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Innehåll ONÄNN2019/1 FORNVÄNNEN 1 Rimkus, T. In search of Lithuania coastal recensioner Mesolithic. Review of current data and 52 Clarke, H. & Lamm, K. Helgö revisited. A the aims of an ongoing research project. new look at the excavated evidence for 12 Røstad, I.M. I Åkerfunnets skygge. En Helgö, central Sweden. Anmälan av M.B. fornem merovingertidskvinnes grav fra Henriksen. Åker i Hedmark. —Summary. 54 Simonsen, J. Daily life at the turn of the 28 Neijman, T. & Mårtensson, M. Rustnings- Neolithic. A comparative study of long- handske 17 från Korsbetningen. houses with sunken f loors at Resengaard —Summary. and nine other settlements in the Lim- FORN 36 Welinder, S. The northern margin of cereal fjord region, South Scandinavia. cultivation in Sweden during the Middle Anmälan av M. Blank Bäcklund. Ages. korta meddelanden 43 Nord, A.G. Analys av bemålade brädor från två rivna träkyrkor — Hakarp i VÄNNEN Småland och Bredsäter i Västergötland. 47 Apel, J., et al. Istidsjägare i Uppåkra. JOURNAL OF SWEDISH ANTIQUARIAN RESEARCH

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In search of Lithuania coastal Mesolithic Review of current data and the aims of an ongoing research project

By Tomas Rimkus

Rimkus, T., 2019.In search of Lithuania coastal Mesolithic. Review of current data and the aims of an ongoing research project. Fornvännen 114. Stockholm.

This paper presents the latest data on the Mesolithic settlements in the Baltic Sea coast area of Lithuania. For thousands of years changing natural conditions and the development of the Baltic Sea have led to the fact that there are currently only a few Mesolithic sites known in this region. Their material mainly consists of stray finds, however there are some findings wich were found during systematical field surveys and excavations. The underwater archaeological research, alongside with already found relict coasts of the Baltic Sea and flooded ancient pine forest suggests that most of the Mesolithic period settlements should be submerged and nowadays can be found at the bed of the sea. The team of archeologists, bioarcheologists and geol- ogists at the University of Klaipėda has launched a scientific project, which will seek to find flooded and existing Mesolithic settlements in the sea bed and in present coastland area of Lithuania.

Tomas Rimkus, Institute of Baltic region history and archaeology, University of Klaipėda, LT-92294, Klaipėda, Lithuania [email protected]

Introduction the country, where almost no research has been In the eastern Baltic region, studies of the Meso- carried out on the sites of this period. In 19th and lithic period settlements were the most intensive 20th centuries in the material published by the in the 20th century. At the moment, they have German archaeologists can be noticed that skele- slowed down a bit, but in some regions their sear- tal parts of the Late Palaeolithic reindeer are found ches and research are still being actively pursued. here, including tools made from bones and antlers In the territory of Lithuania, the Mesolithic pe- (Gross 1939). The Neolithic period here is repre- riod is best known from the flint finds of which sented by the abundance of artefacts and settle- largest part consists of various microliths in geo- ments that have been explored for many years by metric shapes (Ostrauskas 1996; Rimantienė 1996; German and Lithuanian archaeologists (Klebs Rimkus 2016). It is disappointing, however, that 1882; Rimantienė 1992; 2016). However, there‘s the datable Mesolithic organic material was found always been a question – where is the Mesolithic? only in several places of Lithuania – in the Kabe- For many years, it was tried to search for it along liai 2 settlement (southern Lithuania) and at the the main rivers of the coastal area of Lithuania – Spiginas and Donkalnis Stone Age burial grounds Danė, Minija and Šventoji and former lagoon (western Lithuania) (Butrimas 2016; Ostrauskas lakes, but the results were not so succesful. At 2002). The rest of the material is of stray finds present, in the coastal zone, there are only a few origin and still lacks 14C dating. However, one of more generous sites with flints, bone and antler the most active problem in the Lithuanian Meso- material that may belong to the Mesolithic (fig. 1). lithic has always been the Baltic coastal zone of In 2002 for the first time in underwater archaeo-

