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Regional Characteristics of Individual Housing Units in Serbia from the Aspect of Applied Building Technologies

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Regional Characteristics of Individual Housing Units in Serbia from the Aspect of Applied Building Technologies SPATIUM International Review UDC 728.37(497.11)"19/20" ; No. 31, July 2014, pp. 39-44-7 711.4 Review paper DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1431039J REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS IN SERBIA FROM THE ASPECT OF APPLIED BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES Milica Jovanović Popović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, Serbia Bojana Stanković1, Belgrade, Serbia Milica Pajkić, Belgrade, Serbia Individual housing units in Serbia have been studied from the aspect of applied technical solutions. Analyzed data have been collected during a field research in accordance with the current administrative regional division, and they represent a basis for definition of regional typology of individual housing units. Characteristic types of objects of each region’s typology have been further analyzed. Upon these analyses regional characteristics of individual housing units regarding applied construction types, building technologies and materials have been defined and presented. Key words: individual housing units, regional characteristics, typology, building technology. economic, political and cultural aspects, one can windows, volumetric characteristics of the 1 INTRODUCTION examine the connections of architecture of the buildings, and the percentage of window surfaces The basis for the research presented in this region’s individual housing units, its applied on the facades. The survey utilized the existing paper has been defined throughout several technology, construction and materials. administrative division of Serbia into 6 regions projects conducted by the team of faculty (without Kosovo), defined as: East, West, Central, members and associates from the Faculty of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Southeast, North Serbia and Belgrade. The in-field Architecture in Belgrade. These projects have inventory of the buildings was planned as two- The chosen methodology upon which the resulted in the establishment of the research fold. The first stage included approximately 6,200 typology was developed is the one presented methodology for creating the national typology buildings; there were 432 starting points; 16 within the international project TABULA2, which of residential building stock. Part of the data buildings were entered against each starting point. was defined for Serbia through a research collected in the process of defining the national The second stage included approximately 1,200 project of Energy Efficiency of buildings typology serve as the basis for the research of buildings. The first stage (Phase A) contained (Jovanović Popović et al., 2011). This the influences of regional characteristics on the general-type questions that did not necessitate methodology defines characteristic building characteristics of individual housing units from direct contact with the tenants, whereas the types, by construction period and per- the aspect of applied building technologies. The second stage (Phase B) was more detailed and formances related to architecture and urban term individual housing unit equals to the term required the tenants’ cooperation. design (layout on the lot or within a building family dwelling and refers to buildings that in development, the relations to the surrounding Part of the results (related to individual their composition have mostly one and at most buildings, etc). The total number of 21 types is housing units) of this thorough and significant four independent residential units within a defined. In order to obtain relevant data for the research have been published recently singular building. typology, an independent, expert statistical (Jovanović Popović et al. 2012). Some of the The theoretical basis of this research lies in survey was designed. The data required for the theories of regionalism. The paper establishes the typology were defined and questionnaires were The paper is a part of the research done within the thesis that through analyses of regional prepared in cooperation with the experts. The project TR 36034 (Investigation and Systematization characteristics such as climate, geography, relief, study considered questions related to the of Serbian Housing in Context of Globalization and and demographics, but also including historical, utilization of lofts and basements, types of European Integration in the Framework of Quality and Living-Standard Improvement) for the period 2010- 2014. The authors would like to thank the Ministry of 1Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 2 TABULA - Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Education, Science and Technological Development [email protected] Assessment, http://www.building-typology.eu/ of the Republic of Serbia. spatium 39 Jovanović Popović M. et al.: Regional characteristics of individual housing units in Serbia from the aspect of applied building technologies primary data analyses dealing with building mountainous climate is characteristic for in buildings dating from the first half of the 20th characteristics are considered very important Zlatibor district and Pannonian climate in century. Regional characteristics in terms of for the research presented in this paper: Mačva, with large temperature variations building technologies and applied materials are throughout the year. From these differences in obvious in older buildings, but since the 1960s − most of the residential block construction relief and climate regional differences in local almost all local features of town and country took place after World War II and lasted until architecture have emerged. Therefore, the houses in the region have been lost. Although the 1980s, when more than a half of the total architecture of individual housing units in examples of apparent local influences exist residential building stock in Serbia was built, Mačva resembles the architecture of Vojvodina, throughout the region, their number is irrelevant − most common type of dwelling in Serbia is while regional characteristics of Kolubara district for the survey data. Older buildings in rural areas the detached single-family house, which are similar to those in Central Serbia. The display variations of wattle and daub comprises almost 90% of the total building district of Zlatibor has certain predispositions constructions, while town houses from the same stock, taking into account the number and that significantly affect local architecture – periods are built of solid materials. Brick wall of not the area of the buildings. climate conditions and abundance of wood as 38cm thickness is the most common type of solid th Among other general conclusions from the local material. However, small building density wall for construction in the first half of the 20 survey are those that refer to the insufficient level of this district led to the lost of representatives century. Although timber is an omnipresent local of applied thermal insulation (84% of buildings of this mountainous building types in the material, no timber houses appear in the data lack any thermal insulation in walls, 87% in overall survey data. specimen. However, timber is in vast use as a roofs), number of incomplete facades, or most secondary building material, as well as the Processed data analysis common window type (wide or narrow double- predominant material for roof construction. The window casings, over 50% older than 30 years). Most (48.43%) of the surveyed buildings were inner-story floors and ceiling construction towards built during the 1970s and 1980s, followed by the attic in older houses is also mostly wooden. th In addressing the issues of regionalism, the the period between 1946 and 1970 (23.62%). Buildings from the second half of the 20 century research relies on the reference literature, from The 1990s were characterized by reduced were built mostly of brick, while in the 1970s and Vitruvius and architecture defined by intensity of construction (11.36% of the total 1980s cellular clay blocks and Siporex blocks geography (Petrović, 2002), Bernard number of buildings was built then), and less came into wider use. The floors are usually full Rudofsky’s theory of unrehearsed regional than 5% of residential buildings were built in concrete slabs, or a variation of semi- architecture created by anonymous authors the first decade of the 21st century. In all prefabricated structures with clay block infill. Over th (Rudofsky, 1976), including the modern set of construction periods, type of the free-standing the last few decades of the 20 century, there was practices incorporated in Vincent Canizaro’s house is absolutely predominant. From totally sporadic application of insulating materials within book (Canizaro, 2007). 21 theoretical types 12 were identified in the façade walls, but most buildings do not meet region of West Serbia, and the predominant current requirements in terms of thermal comfort. REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS one is shown in Figure 1. Central Serbia West Serbia Central Serbia includes four districts: The region of West Serbia is composed of three Šumadija, Moravica, Rasina and Raška. districts: Mačva, Kolubara and Zlatibor (the largest district in Serbia), and represents the most Characteristics of the region diverse among all analyzed regions in terms of its This region contains 1,035 settlements, of climate, geography and demographics. which 24 are urban, which indicates evident domination of rural settlements. Highest Characteristics of the region population density in this region is in Šumadija This region is characterized by low population district (121.8 inh/km2). density, ranging from 44.45 inh/km²
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