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Acdsee PDF Image Lietuvos istorijos institutas • L I E T u v o s • • • UDK 902/904(474.5) Li227 • Redakcine kolegija: Algirdas Girininkas (ats. redaktorius) (Lieluvos istorijos iIlSlilL/las) Vytautas Kazakevicius (Lieluvos istorijos institulas) Mykolas Michelbertas (Vilniaus universitetas) - Evalds Mugurevics (Lalvijos universileto Latvijos istorijos instilLilas) Vytautas Urbanavicius (PiliL{ tyrimo centras "Lieluvos pi(vs") Gintautas Zabiela (Lietuvos istorijos institulas) ISSN 02-07-8694 © Lietuvos istorijos institutas ISBN 9986-23-083-7 © Straipsni4 autoriai - • R. RI TIENE AS A FOUNDER OF THE PERIODIZATION OF THE FIN PALAEOLITHIC OF NORTH-WEST EASTE EUROPE LEONID ZALIZNYAK For archaeology data a definitive settling of the T Marhiassen (1946), H. Shwabedissen (1954), S. Kru­ north of East Europe happened in final Palaeolithic kowski (1939), W. Taute (1968), R. Indreko (1948), after degradation of last glaciation. The first inhabit­ M. Chmielewska and W. Chmielewski (1960), R. Schild ants of region were the hunters on reindeer, that left (1964), S.K. Kozlowski (1969). At the same time, on the territory of Lithuania, Belarus and North periodization' scheme of final Palaeolithic of South­ Ukraine of monuments with flint arrow points on East Baltic region by Lithuanian scholar largely pre­ blades Hamburgian, Lyngbian, Krasnosillian and ceded modern periodization of polish colleagues, Swiderian types. Just it population, moving by of re­ which in this brunch of archaeology enjoy deserved ce ive ice-sheet, about 10 000 years ago populated international authority. all orth of East Europe from Baltic region to the In the book of 1971, R. Rimantiene was able to orth Ural. This explains exceptional importance of rise over stage conceptions of historic process in pre­ study most old archaeology sites of north-westward history of manlGnd which was prevalent at that time of East Europe. In base of their contemporary cul­ in soviet historiography. Factually, scientist move away tural division and periodization lies investigations of from old, evolution for its origin, formational concep­ Lithuanian explorer R. Rimantienc. tion of prehistory and sees it from principle new R. Rimantiene analyses a great number of ar­ historiosophic positions multivariasion of humanity chaeological flint complexes, which had been picked history. Proclaiming courage for its time conclusion, up in the Nemunas basin by Z. Gloger, W. Szukiewicz that "in the neighbourhood could exist different cul­ and by her father academician K. J ablonskis. Her sci­ tural and, likely, the ethnic groups", scientist, factu­ entific contribution largely defined understanding of ally, stand on position civilization approach to the culture-historical processes in final Palaeolithic and world history by O.Spengler and A.Toynbee. Me olithic of not only Lithuania territory, and all R. Rimantiene consciously disengaged from solu­ north-west Eastern Europe. tion of socio-economic problems of primitive society The first scientific generalizations by scholar ap­ and concentrated effort on actual for its time ques­ peared still in 1960's years (PHMaHTeHe, 1962 , H6JIOHC­ tions ethno-cultural history of region, reconstructing KI!Te-PI1MaHTeHe, 1966, J ablonskyte-Ri man tienc, it by the way of traditional typology-statistic analysis 1964). However real revolution in understanding of of flint complexes. It "moves question of prehistory Stone Age of region day did her fundamental mono­ economy on second plan and touches them only so, as graph of 1971 "Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in Lithua­ far as this necessary for solution of some problems nia". On a base of typology-statistical analysis of flint tribes settling, settlement and other problems of eth­ materials on wide background offinal Palaeolithic and nic history" (PHMaHTeHe, 1971, c. 10). Mesolithic of all Bal tic region, scientist developed and R. Rimantiene divided Late Palaeolithic sites of offered a periodization, which already 30 years is a Lithuania on two groups according to typology of flint base of contemporary understanding of culture-his­ artifacts. First one was attributed to Baltic Magdalen torical processes, that developed during Stone Age in cultures, second - to group of Swiderian cultures. Re­ South-East Baltic region. R. Rimantienc's scientific turning a tribute to something archaic conceptions of conception formed under strong influence of such fa­ the first half of the 20th century scientist saw into Baltic mous specialists in Baltic region Stone Age us G. Clark Magdalen the survivals of Aurignac, and in Swiderian (1936), A. Rust (1937,1943), G. Schwantes (1925), complexes - the elements of Solutrean culture. 