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2 Tomas Rimkus Fig. 1. Map of the eastern Baltic with sites mentioned in the text: 1. Būtingė 2. Palanga 3. Former Bach- mann manor 4. Smeltė 5. Aukštumala 6. Šilmeižiai 7. RF-I 8. RF-III 9. RF-II. Map by Tomas Rimkus.

logical research in the Lithuanian Baltic Sea wa- Nemunas. So far, the development of bog has been ters, at the depths of 20–30 m near the Juodkrantė little explored but it seems that its formation was (Schwarzort) logs and trunks of Pinus were found, mostly influenced by the melting glaciers and which shows that dry land has been there for fluctuations in the level of the Baltic Sea at the many years (Žulkus 2012, p. 401). The first radio- end of the Pleistocene. In the 19th century Aukštu- carbon measurements have shown that these mala bog has become known throughout Europe, trees belonged to the existed Yoldia Sea and An- following the details of its formation and plants cylus lake periods (Bitinas et al. 2003). These de- research (Weber 1902). Archaeological monu- posits led to intensive research in the Baltic Sea ments in the area were also known already at the bed, refining the coastal line of the Baltic Sea end of the 19th century. The island on the eastern development stages and the search for flooded part of the bog was known for a 2, 5 m high hill, ancient settlements. At present, the Klaipėda Uni- which was called as a hill fort by the locals. It was versity (western Lithuania) is carrying out a sci- investigated by A. Bezzenberger in 1891. His stu- entific project, which is expected to answer the dies revealed that only big boulders (about 1 m in important issues of the development of the Early diameter) and fragments of charcoal were found Holocene settlements and ancient shore displace- on the hill (Bezzenberger 1892). It became clear ment in the Lithuanian seaside. that probably there are no any ancient fortifica- tions. About the same time some corings by the The main Mesolithic sites in the current aforementioned bog researcher C. A. Weber were coastland area conducted on the island. According to him, the Aukštumala island’s base consists of fluvioglacial sand with Aukštumala bog (Augstumaler moor) is located in large boulders (Weber 1902). It seems that this the southern part of the Lithuanian coastal zone, natural formation could not be a hill fort. Most it falls into the delta of the largest Lithuania river likely it was a hill of fluvioglacial origin, but dur-

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Fig. 2. Flints from 2004 excavations of Aukštumala: A. Retouched blades B. Gouge C. Burins D. Borer E. Knive F. Arrowheads G. Scrapers, according to Grigaliūnas 2013.

ing the 20th century, the bogs’ drainage works flint material and some of its technological data and the industrial peat extraction process destroy- has been somewhat incorrectly interpreted and ed the hill. On the other hand, the data on this ar- should now be re-examined. The fragment of the chaeological monument here has survived, and tang of the point in its proximal part, still has a nowadays this place has been included in the list visible fragments of flat ventral retouch. This is of state protected cultural heritage objects. Only in line with the technological tradition of the Swi- in 2004 new archaeological investigations were derian culture willow leaf points (Serwatka 2018; launched on the island, aiming at identifying the Zaliznyak 1999). Also, it can be confirmed that settlement of a former ‘hill fort‘. Researchers ex- there is no technological correspondence with cavated an area of over 100 square meters, but they any of the finding and between microliths of zon- found something else, something not expected. In hoven type. Other articles – knives, scrapers and the separate parts of the island knapped flint ma- burins – from the technological point of view can terial were found, indicating that the settlements be homogenous with the fragment of the tanged were probably established here in the periods of point (fig. 2). Unfortunately archaeological inves- Younger Dryas or Preboreal (Dakanis 2006). A tigations did not revealed any organics that would part of the flint finds was attributed to the Ahrens- allow dating the settlement more accurately and burgian culture. It was attempted to clarify it after the present settlements technological-based chro- a fragment of tanged point and one finding simi- nology still needs to be confirmed by radiocarbon larities with the zonhoven type microlith of Ahrens- analysis. There are currently two sites on the is- burgian (Grigaliūnas 2013, p. 185; Slah 2013, p. land where flint finds were found. It is now called 192). It seems that previous interpretation of the Stone Age settlements I and II, and peatland with

