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Flood Management in Japan

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Flood Management in Japan Flood Management in Japan “Making space for water” in innovative ways under land limitation ＪＩＣＡ Ｒｉｖｅｒ Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ Ａｄｖｉｓｏｒ ＡＫＩＨＩＳＡ ＯＫＵＤＡ Flood Management in Japan 1. Japan’s National Land Conditions 2. Comprehensive Flood Control Measures River Measures Basin Measures Damage Reduction Measures 3. Recent Developments 1 Japan, a country of mountains About 70% of its national land is mountainous. Naka river in Shikoku region 2 1. Present conditions Japan and the Netherlands in Japan 関東地方関東地方 Elevation (m) Elevation Dark Green : below sea Light Green : 0m - 5m Yellow Green : 5m – 20m Orange : 20m – 50m Tokyo Dark Brown : 50m – 100m Yellow : dune area Japan The Netherlands 2 2 ・Area：378,000km ・Area：42,000km ・Many short steep rivers. ・Rhine River, Maas River, Schelde River as Geography ・Sediment problems because of poor soil mild slope international river ・Flood plain area is located by alluvial fan and ・Delta and low area riverside 2 2 ・Population： 127.4 mil. (Density 337.1 /km ) ・Population： 16.6 mil. (Density 400.4 /km ) Name of River Tone River Rhine River Basin Area About 17,000km2 About 185,000km2 River length of river 322km 1,320km Average bed slope About 1/175 About 1/2,600 largest flow discharge 17,000m3/s(1947) 13,000m3/s (1926) annual mean rainfall 1,718mm About 800mm Climate 100 year daily precipitation 376mm（Tokyo） 80mm（de Valdo） 100 year hourly precipitation 94mm（Tokyo） 40mm（ de Valdo ） 3 ・・・洪水時の河川水位より低い地域Vulnerability to water hazards・・・その他の区域 Proportion of 資産率資産率 Approx.約７５％ 75% assets 日 本 Proportion人口率人口率 of 約５０％Approx. 50% population Proportion面積率面積率 of Approx.約１０％ 10% land area 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 人口率人口率 Areas約９% below flood water Other areas level Source: Japan Rivers, Learning to Live with River イギリス CIA The World Fact book 面積率面積率 約１０% ※イングランド＋ウェールズの割合 Topography of Tokyo （スコットランド・北アイルランドを除く） 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Line Keihin Keihin Tohoku Musashino Line Musashino National Route 6 Route National 人口率(m) 人口率 約１０％ Altitude アメリカ Line Joban Saka River Saka Edo River Ayase River Ayase River Naka River Oba Shinsaka River Shinsaka Sumida Sumida River 面積率面積率 約８% River Arakawa 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 出典：日本の河川、Learning to Live with River、 Kita- Adachi-ku Katsushika-ku Misato Matsud Arakawa- CIA The World Fact book ku ku City o City 4 Typhoon Kathleen (1947) killed more than 1,100 people and submerged over 300,000 houses in Tokyo area. A dike in Tone River collapsed and floods reached as far as Tokyo. Areas inundated Dyke Break （Sep.16 0:25） Sep.16 Dyke Break in Tone River Sep.17 Sep.18 Flood water depth Sep.19 ： H＜0.5m ：0.5m≦H＜２ｍ Katsushika City in Tokyo ： 2m≦H Sep.20 5 Typhoon Vera (Typhoon Ise Bay) in 1959 left 5,098 persons dead or missing, 38,921 injured, and some 1.2 million houses damaged. * Excluding figures for the Kyushu region • Dikes collapsed because of storm surge and river flood. Drifting woods increased casualties. • Low-lying areas continued to be covered with water for more than 120 days. 舟による捜索・救助活動Search and rescue（岐阜県養老 efforts using boats (Yoro Town, Gifu Prefecture) Source: Jidai ni Hikitsugu ano Kyokun Isewan Taifu (Handing down the Lessons Learned from the Ise Bay 町） Typhoon to the Next Generation) compiled by the Executive Committee of the 30-year Ise Bay Typhoon Project Areas inundated 出典：岐阜県防災局 出典：岐阜県防災局 Submerged and isolated houses 出典：岐阜県防災局 6 Significant Decrease in Number of Casualties Due to Implementation of Continuous Flood Control Measures Number of dead and missing (Persons) 10,000 1,000 Isewan Typhoon Isewan Southern Kii Southern in Rains Torrential Typhoon Toyamaru Typhoon Kathleen Typhoon 100 Development Infrastructure for Social Social for Plan Priority First (7 years) (7 plan control flood Ninth 10 First Third flood Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Sevent control Eighth h Plan (5 years) 1 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 (Year) 7 Flood Management in Japan 1. Japan’s National Land Conditions 2. Comprehensive Flood Control Measures River Measures Basin Measures Damage Reduction Measures 3. Recent Developments 8 Comprehensive Flood Control Measures Dams, retarding basins and discharge River channels River River improvement (embanking, Administrator Measures dredging) Preservation of natural / agricultural lands Flood control ponds Water retaining Rainwater storage facilities area Permeable pavements and rainwater infiltration inlets Basin Authority Basin Water retarding Preservation of natural / agricultural lands, (Prefectures, Measures area Restriction of constructing mounds Municipalities) Drainage facilities Lowland area Floodwater storage facilities Promotion of flood resistant buildings Warning and evacuation systems Flood-fighting River Damage Reduction Announcement of inundation records and Administrator Measures flood hazard areas Basin Promotion of