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Sudbina Nemaca U Jugoslaviji UDK 323.15(=112.2)(497.1) UDK 339.92(497.1:430.1) Dr Branko Pavlica SUDBINA NEMACA U JUGOSLAVIJI Kao najbrojnija i ekonomski najsna`nija mawinska zajednica -- Nemci su u`ivali izuzetne privilegije u Kraqevini Jugoslaviji. Ve} juna 1920. u Novom Sadu osnivaju Kulturbund, koji, iako u dva navrata zabrawivan zbog politi~ke delatnosti, ve} od 1931. godine, dono{ewem svog Statuta (,,Statuti [vapsko-Nema~kog Prosvetnog Saveza‘‘) zapo~iwe {iroku pri- vrednu, prosvetnu i kulturnu delatnost, organizuju}i razli~ita dru{tva i udru`ewa radi ja~awa ,,zamrle‘‘ (izraz G. Grasla jo{ iz 1920. godine) nema~ke nacionalne svesti. ,,Deutschtum in Jugoslawien‘‘ -- ,,stoji odli~no i ekonomski i kulturno‘‘ (Ivo Andri}). Me|utim, wihova antijugoslovenska aktivnost, naro~ito u godina- ma uo~i rata, uloga pete kolone, masovno u~e{}e na strani Vermahta tokom Drugog svetskog rata, predodre|uju wihovu sudbinu (masovan odlazak sa jedinicama Vermahta, ali i u sklopu Avnojevskih odluka). Dana{wi ,,zahtevi sudetskih Nemaca‘‘ o,,ukidawu‘‘ Bene{ovih dek- reta, kao i jugoslovenskih Nemaca (okupqenih u nekoliko -- od po nekoliko stotina) u udru`ewima -- savezima (Subotica, Novi Sad...) o ,,ukidawu‘‘ Avnojevskih odluka izaziva ponovno razja{wewe wihovog polo`aja, uloge i sudbine -- u svetlu istorije i prava. Jer, od blizu 500.000 Nemaca ([vaba, folksdoj~era), po statisti~kim podacima iz 1921. godine, odnosno 1931, danas u (SR) Jugoslaviji `ivi svega (oko) 1% (1991). Najzad, prema podacima iz 2002. godine, na teritoriji Srbije `ivi 3.901 pripadnik nema~ke mawine. Kqu~ne re~i: Folksdoj~eri. -- Kulturbund. -- Peta kolona. -- Avnojevski principi (odluke). -- Nemstvo. UVODNE NAPOMENE Andreas Birgermajer, predsednik nema~kog udru`ewa ,,Do- nau‘‘ u Novom Sadu, u svom izlagawu na konferenciji ,,Tranzicija i polo`aj mawina‘‘ (8--9. XI 2001, Beograd) isti~e: ,,Kao {to znate, pre Drugog svetskog rata, ovde je bilo oko 530.000 Nemaca, sada 196 Branko Pavlica (str. 196--236) na{a zajednica broji mo`da oko 3--4.000 pripadnika. Sudbina Ne- maca...vezanajezaAVNOJiwegoveodlukekojimaseNemcima, samo zbog wihove pripadnosti, oduzimaju sva kolektivna prava i imovina. Sem nema~ke nacionalnosti, nikakav drugi razlog za to nije postojao‘‘(?)... ,,Stav nema~ke zajednice je da se obavezno ime- nuju sve nacionalne mawine, a posebno nema~ka, zbog wenog veoma te{kog istorijskog iskustva. U Avnojevskim odlukama jedino su Nemci imenovani, nijedna druga nacionalna mawina nije imeno- vana. Ukoliko se u zakonu poimeni~no ne nabroje nacionalne mawine,ondazamenetakavzakonne}enipostojati...‘‘.1 Istovetne stavove, u intervjuu NIN-u po~etkom 2002. godi- ne, iznosi i predsednik Nema~kog narodnog saveza u Subotici Rudolf Vajs. 1. FOLKSDOJ^ERI U JUGOSLAVIJI 1920--1941 Po~etkom XVII veka Nemci se naseqavaju u Podunavqu. Naj- ve}i migracioni talas usledio je tokom druge polovine XVIII veka. Be~ki dvor je planski naseqavao Nemce u Ugarskoj pru`aju}i im znatne privilegije. ,,Terani iz domovine raznim nevoqama, a i sistematski primamqivani, nagrnule su proteklih decenija iz Virtemberga, Badena, Nasaua, Hasena, Fala~ke, Elzasa, pa i rajn- skih provincija, hiqade i hiqade porodica u ove krajeve, izme|u 1763. i 1787. godine, naselilo se u Ba~ku i Banat 19.000 porodica sa 80.000 osoba. Bez