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4 Tomas Rimkus

Fig. 3. Current view of Aukštumala settlements. You can see the small birch forest in the background which is the place where two Stone Age settlements can be found. Photo: Tomas Rimkus.

peat extraction in process is operating around the the coastal area and relics on the Lithuanian sea- island (fig. 3). Aukštumala Stone Age settlements bed began (Girininkas 2011; Piličiauskas et al. are currently the most promising archaeological 2015, pp. 5–14; Žulkus & Girininkas 2012, pp. 38– places for knowing the Early Holocene commu- 40). Unfortunately, over the years the Stone Age nities that were located near the shores of the settlement has been almost totally destroyed by Baltic Ice Lake and the Yoldia Sea. In the future, urbanization and new buildings constructions. it is useful to expect the presence of Mesolithic In 2013–2014 in Palanga, six corings were drill- organic material in the vicinity of the existing ed along the shores of the Rąžė river, near the peatland, therefore the research in this area will prehistoric settlement. It was found that the settle- be continued within the framework of the ongo- ment was probably located near the mouth of the ing project. river in the former lagoon, which is not current- ly visible on the nowadays ground surface (Piliči- Palanga auskas et al. 2015, p. 7). This is also evidenced by Stone Age settlement of Palanga is located on the well preserved organic finds that were found in left bank of the river Rąžė in Palanga city. It was the gytja layer. Findings inventory consists main- discovered in 1958, when during the deepening ly of articles made from animal bone and antler and cleaning of the Rąžė river, the finds of animal (mainly elk and deer). Among them are the cone- bones and rough amber material emerged in the shaped bone arrowheads, bone dagger, bone chi- surface (Kulikauskas 1959). The Lithuanian Ins- sels and antler adzes, antler T axe. Flint products titute of History was informed about discovered consist of blade fragments, knives and conical findings and archaeologists have begun their core (Girininkas 2011, fig. 4). According to the research. Area of 105 square meters was investi- findings typology A. Girininkas dated the site to gated, bone, antler and flint articles were found. the Late Mesolithic (Girininkas 2011), however, The interest in this settlement and the material after re-examination of the sites chronology, dat- found there was revived up relatively recently, ing changed a bit. The radiocarbon dates of the when the studies of the Neolithic settlements in settlement were obtained by analyzing the antler

