DOCSLIB.ORG

Adjective 52–6, 59–60, 75 Emotive Adjective 53–7, 75 Descriptive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adjective 52–6, 59–60, 75 Emotive Adjective 53–7, 75 Descriptive INDEX adjective 52–6, 59–60, 75 copula 59n, 70n, 172n emotive adjective 53–7, 75 Cornillie, B. 1, 17–8 descriptive adjective 54, 75 Aikhenvald, Y. A. 1, 2, 14–25, 27, 42, 52, Dahl, Ö. 18, 171–2 77, 85, 91, 93, 105n, 108n, 124, 126–7, 145, Davis, H. 17, 62, 69 151, 156–7, 160, 163, 168, 170, 180. declarative 37, 44n, 45n, 86n Akatsuka, N. 177n De Haan. F. 15, 21–3, 62, 64, 159–60, 163, Aksu-Koç, A. A. 130, 134 165 Anderson, L. B. 1, 16–7, 19–21, 24, 85, 168 DeLancey, S. 21, 177 anterior 171–3 Dendale, L. T. 15, 163 Aoki, H. 54n Direct evidential Arakaki, T. 6, 9n, 34 definition 44, 59–60 aspect 12, 36 in negative and interrogative 64–69 assimilation 56, 130–5, 149, 169 origin of 39 Assumed evidential 2, 25, 27–30, 38, (un) certainty 47, 52, 60–3, 69, 61, 64, 93 106, 112, 117–121–2, 152, 155–6, 158–9 158–161, 167–70 direct experience 40–1, 43–4, 47, 59, 75, challengeability 69, 73, 75–6 126, 130–1 aspect and tense 114–115 Dirven, R., 63, 164 negative and interrogative 117–118, double marking of evidentials 151, 153, 159–161, 164, 166 155–6, 165, 170 (un) certainty 73, 121–122, 147, 149 assumption 20, 22, 29, 73, 77, 106, 108–9, encyclopaedic information 49, 56, 60, 113–4, 116–7, 119–120, 122, 155, 157–158 75, 131 auditory 16n, 24, 90–5, 97, 105, 126n, 157 epistemic modality 23, 158–166, 170 evidentiality best possible ground / best evidence 29, evidential extension 19, 163 39, 42–44, 45–6, 48, 52–3, 55, 59, 75, 82, definition of evidentiality 16–23 96, 101, 105, 126, 131–2, 157–8, 168, 170 narrow sense 15, 23, 162–3 Boas, F. 14, 17 broad sense 15, 20, 162–3 Bybee, J. 15, 18–9, 21, 23, 81, 104n, 163, evidential requirement 43, 49, 51, 53 171–2, 179 evidential strategy 1, 18 evidentially neutral 12, 27, 63, 164n certainty experiencer 17, 43, 52–6, 60 speaker’s degree of certainty 15, 20, 29, 60–63, 75–6, 121–124, 149–50, 158–9, Faller M. 1n, 15–7, 19, 21–3, 29, 41–44, 162, 165–6, 170 48–49, 51, 56–8, 62, 65, 67, 69–70, 75, uncertainty 52, 82, 85, 108n, 158, 165 85, 111–2, 121, 124, 126, 130–3, 140n, 145–6, Chafe, W. 1, 15, 20, 24n, 163 156n, 160, 163, 168, 179 challengeability test 69, 73 firsthand 24, 25 Chamberlain, B. H. 5n, 6, 11, 68n Floyd, R. 47, 62n, 67 closed see grammatical category Funatsu, Y. 10n Coates, J. 24 future 11, 19–20, 43, 47, 52, 93, 135, 140 Comrie, B. 20, 81, 172–174, 179n continuative 12, 31–3, 37–8, 94–5, 97–8, Garrett. G. E. 15, 163 100n, 110n, 114, 117, 135–8, 140, 143, 173–5, general knowledge 2, 25, 60, 75, 77, 93–4, 177 108, 113, 119, 122, 169 188 index grammatical category Matsumoto, H. 26, 32 open 19 Matthewson, L. 17, 62, 69 closed 17, 19 matrix sentence 107–8 grammaticalisation, 1, 18–9, 134n, 160, 180 McCready, E. 15, 17, 124, 133, 163, 165 Grice, P. 65n, 168 mediator 146–7 mirativity 34–35n, 177–9 habitual 92–3, 111, 122, 157n Mithun, M. 15n, 20, 103 Halliday, M. 23 Miyara S. 7, 10, 12, 26, 31n, 34–5, 38–40, Handa, I. 88 43, 45n, 53n, 54n, 78–80, 82–3, 86, 99, Hattori, S. 6, 9n, 11 107n, 116n, 162, 179 hearsay 14, 24, 45, 125–7, 130–3 modal overtone 119–120 Heinrich, P. 7 mood Hokama, S. 6, 7n, 9 dubitative mood 108n, 114 honorific 8–9, 38n, 92n indicative mood 39, 162 Moore, G. E. 60 Ifantidou, E. 15 Moore’s paradox 60–1, 121, 147, 150, 158 Igei, H. 125 Imperfective 12, 34, 37, 44n, 94–5, 98, 