dunes. Widely planted to cate hairgrass. Rare, Worcester Co. and south. prevent erosion. var. caryophyllea – silver hairgrass. Frequent on coastal AMPHICARPUM Kunth plain. Common at BARC, Prince George’s Co. (Terrell et al. Amphicarpum amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash – blue maiden- 2000). cane. Locally abundant, coastal plain. G4. Aira elegans Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = A. caryophyllea Amphicarpum purshii Kunth = A. amphicarpon var. capillaris *Aira praecox L. – spike hairgrass. Prince George’s, Calvert, L. Bluestem. Worcester cos. Rare on southern coastal plain. Andropogon elliottii Chapm. = A. gyrans Andropogon gerardii Vitman – big bluestem. Infrequent J.Presl throughout. Widely planted in warm season grass mixes *Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf – Baltimore, ore piles (Reed (Frye). 1964). (Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees ex B.D. Jacks.). Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns, & ALOPECURUS L. Poggenb. Sobol. var. aequalis – short-awn foxtail. var. glaucopsis (Elliott) C. Mohr – Reported by Kartesz & Rare, Cecil Co. Prince George’s Co., two collections from Meacham (2008). BARC (Terrell et al. 2000). Spreading via agricultural equip- var. glomeratus – bushy bluestem. Common, coastal ment on Delmarva, likely adventive (Frye). plain. Walter – tufted foxtail. Infrequent, var. hirsutior (Hack.) C. Mohr – Reported by Kartesz & an agricultural weed of field edges (Frye). Meacham (2008). * L. – marsh foxtail. Rare. Dorchester 908 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

Andropogon gyrans Ashe var. gyrans – Elliott’s bluestem. ARTHRAXON P. Beauv. Coastal plain. *Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino – arthraxon, small Andropogon scoparius Michx.= Schizachyrium scoparium carp grass. Common and widespread weed. Andropogon ternarius Michx.var. ternarius – split bluestem. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane Coastal plain, infrequent. Arundinaria tecta (Walter) Muhl. – switch cane. Rare, Andropogon virginicus L. coastal plain. var. virginicus – broomsedge bluestem. Widespread and abundant. L. Reed var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Fernald & Griscom = A. glomeratus *Arundo donax L. – giant reed. Grown as ornamental. Estab- lished in Wicomico Co. L. *Anthoxanthum hirtum (Schrank) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp L. Oats – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). *Avena fatua L. – wild oats. Rare. Baltimore, chrome ore *Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp piles (Reed 1964). – sweetgrass. Hierochloë odorata (L.) Wahlenb. *Avena sativa L. – Oats. Cultivated, sometimes escaped and treated as synonym in Allred & Barkworth (2007: 762). established. Rare. Baltimore Co, Soldiers Delight, 4 May 1980, Reveal AVENELLA (Bluff & Fingerh.) Drejer & Broome 5133 (MARY). Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer – crinkled hairgrass. Frequent, *Anthoxanthum odoratum L. – sweet vernal grass. Abun- northern coastal plain and mountains. dant weed throughout MD. P. Beauv. APERA Adans. Axonopus furcatus (Flüggé) Hitchc. – big carpetgrass. *Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. – Weed in grass plots, College Uncommon, coastal plain. None in MARY, US. Locally Park, Prince George’s Co. abundant in Somerset Co. (Frye). L. BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntze *Apluda mutica L. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed *Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus – Baltimore, chrome 1964). ore piles (Reed 1964). L. Three-awn grass Lag. Grama grass. Aristida adscensionis L. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles *Bouteloua aristidoides (Kunth) Griseb. – Baltimore, chrome (Reed 1964). ore piles (Reed 1964). Aristida curtissii (A. Gray) Nash = A. dichotoma var. curtissii *Bouteloua barbata Lag. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles Aristida dichotoma Michx. (Reed 1964). var. curtissii A. Gray – Curtiss’s three-awn grass. Uncom- Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. – side-oats grama. mon, coastal plain and piedmont. Prince George’s Co., Rare, ridge and valley (Frye). Montgomery, Baltimore, BARC (Terrell et al. 2000). Washington, Allegany cos. (Brown & Brown 1984). var. dichotoma – Common, coastal plain and piedmont. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Elliott – woolly three-awn grass. (2008). Rare, eastern shore. Aristida longespica Poir. (Trin.) Griseb. = , in part var. geniculata (Raf.) Fernald – Reported by Kartesz & Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf = Urochloa distachya Meacham (2008). Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb. = Moorochloa eruciformis var. longespica – Frequent, coastal plain and lower BRACHYELYTRUM. P. Beauv. piedmont. Brachyelytrum aristosum (Michx.) P. Beauv. ex Branner & Aristida oligantha Michx. – oldfield three-awn grass. Fairly Coville – Garrett Co. (Saarela et al. 2003). common, coastal plain and DC area. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) P. Beauv. – Fairly common, Aristida purpurascens Poir. piedmont and mountains. var. purpurascens – purple three-awn grass. Frequent, L. Quaking grass. coastal plain. *Briza media L. – Rare. No data (Brown & Brown 1984). var. virgata (Trin.) Allred – Rare, eastern shore. Five collec- *Briza minor – little quaking grass. Rarely established; As- tions from Wicomico and Worcester cos. in TAWES (Frye). sateague Island, Worcester Co. (Brown & Brown 1984). Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. – seaside three-awn grass. Rare, Assateague Island, Worcester Co. BROMUS L. Brome grass. *Bromus arvensis L. – field bromegrass. Rare, Prince George’s, ARRHENATHERUM P. Beauv. Worcester, and Talbot cos. *Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl *Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – awnless brome. Rare, var. elatius – tall oatgrass. Naturalized, sometimes planted. Baltimore and Dorchester cos. Rather infrequent, mostly in the piedmont. *Bromus catharticus Vahl – rescue grass. Uncommon. Prince var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner – Reported from southern George’s Co., BARC (Terrell et al. 2000). eastern shore. Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 909