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T-shaped axe and the axe made of red deer antler. the Late Mesolithic were found (Rimantienė 2005, The dates showed the period of 4 440 – 3 980 cal fig. 383). It is important to emphasize that flint BC (Piličiauskas et al. 2015, tab. 2). Based on the materials used for the production of these articles northeastern European forest zone this periodiza- could have been brought from the south eastern tion would correlate within the Early Neolithic Baltic region where high quality flint can be ob- period. However, no pottery was found during tained. excavations. Another site where several finds of flint origi- nated is the site of Šilmeižiai. It is located in the Smeltė southern part of the Baltic Sea coast, on the right There‘s not much information about Smeltė site. bank of the nearby Šyša River. The site is located It is only known that in 1974 a man from a con- a few kilometers to the East of the above-men- struction company brought a bunch of bones, ant- tioned Aukštumala settlements. The locality was lers and an amber to the local museum (currently found during archaeological surveys in western known as the History museum of Lithuania Mi- Lithuania in 2002, at the operating sand quarry nor). The site is located in the southern part of (Girininkas & Zabiela 2003, p. 303). Blades and Klaipėda city, in the area of shipping docks. After blade core were found in the upper sand layer, the research, it was found that finds there were and from a technological point of view this mate- found during the expansion of the southern part rial may be dated to the Late Mesolithic. How- of Klaipėda city port. In 1970–1973, the former ever, the site suffered severe damage from the sand bog near the port area was excavated, where the quarry, therefore nowadays it should be conside- mentioned findings were found (Piličiauskas et red as totally destroyed. al. 2015, p. 15). As one can already understand, the In 1865 in the city of Klaipėda in the Kalniškiai place where the Stone Age finds were found is (also known as the former Bachmann manor), five now destroyed. bone spearheads (Gross 1939, pp. 65–67) were The sites tool kit mostly consists of awls, axes, found in the excavation of the marl, and later adzes, sockets and pressure tools made of elk and findings were transmitted to the museum of pre- red deer bones and antlers. Besides osseous mate- history and early history in Berlin. According to rial, amber ornaments was also found. It consists the researches of the museum, only one of the of trapezoidal, circular and cylindrical pendants, original spearheads has survived until our days several blanks and preforms (Piličiauskas et al. and is kept at the museums archives (Neumayer 2015, figs. 10 & 11). The dating of red deer and elk 2018, p. 43). The 20th century Stone Age explorers antler axes showed that site belonged to 5 840–5 of the eastern Baltic region attributed them to 000 cal BC (Piličiauskas et al. 2015, tab. 2) how- the final Palaeolithic Swiderian culture, indicat- ever the amber findings suggest that site proba- ing that the raw material from which they were bly could be dated to the later periods as well. made were bones and antlers of the reindeer (Ran- gifer tarandus) (Rimantienė 1996, p. 31). However, Find-places with few stray finds it is now believed that the spearheads can be att- In addition to the abovementioned sites where ributed to the Boreal period and are made from more bones, antler and flint concentrations were bones of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) (Neumayer found, several sites with several stray finds of the 2009, p. 27). This hypothesis must be confirmed possible Mesolithic age were also found in the by radiocarbon studies, but some historiographi- coastal zone of Lithuania. One of such locations cal facts can partly support this idea (Rimkus is Būtingė. It is located in the northern part of the 2018, pp. 154–155). First of all, the circumstances Baltic Sea coast of Lithuania, on the right bank of of the findings (the first intensive peat formation the Šventoji river, near the confluence of Šventoji began around the Preboreal–Boreal period), and and Darba rivers. In the course of the archaeologi- well-established analogies in the settlements of cal surveys, along with the Neolithic findings, lan- the Latvian Lubana Lake microregion and in the cets and trapezoidal points, inserts, and trunca- Beregovaya 2 Mesolithic settlement of the Ural ted blades that technologically are common for region of Russia indicates Mesolithic chronology

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6 Tomas Rimkus Fig. 4. In situ view of pine logs in the area of RF-I. Photo: Vladas Žulkus.

