DOCSLIB.ORG

A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Agentive And Patientive Verb Bases In North Alaskan Inupiaq Item Type Thesis Authors Nagai, Tadataka Download date 08/10/2021 07:18:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8897 AGENTTVE AND PATIENTIVE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TadatakaNagai, B.Litt, M.Litt. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2006 © 2006 Tadataka Nagai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3229741 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3229741 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGENTIVE AND PATIENTIYE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ By TadatakaNagai ^ /Z / / RECOMMENDED: -4-/—/£ £ ■ / A l y f l A £ y f 1- -A ;cy/TrlHX ,-v /| /> ?AL C l *- Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Linguistics Program APPROVED: A a r// '7, 7-ooG Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Abstract This dissertation is concerned with North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo. It has two goals: (i) to provide a grammatical sketch ofthe Upper Kobuk dialect of this language; (ii) to investigate agentive and patientive verb bases. Chapter 2 is a grammatical sketch of the Upper Kobuk dialect of North Alaskan Inupiaq. Chapters 3 through 5 deal with two types of verb bases in this language, called agentive and patientive. As we see in Chapter 3, agentive and patientive verb bases are verb bases that can inflect either intransitively or transitively, and they differ in the following ways: (i) prototypical agentive bases have the intransitive subject corresponding with the transitive subject, and do not require a half-transitive postbase to become antipassive; (ii) prototypical patientive bases have the intransitive subject corresponding with the transitive object, and require a half-transitive postbase to become antipassive. In Chapter 4 ,1 present the polarity—the property ofbeing agentive or patientive—of all the verb bases that can inflect either intransitively or transitively, sorted by meaning, in order to uncover semantic features that characterize agentive and patientive bases. I identify 13 semantic features, such as indicating the agent’s process for agentive bases and the lack of agent control for patientive bases. All these semantic features are related with the saliency ofthe agent or patient. In Chapter 5,1 investigate several pieces of evidence that show that the dividing line between the agentive and patientive classes is not rigid: (i) There are verb bases that can have the intransitive subject corresponding with either the transitive subject or object. (ii) Some verb bases may or may not take a half-transitive postbase to become antipassive. (iii) Certain postbases or a certain verb mood turn agentive bases into patientive or patientive bases into agentive. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Although two classes of verbs similar to the agentive and patientive classes in Inupiaq are found many languages, such phenomena as described in this chapter are seldom studied. This chapter purports to be the first coherent study of its kind. The appendices contain two Inupiaq texts. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table o f contents Page Signature page ........................................................................................................................ i Title page ..............................................................................................................................ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................iii Table of contents .................................................................................................................... v List of figures ........................................................................................................................x List of tables .........................................................................................................................xi List of appendices ............................................................................................................... xiii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... xv Abbreviations and symbols .................................................................................................xvii Conventions in glossing examples .........................................................................................xx Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Eskimo-Aleut language family .....................................................................................2 1.2. Overview of the dissertation .........................................................................................7 Chapter 2. Grammatical sketch of the Kobuk dialect ofNorth Alaskan Inupiaq ......................... 10 2.1. The language and its speakers ...................................................................................10 2.1.1. Linguistic type .................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Present situation .................................................................................................. 13 2.1.3. Previous work .................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4. My fieldwork ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1.5. Sources ..............................................................................................................16 2.1.6. Notation .............................................................................................................18 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi Page 2.2. Phonology and morphophonology ............................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Phoneme inventory .............................................................................................. 