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Vpliv Kulturbunda Na Nemška Društva V Mariboru (1930 - 1939)

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Vpliv Kulturbunda Na Nemška Društva V Mariboru (1930 - 1939) Univerza Maribor Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek za zgodovino Metka Gelt VPLIV KULTURBUNDA NA NEMŠKA DRUŠTVA V MARIBORU (1930 - 1939) MAGISTRSKO DELO Maribor, december 2011 Univerza Maribor Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek za zgodovino Metka Gelt VPLIV KULTURBUNDA NA NEMŠKA DRUŠTVA V MARIBORU (1930 - 1939) MAGISTRSKO DELO Mentor: red. prof. dr. Darko Friš Somentor: doc. dr. Dragan Poto čnik Maribor, december 2011 2 IZVLE ČEK V mojem magistrskem delu »Vpliv Kulturbunda na nemška društva v Mariboru (1930- 1939)« preu čujem oblikovanje in delovanje krovne organizacije jugoslovanskih Nemcev. Pri tem sem se osredoto čila na delovanje mariborske krajevne skupine SDKB med leti 1930 in 1939. V središ če sem postavila povezovanje nemških društev v krovno organizacijo in probleme, ki so nastali zaradi nadvlade enega izmed manjšinskih društev. V magistrskem delu ugotavljam v koliki meri sta saintgermainska mirovna pogodba in dodatna pogodba o zaš čiti manjšinskih pravic, vplivali na razvoj manjšinskega življenja v Mariboru in kako je s pomočjo posameznih členov mirovne pogodbe lahko prišlo do izoblikovanja krovne organizacije. Poleg tega preu čujem problem zlorabljanja društvenega življenja v politične namene. UDK: 94:323.1(497.412)"1930/1939"(043.2) 061.2(497.412=112.2)"1930/1939"(043.2) GESLA: mirovna pogodba, manjšinske pravice, Kulturbund, jugoslovanski Nemci, nemška društva 3 SUMMARY In my Master‘s Degree work entitled »The influence of Kulturbund on the german associations in Maribor (1930- 1939)«, i have presented the developement of the german associations in a unified organization between the years 1930 and 1939. My work presents the work of smaller german associations and the problems of the conection in to a more powerful german organization Kulturbund. In my work I present the influence of the peace treaty of Saint Germain and the minorty treaty to development minorty living in Maribor and how some treaty articels have influence the development of the unified organization. I presented the problems of abusing the associations living with political intentions. UDK: 94:323.1(497.412)"1930/1939"(043.2) 061.2(497.412=112.2)"1930/1939"(043.2) KEY WORDS: peace treaty, minorty rights, Kulturbund, yugoslavian Germans, german associations 4 KRATICE AA Auswertige Amt (Urad za tujino) AMNOM (Arhiv Muzeja narodne osvoboditve Maribor) AO NSDAP Auslandsorganisation (Organizacija za tujino) Nazionalsozialistische deutsche Arbeiter Partei (Nacionalsocialisti čna nemška delavska stranka) DAI Deutscher Ausland Institut (Nemški inšitut za tujino) GAW Gustav- Adolf Werk (Društvo Gustav- Adolf) GESTAPO Geheimestaatspolizei (Nemška tajna policija) KWVD Kultur und Wohlfahrtsvereinigung der Deutsche Slawoniens (Kulturno in dobrodelno združenje slavonskih Nemcev) MGV Männergesangsverein (Moško pevsko društvo) MOM (Mestna ob čina Maribor) MZ (Mariborer Zeitung) OF (Osvobodilna fronta) PAM (Pokrajinski arhiv Maribor) RSHA Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Glavni urad za državno varnost) SA Sturmabteilung (jurišni oddelek) SDKB