113, Nakamatsu, T. 88 115–7, 135–6, 140, 177 Nakamoto, M. 9n implicature 85, 105, 168 Narrog, H. 17, 133n indirect form 132n, 133 negation indirect speech 123 scope of negation 98, 105, 118, 160–1 inference process 89–91 Nicholas, J. 1 Inferential evidential Nishioka, S. 9n aspect and tense 94–96 Nuckolls, J. B. 47, 62n negative and interrogative 96–98 (un)certainty 72–3, 121–122, 158–9 objectivity 23–4 internal state 43, 53 obligatory / obligatoriness 17–9, 25, interrogative flip 67, 145, 159 27–30, 35n, 43, 93, 129 irrealis 17, 32, 35, 37, 39, 81, 103–4, 115–6, Ogata, N. 15, 17, 124, 133, 163, 165 118 olfactory 90–1, 94–5, 105, 157 Ishihara, M. 7 Izuyama, A. 9, 40, 54n, 179 Pagliuca, W. 18, 23, 81, 104, 171, 179n Izvorski, R. 15, 109–113, 163 Palmer, F. 15, 20–1, 23–4, 69n, 103, 163 Papafragou, A. 63, 69, 164 Jacobsen, W. 14, 20 participle 68, 79n, 116 Jakobson, R. 14 passive 59, 84n, 171–6 past tense kakari-musubi 28, 37, 106–8 assumed evidential 115–7 Kamio, A. 50, 132–3 inferential evidential 95–6 Kina, C. 12, 34–5, 39, 45n reportative evidential 136–7 Kraus, M. 5 Pellard, T. 7 Kudō, M. 18, 26–7, 32, 34–5, 43, 45n, 78, perfect 81, 109, 116, 137n, 171–4 82, 85–6, 88n perfect of evidential 109–13 Kuno, S. 54n, 129n Perkins, R. 18, 23, 81, 104, 171, 179n person Langacker, R. W. 22, 47, 103 first person 17, 33–34n, 44n-45n, 54n, language contact 180 79, 86, 123, 136 language documentation 7, 185 second person 17, 139 language variation / varieties 4, 5–7, 9n, third person 14, 44–6, 52, 54–6, 95, 101, 32, 40, 54n, 179 139–40, 149 Lazard, Z. 1, 21 personal information 48–9, 56, 60, 131 lexical evidential 1, 18 Plugian, V. 21–3 Lyons, J. 23, 24, 69n, 103 politeness 38n.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Argument Marking in Harakmbut
    Argument marking in Harakmbut: Looking for referential transparency An Van linden ([email protected]) University of Leuven & Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) SLW6, Pavia, 9/09/2014 1. Introduction − Harakmbut is a language from the Peruvian Amazon, spoken in ‘native communities’ in the departments of Madre de Dios and Cusco − Genetic affiliation: − Formerly classified as an Arawakan or Maipuran language by McQuown (1955) (see Hart 1963: 6) and Matteson (1972); but this has found little acceptance (Adelaar 2007: 39). − Wise (1999: 307) states that Harakmbut is commonly accepted to be a (single language) isolate (cf. WALS; Fonseca 2002; Vergara 2007) − Adelaar (2000, 2007) proposes that it is genetically related to the Brazilian Katukina family (included in Guaporé-Mamoré linguistic area), which may be further linked to Macro-Ge − Some grammatical features are shared with Ese Eja (Tacanan family) (Pozzi-Escot 1998: 93), which is proposed to belong to the Guaporé-Mamoré linguistic area in southwest Brazil and eastern Bolivia, close to the border with Peru (Crevels & van der Voort 2008) − Previous linguistic work: focus on Amarakaeri dialect (Hart 1963; Helberg 1984, 1990; Tripp 1976ab, 1995) − Own work: two fieldwork stays in Puerto Luz, San José and Shintuya (all Amarakaeri informants): Jul-Aug 2010, Aug-Sept 2011 − Orthographic conventions: <’>: glottal stop; <¨>: nasal vowel; underlined sounds carry word stress − Agglutinating language − Synthetic verbal morphology, especially with respect to mood and argument marking 2. Mood marking − Argument marking interacts with mood marking: Harakmbut distinguishes between three mood types: indicative, dubitative and imperative mood, each of which has a distinct set of argument markers (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Agentive and Patientive Verb Bases in North Alaskan Inupiaq