obzira na wihovo plemensko poreklo, zvali su ih bez razlike ,,[vabama‘‘ (H. Wendel). I tokom XIX veka u ove krajeve dolaze Nemci. Recimo, Viqem II, naslednik Bizmarkov, ovako navodi potrebe (prioritete) Nema~ke: tropske kolonije, sigurna tr`i{ta za nema~ku industriju, osiguran uvoz sirovina i `ivotnih namirnica i po mogu}nosti zemqe za naseqavawe ne- ma~kim zemqoradnikom. Nema~ka spoqnopoliti~ka doktrina ovo obrazla`e: ,,Podloga spoqne politike Rajha je (i) nacionalno-je- zi~ka i ekonomska dijaspora, tj. sistematski razme{taj nema~kih naseobina...‘‘ (Lampreht).2 1 A. Birgermajer, ,,Imenovati mawine‘‘,u:Mawine i tranzicija,Hel- sin{ke sveske, Beograd, 2002, str. 64. 2 Pripadnici nema~ke nacionalne mawine `iveli su u mnogim evropskim zemqama. Uo~i Prvog svetskog rata, kako isti~e C. Morocutti, wihov broj, u pojedinim zemqama je slede}i: u Francuskoj je bilo 1.700.000 Nemaca, ili 4,4% od ukupnog stanovni{tva; u Italiji -- 275.000 (0,7%); u Poqskoj --2.100.000 (7,1%); u Rumuniji -- 1.100.000 (6,1%); u ^ehoslova~koj -- 3.700.000 (~ak 27%); u Jugoslaviji -- 650.000 (5,1%); u Belgiji -- 110.000 (1,4%); u Ma|arskoj -- 560.000 (7,4%); u Danskoj -- 100.000 (3%); u Litvaniji -- 100.000 (3,2%); u Letoniji -- 100.000 (7%); i u Estoniji je bilo 50.000 Nemaca (5%). C. Morocutti, Europa und die Volkischen Minderheiten, Jena, 1925, s. 56--60. 197 Anali, godina Ñúúú, br. 2, 2005. Doista, bio je to ,,va`an momenat u politi~koj bilansiji, da stopa po stopa zemqe, ~as kod Bawaluke, ~as kod In|ije ili Vr{ca, pa onda na Kosovu ili u Barawi, kod Budima i na Primorju prelazi u nema~ke ruke. Di`u se dimwaci nema~kih tvornica izme|u Segedina, Trsta, Sarajeva i Ni{a... Desetinama postaju srpske op{tine po svom majoritetno -- zvani~nom jeziku nema~- kom‘‘ (dr M. Kosi}). Stoga, mo`e se zakqu~iti, da su folksdoj~eri u Kraqevini SHS (najve}i deo od blizu 500.000), neposredni potomci ovih nema~kih doseqenika, koje su ovde naselili Karlo VI, Marija Terezija i Josif II. Ovo potvr|uju i sami Nemci -- G. Grasl, J. Menart, ~elnici ,,Kulturbunda‘‘, kada, prilikom wegovog osnivawa 1920. godine, u Novom Sadu, sve~ano izjavquju, da su se wihovi preci ovde naselili pre 200 godina. Aktivnost folksdoj~era i wihov stav (odnos) prema Kraqe- vini Jugoslaviji, ~iji su dr`avqani, mo`e se pratiti i kroz najraznovrsnije oblike delovawa Kulturbunda. Oficijelno, ova kulturno-prosvetna organizacija jugoslovenskih Nemaca, nared- nih godina po osnivawu, legalnim putem nastoji da obezbedi kul- turni, prosvetni i privredni prosperitet svojih ~lanova. Me|u- tim, iako dobijaju pravo da formiraju politi~ku stranku -- Par- tija Nemaca u Jugoslaviji, Kulturbund, usled politi~kog delovawa biva dvaput zabrawivan (1924. i 1929. godine), da bi 1931. godine, dono{ewem ,,Statuta [vapsko-Nema~kog Prosvetnog Saveza‘‘,po- novo otpo~ela sa radom. Postojawem nema~kih mawinskih {kola, pravom na versku organizovanost i slobodu veroispovesti na materwem jeziku, bo- gatom izdava~kom delatno{}u ({tampa, kwige, periodi~ne publi- kacije), radom 866 raznih dru{tava i udru`ewa -- kulturnih, pros- vetnih, dobrotvornih i sportskih (1938. godine) i delovawem Kul- turbunda (koji ima 256 mesnih grupa), omogu}en je slobodan kultur- ni razvoj nema~ke mawine. Deutschtum in Jugoslawien ,,odli~no stoji ikulturnoiekonomski‘‘ (I. Andri}). Folksdoj~eri su predstavqali sna`an