18 2.2.2. Phonemic alternations .......................................................................................... 22 2.2.2.1. Phonological alternations ............................................................................... 23 2.2.2.2. Morphophonologjcal alternations ................................................................... 24 2.2.3. Types of suffixes ..................................................................................................27 2.3. Morphology .............................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1. Makeup of a word ...............................................................................................35 2.3.2. Nominals and adverbs .......................................................................................... 39 2.3.2.1. Nouns .......................................................................................................... 39 2.3.2.1.1. Case...................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2.1.2. Number..................................................................................................52 2.3.2.1.3. Person and number of possessor. .............................................................. 53 2.3.2.2. Demonstratives .............................................................................................54 2.3.2.3. Personal pronouns ......................................................................................... 69 2.3.2.4. Intenogatives................................................................................................72 2.3.3. Verbs ..................................................................................................................76 2.3.3.1. Mood. .......................................................................................................... 76 2.3.3.2. Person and number of arguments .................................................................. 100 2.3.4. Postbases .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • STAND-Policy-Handbook-July 2021
    POLICY-MAKER/RESEARCHER HANDBOOK: POLICY-MAKER /RESEARCHER HANDBOOK S T A N D C A N A D A HOW TO BE INCLUSIVE OF FIRST NATION, MÉTIS, AND INUIT COMMUNITIES Author: , Policy Prepared July 2021 Version 1. Olaide Bankole Researcher Editor: Diana Anton, Co-Director of 01 Strategic Policy TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. .....................................................................Introduction 4. .............................................General Best Practices 5. ........................Best Practices for Policy-Makers 6. Examples of Positive Policy Making Practices 8. .............................Best Practices for Researchers 11. ...What To Do: A Checklist For Researchers 12. ..........................................................Helpful Resources 14. ............................................................................Conclusion 15. ...............................Appendix A: Key Terminology 02 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this handbook is to identify some basic guidelines for researchers and policy makers wishing to engage meaningfully with First Nation, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) communities, and provide some resources to begin the process of meaningful inclusion of FNMI voices in policy and research work. In 2015, Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) released Calls to Action specifying specific actions Canadians should take to begin the process of reconciliation with First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people. Researchers and policymakers have substantial opportunities to do the work of reconciliation when it comes to creating
    [Show full text]
  • INUVIALUIT LANGUAGE and IDENTITY: PERSPECTIVES on the SYMBOLIC MEANING of INUVIALUKTUN in the CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC by Alexand
    INUVIALUIT LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: PERSPECTIVES ON THE SYMBOLIC MEANING OF INUVIALUKTUN IN THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC by Alexander C. Oehler B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 2010 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2012 © Alexander C. Oehler, 2012 Abstract: The revitalization of ancestral languages has been an issue of great concern to Aboriginal communities across North America for several decades. More recently, this concern has also found a voice in educational policy, particularly in regions where Aboriginal land claims have been ratified, and where public schools fall under a mandate to offer curricula that meet the needs of Aboriginal students. This research seeks to explore the cultural significance of Inuvialuktun, a regional Inuit language comprised of three distinct dialects traditionally spoken by the Inuvialuit of the northern Northwest Territories, Canada. More specifically, the research seeks to examine the role of current Inuvialuktun language revitalization efforts in the establishment of Inuvialuit collective and individual identities across several age groups. Tying into the sociolinguistic discourse on ancestral language revitalization in North America, the research seeks to contribute a case study from a region underrepresented in the literature on language and identity. The applied aim of the study is to provide better insight on existing language ideologies and language attitudes subscribed to by current and potential learners of Inuvialuktun in the community of Inuvik, NWT. Data obtained by the study is intended to aid local and territorial language planners in identifying potential obstacles and opportunities regarding language learner motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Argument Marking in Harakmbut