    AGENTTVE AND PATIENTIVE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TadatakaNagai, B.Litt, M.Litt. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2006 © 2006 Tadataka Nagai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3229741 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3229741 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGENTIVE AND PATIENTIYE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ By TadatakaNagai ^ /Z / / RECOMMENDED: -4-/—/£ £ ■ / A l y f l A £ y f 1- -A ;cy/TrlHX ,-v /| /> ?AL C l *- Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Linguistics Program APPROVED: A a r// '7, 7-ooG Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Abstract This dissertation is concerned with North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo.
    [Show full text]
  • Idawati Garim
    Modality in Tae’ language: a grammatical-lexical view Kisman Salija – Jusmianti Garing – Idawati Garim DOI: 10.18355/XL.2017.10.04.18 Abstract There are many ways to find modality in languages. Modality of language can be expressed through grammatical or lexical feature. However, modality in Tae’ language specifically can be described through both these features. This research aims to express the modality in Tae’ language based on grammatical-lexical point of view. This is a descriptive qualitative research using library research methods. Library research aims to get of completed and detail data. Further, this research analyzes eighteen discourses of Tae’ language consisting of folklore, fable, messages, and Tae’ specific food. The result shows that there are some features marking modality in Tae’ language that expressed through grammatical and lexical feature. Grammatical modality of Tae’ established through affixation process, i.e. prefix la-, and suffixes – ri, –ra functioning as verbs and particles. Further, modality in Tae’ is also established by lexical feature using the words melo, parallu, musti, bela, wa’ding, bang, omi, sia, kade, le’, dau, tae, tannia, saba, iake, and kumua functioning as auxiliary verbs, particles, negations, and conjunctions. Semantically, these forms mark epistemic and deontic modality in Tae’ language. Epistemic and deontic modality in Tae’ describe as declarative, subjunctive, dubitative, imperative, desiderative and volition, interrogative, and possibility form. Key words: modality, epistemic, deontic, Tae’s language, grammatical-lexical view Introduction Modality can be defined as a philosophical concept, as a subject of the study of logic, or as a grammatical category. There are many definitions and classifications of modal phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Challenges of Machine Translation of Inuit Languages by Jeffrey C Micher
    ARL-TN-0924 ● OCT 2018 US Army Research Laboratory Addressing Challenges of Machine Translation of Inuit Languages by Jeffrey C Micher Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOTICES Disclaimers The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use thereof. Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. ARL-TN-0924 ● OCT 2018 US Army Research Laboratory Addressing Challenges of Machine Translation of Inuit Languages by Jeffrey C Micher Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.