(Vankina 1999; Zhilin et al. 2014, figs. 14–16). stumps were well preserved, sandy ground was Also, in the first half of the 20th century H. Gross, surrounded by them. The side-scan sonar data from the pollen found near the spearheads dated showed that the bottom can have way more big- it to the 8 500 – 8 100 BC (Gross 1939). Based on ger number of tree remnants. It was decided to the modern northern Europe Stone Age chrono- call this area RF-I (Relict Forest I). In 2003 the logy it would correlate with the al-ready mention- first radiocarbon investigation of submerged ed beginning of the Boreal period. However, as wood from the RF-I area was accomplished. It already expressed before, all this still needs to be showed that trunks falls into the 9 100–8 000 cal confirmed by radiocarbon data. BC period and are assigned to the phases of the Yoldia Sea and Ancylus lake (Bitinas et al. 2003). Underwater research In 2010 investigators returned to this area for The systematic underwater archaeological re- more underwater research. This time the aim was search of the Baltic Sea bottom, with the aim of to identify more areas with tree remains on the finding historical sunken ships, started in Lithua- seabed and to take more samples for radiocarbon nia in the period of 2001–2002. In those years studies. Surveys continued in 2011 and 2012. At seamen informed scientists that in the Baltic Sea, the bottom more several hundred objects were about 3–8 km from Juodkrantė coast, anchors of found with side-scan sonar, which were exam- sunken 17th–18th century vessels were pulled ined by the divers. Most of them were found to be out. In addition, information recieved from com- the remains of the same trees, most of them still mercial fishing vessels indicated that fishing nets attached to the soil with roots (Žulkus & Girinin- are still attaching over something in these areas. kas 2012). The new concentration of submerged In 2002 Klaipėda University carried out the first tree remains found in RF-I was identified by pro- field survey expedition to fixed areas near the viding them names using alphabetical letters (for Juodkrantė coast. At first, bottom of the seabed example, RF-I-A). They concentrated at a depth was scanned with a side-scan sonar. Its data show- of 24–29 m. Within new investigations not only ed that there are unclear objects on the bottom tree trunks but also large logs were found (fig. 4). that could remind the sunken ships. The research- In the regions of RF-I-C and RF-I-P small areas ers, having sunk at a depth of 27 m, found a large of peat with gytja, up to 25–40 cm in thickness, pine tree trunk, over which the fishing net was were found covering the seabed. Their dating attached (Žulkus 2003, p. 324). Several more rem- showed that they began to form mainly during nants of trees were discovered a few meters away the Preboreal and Boreal stages, and in these areas from this stump. According to the explorers, the could have existed small water bodies (Žulkus &

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Fig. 5. All currently known radiocarbon dates of submerged forest and stakes in RF-I, RF-II and RF-III. Dates were calibrated by using OxCal v4.3.2 (Bronk Ramsey 2017) and IntCal13 atmospheric curve (Reimer et al. 2013).

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8 Tomas Rimkus Girininkas 2014). Pollen analysis has shown that the tree trunks and logs, human presence has also Pinus and Betula taxons are rich in peat. During been found: animal bones with man-made cut- the Boreal period they still dominated, with the marks, burnt wood and fishing traps (Hansson et small Ulmus, Alnus, Populus, and Corylus impuri- al. 2018a, p. 9; Hansson 2018; Nilsson et al. 2018, ty (Žulkus et al. 2015, p. 10). Investigated sedi- pp. 336–340). These and the findings found in ments showed that during the Mesolithic there the territorial waters of Lithuania are one of the existed a shallow freshwater basin, while diatom oldest indicators that shows ancient coasts and analyses added that it was a rather high water dry land of the Baltic Sea. temperature water body (Žulkus et al. 2015, p. 11). During the systematic underwater searches, Project ReCoasts & People more sunken trees were found. Currently, in addi- At the end of 2017 the team of archaeologists, bio- tion to the already known RF-I by the Juodkrantė, archeologists, geochemists and geologists at Klai- the RF-II was found near Melnragė and RF-III pėda University has launched a European Union near the Klaipėda port gates. These areas also con- funded research project Man and Baltic Sea in tained tree trunks and logs which are datable to Meso-Neolithic: Relict Coasts and Settlements Below the periods of Yoldia Sea and Ancylus lake as well and Above Present Sea Level. ReCoasts & People. One as to the beginning of Litorrina Sea (fig. 5). of the goals is to identify Mesolithic settlements In the western part of the Baltic Sea underwa- in underwater landscapes. So far, the discovery of ter archaeological research has been used for some submerged remains of trees, peat deposits and time to find submerged Mesolithic settlements. pollen studies have shown that the former land This is especially noticeable on the shores of north- was very favorable for people to establish their ern Germany and southern Scandinavia, where settlements. Unfortunately, data on their exis- relatively small depth prehistoric artefacts were tence is still lacking. On the other hand, the detected (Fischer 2007; Goldhammer & Hartz Baltic Sea at Klaipėda regularly flushes the various 2017; Larsson 2017). The remains of the pine, that prehistoric artefacts into the shore. In 2015 one are found at the depth of approximately 25 m are such finding was washed between the beaches of found at Häno Bay, in the south-eastern part of Melnragė and Olando kepurė. Its the so called T Sweden (Hansson et al. 2018b). In addition to shape axe made from red deer antler, which was