Bromus ciliatus L. L. Sandbur. var. ciliatus – fringed bromegrass. Reported from Mary- *Cenchrus echinatus L. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed land, needing taxonomic study (Frye). 1964). Bromus ciliatus var. laeviglumis Scribn. = B. pubescens. Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald – field sandbur. Infre- *Bromus commutatus Schrad. – hairy chess, meadow quent. Prince Georges Co., BARC (Terrell et al. 2000). brome. Common and widespread weed. Cenchrus spinifex Cav. – coastal sandbur. Reported by * Roth – ripgut grass. Local and rare, inner Kartesz & Meacham (2008). coastal plain. (B. rigidus in Brown & Brown 1984). Cenchrus tribuloides L. – dune sandbur. Common in Bromus dudleyi Fernald= B. ciliatus coastal plain. *Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. hordeaceus – soft chess, (CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.) = soft brome. Known from several counties (B. mollis in Brown & Brown 1984). Prince George’s Co., BARC (Terrell CHASMANTHIUM Link et al. 2000). Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H. O. Yates – Indian *Bromus inermis Leyss. – smooth brome. Sometimes grown, wood oats. (Uniola latifolia Michx.) Frequent in Potomac but established widely in a variety of habitats. drainage. *Bromus japonicus Thunb. – Japanese brome, Japanese Chasmanthium laxum (L.) H. O. Yates – slender wood chess. Known from four counties but common weed in oats. (Uniola laxa (L.) BSP.). Chiefly in coastal plain where BARC, Prince George’s Co. (Terrell et al. 2000) and probably frequent. more widely distributed. Sw. Finger Grass. *Bromus kalmii A. Gray – Rare, Garrett Co. *Chloris verticillata Nutt. – windmill grass. Established Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. – Rare, coastal plain and in field adjoining library in BARC, Prince George’s Co. along Potomac River. (Terrell et al. 2000). *Bromus madritensis L. Cultivated as ornamental. Listed by *Chloris virgata Sw. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Guala & Bogler (2004). Bromus mollis L. = B. hordeaceus L. Woodreed. Bromus nottowayanus Fernald – Rare, Baltimore and Mont- Cinna arundinacea L. – Woodreed. Common throughout. gomery cos. (Brown & Brown 1984). In calcareous habitats Cinna latifolia (Trevir. ex Göpp.) Griseb. – drooping wood- throughout Maryland (Frye). G3−G5. reed. Infrequent in mountain zone. Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. – Canada brome. Com- Brongn. mon in piedmont, also in Garrett and Allegany Cos., often Coelorachis rugosa (Nutt.) Nash – wrinkled jointgrass. Rare referred to as B. ciliatus var. laeviglumis (B. purgans in Brown in southern eastern shore (as rugosa in Brown & & Brown 1984). Brown 1984). No specimens from MD in MARY. Bromus purgans L. = B. pubescens Rich. Bromus racemosus L. – Uncommon, reported from Anne * (l.) Pers. – Bermuda grass. Planted in Arundel, Baltimore, Howard, Kent, Prince George’s, Mont- lawns and widely established as a weed. gomery and Queen Anne’s cos. Bromus rigidus Roth = B. diandrus L. Dog’s-tail Grass. *Bromus rubens L. – foxtail chess. Rare, reported from *Cynosurus cristatus L. – crested dog’s-tail grass. Rare Worcester Co. weed. College Park, Prince George’s Co. (Shetler & Stone *Bromus secalinus L. – chess, cheat. Common and widespread. Orli 2002). *Bromus sterilis L. – barren brome, poverty brome. Uncom- *Cynosurus echinatus L. – Rare weed reported from MD. mon. Weed in Prince George’s Co., BARC (Terrell et al. DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass. 2000). In 2008 abundant in Frederick Co. and in parts of *Dactylis glomerata L. – orchard grass. Common and wide- Montgomery Co. (seen by Terrell). spread. Sometimes cultivated. *Bromus tectorum L. – downy chess, downy brome. Com- mon weed. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Bromus unioloides Kunth = B. catharticus *Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. – Rare or absent. Bromus villosus Forssk. = B. diandrus One collection Pond s.n. (MARY) as a weed in farm plots, College Park. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed Bentgrass. *Dactyloctenium geminatum Hack. – Baltimore, chrome Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. canadensis ore piles (Reed 1964). – bluejoint. Infrequent. Garrett, Montgomery, and Prince George’s cos. (Brown & Brown 1984). DANTHONIA Lam.& DC. Wild Oatgrass. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W.P.C.Bart.) – small Danthonia compressa Aust. – mountain oatgrass. Com- reedgrass. A proposal is planned to preserve this name mon in western MD, also Frederick, Montgomery, Prince over the name C. coarctata Torr. ex Eaton (Marr et al. 2007: George’s, and Calvert cos. 717). Widespread. Danthonia sericea Nutt. – downy oatgrass. Common in Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray subsp. porteri – Reported by Dorchester, Wicomico, and Worcester cos. and in coastal Kartesz & Meacham (2008). G4. plain. 910 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. – poverty Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould – deer-tongue grass. Common and widespread. grass. Common and widespread. Dichanthelium commutatum (Schult.) Gould – variable DASYOCHLOA Willd. ex Rydb. panicgrass. *Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb. – Baltimore, subsp. ashei (T.G. Pearson ex Ashe) Freckmann & Lelong. chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). No data. P. Beauv. Hairgrass. subsp. commutatum – Frequent. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. – tufted hairgrass. Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould – starved Reported from Baltimore Co. No collections in MARY, US. panic grass. Frequent in coastal plain and piedmont. Several collections at TAWES (Frye). Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould – forked panic grass, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.= Avenella flexuosa bushy panic grass. DIARRHENA P. Beauv. subsp. dichotomum – Common. Diarrhena americana P. Beauv. – American beakgrain. Possi- subsp. lucidum (Ashe) Freckmann & Lelong. No data. bly erroneously reported in Maryland (Brandenburg 2007: subsp. microcarpon (Muhl. ex Elliott) Freckmann & Lelong. 65), recent collections have all been D. obovata. – Common. Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg – obovate subsp. yadkinense (Ashe) Freckmann & Lelong. No beakgrain. Collected during years 2002- 2007 from Mont- data gomery to Allegany counties along the Potomac River by Dichanthelium ensifolium (Baldwin ex Elliott) Gould – C. Lea, (DOV, US). R.J. Soreng recently collected it near the sword- panic grass. No data. American Legion Bridge and at Bear Island, Montgomery Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Harvill – broad-leaved panic Co., personal collections. grass.Infrequent in piedmont. Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould – soft-tufted pan- DICHANTHELIUM (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould icgrass. Rare in MD. Subspecies here are sometimes varieties in Brown & Brown Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould – linear-leaved (1984). Some species listed by Guala & Bogler (2004) are panicgrass, low panic grass. No data. subspecies. M. Lelong determined some taxa collected in Dichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) Freckmann. Reported by Prince George’s Co. Kartesz & Meacham (2008). = D. acuminatum subsp. Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C.A.Clark implicatum – narrow-leaved panicgrass. Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould – few-flowered subsp. aciculare. – Rare in coastal plain. G4−G5. panicgrass. subsp. angustifolium (Elliott) Freckmann & Lelong (D. subsp. oligosanthes – Infrequent, coastal plain. angustifolium (Elliott) Gould)− As a synonym of D. aciculare subsp. scribnerianum (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong – In- var. aciculare in Brown & Brown (1984). No data. G4−G5. frequent, piedmont. Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark – hairy Dichanthelium ovale (Elliott) Gould & C.A.Clark – stiff-leaved panicgrass. panicgrass. subsp. acuminatum (var. acuminatum) – Infrequent in subsp. ovale – Rare, coastal dunes. coastal plain. subsp. pseudopubescens (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong – subsp. columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong. As Rare. D. sabulorum var. thinum (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould & C.A. subsp. villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong. No data. Clark in Brown & Brown (1984). Occurs in coastal plain. Dichanthelium polyanthes (Schult.) Mohlenbr. – many- subsp. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann & Lelong. flowered panic grass. As D. sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum Widespread. (Scribn.) Gould & C.A. Clark in Brown & Brown 1984). subsp. implicatum (Scribn) Freckmann & Lelong. Pied- Common. mont and coastal plain. Dichanthelium portoricense (Desv. ex Ham.) B.F. Hansen subsp. leucothrix (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong. As D. & Wunderlin acuminatum var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & C.A. Clark subsp. patulum (Scribn. & Merr.) Freckmann & Lelong – in Brown & Brown (1984). No data. G4. blunt-glumed panicgrass. No data. subsp. lindheimeri (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong. Frequent. Dichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn & Merr.) Gould – Ravenel’s subsp. longiligulatum (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong. panic grass. Rare in coastal plain. Coastal plain. Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & C.A. Clark subsp. spretum (Schult) Freckmann & Lelong. As D. var. patulum = D. portoricense subsp. patulum acuminatum var. densiflorum (E.L. Rand & Redfield) Gould var. thinium = D. acuminatum subsp. columbianum & C.A. Clark in Brown and Brown (1984). Coastal plain. Dichanthelium scabriusculum (Ell.) Gould & C.A. Clark – Dichanthelium angustifolium (Elliott) Gould = D. aciculare Uncommon in coastal plain. Wicomico Co. G4. Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckman – northern panic Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould – velvety pan- grass. No data. icgrass. Common in eastern MD and coastal plain. Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C. A. Clark – Bosc’s Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Elliott) Gould – round- panicgrass. Common. fruited panicgrass. Common. Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 911

Dichanthelium tenue (Muhl.) Freckmann & Lelong – Re- Elymus macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campb. – early wildrye. ported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). Dichanthelium villosissimum = D. ovale subsp. villosis- *Elymus repens (L.) Gould – quackgrass. Common and simum widespread weed. Dichanthelium wrightianum (Scribn.) Freckmann – Re- Elymus riparius Wiegand – riverbank wildrye. Frequent, ported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). G4. piedmont and Worcester Co. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould Haller Crab Grass, Finger Grass. subsp. subsecundus (Link) A. Löve & D. Löve – Reported (Retz.) Koeler – southern crabgrass. Prob- by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). ably common. subsp. trachycaulus – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham Digitaria cognata (Schult.) Pilg. – fall witchgrass. (Leptoloma (2008). cognata (Schult.) Chase). Anne Arundel Co. (Shetler & Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. – slender wildrye. Infrequent, Stone Orli 2002), Prince George’s Co., BARC (Terrell et al. piedmont and coastal plain. 2000). Frequent on coastal plain (Frye). Elymus virginicus L. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler – slender crabgrass. Frequent, var. halophilus (E. P. Bicknell) Wiegand. – Reported by coastal plain. Kartesz & Meacham (2008),. *Digitaria (Schreb.) Muhl. – smooth crabgrass. var. virginicus. – wildrye. Frequent and widespread. Common and widespread weed. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. – Baltimore, chrome ore (ELYTRIGIA Desv.) =ELYMUS piles (Reed 1964). Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski =Elymus repens *Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. – hairy crabgrass. Common ENNEAPOGON Desv. ex P. Beauv. and widespread weed. *Enneapogon desvauxii P. Beauv. – Baltimore, chrome ore Jacq. piles (Reed 1964). *Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. – Baltimore, chrome ore P. Beauv. Lovegrass piles (Reed 1964). *Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau – Baltimore, manganese ore DISTICHLIS Raf. Saltgrass. piles (Reed 1964). Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene – seashore saltgrass. Common Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees – lacegrass. Common, pied- in salt marshes, coastal plain. mont, infrequent in coastal plain. *Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. – stinkgrass. P. Beauv. Common weed in gardens and waste places through- * (L.) Link – awnless barnyard grass. out. Baltimore, chrome and manganese ore piles (Reed 1964). *Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees – weeping lovegrass. Baltimore Co., Riefner 78-721 (MARY). Prince George’s Co., Planted on roadsides as erosion preventive and used for BARC (Terrell et al. 2000). reclamation, often escaped and established (Peterson *Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. – barnyard grass. Com- 2003a: 76). mon and widespread. *Eragrostis cylindriflora Hochst. – Baltimore, manganese *Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth) Hitchc. – Baltimore, ore piles (Reed 1964). chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Eragrostis frankii C. A. Mey. ex Steud. – Frank’s lovegrass. Echinochloa frumentacea Link – Reported by Kartesz & Piedmont, infrequent. Meacham (2008). Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees – big-top lovegrass Com- Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald – Rare in MD. mon on coastal plain (Frye). var. microstachya Wiegand – Prince George’s Co., BARC Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. – (Terrell et al. 2000). Uncommon in piedmont. var. muricata – Prince George’s Co.,BARC (Terrell et al. Eragrostis (Koeler) Link = E. cilianensis 2000). *Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) A. Heller – Walter’s barnyard subsp. mexicana – Mexican lovegrass. Rare, known from grass. Common, coastal plain. Prince George’s Co. Gaertn. Goose Grass. subsp. virescens (J. Presl) S.D. Koch & Sánchez Vega. – * (L.) Gaertn. – goose grass. Common weed Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2002). especially on sidewalks and paved places. *Eragrostis minor Host – Infrequent; piedmont. ELYMUS L. Wildrye. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees var. pectinacea weedy Elymus canadensis L. – Canada wildrye. Limestone regions, lovegrass – Common and widespread weed. northern counties, Prince George’s, Talbot cos. *Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. var. pilosa – lovegrass. Elymus hystrix L. – bottlebrush grass. Frequent in piedmont and coastal plain, more common var. hystrix. – Widespread. (Hystrix patula Moench). east of Chesapeake Bay. var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Bowden – Reported by Kartesz Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. = E. minor & Meacham (2008). Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. – Infrequent, reported from Wicomico and Worcester cos. 912 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. – purple lovegrass. * fluitans (L.) R. Br. – water manna grass Reported Common and widespread. from Baltimore. Co. *Eragrostis suaveolens Becker ex Claus – sweet lovegrass. S. Watson – Reported by Kartesz & Mea- Prince George’s Co. (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002) cham (2008). *Eragrostis trichophora Coss. & Durieu – Baltimore, Chrome Glyceria laxa (Scribn.) Scribn. = G. canadensis var. laxa ore piles (Reed 1964). Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F.T. Hubb. – melic manna grass. *Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. – Baltimore, Infrequent, mountain and piedmont. chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. – Atlantic manna grass. Com- mon in coastal plain. (ERIANTHUS Michx.) = SACCHARUM Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. – northern manna grass. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. = Saccharum alopecuroides Frequent in coastal plain. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx.= S. brevibarbe (Lam.) Hitchc. – fowl manna grass. Wide- Erianthus. coarctatus Fernald= S. coarctatum spread and common. Erianthus contortus Ell. = S. brevibarbe var. contortum Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl. = S. giganteum P.Beauv. Beardgrass. Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv.= S. ravennae (Michx.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. – Frequent in coastal plain. Kunth Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. – Rare, Worcester and *Eriochloa acuminata (J. Presl) Kunth – Baltimore, chrome Wicomico cos. ore piles (Reed 1964). var. minor (Vasey) R.B. Shaw – Reported by Kartesz & Kuntze Meacham (2008). * (L.) Kuntze – Baltimore, chrome *Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. ex Ham. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). ore piles (Reed 1964). (HIEROCHLOË R. Br.) = ANTHOXANTHUM (EULALIA Kunth) Hierochloë hirta (Schrank) Borbás = Anthoxanthum hirtum Eulalia vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus = Microstegium vimineum Hierochloë odorata (L.) Wahlenb. = Anthoxanthum nitens L. Fescue. HOLCUS L. Velvet Grass. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Schedonorus arundinaceus *Holcus lanatus L. – velvet grass. Common weed. Festuca brevipila = F. trachyphylla HORDEUM L. Barley. Festuca duriuscula L. = F. trachyphylla Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski – Reported by Kartesz Festuca elatior L. = Schedonorus arundinaceus & Meacham (2008). *Festuca filiformis Pourr. – hair fescue. Howard Co. Escaped *Hordeum jubatum L. – foxtail barley. Infrequent mostly from cultivation. on coastal plain. Prince George’s Co. BARC, (Terrell et Festuca longifolia Thuill. =F. trachyphylla al. 2000). Festuca obtusa Biehler = F. subverticellata *Hordeum marinum Huds. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles L. – sheep fescue. Planted as ornamental. (Reed 1964). Festuca paradoxa Desv. – cluster fescue. Rare, Garrett Co. and *Hordeum murinum L. Susquehanna Valley (Brown & Brown 1984). Apparently subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. – Reported by Kartesz & rare with few records (Frye). Meacham (2008). Festuca pratensis Huds. = Schedonorus pratensis subsp. murinum – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed * L. – red fescue. 1964). subsp. commutata Gaudin – Chewings fescue. Planted Hordeum pusillum Nutt. – little barley. Frequent in coastal for lawns and established elsewhere. plain. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman – Planted. *Hordeum vulgare L. – barley. Cultivated, escaping, not subsp. rubra. Planted. persisting. Festuca subverticellata (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev – nodding fescue. Common throughout (Frye). HYSTRIX Moench Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. = F. filiformis Hystrix patula Moench = Elymus hystrix *Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina – hard fescue. Natu- ISCHAEMUM L. ralized. Established in BARC, Prince George’s Co. (Terrell *Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. – Baltimore, chrome et al. 2000). ore piles (Reed 1964). GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass. *Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles Glyceria acutiflora Torr. – Rare on coastal plain and Blue (Reed 1964). Ridge (Frye). Pers. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. – Junegrass. A western var. canadensis – rattlesnake grass. Mountain counties. species cited by Kartesz & Meacham (2008) and listed by var. laxa (Scribn) Hitchc. – Listed as a species in coastal plain, Guala & Bogler (2004), but no records found. piedmont and mountain zones (Brown & Brown 1984). Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. = cristata Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 913

LEERSIA Sw. *Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp – Baltimore, Leersia hexandra Sw. – southern cutgrass. Rare. Data lacking. chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Formerly placed under Leersia lenticularis Michx. – catch-fly grass. Rare, Worcester Brachiaria. Co. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. – rice cutgrass. Widespread. *Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi Leersia virginica Willd. – white cutgrass. Widespread. – Frederick Co. (Reed 1964). P. Beauv. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. – DC area. *Leptochloa dubia (Kunth) Nees – Baltimore, chrome ore Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald – wirestem muhly. piles (Reed 1964). Baltimore, Frederick, Howard, and Montgomery cos. Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) N. Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn. – Hyattsville, Prince Snow – feather grass. (Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima George’s Co., Scribner s.n. at US (Shetler & Stone Orli (E.P. Bicknell) Gleason). Uncommon, coastal plain, Calvert 2002). G4. Co., Cove Point (Steury 1997). Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. – Reported by Kartesz Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi subsp. brachiata (Steud.) & Meacham 2008. N. Snow – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. – Infrequent in coastal LEPTOLOMA Chase plain and piedmont. Plants with lemmatal awns 3−10 mm Leptoloma cognata (Schult.) Chase = Digitaria cognata long have been referred to as M. mexicana var. filiformis (Torr.) Scribn. (Peterson 2003b: 154). L. Ryegrass. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton, Sterns, and *Lolium multiflorum Lam. – annual ryegrass, Italian ryegrass. Poggenb. – Reported from Garrett Co. Often planted. Widespread weed. Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F.Gmel. – nimblewill. Common *Lolium perenne L. – perennial ryegrass. Often planted. weed. Widespread weed. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.ex Trin.) Trin. – branched *Lolium temulentum L. – darnel. Uncommon weed. Balti- muhly. Frequent, midland and mountain zones. more, chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr.ex A. Gray – woodland MANISURIS L. muhly. Rare, mostly piedmont. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze = Coelorachis rugosa Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. – slender-flowered muhly. Common in western MD L. Melic Grass. (Frye). Melica mutica Walter – two-flowered melic. Rare, southern Muhlenbergia torreyana (Schult.) Hitchc. – Rare, Caroline MD and piedmont (Frye). Co. G3. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. ex Piper – Rare, ridge and valley Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fernald – bog muhly. Prince (Frye). George’s Co., Suitland (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). P. Beauv. P. Beauv. *Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka – Natal grass. (Rhynchelytrum *Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. undulatifolius repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb.). Treated as synonym by Zizka (Ard.) U. Scholz – Baltimore Co., Patapsco Valley State Park, (1988). Baltimore, chrome and manganese ore piles collected by Edward Uebel in 1996, the first record of this (Reed 1964). for North America (Peterson et al. 1999). Spreading MICROSTEGIUM Nees as noxious weed in 2008−2009. *Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus – cover-all grass, Michx. stilt grass, Nepalese browntop. Widespread noxious Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. – Rare, mountains (Frye). weed. Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker = racemosum L. PANICUM L. L. var. cisatlanticum Fernald – tall Some subspecies were treated as varieties in Brown and grass. Locally abundant in Garrett Co. (Frye). Collections Brown 1984. M. Lelong determined certain collections. from MD in MARY. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. = P. rigidulum subsp. rigidulum MISCANTHUS Andersson Elliott – bitter beachgrass. *Miscanthus sinensis Andersson – miscanthus. Widely subsp. amarulum (Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann & Lelong planted, frequently escaped. – Infrequent in coastal plain. Kunth subsp. amarum – Common in coastal plain. Mnesithea granularis (L.) de Koning & Sosef. = Hackelochloa Panicum anceps Michx. – beaked panicgrass. granularis subsp. anceps – frequent. Mnesithea rugosa (Nutt.) de Koning & Sosef. = Coelorachis subsp. rhizomatum (Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann & Lelong rugosa – Reported from MD. Panicum capillare L. subsp. capillare – witch grass. Frequent MOOROCHLOA Veldkamp. throughout. A new as treated by Veldkamp (2004). 914 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. – fall panicum. Com- laeve Michx. – smooth paspalum. Common and mon weed. widespread. Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scribn. – wiry witchgrass. Rare in *Paspalum orbiculatum Poir. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles piedmont. (Reed 1964). Panicum gattingeri = P. philadelphicum subsp. gattingeri Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr.ex E. Fourn. – Reported from Schult. – maidencane. Infrequent in Anne Arundel Co. coastal plain (Frye). P. J. Bergius – water paspalum. Uncommon. Panicum longifolium Torr. = P. rigidulum subsp. pubescens *Paspalum scrobiculatum L. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles *Panicum miliaceum L. – broom-corn millet, proso millet. (Reed 1964). Occasionally cultivated and escaped. Paspalum setaceum Michx. – slender paspalum. No data for *Panicum paludosum Roxb. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles these varieties in Brown & Brown (1984). (Reed 1964). var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. – Philadelphia var. muhlenbergii (Nash) D.J. Banks witchgrass. var. psammophilum (Nash) D.J. Banks – Occurs in DC. subsp. philadelphicum. Rare, Washington-Baltimore area. var. setaceum – Frequent. G3−G5. var. stramineum (Nash) D.J. Banks subsp. gattingeri (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong – Reported Rich. by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). *Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. – pearl millet. Rarely Panicum psilopodium Trin. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles escaped from cultivation. Anne Arundel, Brooklyn Park (Reed 1964). (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). Baltimore, chrome ore piles Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees – redtop panicum. (Reed 1964). subsp. combsii (Scribn. & C.R. Ball) Freckmann & Lelong – No data on distribution. L. subsp. elongatum (Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong – Pied- Phalaris arundinacea L. – reed canary grass. Common in mont and mountain zones. Prince George’s Co., BARC coastal plain and frequent in piedmont and elsewhere. (Terrell et al. 2000). *Phalaris canariensis L. – canary grass. Baltimore, chrome subsp. pubescens (Vasey) Freckmann & Lelong – Infre- ore piles (Reed 1964). quent in piedmont and coastal plain. Phalaris caroliniana Walter – maygrass. Rare in coastal plain. subsp. rigidulum (P. agrostoides) – Common in piedmont Baltimore Co., probably extirpated (Shetler & Stone Orli and coastal plain. 2002). Panicum stipitatum Nash = P. rigidulum subsp. elongatum Phalaris minor Retz. – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham *Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem & Schult. – Baltimore, (2008). chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). *Phalaris paradoxa L. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed Panicum tuckermanii Fernald = P. philadelphicum 1964). Panicum verrucosum Muhl. – warty panicgrass. Frequent L. throughout. *Phleum pratense L. – timothy. Planted and naturalized. L. – switch grass. Common in coastal Widespread. plain, rare elsewhere, sometimes cultivated. *Phleum subulatum (Savi) Asch. & Graebn. – Baltimore, PARAPHOLIS C.E. Hubb. chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). *Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. – curved sickle grass PHRAGMITES Adans. Reed. − Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Calvert Co., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – common reed. Cove Point dunes (Steury 1997). Rarely adventive from Common and widespread. Two lineages are recognized . in Maryland by Saltonstall et al. (2004), P. australis subsp. PASPALUM L. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson, & Soreng, the native Paspalum boscianum Flüggé – bull paspalum. Uncom- lineage and an unnamed introduced lineage. mon. Phragmites communis Trin. = P. australis *Paspalum convexum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flüggé – Baltimore, PHYLLOSTACHYS Siebold & Zucc. chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). *Phyllostachys aurea Carrière ex Rivière & C. Rivière – Listed *Paspalum dilatatum Poir. – dallis grass. Baltimore Co., by Guala & Bogler (2004). Prince George’s Co. *Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc. – Cultivated Paspalum dissectum (L.) L. – Infrequent in coastal plain. and sometimes spreading. Hyattsville, Prince George’s Paspalum distichum L. – Listed by Guala & Bogler (2004). Co. Data lacking. *Phyllostachys flexuosa Riviėre & C. Rivière – Cultivated and Paspalum floridanum Michx. – Florida paspalum. Frequent sometimes spreading. Frederick Co. near and in coastal plain Paspalum fluitans (Ell.) Kunth = P. repens PIPTATHERUM P. Beauv. * (L.) Coss. – Baltimore, pumice piles (Reed 1964). Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 915