    Argument marking in Harakmbut: Looking for referential transparency An Van linden ([email protected]) University of Leuven & Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) SLW6, Pavia, 9/09/2014 1. Introduction − Harakmbut is a language from the Peruvian Amazon, spoken in ‘native communities’ in the departments of Madre de Dios and Cusco − Genetic affiliation: − Formerly classified as an Arawakan or Maipuran language by McQuown (1955) (see Hart 1963: 6) and Matteson (1972); but this has found little acceptance (Adelaar 2007: 39). − Wise (1999: 307) states that Harakmbut is commonly accepted to be a (single language) isolate (cf. WALS; Fonseca 2002; Vergara 2007) − Adelaar (2000, 2007) proposes that it is genetically related to the Brazilian Katukina family (included in Guaporé-Mamoré linguistic area), which may be further linked to Macro-Ge − Some grammatical features are shared with Ese Eja (Tacanan family) (Pozzi-Escot 1998: 93), which is proposed to belong to the Guaporé-Mamoré linguistic area in southwest Brazil and eastern Bolivia, close to the border with Peru (Crevels & van der Voort 2008) − Previous linguistic work: focus on Amarakaeri dialect (Hart 1963; Helberg 1984, 1990; Tripp 1976ab, 1995) − Own work: two fieldwork stays in Puerto Luz, San José and Shintuya (all Amarakaeri informants): Jul-Aug 2010, Aug-Sept 2011 − Orthographic conventions: <’>: glottal stop; <¨>: nasal vowel; underlined sounds carry word stress − Agglutinating language − Synthetic verbal morphology, especially with respect to mood and argument marking 2. Mood marking − Argument marking interacts with mood marking: Harakmbut distinguishes between three mood types: indicative, dubitative and imperative mood, each of which has a distinct set of argument markers (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwakwaka'wakw Storytelling: Preserving Ancient Legends
    MARCUS CHALMERS VERONIKA KARSHINA CARLOS VELASQUEZ KWAKWAKA'WAKW STORYTELLING: PRESERVING ANCIENT LEGENDS ADVISORS: SPONSOR: Professor Creighton Peet David Neel Dr. Thomas Balistrieri This report represents the work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely published these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, seehttp://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects Image: Neel D. (n.d.) Crooked Beak KWAKWAKA'WAKW i STORYTELLING Kwakwaka'wakw Storytelling: Reintroducing Ancient Legends An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. Submitted by: Marcus Chalmers Veronika Karshina Carlos Velasquez Submitted to: David A. Neel, Northwest Coast native artist, author, and project sponsor Professor Creighton Peet Professor Thomas Balistrieri Date submitted: March 5, 2021 This report represents the work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely published these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects ABSTRACT ii ABSTRACT Kwakwaka'wakw Storytelling: Preserving Ancient Legends Neel D. (2021) The erasure of Kwakwaka'wakw First Nations' rich culture and history has transpired for hundreds of years. This destruction of heritage has caused severe damage to traditional oral storytelling and the history and knowledge interwoven with this ancient practice. Under the guidance of Northwest Coast artist and author David Neel, we worked towards reintroducing this storytelling tradition to contemporary audiences through modern media and digital technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Greenlandic Sea Ice Lists and Some Considerations Regarding Inuit Sea Ice Terms Nicole Tersis, Pierre Taverniers
    Two Greenlandic Sea Ice Lists and Some considerations Regarding Inuit Sea Ice Terms Nicole Tersis, Pierre Taverniers To cite this version: Nicole Tersis, Pierre Taverniers. Two Greenlandic Sea Ice Lists and Some considerations Regarding Inuit Sea Ice Terms. I.Krupnik et al. SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, Springer Science, pp.413-426, 2010. halshs-00724585 HAL Id: halshs-00724585 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724585 Submitted on 21 Aug 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Article publié dans I. Krupnik et al. (eds.), 2010, SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. pp.413-426. Two Greenlandic Sea Ice Lists and Some Considerations Regarding Inuit Sea Ice Terms Nicole Tersis (SeDyL-CNRS) and Pierre Taverniers (Méteo-France) The following two lists of the Greenlandic Inuit sea ice terms are the result of field research in Greenland, and they do not pretend in any way to be exhaustive. The first list relates to the language of west Greenland, spoken by approximately 52,000 people, and recognized since 1979 as the official language of Greenland under the name of Kalaallisut (Berthelsen et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Knowledge, Climate Change, Subsistence
    在来知、気候変動、生業活動適応・不適応：グリーンランドの調査から考える Local knowledge, climate change, subsistence (mal) adaptations ――Thoughts from Greenland―― 「在来知と近代科学」科研第４回研究会 鹿児島大学 スチュアート ヘンリ（本多俊和） Henry Stewart (Shunwa Honda) 1．The question and problems I began research in Greenland in 2003 as part of an investigation into representation of Indigenous peoples in media and museum exhibits. When visiting the Greenland National Museum in Nuuk, I became aware of sheep farming in south Greenland. Through this realization, the stark difference between the society and subsistence activities of north and south Greenland Inuit (Kalaallit = Greenlanders) and differing reaction to climate change became evident. Such a distinct variance is not evident in Alaska or Canada. In order to substantiate my intuition, I began to gather data concerning the history of climate change in Greenland, the present situation of regional groups and their subsistence activities, and well as the stance toward climate change by Inuit organisations. Today I present a brief review of representation in exhibits of Greenland National Museum, and then onto a synopsis of climate change research based upon research to date （September 2013 ノース、チューレ文化、シオラパルク、Tasiusaq）. Concerning the attitude of the Greenland government, I depend on prior research as my efforts to meet government agencies in Nuuk, September 2013 all were met with last minute cancellations. 2. Terminology Permanent residents of Greenland are officially referred to as Kalaallit（カラーシュ リト カラーリト）. This designation has several self-contradictory and ambiguous connotations.⇒ Greenland’s official designation is Kalaallit Nunaat, “The land of Kalaallit”, and permanent residents, regardless of ethnic background are Kalaallit (Greenlanders in English). Inuit ancestry of the 56,000 residents is estimated to be approximately 50,000 persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceiving the Islandness of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)
    Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, v7n1 — Grydehøj Islands as legible geographies: perceiving the islandness of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Adam Grydehøj Ilisimatusark/University of Greenland, Greenland Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Island Dynamics, Denmark [email protected] Publication Information: Received 19 April 2018, Accepted 15 May 2018, Available online 30 June 2018 DOI: 10.21463/jmic.2018.07.1.01 Abstract Despite considerable research within the field of island studies, no consensus has yet been reached as to what it is that makes islands special. Around the world, islands and archipelagos are shaped by diverse spatialities and relationalities that make it difficult to identify clear general characteristics of islandness. This paper argues that one such ‘active ingredient’ of islandness, which is present across many forms of island spatiality, is the idea that islands are ‘legible geographies’: spaces of heightened conceptualisability, spaces that are exceptionally easy to imagine as places. The paper uses the case of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) to show how island geographical legibility has influenced a territory’s cultural and political development over time, even though Kalaallit Nunaat is such a large island that it can never be experienced as an island but can only be perceived as an island from a satellite or cartographic perspective. I ultimately argue that islandness can have significant effects on a place’s development but that it can be difficult to isolate these effects from other factors that may themselves have been influenced by islandness. Keywords archipelagos, Greenland, islands, islandness, Kalaallit Nunaat, legible geographies 2212-6821 © 2018 Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas
    Document generated on 10/01/2021 7:23 p.m. Études Inuit Studies Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas Documenter les connaissances linguistiques dans un atlas en langue inuit Kumiko Murasugi and Monica Ittusardjuat Curriculum scolaire inuit Article abstract Inuit School Curriculum The traditional method of orally transmitting language is weakening with the Volume 40, Number 2, 2016 passing of fluent Elders and language erosion in contemporary Inuit society. Language documentation is a vital component of language maintenance and URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1055437ar revitalization. In this paper we present a pilot online, multimedia DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1055437ar cybercartographic Atlas of the Inuit Language in Canada, the goal of which is to help protect and strengthen the vitality of Inuit dialects through the documentation of their words. The main component of the atlas is a See table of contents multidialectal database of written and spoken words. We discuss the role of dictionaries in language documentation, introduce the features of the atlas, explore the appeal of the atlas to different types of users (in particular, Publisher(s) language learners), and present future directions for the atlas project. Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones (CIÉRA) ISSN 0701-1008 (print) 1708-5268 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Murasugi, K. & Ittusardjuat, M. (2016). Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas. Études Inuit Studies, 40(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.7202/1055437ar Tous droits réservés © La revue Études Inuit Studies, 2019 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialised Camping Hammocks & Tarps
    Specialised Camping Hammocks & Tarps CONTENTS About DD Hammocks . .3 Product Range. .4 DD Hammocks. 5 All Hammocks. .6 Hammock Accessories & Suspension. .13 Mosquito Nets. 16 DD Tarps. .18 All Tarps. .19 Tarp Suspension & Accessories. .25 DD Superlight Range. .26 Superlight Suspension & Accessories. 32 DD Multicam Range . .33 DD Superlight Tents . .36 Ultralight Hammock Stand. 44 Camping Accessories. 46 Insulation. .52 Clothing. .58 Share Your Experience. 60 2 ABOUT DD HAMMOCKS DD have been at the forefront of hammock camping since 2005. Our current range of exciting and innovative products are the result of many years of prototype building, testing in different environments and long periods of development, combined with some great feedback and suggestions we’ve received from many people along the way. We have an extensive knowledge of hammock camping in some very harsh environments and our products are built to withstand the worst nature can throw at them. We believe innovation of products should be ongoing and we continue to spend many hours working on existing products as well as new and exiting ideas. Some of the products we have developed over the years include a hammock / bivi (sleep on the ground or hang from the trees!); a high spec fully modular hammock; hammock specific sleeping bags; very versatile tarps and the lightest hammock in the world! We are a small friendly team based in Edinburgh in the UK and we sell our products worldwide. Our range includes products suitable for hot, cold, windy, wet and extreme environments all over the world. Our products are used by some of the leading bushcraft schools, jungle training organisations, on TV survival shows and by people like you and us.