    [Show full text]
  • 5.3 Epistemic Modality and Evidentials in Luchuan
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Evidentials in the Shuri Dialect of Luchuan (Ryukyuan) Tomoko Arakaki A thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences The University of Edinburgh 2010 ⒸCopyright 2010 by Tomoko Arakaki Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my own composition, and that it contains no material previously submitted for the award of other degree or qualification. The work reported in this thesis has been executed by myself, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Tomoko Arakaki Abstract This dissertation attempts to demonstrate that Luchuan is a language which has a grammatical category of evidentiality. Luchuan is the only sister language of Japanese; however, since they are considered to have diverged as early as the beginning of the 8th century, their vocabularies and grammars have developed in somewhat different directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanity Fluent Software Language
    Pyash: Humanity Fluent Software Language Logan Streondj February 13, 2019 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Problem ................................... 4 1.1.1 Disglossia ............................... 4 1.2 Paradigm ................................... 5 1.2.1 Easy to write bad code ........................ 5 1.2.2 Obsolete Non-Parallel Paradigms .................... 5 1.3 Inspiration ................................. 5 1.4 Answer .................................... 5 1.4.1 Vocabulary ............................... 5 1.4.2 Grammar ................................ 5 1.4.3 Paradigm ................................ 6 I Core Language 7 2 Phonology 8 2.1 Notes .................................... 8 2.2 Contribution ................................. 8 3 Grammar 10 3.1 Composition ................................. 10 3.2 Grammar Tree ................................. 10 3.3 Noun Classes ................................. 10 3.3.1 grammatical number .......................... 12 3.3.2 noun classes for relative adjustment ................. 12 3.3.3 noun classes by animacy ........................ 13 3.3.4 noun classes regarding reproductive attributes ............ 13 3.4 Tense .................................... 13 3.5 Aspects ................................... 13 3.6 Grammatical Mood ............................... 14 3.7 participles ................................. 16 4 Dictionary 18 4.1 Prosody ................................... 18 4.2 Trochaic Rhythm ............................... 18 4.3 Espeak .................................... 18 4.4
    [Show full text]
  • Evidentiality and Temporal Distance Learning∗
    Proceedings of SALT 21: 115–134, 2011 Evidentiality and temporal distance learning∗ Todor Koev Rutgers University Abstract The grammatical category of evidentiality is traditionally defined as marking evidence type or related concepts (Anderson 1986, Willett 1988, Aikhenvald 2004). I argue against this received view as I show that evidential morphemes in Bulgarian mark the temporal distance between the time at which the speaker learned the described proposition and the topic time. I also demonstrate that Bulgarian evidentials represent projective/backgrounded content that is informative but does not affect the described proposition, which is plainly entailed. The latter fact especially has important typological and theoretical consequences. The proposal is formalized in a logic that extends Dynamic Predicate Logic by adding propositional variables (cf. AnderBois et al. 2010). Keywords: evidentiality, temporality, projective/backgrounded content 1 Introduction The Bulgarian language exhibits a morphological distinction between direct and indirect evidential marking, as illustrated in (1)-(3) below. Sentences with indirect evidentials show a further morphological variation when occurring in the third person (singular or plural): a reduced and a full present perfect form. The reduced form lacks an auxiliary and typically gives rise to reportative readings (2). The full form includes the auxiliary and typically receives inferential interpretations (3).1 (1) Ivan celu-n-a-Ø Maria. Ivan kiss-PFV-3SG.PST-DIR Maria ∗ Special thanks to Maria Bittner, Anthony Gillies, and Roger Schwarzschild for directing the research on the following paper and to Veneeta Dayal and Jimmy Bruno for numerous improvements on the final draft. I would like to also thank Daniel Altshuler, Dimka Atanassov, Mark Baker, Erik Hoversten, Michael Johnson, Chris Kennedy, Ezra Keshet, Sarrah Murray, Carlotta Pavese, Ken Safir, Yael Sharvit, Will Starr, Matthew Stone, Anna Szabolcsi, and two anonymous reviewers for stimulating discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Syntax of the Phrase Types in Canamari