Fig. 6. T shape axe made from red deer antler, dated to 5218–5017 cal BC (KIA-53036). Photo: Tomas Rimkus.

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Fig. 7. Wooden piles driven in the soil near the RF-III and dated to the Ancylus lake stage. Photo: Vladas Žulkus.

dated to 5218–5017 cal BC (KIA-53036) (fig. 6). Lithuania coast. The first investigations were al- As previously expressed, RF-II was detected near ready conducted at the Aukštumala sites and pre- the Melnragė, so it is likely that somewhere near liminary results shows that currently it is the most flooded Mesolithic settlement is being washed earliest Stone Age settlement in the coast area of by the seawater. Radiocarbon age confirms that eastern Baltic (the results will soon be publish- submerged tree trunks and axe are contempora- ed). From the point of view of Mesolithic, the neous in RF-II area (fig. 5). Another important Lithuanian present coastal area is still very little finding that confirms and promotes further sear- studied, therefore the research will concentrate ches for submerged prehistoric settlements is in on wetlands located near the Curonian lagoon 2016, in the vicinity of the above mentioned RF- and Nemunas river delta, which, according to III, at the depth of 11 m found wooden stakes geologists, have enormous potential for discov- driven into the soil (fig. 7). They resemble a clear ering prehistoric settlements. The research pro- cuts made by human. They were interpreted as a ject will be continued until the end of 2021. Dur- possible fragments of fishing structure and its ing this time, it is expected to provide data on the cuted fragment was dated between 7 610–7 462 Mesolithic settlements in the present and the for- cal BC (Žulkus & Girininkas 2018, in press). mer Baltic sea landscapes, and to clarify the dis- This project will also be aimed at finding and placement of shores of Yoldia and Litorrina Seas exploring the Mesolithic period settlements loca- and Ancylus lake. ted not only at the seabed, but also on the present