    [Show full text]
  • Agentive and Patientive Verb Bases in North Alaskan Inupiaq
    AGENTTVE AND PATIENTIVE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TadatakaNagai, B.Litt, M.Litt. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2006 © 2006 Tadataka Nagai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3229741 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3229741 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGENTIVE AND PATIENTIYE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ By TadatakaNagai ^ /Z / / RECOMMENDED: -4-/—/£ £ ■ / A l y f l A £ y f 1- -A ;cy/TrlHX ,-v /| /> ?AL C l *- Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Linguistics Program APPROVED: A a r// '7, 7-ooG Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Abstract This dissertation is concerned with North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Original Language Map in PDF Format
    Aleut Copper Island (Unangam Tunuu) Attuan Creole Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) Taz Itelmen Evenk Ulchi Even Nanai Orok (Uilta)Orochi Udege Nanai Sugpiaq (Alutiiq) Alyutor Nivkh Ulchi Central Alaskan Yupik Kerek Koryak Negidal Haida Deg Xinag Sirenik Naukan Yupik Chuvan Eyak Kuskokwim Evenk Ahtna Central Siberian Even Dena'ina Holikachuk Yupik Even Tsimshianic Tlingit Chukchi Kolyma Evenk Tsetsaut Tanacross Yukagir Nisga-Gitksan Tagish Tanana Koyukon Chukchi Tutchone Hän Iñupiaq Tundra Sakha Kaska Yukagir (Yakut) Gwich’in Evenk Even Sakha North Slavey (Yakut) South Slavey Inuvialuktun Evenk Tłıchǫ Evenk Chipewyan Inuinnaqtun Soyot Dolgan Ket Tofa Tuvan Evenk Nanai Kivallirmiutut Natsilingmiutut Nganasan Shor Chelkan Nenets Enets Telengit Aivilingmiutut Evenk Teleut Kumandin Qikiqtaaluk uannangani Selkup Chulym Tuba Inuktun Selkup Nenets Qikiqtaaluk nigiani Khanty Mansi Nunavimmiutitut Nenets Nunatsiavummiutut Izhma-Komi Kalaallisut Skolt Sámi Ter Sámi Komi Kildin Sámi Inari Sámi Akkala Sámi Iivermiisud Northern Sámi Kemi Sámi Lule Sámi Karelian Pite Sámi Veps Ume Sámi Altaic family Southern Sámi Na'Dene family Turkic branch Athabaskan branch Mongolic branch Eyak branch Tunguso-Manchurian branch Tlingit branch Paleo-Asian family Eskaleut family Paleo-Asian family Inuit group of Inuit-Yupik branch Language isolates Uralic family Yupik group of Inuit-Yupik branch Ket Finno-Ugric branch Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) branch Nivkh Samoyedic branch Not represented by Permanent Participants Tsimshianic Critically endangered or recently extinct Haida languages Dialects Yukagir languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Idawati Garim
    Modality in Tae’ language: a grammatical-lexical view Kisman Salija – Jusmianti Garing – Idawati Garim DOI: 10.18355/XL.2017.10.04.18 Abstract There are many ways to find modality in languages. Modality of language can be expressed through grammatical or lexical feature. However, modality in Tae’ language specifically can be described through both these features. This research aims to express the modality in Tae’ language based on grammatical-lexical point of view. This is a descriptive qualitative research using library research methods. Library research aims to get of completed and detail data. Further, this research analyzes eighteen discourses of Tae’ language consisting of folklore, fable, messages, and Tae’ specific food. The result shows that there are some features marking modality in Tae’ language that expressed through grammatical and lexical feature. Grammatical modality of Tae’ established through affixation process, i.e. prefix la-, and suffixes – ri, –ra functioning as verbs and particles. Further, modality in Tae’ is also established by lexical feature using the words melo, parallu, musti, bela, wa’ding, bang, omi, sia, kade, le’, dau, tae, tannia, saba, iake, and kumua functioning as auxiliary verbs, particles, negations, and conjunctions. Semantically, these forms mark epistemic and deontic modality in Tae’ language. Epistemic and deontic modality in Tae’ describe as declarative, subjunctive, dubitative, imperative, desiderative and volition, interrogative, and possibility form. Key words: modality, epistemic, deontic, Tae’s language, grammatical-lexical view Introduction Modality can be defined as a philosophical concept, as a subject of the study of logic, or as a grammatical category. There are many definitions and classifications of modal phenomena.
    [Show full text]