Piptatherum racemosum (Sm.) Eaton – mountain ricegrass. (RHYNCHELYTRUM Nees) (Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker). Rare, mountain zone Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. = Melinus repens and Washington Co. Three MD collections at MARY. ROSTRARIA Trin. J. Presl * (L.) Tzvelev – annual June grass. [Koeleria Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi – blackseed spear- phleoides (Vill.) Pers.]. Baltimore, chrome ore piles (Reed grass. ( avenacea L.). Coastal plain. Montgomery Co. 1964). (seen by Terrell along C. & O. canal). MARY has vouch- SACCHARUM L. Plumegrass. (These species formerly in ers from Anne Arundel, Caroline, Howard, and Prince Erianthus). George’s cos. Saccharum alopecuroides (L.) Nutt. – silver plumegrass. Rare POA L. Bluegrass. in coastal plain. Calvert Co., Cove Point (Steury 2002). Poa alsodes A. Gray – Uncommon, Garrett and Allegany Saccharum baldwinii Spreng. – Rare. Reported by Kartesz cos. G4−G5. & Meacham (2008). *Poa annua L. – annual bluegrass. Common and wide- Saccharum brevibarbe (Michx.) Pers. – shortbeard plume- spread. grass. Poa autumnalis Muhl. ex Elliott – autumn bluegrass. Infre- var. brevibarbe – Somerset Co. quent piedmont and coastal plain. var. contortum (Baldwin) R.D. Webster – Common in *Poa bulbosa L. – Infrequent. Montgomery Co., seen by R.J. coastal plain. Soreng and P. Peterson, Saccharum coarctatum (Fernald) R.D. Webster – compressed Poa chapmaniana Scribn. – Uncommon. Reported by plumegrass. Frequent, coastal plain (Frye). Listed in Brown Kartesz & Meacham (2008). & Brown (1984) without locations. *Poa compressa L. – Canada bluegrass. Common and Saccharum giganteum (Walter) Pers. – sugarcane plume- widespread. grass. Common in coastal plain. Poa cuspidata Nutt. – short-leaved bluegrass. Common *Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. – ravenna grass. Cultivated and throughout (Frye). sometimes escaped to roadsides. *Poa nemoralis L. – woods bluegrass. Prince George’s (Shetler SACCIOLEPIS Nash & Stone Orli 2002) and Montgomery cos. (R.J. Soreng, Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash – American cupscale. Rare, coast- pers. comm.). al plain. Calvert Co. (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). Worcester *Poa palustris L. – fowl meadow grass. Infrequent in Howard Co.: Assateague Island, Aug 1984, Hill 15576 (MARY, US); and Washington cos. and DC area. Shad Landing State Park, Sep 2005, Terrell 6311 (US). *Poa pratensis L subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lej. – narrow-leaved Kentucky SCHEDONORUS P. Beauv. bluegrass. Prince Georges Co., BARC (det. by R.J. Soreng), *Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. – tall fescue Montgomery Co. (R.J. Soreng collection). (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Planted on roadsides and subsp. pratensis. – Kentucky bluegrass. Very common elsewhere; an abundant weed. and widespread. *Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. – meadow fescue Poa saltuensis Fernald & Wiegand (Festuca pratensis Huds.). Occasional weed and presum- subsp. languida (Hitchc.) A. Haines. Mountains. No data. ably planted. Believed to be much less frequent than G3−G4. formerly. subsp. saltuensis – Rare, western MD. Garrett Co. collec- SCHIZACHNE Hack. tion at TAWES (Frye). Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen – false melic. Rare, Poa sylvestris A. Gray – sylvan bluegrass. Frequent in pied- mountain zone. Cited as occurring in MD (Cayouette & mont and mountains, rare on coastal plain. Darbyshire 2007: 103). Garrett Co., Jun 1940, Kearney, *Poa trivialis L. – rough-stemmed bluegrass. Common and Norton et al. s.n. (MARY, US). invasive, piedmont and northern coastal plain. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees Desf. Schizachyrum littorale (Nash) E.P.Bicknell – Reported in *Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. – rabbitsfoot grass. Brown & Brown (1984). MARY voucher reported by Kartesz Frequent in coastal plain. St. Mary’s Co., Point Lookout & Meacham (2008). (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). Schizachyrum scoparium (Michx.) Nash – little bluestem. PSEUDOSASA Makino ex Nakai (Andropogon scoparius Michx.). Throughout MD, common *Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino – cultivated in coastal plain. and sometimes spreading. DC area. SCLEROCHLOA P. Beauv. Parl. Alkali Grass. Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. – Frederick Co., cornfield, Hill *Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. – rare to infrequent in coastal in 1988 (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). Frederick Co., location plain. Baltimore Co. (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). unknown, sent in by Cooperative Extension Service, 8 May Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bickn. – Coastal plain. 1986 (MARY); Howard Co., Soreng 5929b (US). Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Clausen = Torreyochloa pallida 916 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

SECALE L. Rye. Sphenopholis ×pallens (Biehler) Scribn. = S. obtusata × *Secale cereale L. – rye. Cultivated and occasionally escaped. S. pensylvanica as reported from MARY by Kartesz & SETARIA P. Beauv. Foxtail, Bristlegrass. Meacham (2008). *Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. – nodding foxtail. Common Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) Hitchc. – swamp wedge- throughout. grass. (Trisetum pensylvanicum (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Setaria geniculata (Lam.) P. Beauv. = S. parviflora Schult.). Infrequent in piedmont and coastal plain. Finot et Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. = Pennisetum glaucum. Yellow al. (2005) also placed this species in Sphenopholis. G4. foxtail was formerly widely known as Setaria glauca; see R. Br. Dropseed. S. pumila. Sporobolus asper (P. Beauv.) Kunth = S. compositus Setaria grisebachii E. Fourn. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. – Rare, eastern (Reed 1964). MD. *Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. – foxtail millet. Cultivated and (Poir.) Merr. – Reported from escaped to roadsides. Queen Anne and Talbot cos. as S. asper in Brown & Setaria magna Griseb. – giant foxtail, saltmarsh foxtail. In- Brown (1984). frequent in coastal plain. Blackwater Refuge, Dorchester *Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth – Baltimore: Co. (seen by Terrell). chrome ore piles (Reed 1964). Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen – knotroot foxtail. Infre- Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray – Rare in piedmont. quent in coastal plain. Prince George’s Co., BARC (Terrell Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). et al. 2000). *Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. – smut grass. Calvert Co., Cove *Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – yellow foxtail. Com- Point Park, Steury (2000); Worcester Co., two collections mon throughout. as roadside weed, 7 mi ENE of Pocomoke City and As- *Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. – hooked bristlegrass. sateague Island, Terrell 6309 and 6314 (MARY). Probably Infrequent throughout. frequent on coastal plain. *Setaria verticilliformis Dumort. – Reported by Kartesz & Sporobolus neglectus Nash – Reported as extirpated from Meacham (2008). MD (Peterson et al. 2003: 121). Frye reports a collection *Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. – green foxtail, green bristlegrass. in Baltimore County. Common throughout. *Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. – Baltimore, chrome SORGHASTRUM Nash. Indian Grass. ore piles (Reed 1964). Prince George’s Co., near Laurel, as Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash – long-bristled Indian an abundant roadside weed, Terrell 6286, in 2005; det. grass. Rare, coastal plain. Wicomico, Dorchester, and by P. M. Peterson). A southern and southwestern species. Worcester cos. (Frye). Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) Alph.Wood – Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash – Indian grass. Common poverty dropseed. Frequent weed. throughout MD. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth – seashore dropseed. Baltimore, manganese ore piles (Reed 1964). Adans. Sorghum. *Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench – sorghum. Cultivated and STIPA L. Needle grass. occasionally escaped. L. = Piptochaetium avenaceum *Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. – Johnson grass. Common THEMEDA Forssk. and widespread weed. *Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles SPARTINA Schreb. Cordgrass. (Reed 1964). Spartina alterniflora Loisel – smooth cordgrass. Common TORREYOCHLOA G.L. Church on coastal plain. Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) G.L.Church – Frequent in coastal Spartina ×caespitosis A. A. Eaton – tufted cordgrass. Puta- plain. [Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Clausen]. tive cross of S. patens and S pectinata. Calvert Co (Shetler TRAGUS Haller & Stone Orli 2002). *Tragus racemosus (L.) All. – Baltimore, chrome ore piles Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth – big cordgrass. Common (Reed 1964). on coastal plain. Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. – salt-meadow cordgrass. TRIDENS Roem. & Schult. Common on coastal plain. Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. – purpletop. See key to separate Spartina pectinata Link – cordgrass. Infrequent in a the vars. in Valdés Reyna (2003:39). variety of habitats. var. chapmanii (Small) Shinners – Reported by Kartesz & Meacham (2008). SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Wedgegrass. var. flavus − Common and widespread. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. – slender wedgegrass. Rather widespread. (TRIODIA R. Br.) = Tridens Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribn. – Frequent throughout. TRIPLASIS P. Beauv. Sand Grass. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. – prairie wedgegrass. Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. – purple sandgrass. Rather widespread. Frequent in coastal plain. Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 917

TRIPSACUM L. Gama Grass. *Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf – Baltimore, chrome ore piles, dactyloides (L.) L. – eastern gama grass. Frequent. reported as Panicum reptans (Reed 1964; Shetler & Stone TRISETUM L. Orli 2002). Trisetum pensylvanicum (L.) P. Beauv. = Sphenopholis pen- *Urochloa texana (Buckley) R.D. Webster – Texas signalgrass. sylvanica (L.) Hitchc. [Brachiaria texana (Buckley) S.T. Blake]. Dorchester and Wicomico cos. (Terrell & Reveal 1996). TRITICUM L. Wheat. *Urochloa villosa (Lam.) T.Q.Nguyen – Reported by Kartesz *Triticum aestivum L. – wheat. Rarely escaped from & Meacham (2008). cultivation. VULPIA C.C.Gmel. UNIOLA L. Vulpia elliotea (Raf.) Fernald = V. sciurea Uniola latifolia Michx. = Chasmanthium latifolium *Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. – rat-tail fescue. Common. Uniola laxa (L.) BSP = Chasmanthium laxum Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. – six-weeks fescue. Com- Uniola paniculata L. – sea oats. Planted on beaches as ero- mon. sion preventive. Common in southeastern U.S. Vulpia sciurea (Nutt.) Henrard – squirrel-tail fescue. Frequent UROCHLOA P. Beauv. on coastal plain. Montgomery and Prince George’s *Urochloa distachya (L.) T.Q. Nguyen – Reported by Kartesz cos. (Shetler & Stone Orli 2002); Calvert Co., Cove Point & Meacham (2008). (Steury 1997). *Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q. Nguyen – ( ZEA L. (Forssk.) Stapf). Baltimore, chrome ore piles, reported *Zea mays L. – corn, maize. Rarely escapes from cultivation. as Panicum purpurascens (Reed 1964; Shetler & Stone Orli 2002). ZIZANIA L. Wild-rice. *Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. Baltimore, chrome ore piles Zizania aquatica L. – southern wild-rice. Frequent in coastal (Reed 1964). plain. *Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D. Webster – plantain sign- Zizania palustris L. Reported by Guala & Bolger (2004) but algrass. [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc.]. Wicomico occurs only north and west of MD (Terrell 2003: 48; Ter- Co. (Terrell & Reveal 1996). rell et al. 1997). *Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex C. Wright) R.D. Webster ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers. – broadleaf signalgrass. (Brachiaria platyphylla Munro Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell. & Aschers. – giant ex C. Wright). Wicomico and Somerset cos. (Terrell & cutgrass. Rare in coastal plain. Calvert Co., Cove Point Reveal 1996). (Steury 1997). *Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q. Nguyen – Baltimore, chrome ore Willd. piles, reported as Panicum ramosum (Reed 1964; Shetler *Zoysia japonica Steud. – zoysia. Lawn grass, sometimes & Stone Orli 2002). spreading.

acknowledgments We are grateful to Christopher Frye for his review which added a number of additional records based on his extensive knowledge of the Maryland flora. We thank Robert J. Soreng for information on Diarrhena and Poa, and for suggestions regarding the format of the list. An anonymous reviewer contributed helpful suggestions.