flood resistant buildings authority Awareness raising of local residents 9 River Measures 10 River channel improvement 11 Construction of levees 12 Construction & Operation Improvement of Dams Integrated operation of existing dams Optimum capacity re-division of related dams based on present situations of dam operation, precipitation and flow characteristics of each sub basin Miyagase dam 関東地方整備局提供 Kawaji Dam 鬼怒川ダム統合管理事務所HPより 13 Retarding basin (Ara river) Flood Control in Aug. 2006 Ara River First Retarding Basin ●location：Saitama City & Toda City, Saitama Pref. (28.8 – 37.2km from estuary of Arakawa river) ●Operation Start : Year 2003 ●Area of Reservoir : 580 ha ●Total Capacity for Flood Control : 39 mil. m３ ●Valid Capacity : 10.6 mil. m3 ●Control volume : 850m3/sec Photo by Arakawa Upstream River Office 14 Retarding basin (Kitakami river) Retarding Basin No.2 Retarding Basin No.1 Retarding Basin No.3 15 Discharge channel (Ara river) For the Ara River running through Tokyo, a floodway was constructed following the great flood of 1910. Population in Tokyo city 3.7 million (1920) 12.6 million (2005) Construction :1913 – 1930 Length : 22 km 16 Discharge Channel (Hii river) Japan Sea (Taisha Bay) 17 Underground discharge tunnel (Outer metropolitan area) The floodway was constructed to drain floodwater in low-lying Naka river basin (suburban Tokyo), where frequent inundation caused severe damage. Due to the land restriction, the floodway was build underground. Tone River OootoshifuruTonegawa Kuramatsu River Naka River 3 River 100m3/s 25m /s 85m3/s Showa drainage Koumatsu pump station River 200m3/s 6.2m3/s Shaft No.1 Shaft No.3 Shaft No.5 Shaft No.4 Shaft No.2 6.3km 18 Underground discharge tunnel (Outer metropolitan area) [Shafts] Shafts Nos. 1 to 5 [Tunnel] ・Shaft No.1：Inside diameter 31.6m、Depth 71m ・Length : 6.3km ・Shaft No.2：Inside diameter 31.6m、Depth 63m ・Inside diameter : About11m ・Shaft No.4：Inside diameter 25.1m、Depth 63m ・Depth : About 50m ・Shaft No.５：Inside diameter 15m、Depth 65m Tunnel in Construction Section No. 4: Inside diameter 10.9m [Surge tank] ・Length 177m ・Width 78m Shaft No.3： Inside diameter 31.6m,depth:68m ・Height 25.4m ・Piller （Number 59、Height 18m） 【Pumps】 ・Maximum discharge 200m3/s Gas Turbines x 4 （discharge 50m3/s） Wheel 写真：江戸川河川事務所提供 19 Super Levees to avoid a catastrophic disaster High-standard levees are build in order to prevent catastrophic damage due to dyke breach in low-lying highly urbanized areas, such as Tokyo and Osaka. Altitude Ueno Sta. 尼崎駅 新大阪駅 3 - 4m 1 - 3m 寝屋川 0 - 1m Tokyo sta. 大阪駅 大阪城 - 1 - 0m Arakawa Riv. Arakawa Under -1m 淀川 平野川 Waterway 天王寺駅 Ｋｏｍａｔｕｇａｗａ Ａｒｅａ, Arakawa Iganishi Towmk Yodo 20 Super Levees (effects of disaster reduction) With their extreme width, built in tandem with urban renovation projects, super levees can withstand 1) Overtopping flow, 2) Seepage during floods, 3) Earthquake (liquefaction and landslides). High standard levee Integrated urban planning and super levee zone Levee height (h) Special high standard zone: 30h (About 30 times the levee height) River zone 21 Super Levees (effects of urban landscape, environment) Super levees can enrich urban environment by creating open public spaces along the river. Arakawa River and Shinden districts in Adachi City 写真：荒川下流河川事務所提供 22 Basin Measures 23 The background for the introduction of “Basin Measures” Due to the rapid increase of population, plateaus and hilly areas near large cities were developed rapidly on a large scale. Tsurumi River (Tokyo and Kanagawa Pref.) 1997 Urbanization rate 84.3% 1958 Urbanization rate: 10% Natural area 1975 Urban area Urbanization rate: 60% 24 The background for the introduction of “Basin Measures” Progress of urbanization heighten the risk of flood on low grounds ■After Development Since the surface has been covered by concrete or asphalt, and forests and paddy fields have disappeared, the water flow to the downstream has increased. ■Before Development Most of rainwater is infiltrated into the ground or reserved in paddy fields: the flow into the downstream is controlled. 25 Flood control ponds normally Kirigaoka reservoirs (Tsurumi river) flooded 26 Rainwater storage facilities Storing rainwater in a schoolyard normally flooded 27 Permeable pavements permeable pavement permeable tile pavement Tokyo 28 Rainwater storage between buildings in apartment complexes 29 Infiltration facilities Seepage pits・Seepage trench Seepage pits Seepage trench 30 Damage Reduction Measures 31 Increase of Damage Potential due to Urbanization Flood damage in Fukuoka City (June, 1999) A city with approximately 1.5 million people. Urban area were flooded with some 1 meter high 32 Submergence at the underground facilities in urban areas Ｂ３Ｆホーム階 Oct.2004 Jul. 2003 Azabu-juban Sta. Hakata Sta. (Tokyo metro) (Fukuoka municipal subway) 33 Increase of vulnerability due to the aging population Most of fatalities and missing (60%) are aged persons 0.8% 38.5% Less65歳未満 than 65 6565 or歳以上 more Unknown年齢不明 60.7% 70 or more years old: 52.6％ 65 ~ 70 years old: 8.1％ Notes: 1.
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