DOCSLIB.ORG

Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944' H-TGS Kranjc on Mezger, 'Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944' Review published on Saturday, April 10, 2021 Caroline Mezger. Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944. Studies in German History Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Illustrations, maps. 360 pp. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-885016-8. Reviewed by Gregor Kranjc (Brock University) Published on H-TGS (April, 2021) Commissioned by Benjamin Bryce (University of British Columbia) Printable Version: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=56412 Forging Germans in Yugoslavia Caroline Mezger’s Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944 is a welcome addition to the paucity of English-language works on the interwar and World War II history of theDonauschwaben (Danube Swabians) minority of Yugoslavia’s Batschka (Bačka) and Western Banat regions, joining Mirna Zakić’s recent book Ethnic Germans and National Socialism in World War II (2017), which despite its title focuses primarily on the Banat. Mezger offers us a well-researched exploration of how the Donauschwaben youth became crucial agents of accepting and spreading an exclusivist Nazi racial understanding of “Germanness.” This is accomplished, in part, by her chronological framework, which covers not only the years of Nazi and Axis occupation of Yugoslavia (1941-45) but also the longer interwar era (1918-41), which witnessed the Donauschwaben’s increasing “nationalization” into a more strident German national identity, replacing the comparatively nationally amorphous localized identities that they had had under Habsburg/Hungarian control before 1918. Mezger’s comparison of the Western Banat and the Batschka, which fell under German and Hungarian occupation respectively during World War II, acts as an additional analytical tool, revealing how the impact of different ruling regimes could promote or act as a soft brake on the Nazification of theDonauschwaben . Mezger intersperses her thoughtful analysis with the voices of eighteen elderly Donauschwaben, who opened up (or in some cases did not) about their interwar and wartime experiences in interviews that Mezger conducted over the past decade. After detailing her study’s theoretical and methodological frameworks in her concise introduction, including a sophisticated understanding of youth as historical actors and agents rather than only the passive victims of historical processes, Mezger launches into the first of three parts of her work. By sheer volume, Mezger’s study puts more emphasis on the period of Axis occupation (parts 2 and 3) than the preceding interwar era (part 1). Part 1, unlike parts 2 and 3, treats the Batschka and the Western Banat together, as both regions came under the rule of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War I. Keeping her primary focus on Donauschwaben youth, the two chapters in part 1 deal with the fight over the language and curriculum of Donauschwaben minority schools in Yugoslavia, and the proliferation of a variety of interwar Donauschwaben youth groups that competed over the Citation: H-Net Reviews. Kranjc on Mezger, 'Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944'. H-TGS. 04-10-2021. https://networks.h-net.org/node/11761/reviews/7553190/kranjc-mezger-forging-germans-youth-nation-and-national-socialist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-TGS loyalties of the community’s young people. Mezger’s analysis of the struggle over minority schools is a fascinating study of the interplay between individual, regional, national, and international actors. German minority education in the 1920s was under assault by the Yugoslav government’s education policies and its privileging of the Serbo-Croatian language. These policies contributed to a marked decline in the proficiency of German among some Donauschwaben youth. However, the intercession of Weimar Germany in support of Germans abroad (Auslandsdeutsche) in the late 1920s—a process that accelerated after 1933—resulted in a remarkable reversal in the fortunes of German minority education in the Batschka and Banat. The struggle over education highlighted the religious and ideological fault lines among the Donauschwaben in the Batschka and Banat, schisms that also revealed themselves in the extracurricular youth groups that sprouted across Europe in the interwar era. Donauschwaben youth and sporting groups cleaved along Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist Christian denominations. With the rise of Nazi Germany, rivalry developed between the youth groups associated with the established conservative Kulturbund that was founded in 1920 to represent the ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia but that professed loyalty to the Yugoslav state, and those fostered by theErneuerungsbewegung (renewal movement) in the 1930s, which aimed to “realize the Volk‘ -based, social and biological demands of National Socialism’” among theDonauschwaben (p. 62). Overlaying all of these competing factions was mandatory membership (after 1934) for allDonauschwaben youth in the state-sponsored pan- and pro-Yugoslav Sokol (Falcon) youth organization. While membership in religious youth organizations steadily declined (most obviously among Lutherans and Calvinists, less so among Catholics), the Erneuerer infiltrated and took over the Kulturbund leadership in the late 1930s. Its establishment of the Deutsche Jugend youth group in 1939, to which most of the Donauschwaben youth now flocked in their required black and white uniforms that “offer[ed] a unified image externally,” was indicative of the homogenizing trend toward National Socialist affiliation among the German minority of the Batschka and the Banat (p. 113). The nexus between National Socialist-supported minority education and youth groups was also soldered together by shared interwar experiences and cooperation between Reichsdeutsche and Donauschwaben (such as the 1936 Berlin Olympics and the resettlement of two hundred thousand ethnic Germans from Romania to Germany via Yugoslavia). Indeed, as Mezger reveals at the conclusion of part 1, by the time the Axis forces occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 it appeared to have laid the groundwork for “the ‘unification’ of all of Yugoslavia’s Donauschwaben children and youth under the Kulturbund’s umbrella” (p. 119). The unification of all Donauschwaben youth into a National Socialist worldview and its associated organizations, which seemed so apparent in the final months before the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, was frustrated by international politics as the Batschka was reunified with Hungary, while only the Western Banat remained under German occupation. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the German-occupied Banat and the unique power that the pro-Nazi Donauschwaben leadership had in monopolizing the administration of the region once the German occupational troops were withdrawn after the capitulation of Yugoslavia. This included, as Mezger details, assisting in the genocide of the Banat’s Jewish population (Batschka’s German minority also assisted in the somewhat delayed deportation of Batschka’s Jews to the death camps in 1944), as well as the violent suppression of Partisan activity. What had been fairly robust Reich-supported minority education immediately before the invasion of Yugoslavia now became the foundation for an expanded effort at Germanizing the Germans and reversing what was seen as the damage done from two decades of Yugoslav curricula Citation: H-Net Reviews. Kranjc on Mezger, 'Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944'. H-TGS. 04-10-2021. https://networks.h-net.org/node/11761/reviews/7553190/kranjc-mezger-forging-germans-youth-nation-and-national-socialist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-TGS and denationalization efforts. As part of this process, the anticlerical thrust of National Socialism was revealed, and the various churches “shrunk to the peripheries of the Western Banat’s Donauschwaben societies” (p. 150). This marginalization of the once powerful influence of the Christian churches was confirmed by Mezger’s oral interviewees, a helpful interplay between oral and archival research. The full-throttle Nazification of the Banat’s education, administration, and youth groups was not replicated in the Batschka, where the Donauschwaben found themselves again in the familiar place of a national minority. Mezger does an admirable job at navigating the fraught tensions when “Hungarian nation-building meets German imperialism,” a phrase she uses in the subtitle for her section on the Batschka’s education policies under Hungarian rule in chapter 5 (p. 218). The dual (and dueling) pressures of the Hungarian and German national projects were revealed, on the one hand, by the extension of Magyarizing educational and administrative policies in the newly “returned” regions of Hungary, although Mezger reminds us that Hungary’s minority school policies “did in fact allow for German-language education” (p. 221). On the other hand, Nazi Germany continued to financially support the Batschka’s German-language minority schools, including recruiting Reich German teachers for these schools to replace “the exodus of German
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 the Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Balkans Arthur Bankoff
    1 The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Balkans Arthur Bankoff The earlier part of the Bronze Age in temperate southeastern Europe (c. 2200– 1500 B.C.) presents a confusing picture to the unwary archaeologist. Although over the years more publications have appeared in English, German, and French, many basic site reports and syntheses are only fully available in Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, or other indigenous languages. Often the names of apparently identical archaeological cultures change with bewildering abandon as one crosses modern national borders or even moves between regions of the same country. This part of the world has a history (beginning in the mid–nineteenth century) of antiquarian collecting and detailed specialist typological studies, especially of ceramics and metal objects, with far less effort expended on the more mundane aspects of prehistoric life. Only since the 1980s have studies become available that incorporate the analysis of plant and animal material from Bronze Age sites, and these are far from the rule. To some extent, this is due to the nature of the archaeological record, that is, the sites and material that have survived from the Early and Middle Bronze Age. With the exception of habitation mounds (tells) and burial mounds (tumuli), both of which have a limited distribution in the earlier part of the Bronze Age, most sites are shallow, close to the modern ground surface, and easily disturbed. Farming and urban development has been more destructive to these sites than to the more deeply buried sites of earlier periods. The typically more dispersed settlement pattern of the Bronze Age in most of this region results in smaller sites, more vulnerable to the vagaries of history than the more concentrated nucleated sites of the later Neolithic or Eneolithic (sometimes called Copper Age) of the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical and Economic Influences on the Colonisation of the Banat
    Geographica Pannonica No. 2, 20-25 (1998) Geographical and Economic Influences on the Colonisation of the Banat Bruce Mitchell School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, Englad Saša Kicošev Institute of Geography, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia Abstract In the following paper, the influence of selected factors on the developing settlement of the Banat is examined. These include the historical river network and marshes, the availability of building materials, fuel and drinking water, and the variety, location and extractability of raw materials. Mention is also made of the effect of some of these factors on the general state of health of the population. This is followed by a brief account of processes of colonisation in the Banat during the 18th and 19th centuries. The motivations of the colonists themselves, and of their rulers, the context in which they were operating, and a brief appreciation of the contributions of the various ethnic groups involved. Bounds and Area The Banat is a conventional label for a territorial entity whose existence, despite a remarkably chequered administrative history, is acknowledged by Serb, Romanian, German and Hungarian, and there is close agreement on its geographical bounds. The courses of the Danube, Tisa and Maros embrace the Banat on three sides: divided from the Bačka on the west by the southward flow of the Tisa (Hungarian, Tisza), the Banat is separated "naturally" from Srem and Serbia, and Wallachia by the broad stripe of the Danube as far as Orsova.