oslonac za nema~ku politiku prema Jugoslaviji. Kao najbrojnija i ekonomski naj- sna`nija mawina u Jugoslaviji, u`ivala je privilegije, koje su bile, pak, u korelaciji sa za{titom Tre}eg Rajha. Upravo, priv- redno sna`ewe i vojnopoliti~ko ja~awe Nema~ke, kao i sve raz- vijeniji privredni i diplomatsko-politi~ki odnosi sa Jugoslavi- jom, bili su garancija wihovog privilegovanog (ne samo mawin- skog) polo`aja. Ali, zadojeni nacisti~kom ideologijom, ohrabri- vani nema~kim ratnim osvajawima, pripadnici ove mawine orga- nizuju jedinstveni folksdoj~erski front. Svojom antijugosloven- skom delatno{}u i obave{tajnim radom postaju glavno upori{te Tre}eg Rajha u Jugoslaviji. Pobedom ,,nacional-socijalisti~ke‘‘ 198 Branko Pavlica (str. 196--236) struje, tzv. obnoviteqa u Kulturbundu (novi vo|a J. Sepp), nema~ka mawina -- pronema~ki opredeqena i sa neprijateqskim odnosom prema Kraqevini, postaje najsna`nija i najorganizovanija peta kolona. ,,Politi~ki pragmatizam Tre}eg Rajha, to jest wegovi planovi da se Jugoslavija privede u ,,novi poredak‘‘ bez rata, nailazio je na nezadovoqstvo najradikalnijih pripadnika Kultur- bunda, koji su jedva ~ekali nestanak postoje}e dr`ave i ustanov- qavawe vladavine Tre}eg Rajha. Stoga i ne za~u|uje wihovo po- na{awe uo~i aprilskog rata, u samom ratu i nakon wegovog za- vr{etka, kada su se svi, bez izuzetka, deklarisali kao nema~ki dr`avqani i stupili u Vermaht, SS jedinice i lokalne policijske stanice‘‘ (dr B. Petranovi}). Krajwi politi~ki ciq podunavskih [vaba bio je stvarawe vlastite ,,podunavske dr`ave‘‘. Prakti~no, sudbina jugoslovenskih Nemaca posle Drugog svetskog rata bila je ve} predodre|ena ovakvim wihovim neprijateqskim pona{awem u godinama uo~i i tokom rata. 2. TRE]I RAJH, KRAQEVINA JUGOSLAVIJA I FOLKSDOJ^ERI U nastojawu da ostvari globalni strategijski interes (da Jugoistok postane dopunsko privredno podru~je Nema~kog Rajha) nema~ka spoqnopoliti~ka doktrina u periodu 1933--1941. godine sve to obrazla`e postojawem privrednih, geografskih, istorij- skih, duhovnih, politi~kih i etni~kih veza.3 Nacisti~ka Nema~- ka, ve{tom diplomatskom aktivno{}u, politi~kim pritiskom, ekonomskom panetracijom (klirin{kim na~inom pla}awa, poli- ti~kim uslovqavawem izvoza naoru`awa), {pijunskom i teroris- ti~kom delatno{}u folksdoj~era, a od 1938. godine i ratnim osvajawima, ,,po prostoru strane sile‘‘ (,,die raumfremden Mächte‘‘) taj strategijski interes prakti~no i ostvaruje.4 DrangnachOsten (radi stvarawa privrednog prostora sredwe i jugoisto~ne Evrope -- podru~je izme|u Crnog, Egejskog i Jadranskog mora) bio je, dakle, dugoro~ni strategijski interes Nema~kog Rajha. Obezbe|ewe si- rovina i poqoprivrednih proizvoda postavqalo se kao impera- tiv.5 Otuda teza o korisnosti saradwe sa privredama jugoisto~ne 3 Dr Andrej Mitrovi}, Ergänzungswirtschaft. O teoriji jedinstvenog priv- rednog podru~ja Tre}eg Rajha i jugoisto~ne Evrope (1933--1941), JIC, 1974, str. 24--26. 4 A. Mitrovi}, nav. delo, str. 25. 5 W. Hoffmann, Donauraum Völkerschicksai,Leipzig, 1939, S. 166., R. Dammert, Deutschlands Nachbaren in Südosten, 1938, S. 2; W. Lochmuller, Unsere Zukunft aue dem Balkan. Afrikanische oder europische Politik? Leipzig, 1915, S. 1. 199 Anali, godina Ñúúú, br. 2, 2005. Evrope, i to uprkos tome {to su bile na ni`em stepenu razvoja.
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