    Syntax of the Phrase Types in Canamari by Christa Groth (New Tribes Mission) Introduction Canamari (Kanamaré, Kanamari) is spoken by approximately 1.000 Indians located along the upper reaches of the Juruá, Xeruá, Tarauacá, Jutai, and Itacuaí Rivers in Amazonas, Brazil. Alfred Métraux classified Canamari as Catukinan. Bilingualism Canamari-Portuguese bilingualism is limited to the use of bartering terms or "small talk" with Brazilians in the area, merchants and government representatives. Apart from this Canamari is spoken exclusively within the culture. Phrases are units of modification, coordination, apposition, and preposition. Potentially they consist of two or more words, including nuclear and peripheral items. Long phrases are not common in Canamari. Usually a minimal expression of the phrase is used, i.e. item and possessor is the usual manifestation of the possessive phrase. 15. Noun Phrase Structure 15.1 Marking for case There is no direct marking on the nouns itself. However, there is an indirect marking on the verb construction for distinguishing the syntactic functions of a noun phrase. The marking occurs with subject-function in the transitive clause. The inflection is expressed through preverbal clitic pronouns. The pronominal bound form, which expresses agreement with the subject, occurs in word initial position. (1) inu nhama ma- pu mawa bara far then they- eat their animal Far away then they eat their animais. (2) Pajaham nhama tso- koni -tikok tsabo later then we- word -know future Later then we will know (the) language. If the subject is represented through a proper noun or noun phrase, the verb agreement is expressed through proclitic na-.
    [Show full text]
  • Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Turkish.Pdf
    Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Turkish Nilufer §ener, Ph.D. University of Connecticut, 2011 This dissertation investigates the semantic and pragmatic characterization of the evidential morphology in Turkish. That evidentials are parasitic to tense/aspect morphology is well noted (Izvroski 1997, Matthewson et. al 2007 a.o.), and the traditional literature describes the morphemes that encode tense and aspect in Turkish, namely [-mlsj and [-DI] as also employing evidentiality (Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 a.o.) The main hypothesis pursued in this dissertation is that evidential morphology is semantically decomposed as tense or aspect and epistemicity in Turkish. The evidential morphology differs in its compatibility with specific temporal adverbs, and there are differences between the assertability of each subtype of evidentials. Both of these facts argue for the existence of semantically two distinct indirect evidential forms in Turkish language. A comparison of English Present Perfect Aspect and the indirect evidentiality shows that Turkish is part of the well noted Present Perfect Puzzle. This would be unexpected if Turkish did not possess semantically distinct two indirect evidential morphemes. I claim that the English-like Present Perfect Aspect meaning is contingent on the availability of inferential evidence in Turkish. Cross-linguistically, the level of meaning evidential forms are interpreted in varies. I argue in this dissertation that evidentials are presuppositional operators in Turkish language. To that end, in addition to the regular truth conditionality tests, two arguments are used; (i) a comparison of the Free Choice Any in English and the herhangi bir in Turkish shows that the type of evidentiality involved in a statement is determinant in the pragmatics of this item, (ii) evidentials can be embedded, and this is unexpected if evidentials were operative at the speech act level.
