Dominant is Slovakian radiolarite in and material varieties being used for tool production. usually the local variety i.e. one closest to the site; in the cultures in latter case the material often arrived on the site partly

worked: this is suggested by, for example, the discoveries of

and specialistic workshops that manufactured precores even Stefan+Karol Kozlowski finished blades which were then expedited to the home site

Elzbieta - the Sachse-Kozlowska (Krakow Spadzista B). For this reason, relatively few

radiolarites of the Polish home sites are in the

form of finished tools. This would be evidence that special

expeditions were organized to obatin material which, as

could have been the case with radiolarite, was perhaps

is the with other 1. The aim of this paper to present distribution and acquired through exchange groups.

utilization of radiolarite in Poland during the Paleolithic and 9. The Late Paleolithic. — The period of particularly voluminous

This material is into southern Poland is the the Mesolithic ages. raw of exceptionally fine inflowof radiolarite declineof aesthetic qualities (velvety textures of the surface and vived last Glacial, particularly the nineth millenium B.C., during

red, olive and yellow colours) and is found in deposits in which the regions north of the Carpathians were inhabitedby

Slovakia, mainly in alluvia of the Vag river valley. Recently, it the Swiderian reindeer hunters. These wandering people of

was also discovered in the Pieniny mountains, on the Polish the Polish Lowland achieved particularly good results in the

side of the Carpathians. extraction, processing and wide distribution of the better

2. Radiolarite is of fairly good, technological quality which, sorts of flint material: we had the pleasure of demonstrating Second however, is not superior to that of such Polish materials as this during the Maastricht Symposium.

such albeit the Cracow Jurassic flint or, especially, of the so called One material, of local significance only, was 'chocolate' flint. Slovakian radiolarite which reached the Swiderian territory

3. The main deposits in Slovakia are separated from the Polish through the Moravian Gate as well as through the difficult

sites containing radiolarite artifacts in their inventories by the transcarpathian passes. This is proved by one Swiderian site

barrier of the in northern Slovakia in the of the river in that giant Carpathians (rising up to 2500 meters valley only

- Slavkov site). above sea level) and so the only convenient route from one stretch of Carpathians the Poprad (Velky

region to the other led through the Moravian Gate, at least The red variety of radiolarite was used by the Swiderians

which that duringthe cold periods of the . Mountain passes, most often, means they either practiced some

such as the Poprad river valley, were also used at times. sort of selection or had access only to some of its sources.

4. Depending on the period in , the Slovakian The sites yield numerous fragments of large, regular blades

radiolarite role well played a varying in stone inventories of as as many tools typical of the Swiderian culture(tanged

southern Poland but it was never the principal raw material. points, end-scrapers, burins).

Its the between presence in region testifies to lively contacts

the and river and And few about model of the inhabitantsof upper Oder Vistula basins now a words the possible acquisi-

communities of the middle Danube basin. tion and distribution of radiolarite in Swiderian culture. The

5. The . — The oldest radiolarite artifacts material came to southern Poland from an average distance

in in the appear in Poland the Middle Paleolithic (Levalloisian cores of 300 to 350 kilometers form of, among others, not

the Krakow - few in this also distance from Zwierzyniec I site) but are very worked pebbles and, possibly, precores. The

period. was not a great problem for the Swiderians who admirably

6. The - the cultures. — A mastered the acquisition and wide distribution (over

considerable inflow of radiolarite into Poland is evident distances of up to 450 kilometers) of the local 'chocolate'

during the Upper Paleolithic, particularly in some of the flint. The deliveries of the required material could have been Cracow Aurignacian assemblages where the red variety of carried out during the seasonal migrations (probably covering

this all the tools - distances of several hundred kilometers) after the reindeer material comprises up to 3% of (Krakow

Zwierzyniec I). Apart from tools, Zwierzyniec also yielded herds. In this case we must assume that Swiderians were

blades, flakes and even a core. We are thus justified in periodic visitors in areas south of the Carpathians.

is also the southern believing that radiolarite arrived on the site in the form of Another hypothesis possible: groups of

pebbles and only on the spot underwent the full cycle of core Swiderians may have been supplied with radiolarite by the

formation and exploitation together with tool production, as Late Paleolithic Epi-tardigravettian communities which

was exactly the case with all other local material found in the probably controlled the region laying next to the Vag river;

culture Zwierzyniec assemblage. If this was indeed what happened, isolated groups belonging to this sometimes drifted

with north the in the and we are probably dealing traces of a roaming group of of Carpathians (sites Pieniny mountains

the called in Aurignacian hunters which travelled both in Slovakia and in so Witowian group the Polish Lowland?) The