    [Show full text]
  • National Minorities in Yugoslavia 1918-1941
    UDK: 323.15(497.1)’’1918/1941’’ Pregledni članak Received: March 26, 2012 Accepted: May 21, 2012 NATIONAL MINORITIES IN YUGOSLAVIA 1918-1941 Zoran JANJETOVIĆ∗ Th e aim of this article is the analysis of national minorities in the fi rst Yugo- slav state, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Focusing on its multicultural struc- ture and shaping its political, social and religious diversity, the author takes into account the problems of various minority groups in Yugoslavia and the failure of its global minority politics as well. Key words: Kingdom of Yugoslavia, national minorities, minority politics, political organization, education Th e fi rst common state of Southern Slavs was founded in 1918 at the end of WWI. Although it purported to be a national state on the Western European model, it was in fact as multi-national as the defunct empires it has replaced.1 Among the patchwork of nationalities making up its population, were numer- ous national minorities most of whom were non-Slavs. Th ey made up some 12 % of the total population, but not all of them were offi cially recognized as na- tional minorities and the existence of some of them was denied altogether.2 ∗ Zoran Janjetović, Ph. D., Institute for Recent History of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia 1 Th e state was founded under the name the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and was renamed Yugoslavia only in 1929. However, for convenience, we’ll call it simply Yugoslavia throughout this paper. 2 Th e existence of Aromunians in Macedonia and Romanians in Eastern Serbia were acknowl- edged but they were not legally recognized as national minorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Evolution of a Rifted Continental Arc: Integrated ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS Study of Magmatic Zircons from the Eastern Srednogorie, Bulgaria
    LITHOS-02763; No of Pages 15 Lithos xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Time evolution of a rifted continental arc: Integrated ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS study of magmatic zircons from the Eastern Srednogorie, Bulgaria S. Georgiev a,⁎, A. von Quadt a, C.A. Heinrich a,b, I. Peytcheva a,c, P. Marchev c a Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland c Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria article info abstract Article history: Eastern Srednogorie in Bulgaria is the widest segment of an extensive magmatic arc that formed by conver- Received 24 December 2011 gence of Africa and Europe during Mesozoic to Tertiary times. Northward subduction of the Tethys Ocean Accepted 10 June 2012 beneath Europe in the Late Cretaceous gave rise to a broad range of basaltic to more evolved magmas with locally Available online xxxx associated Cu–Au mineralization along this arc. We used U–Pb geochronology of single zircons to constrain the temporal evolution of the Upper Cretaceous magmatism and the age of basement rocks through which the Keywords: magmas were emplaced in this arc segment. High precision isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon ages – ID-TIMS (ID-TIMS) was combined with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICPMS) for LA‐ICPMS spatial resolution within single zircon grains. Eastern Srednogorie arc Three tectono-magmatic regions are distinguished from north to south within Eastern Srednogorie: East Balkan, Geodynamic evolution Yambol–Burgas and Strandzha.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronze Age Tell Communities in Context: an Exploration Into Culture
    Bronze Age Tell Kienlin This study challenges current modelling of Bronze Age tell communities in the Carpathian Basin in terms of the evolution of functionally-differentiated, hierarchical or ‘proto-urban’ society Communities in Context under the influence of Mediterranean palatial centres. It is argued that the narrative strategies employed in mainstream theorising of the ‘Bronze Age’ in terms of inevitable social ‘progress’ sets up an artificial dichotomy with earlier Neolithic groups. The result is a reductionist vision An exploration into culture, society, of the Bronze Age past which denies continuity evident in many aspects of life and reduces our understanding of European Bronze Age communities to some weak reflection of foreign-derived and the study of social types – be they notorious Hawaiian chiefdoms or Mycenaean palatial rule. In order to justify this view, this study looks broadly in two directions: temporal and spatial. First, it is asked European prehistory – Part 1 how Late Neolithic tell sites of the Carpathian Basin compare to Bronze Age ones, and if we are entitled to assume structural difference or rather ‘progress’ between both epochs. Second, it is examined if a Mediterranean ‘centre’ in any way can contribute to our understanding of Bronze Age tell communities on the ‘periphery’. It is argued that current Neo-Diffusionism has us essentialise from much richer and diverse evidence of past social and cultural realities. Tobias L. Kienlin Instead, archaeology is called on to contribute to an understanding of the historically specific expressions of the human condition and human agency, not to reduce past lives to abstract stages on the teleological ladder of social evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Vpliv Kulturbunda Na Nemška Društva V Mariboru (1930 - 1939)