31 The monuments of Baltic Magdalen in Lithuania; the end of Allered and late Dryas. In Lithuania they for R. Rimantiene are short time sites on plateau, or existed at the very beginning of Mesolithic" (PJ.1MaW on high small river and lake terraces, which later al­ TeHe 1971, c. 37). ready do not populate by people. A cultural layer of Publications of numerous distinct collections with majority sites is destroyed and not numerous finds sites, which had been discovered by academician K. Jab· originate from surface collections. As a rule, is flint lonskis, convincingly showed a presence in Lithuania wares of Palaeolithic appearance. They are prettily of large agglomeration of Swiderian monuments. This big, rough, with irregular shape, covered by deep white stimulated the successful searches of Swiderian sites in or blue patina. neighbouring regions of South-East Baltic region spe· Scientist divided complexes Baltic Magdalen for cifically in Latvia (Zagorska, 1994) and Belarus. the shape of arrows points on three cultural groups: Swiderian complexes of Lithuania, as a rule, consider· Ahrensburgian, Bromme-Lyngbian and Hamburgian ably more numerous comparatively from Magdalenian (PJ.1MaHTeHe, 1971, c. 30--33). Among sites of Ahrens­ ones, and their flint implement more lamellar, perfect burgian type named Vilnius, I1gis, Mitriskes 6a and and developed. The culture-historic interpretation of others with "small points with sharp tangs" (Fig. 1,1- it by R. Rimantiene leaned against schemes of leading 3, 5-9) and microlithic lancets, which scientist thought specialist in Swiderian culture problems from Poland by certain analogues Zonhoven type points Ahrens­ (L. Sawitski, S. Krukowski, R. Schild and others). That's burgian culture of North Germany. One platform cores why to early (first) group Swiderian sites attributed the prevails. Not very big flint tools of these complexes flint complexes, which are similar to Wiglanduw indus­ are made mainly from flakes. Among scrapers prevail try of Poland. To the late (second) group sites attrib· half round and even rounded on flakes of short pro­ uted collections similar to Pludy type flint complexes portions, in majority of small dimensions. The burins for polish terminology. After polish colleagues more on flakes are overwhelmingly angle and lateral retouch early deferred Swiderian complexes with willowy ar­ types. Part Ahrensburgian complexes of Lithuania row-heads, which were changed by later ones of tanged v contains the traces Swiderian of influences (Silelis 2). types. Presence early Swiderian sites of Swider ian Wie\· A second complexes group reminds of Bromme­ ke I type in Lithuania and Western Belarus gave the Lyngbian culture materials, first of all, by typical big base to include these regions, together with Mazowia points with steeply retouched tangs (Maskauka 6, region, to the homeland of Swiderian culture. Accord­ Ezerynas 16, DerdnyCia 31) (Fig. 1, 70--27). Not nu­ ing to polish chronological schemes the early Swiderian merous for amount Oint implement characterizes by monuments of Lithuania were dated by AlIer0d, and considerable dimensions. R. Rimantiene saw his ana­ Dryas III periods (PJ.1MaHTeHe, 1971, c. 68-72). logues in collection from Anosovo site on Upper For R. Rimantiene, settling of Lithuania territory Dnieper and in Bromme type complexes of Denmark. took place at the very end of Palaeolithic by two ways: By parity of reasoning with last group dated from the western and south-west (Fig. 2). Baltic Magdalen end of Aller0d to beginning of Dryas III period. population moved from the West along south shore To third group are carried away the separate ar­ of Baltic sea. Swiderian population came into row heads with lateral retouch concave, which some­ Nemunas basin from Middle Vistula. The very scare thing reminded of points with shoulder of Hamburgian information about most old migration of B011ing pe­ culture of North Germany (Fig. 1, 22, 23). Scientist riod hunters, stay of which in Nemunas basin fix the definitively does not define as for materials presence separate shoulder points of Hamburgian type (Fig. 1, of Hamburgian culture in Nemunas basin. On her 22,23). The hunters of Bromme-Lyngby and Ahrens­ thought "do not ought see a straight tie of our finds burg cultures advanced on the territory of Lithuania with this culture" (PI1MaHTeHe, 1971, c. 33). by the same western way at the second half of AlIer0d. R. Rimantiene thought, that Baltic Magdalen At the same time, for R. Rimantiene, Swiderian hunt­ population came in Lithuania from the territory of ers come from south-west direction ti the basin of Denmark by south shore of Baltic sea (Fig. 2). The Nemunas. Much more powerful wave of Swider ian mi­ finds of harpoons, Lyngby type axes, points and other grants came from Vistula river on the boundary of tools from reindeer antler from southeast Baltic re­ Aller0d and Dryas III and stay in Lithuania numer­ gion sea-coast, dated by H. Gross (1940) with pale­ ous Swiderian sits of second group. This people dwelt nology method to A1ler0d and Dryas III periods. On on Lithuania territory during all Dryas III and even R. Rimantiene thought it's testify that "the Lithuanian in early Mesolithic (PI1MaHTeHe, 1971, c. 69, 70, 173). Magdalenian sites are the part of Baltic cultural unite By the reason of coexistence during Dryasy III and coincide with it in chronological attitude, date by Magdalenian and Swiderian hunters in Nemunas 32 I I I 2 3 6 5 4 I 9 I I 8 I 11 12 13 20 21 14 15 16 18 19 I I I 26 23 24 25 Fig.
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