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The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection

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The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection /i £\ The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection MICHAEL PETRAGLIA and RICHARD POTTS ILLUSTRATIONS BY MARCIA BAKRY SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 48 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement; "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Lawrence M. Small Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 48 The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection Michael Petraglia and Richard Potts FOREWORD BY Lawrence Guy Straus ILLUSTRATIONS BY Marcia Bakry Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series AN IMPRINT OF SMITHSONIAN BOOKS Washington, D.C. 2004 ABSTRACT Petraglia, Michael, and Richard Potts. The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 48, 148 pages, 99 figures, 5 tables, 2004.—Beginning with the first accession of Paleolithic collections in 1869, the Smithsonian Institution and its scientific staff have shown great interest in pursuing research, education, and exhibition of early human lifeways. During the more than 130-year history of acquiring objects from the Old World, a total of 22,000 objects has been amassed from some 332 Lower to Upper Paleolithic localities. Certain objects are rare pieces from clas­ sic Paleolithic localities, although many others were obtained as representative pieces for com­ parative purposes and exhibition. Documents and letters of correspondence between Old and New World investigators provide the historical context of collection acquisition and the moti­ vations of those involved in the international transfer and exchange of artifacts. Synthesis of the documentation shows variability in the tempo of collection acquisition and biases in geo­ graphic interests that are tied to patterns of scientific inquiry, world wars, and later, adherence to antiquity laws and reorientation of modern paleoanthropological methods and approaches. Because we refer extensively to archived letters and memoranda in the text, Appendix 1 pro­ vides a chronological list of these materials and the specific Smithsonian Institution archive where they are located. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Petraglia, M.D. (Michael D.) The Old World Paleolithic and the development of a national collection / Michael Petraglia and Richard Potts ; with a foreword by Lawrence Guy Straus ; and illustrations by Marcia Bakry. p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to anthropology ; no. 48) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Paleolithic period-Collectors and collecting. 2. Tools, Prehistoric-Collectors and collecting. 3. Museums- Acquisitions-Washington (D.C.) 4. Museums-Collection management-Washington (D.C.) 5. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. 6. Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Anthropology. 1. Potts, Richard, 1953- II. Title. III. Series. © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984. Contents Page Foreword: The Paleolithic in America, A Preamble to the "Excavation" of a Great Museum, by Lawrence Guy Straus ix Introduction 1 The Paleolithic Collections and the Smithsonian Institution 5 Background 5 Archival Documentation 6 Computer Database 6 Accession Tabulations 6 Motivations for the Acquisition of the Collections 8 Involvement of the Secretaries and the Administration 11 Involvement of Anthropologists 15 Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology 15 Career and Appointment 15 Intellectual Outlook 16 Museum Arrangement 18 The North American Paleolithic Debate 21 Collection Controversy: Deposit or Smithsonian Property? 