r e f e r e n c e s

Al l r e d , K.W. a n d M.E. Ba r k w o r t h . 2007. 14.60 Anthoxanthum L. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, L.K. Anderton, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of , volume 24. Oxford University Press, . Pp. 758−764. Ba r k w o r t h , M.E., K.M. Ca p e l s , S. Lo n g , a n d M.B. Pe i p . 2003. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 25. Oxford University Press, New York. Ba r k w o r t h , M.E., K.M. Ca p e l s , S. Lo n g , L.K. An d e r t o n , a n d M.B. Pe i p . 2007. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 24. Oxford University Press, New York. Br a n d e n b u r g , D.M. 2007. 8.01 Diarrhena P. Beauv. In: Barkworth, M. E., K. M. Capels, S. Long, L.K. Anderton, and M. B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 24. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 64−66. Br o w n , M.L. a n d R.G. Br o w n . 1984. Herbaceous plants of Maryland. The Book Center, University of Maryland, Col- lege Park. Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. 918 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)

Ca y o u e t t e , J. a n d S.J. Da r b y s h i r e . 2007. 9.03 Schizachne Hack. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, L.K. Anderton, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 24. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 103−104. Fe r n a l d , M.L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. Ed 8. American Book Co., New York. Fi n o t , V.L., P.M. Pe t e r s o n , R.J. So r e n g , a n d F.O. Zu l o a g a . 2005. A revision of Trisetum and (Poaceae: Aveninae) in North America north of Mexico. Sida 21:1419−1453. Fl e m i n g , P. a n d R. Canal. 1995. Annotated checklist of vascular plants of Rock Creek Park, National Park Service, Washington D.C. Castanea 60:283−316. Gl e a s o n , H.A. a n d A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Gr a s s Ph y l o g e n y Wo r k i n g Gr o u p . 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88:373−457. Gu a l a , G.F. a n d D. Bo g l e r . 2004. SLIKS. United States Department of Agriculture, NRCS, NPDC. Grasses of Maryland. Ha r v i l l , A.M., Jr., T.R. Br a d l e y , C.E. St e v e n s , T.F. Wi e b o l d t , D.M.E. Wa r e , D.W. Og l e , G.W. Ra m s e y , a n d G.P. Fl e m i n g . 1992. Atlas of the Virginia flora III. Virginia Botanical Associates, Burkeville, Virginia. He r m a n n , F.J. 1946. A checklist of plants in the Washington-Baltimore area. Ed. 2. Conference on District Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Duplicated. Hi t c h c o c k , A.S. a n d P.C. St a n d l e y . 1919. Flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 21:1−329. Ka r t e s z , J.T. a n d C.A. Me ac h a m . 2008. Floristic synthesis of North American (Draft) version Feb 2008. Ma r r , K.L, R.J. He b d a , a n d C.W. Gr e e n e . 2007. 14.49 Calamagrostis Adans. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, L.K. Anderton, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 24. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 706−7732. Ma r y l a n d De p a r t m e n t o f Na t u r a l Re s o u r c e s . 2007. Rare, threatened, and endangered plants of Maryland. 13 No- vember. Annapolis, Maryland. No r t o n , J.B.S. 1930. Maryland grasses. Maryland Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 323:215−326. Pe t e r s o n , P.M. 2003a. 17.23 Eragrostis Wolf. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnolio- phyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 25. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 65−105. Pe t e r s o n , P.M. 2003b. 17.33 Muhlenbergia Schreb. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 25. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 145−201. Pe t e r s o n , P.M., S.L. Ha t c h , a n d A.S. We a k l e y . 2003. 17.30 Sporobolus R. Br. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 25. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 115−139. Pe t e r s o n , P.M., E.E. Te r r e l l , E.C. Ue b e l , C.A. Da v i s , H. Sc h o l z , a n d R.J. So r e n g . 1999. Oplismenus hirtellus subspecies undulatifolius, a new record for North America. Castanea 64:201−202. Re e d , C.F. 1964. A flora of the chrome and manganese ore piles at Canton in the port of Baltimore, Maryland, and at Newport News, Virginia, with descriptions of the genera and species new to the flora of the eastern United States. Phytologia 10:324−406. Re e d , C.F. 1986. Floras of the serpentinite formations in eastern North America: with descriptions of geomorphol- ogy and mineralogy of the formations. Contr. Reed Herb. (USA) 30:1−858. Saa r e l a , J.M., P.M. Pe t e r s o n , R.J. So r e n g , a n d R.E. Ch a p m a n . 2003. A taxonomic revision of the Eastern North American and Eastern Asian disjunct genus Brachyelytrum (Poaceae): evidence from morphology, phytogeography and AFLPs. Syst. Bot. 28:674−692. Sa l t o n s t a l l , K., P.M. Pe t e r s o n , a n d R.J. So r e n g . 2004. Recognition of Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (Poaceae: Arundinoideae) in North America: evidence from morphological and genetic analyses. Sida 21:683−692. Sh e t l e r , S.G. a n d S. St o n e Or l i . 2002. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area. Terrell and Peterson, Annotated checklist of Maryland grasses 919

Part II. . Botany Section, Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. So r e n g , R.J., G. Da v i d s e , P.M. Pe t e r s o n , F.O. Zu l o a g a , E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Fi l g u e i r a s , a n d O. Mo r r o n e . 2009. Catalogue of New World grasses. Suprageneric classification. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/nwgclass.html. St e u r y , B.W. 1997. Survey for endangered, threatened, and rare vascular plants in Cove Point Marsh, Maryland. The Maryland Naturalist 41:89−96. St e u r y , B.W. 1999. Annotated list of vascular plants from a nontidal barrier wetland along the Chesapeake Bay in Calvert Co., Maryland. Castanea 64:187−200. St e u r y , B.W. 2000. Noteworthy collection, Maryland. Castanea 65:168. St e u r y , B.W. 2002. The vascular flora of Cove Point, Calvert Co., Maryland. Maryland Naturalist 45:31−57. Te r r e l l , E.E. 2003. 5.04 Zizania L. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, L.K. Anderton, and M.B. Piep, eds. Mag- noliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 24. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 47−51. Te r r e l l , E.E., P.M. Pe t e r s o n , J.L. Re v e a l , a n d M.R. Du v a l l . 1997. of North American species of Zizania (Poaceae). Sida 17:533−549. Te r r e l l , E.E. a n d J.L. Re v e a l . 1996. Noteworthy collections, Maryland. Castanea 61:95−97. Te r r e l l , E.E., J.L. Re v e a l , R.W. Sp j u t , R.F. Wh i t c o m b , J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., M.T. Cimino, a n d M. St r o n g . 2000. Annotated list of the Flora of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) 155:1−89. Va l d e s Re y n a , J. 2003. 17.10. Tridens Roem. & Schult. In: Barkworth, M.E., K.M.Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep, eds. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Flora of North America north of Mexico, volume 25. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 33−40. Ve l d k a m p , J.F. 2004. Miscellaneous notes on mainly southeast Asian Gramineae. Reinwardtia 12:135−140. Wa t s o n , L. a n d M.J. Da l l w i t z . 1992. The grass genera of the World. University Press, Cambridge. Wa t s o n , L. a n d M.J. Da l l w i t z . 1999. Grass genera of the World: descriptions, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, World and local distribution, and references. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Zi z k a , G. 1988. Revision de Melinideae Hitchcock (Poaceae, Panicoideae). Biblioth. Bot. 138:1−149.