Little Poland above constantly picking up concretions of raw interpretations are not the only ones possible.

material that was available in the given region. The diversity In any case, it is worth noting that it were the Swiderians

of material in the Zwierzyniec assemblage (Jurassic flint, who were particularly given to good raw material ( the need

radiolarite) would permit a reconstruction of the boundaries to produce long and regular blades) and who were willing to

of the - material if area frequented by the Aurignacian community this utilize every available good even its 'import'

have been kilometers It is demanded region could up to 300 across. considerable organizational effort.

worth noting that the Aurignacian assemblages from 10. The Mesolithic. — The strong need of Slovakian radiolarite

Zwierzyniec, although distinct, are strongly related to demonstrated by the inhabitants of southern Poland in the

assemblages from across the Carpathians. late Glacial is in marked contrast to the situation there during

We must also remember that other Aurignacian assemblages the Early and Middle (from the eight to the fifth

from do contain millenium the readers Poland, eg. Piekary II, Gora Pulawska II, not B.C.) Here we must refer to a special

radiolarite. This would indicate that groups from these sites lecture devoted to this problem and delivered by Mr. K.

did not venture into Slovakia. It is worth noting that the CYREK. We will mention only a few points:

Aurignacian peoples simultaneously used several materials at a) firstly, the number of radiolarite artifacts in the south of

any given time, usually favouring the local varieties. Poland markedly decreases in those times (nine sites from

Other 7. — cultures of the early phase of the Upper Paleolithic. a period of 4000 !),

The remaining cultures of the early phase of the Upper Paleo- b) secondly, they are found in assemblages of varying

lithic (eg. the Jerzmanowician) were also familiar with cultural traditions (the , Janislawice, Chojnice-

Slovakian radiolarite but it is difficult to investigate their raw Piehki cultures).

- the selection of radiolarite varieties is here material management (Nietoperzowa layer 5, Krakow c) thirdly, greater

- 'lower than in the decline of the Paleolithic Zwierzyniec I loess'). (red, yellow, grey,

8, The Gravettian cultures. — In the complex of Gravettian pink) which indicates a complete randomness in the

cultures from the second half of the Upper Paleolithic, the utilization of this material and testifies to its altogether

managing of raw material becomes more complex with fewer marginal significance.

126 1. Fig. Upper Palaeolithic radiolarite artifacts from Poland: 1-4, 7-11 —

Kraków-Zwierzyniec / (Aurignacian), 2-3 — Kraków-Zwierzyniec /

learly Upper Palaeolithic Backed Points!, 5 — Nietoperzowa

Cave, layer 5 Uerzmanowician), 6 — Mamutowa Cave (East-

Gravettian) Actual size.

127 Fig. 2. Late Palaeolithic radiolarite artifacts from Poland: 1,4, 7 — Borek

— Falecki, 2 — Rytwiany, 3 — Brody, 5, 9, 11-13

Chwalibogow/ce, 6 — Opatowiec, 8 — Czyzów, 10 — Sladków,

14-16 — Zakrzów, 17 — Kobierzyn III (all Swiderianl. Actual size.

128 3. Late radiolarite artifacts from Poland: The conclusion from this is given the miniaturizaton of the Fig. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic that,

— — — 7 — Chwalibogowice, 1-2, 8 Zakrzów, 3 Kobierzyn, 5-6 majority of our Mesolithic tools, the technological requirements,

11 — — 10 — Borek Falecki, Zyciny, 12 Sroczków, 9 Beszowa, particularly as to the size of stone material, must have become

4 — (Late Backed — Iall Swider/an), Boksicka Wola Dzieslawice less stringent (as compared to those from the Paleolithic). In this

14 Borowa — Points), 13 — Kobierzyn, — 1, 15-17 Majdan situation, radiolarite lost its previous importance in regions north Krótewski, 18 — Borowa 3, 19 — Borowa 5, 20-22 — Jawornik- of the Carpathians. Czarna /Mesolithic). Actual size.

S.K. Kozlowski,

Warsaw University E. Sachse-Koz/owska

institute of History of MateriaI Culture.

Polish Academy of Sciences

129