INDEX Message from the Director-General 1 Research Activities 3 Full Research 5 Pre Research 78 Feasibility Studies 94 Incubation Studies 102 RIHN Center 104 Outreach Program and Events RIHN International Symposium 117 Symposium of Environmental Isotope Study 118 RIHN Public Seminars 119 RIHN Kids Seminar 119 RIHN Open House 120 RIHN Area Seminars 120 RIHN Tokyo Seminar 120 The Earth Forum Kyoto; Special Session and International Symposium 120 The Earth Hall of Fame KYOTO 121 RIHN Seminars 121 Lunch Seminars (Danwakai) 123 RIHN Annual Open Meeting 124 Press Conferences 124 Publications 125 Individual Achievements 126 Appendices 1. Number and Affiliation of Project Members 2. Research Fields of Project Members 3. Research Project Sites 1 Message from the Director-General The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) was established in April 2001 to conduct integrated research in the field of global environmental studies. In 2004, RIHN became one of the original members of the National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU), as an Inter-University Research Institute Corporation. Environmental degradation can be understood as an imbalance in interactions between human beings and natural systems. Our mission is therefore to conduct solution-oriented research aimed at exploring how interactions between humanity and nature ought to be. RIHN conducts interdisciplinary research spanning the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences, and transdisciplinary research, collaborating with various stakeholders in society. Fiscal year 2016 marks the beginning of our Phase III Medium-Term Plan. We launched a new set of Research Programs, a Core Program, and the RIHN Center in order to organically integrate and support the Research Programs. With a new structure in place, we are determined to pursue our mission even more vigorously through enhanced col- laboration within our institute, across our diverse research community, and with society in general. As part of RIHN’s international activities, RIHN is keeping the Asian Regional Centre for Future Earth, which is expected to promote the overall research and capacity buildings of Future Earth in Asia. This annual report describes the updated outcome of these activities of RIHN for the FY2016. I do hope this annual report will help you to understand the overall activity within the FY2016. With best regards, YASUNARI Tetsuzo Director-General Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 3 Research Activities Research Activities ●Full Research [Research Program 1: Transition to a society that can flexibly deal with environmental changes] Project leader: HABU Junko p. 5 Project Name: Long-term Sustainability through Place-Based, Small-scale Economies: Approaches from Historical Ecology Project leader: NAKATSUKA Takeshi p. 16 Project Name: Societal Adaptation to Climate Change: Integrating Palaeoclimatological Data with Historical and Archaeological Evidences [Research Program 2: Fair use and management of diverse resources] Project leader: SATO Tetsu p. 26 Project Name: Creation and Sustainable Governance of New Commons through Formation of Integrated Local Environmental Knowledge Project leader: ENDO Aiko p. 35 Project Name: Human-Environmental Security in Asia-Pacific Ring of Fire: Water-Energy-Food Nexus Project leader: OKUDA Noboru p. 43 Project Name: Biodiversity-driven Nutrient Cycling and Human Well-being in Social-ecological Systems [Research Program 3: Design of wellbeing-enhancing living spaces and life styles] Project leader: TANAKA Ueru p. 52 Project Name: Desertification and Livelihood in Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia Project leader: ISHIKAWA Satoshi p. 59 Project Name: Coastal Area-capability Enhancement in Southeast Asia Project leader: MCGREEVY, Steven Robert p. 68 Project Name: Lifeworlds of Sustainable Food Consumption and Production: Agrifood Systems in Transition ●Pre Research Project leader: MIZUNO Kosuke p. 78 Project Name: Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies: Transformability of Environmentally Vulnerable Societies and Establishment of an International Research Network Project leader: FUNAMIZU Naoyuki p. 86 Project Name: The Sanitation Value Chain: Designing Sanitation Systems as Eco-Community-Value System ●Individual Collaboration FS 1. KANEKO Shinji (Hiroshima University) Water-Energy-Nexus Technology for Marginal Settlements: Socially Optimal Size from the Perspectives of Reciprocity and Indigenous Knowledge 4 RIHN Annual Report 2016 ●Institutional Collaboration FS 1. ICHIE Tomoaki (Kochi University) Evaluation and Use of Non-monetary Benefits from Protected Tropical Rain Forest Areas in Southeast Asia 2. SAKAKIBARA Masayuki (Ehime University) Co-Creation of Regional Innovation for Reducing Risk of Environmental Pollution 3. HOMMA