    Univerza Maribor Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek za zgodovino Metka Gelt VPLIV KULTURBUNDA NA NEMŠKA DRUŠTVA V MARIBORU (1930 - 1939) MAGISTRSKO DELO Maribor, december 2011 Univerza Maribor Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek za zgodovino Metka Gelt VPLIV KULTURBUNDA NA NEMŠKA DRUŠTVA V MARIBORU (1930 - 1939) MAGISTRSKO DELO Mentor: red. prof. dr. Darko Friš Somentor: doc. dr. Dragan Poto čnik Maribor, december 2011 2 IZVLE ČEK V mojem magistrskem delu »Vpliv Kulturbunda na nemška društva v Mariboru (1930- 1939)« preu čujem oblikovanje in delovanje krovne organizacije jugoslovanskih Nemcev. Pri tem sem se osredoto čila na delovanje mariborske krajevne skupine SDKB med leti 1930 in 1939. V središ če sem postavila povezovanje nemških društev v krovno organizacijo in probleme, ki so nastali zaradi nadvlade enega izmed manjšinskih društev. V magistrskem delu ugotavljam v koliki meri sta saintgermainska mirovna pogodba in dodatna pogodba o zaš čiti manjšinskih pravic, vplivali na razvoj manjšinskega življenja v Mariboru in kako je s pomočjo posameznih členov mirovne pogodbe lahko prišlo do izoblikovanja krovne organizacije. Poleg tega preu čujem problem zlorabljanja društvenega življenja v politične namene. UDK: 94:323.1(497.412)"1930/1939"(043.2) 061.2(497.412=112.2)"1930/1939"(043.2) GESLA: mirovna pogodba, manjšinske pravice, Kulturbund, jugoslovanski Nemci, nemška društva 3 SUMMARY In my Master‘s Degree work entitled »The influence of Kulturbund on the german associations in Maribor (1930- 1939)«, i have presented the developement of the german associations in a unified organization between the years 1930 and 1939. My work presents the work of smaller german associations and the problems of the conection in to a more powerful german organization Kulturbund.
    [Show full text]
  • Food As Intangible Cultural Heritage the Česnica Among
    Lingvistika FOOD AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE — * THE ČESNICA AMONG S ERBS IN R OMANIA Svetlana Ćirković The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2003) ** shift- ed the focus away from material culture to living cultural practice and events that form the foundation of group identity and collective memory. “The ‘intangible cultural heritage’ means the practices, rep- resentations, expressions, knowledge, skills—along with the associated instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces—that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting re- spect for cultural diversity and human creativity”. UNESCO’s list of the elements of intangible that these countries began to develop an inven- cultural heritage attracted worldwide attention tory of culinary practices, which also constructs and the number of candidates for inclusion has a systematic narrative about them (Di Giovine, increased. Brulotte 2014: 13). Food appeared for the ^ rst time on UNES- Heritage cuisine is becoming a subject of re- CO’s world heritage list of world heritage in 2010 search for many anthropologists who point out with two culinary practices and one product: the that it is a dominant feature even in remote, French gastronomic meal, traditional Mexican impoverished regions, connecting individuals cuisine—ancestral, ongoing community culture, through time and place with the discourse of the Michoacan paradigm 1—and gingerbread cra heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for Its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve
    ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve Vladimir StojanovićA*, Stevan SavićA Received: October 2013 | Revised: December 2013 | Accepted: December 2013 Abstract Management of protected natural wetland habitats and flooded plains is a real challenge in nature pro- tection. Such areas consist mainly of mosaic ecosystems, highly sensitive to all natural changes, espe- cially to those of anthropogenic origin. Special nature reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” is one of the larg- est and most important wetland habitats in this part of Europe. The area is under protection, but for centuries it has been influenced by numerous economic activities. The institutions for nature protec- tion and protected area management face numerous challenges regarding this issue. The paper focus- es on the research of the landscape changes in “Gornje Podunavlje” and its surroundings. They have be- come a sensitive issue under the circumstances when “Gornje Podunavlje” and its broader