Index adjective 52–6, 59–60, 75 copula 59n, 70n, 172n emotive adjective 53–7, 75 Cornillie, B. 1, 17–8 descriptive adjective 54, 75 Aikhenvald, Y. A. 1, 2, 14–25, 27, 42, 52, Dahl, Ö. 18, 171–2 77, 85, 91, 93, 105n, 108n, 124, 126–7, 145, Davis, H. 17, 62, 69 151, 156–7, 160, 163, 168, 170, 180. declarative 37, 44n, 45n, 86n Akatsuka, N. 177n De Haan. F. 15, 21–3, 62, 64, 159–60, 163, Aksu-Koç, A. A. 130, 134 165 Anderson, L. B. 1, 16–7, 19–21, 24, 85, 168 DeLancey, S. 21, 177 anterior 171–3 Dendale, L. T. 15, 163 Aoki, H. 54n Direct evidential Arakaki, T. 6, 9n, 34 definition 44, 59–60 aspect 12, 36 in negative and interrogative 64–69 assimilation 56, 130–5, 149, 169 origin of 39 Assumed evidential 2, 25, 27–30, 38, (un) certainty 47, 52, 60–3, 69, 61, 64, 93 106, 112, 117–121–2, 152, 155–6, 158–9 158–161, 167–70 direct experience 40–1, 43–4, 47, 59, 75, challengeability 69, 73, 75–6 126, 130–1 aspect and tense 114–115 Dirven, R., 63, 164 negative and interrogative 117–118, double marking of evidentials 151, 153, 159–161, 164, 166 155–6, 165, 170 (un) certainty 73, 121–122, 147, 149 assumption 20, 22, 29, 73, 77, 106, 108–9, encyclopaedic information 49, 56, 60, 113–4, 116–7, 119–120, 122, 155, 157–158 75, 131 auditory 16n, 24, 90–5, 97, 105, 126n, 157 epistemic modality 23, 158–166, 170 evidentiality best possible ground / best evidence 29, evidential extension 19, 163 39, 42–44, 45–6, 48, 52–3, 55, 59, 75, 82, definition of evidentiality 16–23 96, 101, 105, 126, 131–2, 157–8, 168, 170 narrow sense 15, 23, 162–3 Boas, F. 14, 17 broad sense 15, 20, 162–3 Bybee, J. 15, 18–9, 21, 23, 81, 104n, 163, evidential requirement 43, 49, 51, 53 171–2, 179 evidential strategy 1, 18 evidentially neutral 12, 27, 63, 164n certainty experiencer 17, 43, 52–6, 60 speaker’s degree of certainty 15, 20, 29, 60–63, 75–6, 121–124, 149–50, 158–9, Faller M. 1n, 15–7, 19, 21–3, 29, 41–44, 162, 165–6, 170 48–49, 51, 56–8, 62, 65, 67, 69–70, 75, uncertainty 52, 82, 85, 108n, 158, 165 85, 111–2, 121, 124, 126, 130–3, 140n, 145–6, Chafe, W. 1, 15, 20, 24n, 163 156n, 160, 163, 168, 179 challengeability test 69, 73 firsthand 24, 25 Chamberlain, B. H. 5n, 6, 11, 68n Floyd, R. 47, 62n, 67 closed see grammatical category Funatsu, Y. 10n Coates, J. 24 future 11, 19–20, 43, 47, 52, 93, 135, 140 Comrie, B. 20, 81, 172–174, 179n continuative 12, 31–3, 37–8, 94–5, 97–8, Garrett. G. E. 15, 163 100n, 110n, 114, 117, 135–8, 140, 143, 173–5, general knowledge 2, 25, 60, 75, 77, 93–4, 177 108, 113, 119, 122, 169 188 index grammatical category Matsumoto, H. 26, 32 open 19 Matthewson, L. 17, 62, 69 closed 17, 19 matrix sentence 107–8 grammaticalisation, 1, 18–9, 134n, 160, 180 McCready, E. 15, 17, 124, 133, 163, 165 Grice, P. 65n, 168 mediator 146–7 mirativity 34–35n, 177–9 habitual 92–3, 111, 122, 157n Mithun, M. 15n, 20, 103 Halliday, M. 23 Miyara S. 7, 10, 12, 26, 31n, 34–5, 38–40, Handa, I. 88 43, 45n, 53n, 54n, 78–80, 82–3, 86, 99, Hattori, S. 6, 9n, 11 107n, 116n, 162, 179 hearsay 14, 24, 45, 125–7, 130–3 modal overtone 119–120 Heinrich, P. 7 mood Hokama, S. 6, 7n, 9 dubitative mood 108n, 114 honorific 8–9, 38n, 92n indicative mood 39, 162 Moore, G. E. 60 Ifantidou, E. 15 Moore’s paradox 60–1, 121, 147, 150, 158 Igei, H. 125 Imperfective 12, 34, 37, 44n, 94–5, 98, 113, Nakamatsu, T. 88 115–7, 135–6, 140, 177 Nakamoto, M. 9n implicature 85, 105, 168 Narrog, H. 17, 133n indirect form 132n, 133 negation indirect speech 123 scope of negation 98, 105, 118, 160–1 inference process 89–91 Nicholas, J. 1 Inferential evidential Nishioka, S. 9n aspect and tense 94–96 Nuckolls, J. B. 47, 62n negative and interrogative 96–98 (un)certainty 72–3, 121–122, 158–9 objectivity 23–4 internal state 43, 53 obligatory / obligatoriness 17–9, 25, interrogative flip 67, 145, 159 27–30, 35n, 43, 93, 129 irrealis 17, 32, 35, 37, 39, 81, 103–4, 115–6, Ogata, N. 15, 17, 124, 133, 163, 165 118 olfactory 90–1, 94–5, 105, 157 Ishihara, M. 7 Izuyama, A. 9, 40, 54n, 179 Pagliuca, W. 18, 23, 81, 104, 171, 179n Izvorski, R. 15, 109–113, 163 Palmer, F. 15, 20–1, 23–4, 69n, 103, 163 Papafragou, A. 63, 69, 164 Jacobsen, W. 14, 20 participle 68, 79n, 116 Jakobson, R. 14 passive 59, 84n, 171–6 past tense kakari-musubi 28, 37, 106–8 assumed evidential 115–7 Kamio, A. 50, 132–3 inferential evidential 95–6 Kina, C. 12, 34–5, 39, 45n reportative evidential 136–7 Kraus, M. 5 Pellard, T. 7 Kudō, M. 18, 26–7, 32, 34–5, 43, 45n, 78, perfect 81, 109, 116, 137n, 171–4 82, 85–6, 88n perfect of evidential 109–13 Kuno, S. 54n, 129n Perkins, R. 18, 23, 81, 104, 171, 179n person Langacker, R. W. 22, 47, 103 first person 17, 33–34n, 44n-45n, 54n, language contact 180 79, 86, 123, 136 language documentation 7, 185 second person 17, 139 language variation / varieties 4, 5–7, 9n, third person 14, 44–6, 52, 54–6, 95, 101, 32, 40, 54n, 179 139–40, 149 Lazard, Z. 1, 21 personal information 48–9, 56, 60, 131 lexical evidential 1, 18 Plugian, V. 21–3 Lyons, J. 23, 24, 69n, 103 politeness 38n