Kosuke (Niigata University) Assessing Functional Diversity of Satoyama Paddy Landscapes in East Asia’s Monsoon Region 4. MURAYAMA Satoshi (Kagawa University / ICEDS) Living Spaces: A Transdisciplinary Study on Locality, Nature and Global Interdependency 5. YOSHIDA Takehito (The University of Tokyo) Research and Social Implementation of Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction as Climate Change Adaptation in Shrinking Societies ●Core FS 1. TAYASU Ichiro (RIHN) Proposal and verification of the validity of isotope environmental traceability method in environmental studies 2. KONDO Yasuhisa (RIHN) Visualizing and filling gaps of knowledge information between actors in the research to solve social issues 3. UWASU Michinori (Osaka University) Science with wisdom: Methodology of value creation, problem recognition, and agenda setting ●Incubation Studies 1. MORI Koichiro (Shiga University) p. 102 Development of Interactive System between Cities and Rural Communities and Creation of Human Well-being 2. NAKAHARA Satoe (Chukyo University) p. 102 Reconstructing Life under Radioactive Contamination: fostering mutual understanding 3. MATSUDA Hirotaka (University of Tokyo) p. 102 Nexus of Agriculture-Nutrition-Health to Build Sustainable Society 4. TOYODA Yukio (Rikkyo University) p. 103 Re-evaluation of hybrid livelihood based on multi-species cultivation 5. KOHSAKA Ryo (Tohoku University) p. 103 Development of socio-ecological network for international resource sharing with geographical indications and transformation of traditional knowledge 5 Research Projects Stage: Full Research Project Name: Long-term Sustainability through Place-Based, Small-Scale Economies: Approaches from Historical Ecology Abbreviated Title: Small-Scale Economies RIHN Project Leader: HABU, Junko Program 1: Societal Transformation under Environmental Change URL: http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/fooddiversity/index.html Research Projects Key Words: Small-Scale Economy; Diversity; Networks; Local Autonomy; Long-term Sustainability; North Pacific Rim ○ Research Subject and Objectives (1) OBJECTIVES This project examines the importance of place-based, small-scale and diversified economies, particularly the importance of small-scale food production, for the long-term sustainability of human societies. For the purposes of this project, a “small-scale economy” is defined not solely on the basis of the absolute size of the economic unit, but rather in terms of the relative scale of food production within a given socioeconomic context. Our definition of small-scale economy addresses the range of local or regional networks that enable production, circulation and consumption without precluding links to the outside economy. Long-term sustainability can be defined as “the capacity of humans to create, test out, and maintain abilities to adapt to environments” over a span of several hundred to several thousand years. Our working hypothesis was as follows: Highly specialized subsistence (i.e., food production) strategies can support a larger community for a short period, but a decrease in subsistence and food diversity makes the production system and its associated community more vulnerable in the long-run. Archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies are used to test this hypothesis, or to examine the long- term impacts of the loss of subsistence/food diversity in relation to other environmental and cultural factors. To link these studies with the current discussion of the scale and methods of alternative food systems, ethnographic and ecological studies of contemporary small-scale food systems and communities were conducted. In combination, studies of the past and present point towards the future, as our research process also involves informing the collaborative design of ecologically sound and equitable food systems. The theoretical genesis of this project is the approach of historical ecology, which conducts comprehensive research into long-term and short-term cultural change while emphasizing the impact of human activities on the environment. In particular, this project proposes that high levels of diversity, network and local autonomy, all of which are strongly correlated with the scale of the system, are the keys to achieving the long-term sustainability of socioeconomic systems. By integrating case studies on food diversity, the mobility of people, goods and information and the initiatives of local stakeholders in relation to the scale and resilience of societies and economies, this study aims to advance theories on the interrelationship between culture and environment, including climate change. Other cultural factors, including technological developments, sociopolitical structure and rituals/ religion, are also taken into consideration. We are publishing the results of