    [Show full text]
  • A Heritage Reference Grammar of Selk'nam
    A Heritage Reference Grammar of Selk’nam LUIS MIGUEL ROJAS BERSCIA Department of Linguistics Radboud University Nijmegen Master of Arts 2014 1 Para mi abuela, Edelmira Giurfa Vda. de Berscia, mi eterno ejemplo de vida y soporte en las peores situaciones; Póstumamente, para Doña Herminia Vera Ilioyen, mujer Selk’nam cuya voz permanecerá por siempre en los vientos fueguinos, allá donde el sol nace y los sueños se hacen realidad; Ana kaps Selk’nam čann nį ya, ma ancora an piemontèis. Supervisors: Dr. P.C. Muysken Dr. E.I. Crevels 2 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................ 6 1.1. Aims and procedures ................................................ 8 1.2. Thesis structure ................................................... 9 1.3. Methodological framework .......................................... 10 1.3.1. The art of writing grammars .................................... 10 1.3.2. A semasiological heritage grammar .............................. 12 1.3.2.1. Heritage sources ......................................... 14 1.3.2.2. Modern sources ........................................... 14 ....................................................... 17 2. The Selk’nam 2.1. People ............................................................ 17 2.2. Language, dialects and speakers ................................... 19 2.3. Language extinction and revitalization ........................... 20 3. Profile, phonology, word classes and syntax ........................ 22 3.1. Grammar profile ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Inuktitut Grammar
    STUDIES IN INUKTITUT GRAMMAR by Matthew David Beach November 10, 2011 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics i Copyright by Matthew David Beach 2011 ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the language consultants who helped to make this dissertation possible. Minnie Grey was very patient as I continued to ask questions, even though she was very busy. She has been one of the most helpful speakers that I have worked with; especially as I neared completion of my work, she made a point to teach me about constructions that she thought I might not be aware of, even though I was just asking whether or not a given sentence was grammatical, rather than asking for a translation from English into Inuktitut. Joanna Okpik was much more than a consultant to me. She was a really great friend. It was also really terrific to have a chance to work with Saila Michael. Other speakers who have helped me along the way include Annie Okpik, Ilisapi Kaallak, and Elizabeth Annahattak. It is my hope that the knowledge that they have shared with me can be used to help formulate questions to ask about the more endangered dialects of this language before they go extinct. I am also indebted to Alana Johns for setting me up with Saila Michael as my dissertation came to an end, and to Shanley Allen for telling me how to find a speaker of Inuktitut when I was first starting out.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatical Moods in Bodo
    LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 13 : 1 January 2013 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A. Grammatical Moods in Bodo Aleendra Brahma, M.A. (Double), M.Phil., Ph.D. Scholar ================================================== 1.0 Abstract Every clause or sentence of a language has a basic illocutionary force on the basis of which it is categorized under any of the types, namely, affirmative, interrogative, imperative, optative and exclamatory. The illocutionary force is nothing but the modality of the clause/sentence, and this modality is signaled by a device called mood. So, mood is the grammatical device that signals any of the modalities like fact, command, question, wish or conditionality, etc. It may be a distinctive grammatical form/element such as a grammatical category (affix) or a post-position of a verb. However, illocutionary forces categorize clauses/sentences into limited kinds while moods can categorize them into larger kinds. This paper investigates different types of morphological and syntactic moods in the Bodo language. As the enumeration of different types of moods by Sheridan (2010), there are, at least, ten types of grammatical moods in Bodo, namely, energetic ({-tʰaɾ} and {-maɾ}), subjunctive or conjunctive ({-bla… -ɡɯo}), imperative ({-dɯ}, {-lai} and {-nai}, optative ({-tʰɯŋ}), Cohortative ({-ni}), permissive ({-hɯ}ˌ {-ni}), dubitative ({-ɡɯn} and {kʰɯma}), Language in India www.languageinindia.com 13 : 1 January 2013 Aleendra Brahma, M.A.
    [Show full text]