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10 Tomas Rimkus Conclusions Girininkas, A., 2011. New data on Palanga Stone Age The current situation of the Mesolithic research settlement. Archaeologia Baltica 16. Klaipda. on the Lithuanian coast is rather poor and there Girininkas, A. & Zabiela, G., 2003. Žvalgomieji tyrinė jimai Žemai i Naumies io apylink se. Archeologi- are only a few places where more archaeological č ų č ė niai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2002 metais. Vilnius. inventory of this period was found. In 2002 the Goldhammer, J. & Hartz, S., 2017. Fished up from the pine remains found in the bed of the Baltic Sea Baltic Sea: a new Ertebølle site near Stohl cliff, Kiel near Juodkrantė, and later in Melnragė and Klai- bay, Germany. Bailey, G.N. et al. (eds.) Under the sea: pėda areas, gives hope that the oldest Mesolithic archaeology and palaeolandscapes of the Continental shelf. settlements in this area are now flooded by sea- Heidelberg. Grigali nas, M., 2013. The first Palaeolithic and Meso- water. About their existence speaks archaeologi- ū lithic settlements in Aukštumala, Šilutė district, cal objects (T shape axe) and near the RF-III the Nemunas river delta. Archaeologia Baltica 20. found wooden stakes dated to the Ancylus lake Klaipėda. period. In 2017 started project will seek not only Gross, H., 1939. Die subfossilen renntierfunde Ostpreus- to clarify the ancient Baltic Sea stages coasts, but sens. Schriften der physikalisch-ökonomischen gesellschaft zu Königsberg also to locate and investigate Mesolithic settle- 1. Königsberg. Hansson, A., 2018. Submerged landscapes in the Hanö Bay: ments under water and on the present shoreline. Holocene shoreline discplacement and human environ- ments in the southern Baltic basin. Doctoral dissertation. Acknowledgements Lund This paper was finished as a part of ongoing re- Hansson, A., Björck, S., Heger, K., Holmgren, S., Lin- search project Man and Baltic Sea in the Meso-Neo- derson, H., Magnell, O., Nilsson, B., Rundgren, M., Sjöström, A., Hammarlund, D., 2018a. Shoreline lithic: Relict Coasts and Settlements Below and Above displacement and human resource utilization in Present Sea Level. ReCoasts&People. The research is the southern Baltic basin coastal zone during the funded by the European Social Fund according Early Holocene: new insights from a submerged to the activity ‘Improvement of researchers’ qua- Mesolithic landscape in south-eastern Sweden. lification by implementing world-class R&D pro- The Holocene 28. Sage. jects’ of Measure, a grant (No. 09.3.3-LMT-K- Hansson, A., Nilsson, B., Sjöström, A., Björck, S., Holm- gren, S., Linderson, H., Magnell, O., Rundgren, 712-01-0171) from the Research Council of Li- M., Hammarlund, D., 2018b. A submerged Meso- thuania. lithic lagoonal landscape in the Baltic Sea, south- eastern Sweden – Early Holocene environmental reconstruction and shore-level displacement based References on a multiproxy approach. Quaternary international Bezzenberger, A., 1892. Der schlossberg im Augstumal- 463. Elseviere. ler moor. Sitzungsberichte der altertumsgesellschaft Prus- Klebs, R., 1882. Der bernsteinschmuck der Steinzeit. sia 17. Königsberg. Königsberg. Bitinas, A., Žulkus, V., Mažeika, J., Petrošius, R. & Kisie- Kulikauskas, P., 1959. Naujai aptikta akmens-žalvario lienė, D., 2003. Medžių liekanos Baltijos jros dugne: amžių gyvenvietė Palangoje. MAD‘A 2:7). Vilnius. pirmieji tyrimų rezultatai. Geologija 3. Vilnius. Larsson, L., 2017. Submerged settlement in the Öre- Bronk Ramsey, C., 2017. Methods from summarizing sund, western Scania, southernmost Sweden. Bai- radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon 59:2. Tucson. ley, G.N. et al. (eds.) Under the sea: archaeology and Butrimas, A., 2016. Biržulis lake islands Donkalnis and palaeolandscapes of the Continental shelf. Heidelberg. Spiginas Mesolithic cemeteries (West Lithuania). Neumayer, H., 2009. Lithuanian finds in the museum Grünberg, J.M. et al. (eds.) Mesolithic burials – rites, for pre- and early history in Berlin. Archaeologia symbols and social organization of early postglacial com- Lituana 10. Vilnius. munities. Tagungen des landesmuseums für vorgeschichte Neumayer, H., 2018. Finds from the Memel region in Halle 13/I. Halle (Saale). the museum of prehistory and early history in Ber- Dakanis, B., 2006. Lapalių (Aukštumalos) gyvenvietės. lin. Bliujienė, A. (ed.) The Klaipėda (Memel) re- Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2004 metais. Vil- gion: from origins to the 17th century. Klaipėda. nius. Nilsson, B., Sjöström, A. & Persson, P., 2018. Seasca- Fischer, A., 2007. Coastal fishing in Stone Age Den- pes of stability and change: the archaeological and mark – evidence from below and above the present ecological potential of Early Mesolithic seascapes, sea level and from human bones. Milner, N. et al. with examples from Haväng in the southern Baltic, (eds.) Shell middens in Atlantic Europe. Oxford. Sweden. Persson, P. et al. (eds.) Ecology of early settle-

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