Schwäbisch- Deutscher Kulturbund (Švabsko- nemška kulturna zveza) SHS Kraljevina Srbov Hrvatov in Slovencev SODI Südostdeutsches Institut (Nemški inštitut za jugovzhod) SS Schutzstaffel (zaš čitni oddelek) VDA Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Društvo za Nemce v tujini) VDJ Verband der Deutschen Jugend (Zveza nemške mladine), VoMi Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (Urad za Nemce iz nenemških dežel) ZDA (Združene države Amerike) 5 KAZALO 1 UVOD…………………………………………………………….……....……..9 1. 1 PREDSTAVITEV PROBLEMA…………………………….…………...……11 1. 2 METODA DELA.................................................................…………….….…11 2 NEMŠKA MANJŠINA IN UPOŠTEVANJE SKLEPOV MIROVNE KONFERENCE V PARIZU………………………………………..………….13 2. 1 OSNOVANJE KROVNE ORGANIZACIJE ………………………..……..….13 2. 1. 1 VEREIN FÜR DAS DEUTSCHTUM IM AUSLAND (DRUŠTVO ZA NEMCE V TUJINI)……………………………………………………..………………16 2. 1. 2 DEUTSCHER AUSLAND INSTITUT (NEMŠKI INŠTITUT ZA TUJINO) 17 2. 1. 3 AUSLANDSORGANISATION NAZIONALSOZIALISTISCHE DEUTSCHE ARBEITER PARTEI (ORGANIZACIJA ZA TUJINO NACIONAL- SOCIALISTI ČNE NEMŠKE DELAVSKE STRANKE) ……………………18 2. 1. 4 VOLKSDEUTSCHE MITTELLSTELLE (URAD ZA NEMCE IZ NENEMŠKIH DEŽEL) ……..………………..……………………….…...18 2. 2. RAZVOJ MANJŠINSKIH PRAVIC…………………………………….....19 2. 2. 1 SPREJETJE MIROVNIH POGODB………………………………………..20 2. 2. 1. 1 ZAKONSKA UREDITEV MANJŠINSKIH PRAVIC………….…..……...23 2. 3 ZAŠ ČITA PRED REVANŠIZMOM ……………………………………...32 2. 3. 1 DRUŽBENA SLOJEVITOST NEMCEV …………………………….…...33 2. 3. 2 POMEN »RECHTSFIGUR« (PRAVNE OSEBE) ............................….......35 2. 2 POMEN NEMŠKE MANJŠINE V GOSPODARSTVU …………….....…37 2. 2. 1 MANJŠINSKA VARNOSTNA POGODBA ……………………....……...37 2. 2. 1. 1 NEMŠKI INTERESI …………………………………………...….……….38 2. 2. 2 ZAHTEVE PO NEMŠKI SAMOUPRAVI …………………………...…...41 2. 2. 2. 1 PREPREKE PRI VZPOSTAVLJANJU MANJŠINSKE SAMOUPRAVE..44 3 NEMŠKA DRUŠTVENA DEJAVNOST PO LETU 1930…………….…….50 3. 1 NEMŠKA DRUŠTVENA DEJAVNOST…………………………..…….....50 3. 2 DELOVANJE NEMŠKIH DRUŠTEV V MARIBORU PO LETU 1930…..52 3. 2. 1 OBLIKOVANJE KROVNE ORGANIZACIJE…………………….……..53 6 3. 2. 1. 1 MÄNNERGESANGSVEREIN (MOŠKO PEVSKO DRUŠTVO)…..…...54 3. 1. 1 PODROČJE DELOVANJA ……………………………………………...56 3. 1. 1. 1 BUNDESSÄNGERFEST (ZVEZNI PEVSKI PRAZNIK) ……………...59 3. 1. 1. 1. 1 POTOVANJE V BRESLAU/ VROCLAW ……………………….……...66 3. 1. 1. 1. 2 SODELOVANJE MGV Z OSTALIMI DRUŠTVI …………………...…74 3. 3. 1 SODELOVANJE S TUJINO …………………………………………....75 3. 3. 1. 1 SODELOVANJE MED NEMŠKIMI MANJŠINSKIMI DRUŠTVI V KRALJEVINI JUGOSLAVIJI ……………………….….…………….76 3. 3. 2 90. OBLETNICA DELOVANJA MGV………………………….………80 3. 4 SCHLARAFFIA MARPURGIA………………………………………..…81 3. 5 RAPID………………………………………………………………..……83 4 DELOVANJE SDKB V MARIBORU (1930- 1939)………………….….87 4. 1 SPREMEMBE V KROVNI ORGANIZACIJI ………………….…….….87 4. 2 RAZVOJ MARIBORSKE KRAJEVNE SKUPINE SDKB PO LETU 1930……………………………………………………….…….....90 4. 2. 1 RAZPUST SDKB V MARIBORU LETA 1935……………………….....95 4. 2. 1. 1 VZROKI ZA RAZPUST……………………………………………..…...95 4. 2. 1. 2. RAZPUST MARIBORSKE KRAJEVNE SKUPINE SDKB ………...….99 4. 2. 1. 3 ILEGALNO DELOVANJE………………………………………….…..100 4. 2. 1. 4 SDKB IN OBVEŠ ČEVALNA DEJAVNOST ………………….……....102 4. 2. 2 DELOVANJE SDKB V LETU 1938………………………………..….103 4. 2. 2. 1 USTANOVITEV SÜDOSTDEUTSCHES INSTITUT (NEMŠKEGA INŠTITUTA ZA JUGOVZHOD)..............................................................106 4. 