areas have been nominated for biosphere reserve status. Key words: protected area, landscape changes, “Gornje Podunavlje”, management, biosphere reserve, Mura – Drava – Danube. Introduction ularization of protection through educational activities Since its foundation, Special nature reserve “Gornje and tourism development, which directly needs wild, Podunavlje” has been managed by Public Enterprise pristine and preserved nature. Vojvodinašume in Petrovaradin. Active measures have On the grounds of confronted opinions, it seems been prescribed for this protected area. However, the that all this area is urgently in need for the principle area has been strongly influenced by agriculture, fish- of sustainable development in exploitation of the re- ing, forestry and meliorations for centuries, leaving vis- sources and nature protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Characteristics of Individual Housing Units in Serbia from the Aspect of Applied Building Technologies
    SPATIUM International Review UDC 728.37(497.11)"19/20" ; No. 31, July 2014, pp. 39-44-7 711.4 Review paper DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1431039J REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS IN SERBIA FROM THE ASPECT OF APPLIED BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES Milica Jovanović Popović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, Serbia Bojana Stanković1, Belgrade, Serbia Milica Pajkić, Belgrade, Serbia Individual housing units in Serbia have been studied from the aspect of applied technical solutions. Analyzed data have been collected during a field research in accordance with the current administrative regional division, and they represent a basis for definition of regional typology of individual housing units. Characteristic types of objects of each region’s typology have been further analyzed. Upon these analyses regional characteristics of individual housing units regarding applied construction types, building technologies and materials have been defined and presented. Key words: individual housing units, regional characteristics, typology, building technology. economic, political and cultural aspects, one can windows, volumetric characteristics of the 1 INTRODUCTION examine the connections of architecture of the buildings, and the percentage of window surfaces The basis for the research presented in this region’s individual housing units, its applied on the facades. The survey utilized the existing paper has been defined throughout several technology, construction and materials. administrative division of Serbia into 6 regions projects conducted by the team of faculty (without Kosovo), defined as: East, West, Central, members and associates from the Faculty of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Southeast, North Serbia and Belgrade. The in-field Architecture in Belgrade. These projects have inventory of the buildings was planned as two- The chosen methodology upon which the resulted in the establishment of the research fold.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Serbia and 1817 to 1874, Φo = 47° 29' 15.97" North, Λo = 36° 42' 51.57" East
    Grids & Datums REPUBLIC OF SE R BIA by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “Serbia’s history has been punctuated by foreign invasions, from the province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign time the Celts supplanted the Illyrians in the 4th century BC, through that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Alba- to the arrival of the Romans 100 years later, the Slavs in the 6th nians living in Kosovo. The Milosevic government’s rejection of a century AD, the Turks in the 14th century, the Austro-Hungarians proposed international settlement led to NATO’s bombing of Serbia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Germans briefly in in the spring of 1999, to the withdrawal of Serbian military and police WWII. A pivotal nation-shaping event occurred in AD 395 when forces from Kosovo in June 1999, and to the stationing of a NATO-led the Roman Emperor Theodosius I divided his empire giving Serbia force in Kosovo to provide a safe and secure environment for the to the Byzantines, thereby locking the country into Eastern Europe. region’s ethnic communities. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the This was further cemented in 879 when Saints Cyril and Methodius ouster of Milosevic and the installation of democratic government” converted the Serbs to the Orthodox religion. Serbian independence (WorldFactbook, 2013). briefly flowered from 1217 with a golden age during Stefan Dušan’s Slightly smaller than South Carolina, Serbia is bordered by: Bosnia reign (1346-55). After his death Serbia declined and at the pivotal and Herzegovina (302 km) (PE&RS, March 2013), Bulgaria (318 km) Battle of Kosovo in 1389 the Turks defeated Serbia, ushering in 500 (PE&RS, January 2002), Croatia (241 km) (PE&RS, July 2012), Hungary years of Islamic rule.
    [Show full text]