21 Ales Hrdlicka and the American School of Prehistoric Research 23 Career and Intellectual Outlook 23 Importance of Travels 25 Involvement with the American School of Prehistoric Research 25 James Townsend Russell, Jr 35 Career and the Old World Archaeology Fund 35 Excavations in France 36 An Abrupt End to a Promising Career 37 The Modern Era of Paleoanthropology 37 T. Dale Stewart and the Post-World War II Period 37 The Human Origins Program 39 Overview 41 The Paleolithic Accessions, 1869-1990 45 Lartet (ace. 1529, 3546) 45 Blackmore (ace. 1846, 2371) 64 Wyman (ace. 2587) 67 Garrow (ace. 4044) 68 Feuardent (ace. 7825) 68 Dawkins (ace. 10115) 68 Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (ace. 10470) 69 Museum of Le Havre (ace. 10666) 69 Pengelly (ace. 13075) 69 White (ace. 26918) 70 Wilson (ace. 42207) 70 Musee des Antiquit.es Nationales, St. Germain-en-Laye (ace. 18891) 78 Rau(acc. 19931) 78 Lovett(acc. 20116, 20225,23040, 23170, 25615, 27077) 78 Ransom (ace. 20668) 81 American Museum of Natural History (ace. 21293) 81 Reynolds (ace. 21386) 81 iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Cresson (ace. 23766) 81 Balfour (ace. 24708) 82 Museo Zoologico dei Vertebrati, Florence (ace. 24918, 25949) 82 Powell (ace. 27665) 83 Camp (ace. 28914) 84 Quick (ace. 29853) 84 Harrison (ace. 30109) 84 Hough (ace. 31440) 85 Seton-Karr (ace. 32485, 40597, 47957) 85 Miguel (ace. 36097, 43727, 44831, 46030) 88 McGuire (ace. 37330) 88 Steierli (ace. 38268) 88 Else (ace. 38778) 89 Albany Museum (ace. 43544) 89 Nightingale (ace. 46550, 49416) 90 Martin (ace. 47416, 55671, 71635) 90 Stonestreet (ace. 49689) 91 Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Elbeuf (ace. 49696, 50268) 91 Clark (ace. 50010, 57311) 92 Gorjanovic-Kramberger (ace. 54826) 92 Talken (ace. 54988) 93 Rehlen (ace. 55321) 93 Stadtisches Museum (ace. 55436) 94 Rutot (ace. 55867, 56614, 58532) 94 Marett (ace. 56924) 96 Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm (ace. 57262) 96 Buckingham (ace. 59162) 96 The Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology (ace. 62402) 96 Marriott (ace. 63670) 97 American Presbyterian Congo Mission (ace. 70046) 97 Moir (ace. 71310) 98 Hrdlicka (ace. 71514, 89903) 98 Archaeological Society of Washington and American School of Prehistoric Research (ace. 84988, 90005, 98484, 95150, 95604, 103151, 107359, 112197, 115831, 121286, 126298, 132332, 133080) 98 Williams College (ace. 85687) 106 Reygasse (ace. 88916) 106 Government Museum, Madras (ace. 88426) 108 Jones(ace. 89904) 109 Bodding (ace. 90169) 109 MacCurdy (ace. 92141, 99368, 108178) 109 Bushnell (ace. 93521) 109 Indian Museum, Calcutta (ace. 88427) 110 South African Museum (ace. 101485) 110 Provincial Museum, Czechoslovakia (ace. 107637) 110 Russell and Old World Archaeology Fund (ace. 112339, 116916, 117631, 117750, 118935, 121411, 124072) Ill Serrano y Sanz (ace. 114125) 113 Begouen(acc. 117494) 114 Abbott (ace. 124660, 128495, 134685, 140811, 150229) 114 Leach (ace. 134860, 134861) 115 McGregor Museum (ace. 141245) 116 Swan (ace. 150659) 116 Franssen (ace. 159728) 116 NUMBER 48 Reeves (ace. 170049) 117 Bruce Hughes Fund (ace. 177782) 117 Wymer (ace. 197463) 117 Vass (ace. 197993) 117 Bordes (ace. 213032) 117 Paige (ace. 214613) 118 Solecki (ace. 217009) 119 Iraq Museum (ace. 220078) 119 Government Museum, Madras (ace. 202973) 123 Jones (ace. 249458) 123 Uganda Museum (ace. 259009) 123 Hole (ace. 265162) 124 Citron (ace. 268093) 124 Shiner (ace. 278180) 124 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (ace. 295641) 125 Gibson (ace. 307731) 125 Barbour (ace. 305126) 125 Lightner (ace. 316299) 126 Klima (ace. 322222) 126 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (ace. 323176) ... 126 Sims (ace. 351570) 127 Eichenberger (ace. 358176) 127 Old (ace. 387104) 129 Human Origins Program 129 Kenya Collections 129 Zaire Collections 130 Botswana Collections 130 Ethiopia Collections 131 India Collections 131 China Collections 131 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 131 Appendix 1:
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