2. 3 AUSLANDSORGANISATION NAZIONALSOZIALISTISCHEN DEUTSCHEN ARBEITERPARTEI (AO NSDAP) ORGANIZACIJA ZA TUJINO NEMŠKE NACIONALSOCIALISTI ČNE DELAVSKE STRANKE……………………………………………………….………..108 4. 2. 4 DELOVANJE AO NSDAP V KRALJEVINI JUGOSLAVIJI PO ANŠLUSU……………………………………..…………………..……….110 4. 3 PONOVNO DELOVANJE SDKB………………………………………..113 7 4. 3. 1 PONOVNO DELOVANJE MARIBORSKE KRAJEVNE SKUPINE SDKB……………………………………………………………………...114 4. 4 DIE STATISTISCHE STELLE DER SDKB DER DRAUBANSCHAFT (STATISTI ČNI URAD SDKB DRAVSKE BANOVINE)……....………..117 5 ORGANIZACIJA NEMŠKE MLADINE (1930- 1939)……………….125 5. 1 USTANOVITEV MLADINSKIH ODDELKOV……………………...127 5. 1. 1 OBLIKOVANJE NOVE MLADINSKE ORGANIZACIJE »KULTUR- UND WOHLFAHRTSVEREINIGUNG DER DEUTSCHE SLAWONIENS« (KWVD) (KULTURNA IN DOBRODELNA ZDRUŽENJE SLAVONSKIH NEMCEV).............................................129 5. 2 NEMŠKA MLADINA V MARIBORU……………………….….…...132 5. 2. 1 REORGANIZACIJA MLADINE……………………………...………134 5. 2. 1. 1 MLADINSKO DELOVANJE PO RAZPUSTU MARIBORSKE KRAJEVNE SKUPINE SDKB……………………………….….…….136 6 VLPIV NEMŠKIH DRUŠTEV NA MANJŠINSKO ŠOLSTVO………138 6. 1 POLOŽAJ ŠOLSTVA………………………………………...………...138 6. 1. 1 PARALELNI NEMŠKI POUK…………………………………..……..139 6. 2 VLOGA SDKB PRI USTANAVLJANJU ŠOL…………………...…...140 6. 3 VLOGA EVANGELI ČANSKE VERSKE SKUPNOSTI………...…….143 6. 3. 1 SENIOR JOHANN BARON……………………………………….……147 ZAKLJU ČEK ………………………………………………………………………...150 VIRI IN LITERATURA………………………………………………………….…...154 8 1 UVOD Mirovna pogodba iz Saint-Germain-en-Laye in dodatna pogodba o zaš čiti manjšin sta podali jamstvo manjšinskih pravic, ki naj bi jugoslovanske Nemce varovali. Zaradi kršenja manjšinskih pravic je bilo treba vzpostaviti varovalko, ki bi prepre čevala kršenje. Po dolo čilih mirovne pogodbe bi to nalogo opravljalo Društvo narodov, katerega predstavnik niso imeli zadosti znanja o nacionalni problematiki nekdanjih dežel Habsburške monarhije. Zaradi tega je prišlo s strani Nem čije do zahtev po oblikovanju lastne krovne organizacije, kot politi čnega subjekta, ki bi varovala njihovo manjšino pred krivicami. Zahteve po lastni varovalki so se za čele uresni čevati z ustanovitvijo »Schwäbisch- Deutscher Kulturbunda« (Švabsko- nemške kulturne zveze) (dalje SDKB), ki je s pomo čjo krajevnih skupin nadzorovalo nemško manjšinsko življenje in jih zastopalo pri jugoslovanski oblasti pri uveljavljanju njihovih pravic. V prvem poglavju sem izpostavila težave pri vzpostavljanju nemške manjšinske politike v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, ki se je sre čevala z revanšizmom. Izpostavila sem vlogo nemških organizacij pri ohranjanju in utrditvi nemške kulture in jezika, ter kakšno vlogo so imele te organizacije pri vzpostavitvi krovne organizacije jugoslovanskih Nemcev. Obrazložila sem v koliki meri je jugoslovanska oblast, spremenila svoj odnos do nemške manjšine po uvedbi Aleksandrove diktature in kako je ta vplivala na društveno dejavnost nemške manjšine v 30. letih 20. stoletja. Izpostavila sem problem nacionalizacije, ki je bila v nasprotju z interesi varstva manjšine in problem družbene slojevitosti Nemcev. Obrazložila sem kako je svetovna gospodarska kriza vplivala na društveno življenje v Mariboru. Izpostavila sem boj za delovna
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