DOCSLIB.ORG

Regional Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regional Overview NOWPAP POMRAC Northwest Pacific Action Plan Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre 7 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russian Federation Tel.: 7-4232-313071, Fax: 7-4232-312833 Website: http://www.pomrac.dvo.ru http://pomrac.nowpap.org REGIONAL OVERVIEW on River and Direct Inputs of Contaminants into the Marine and Coastal Environment in NOWPAP Region POMRAC, Vladivostok, Russian Federation 2006 POMRAC Technical Report No. 4 Foreword The Global Programme of Action (GPA) for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land- based Activities was adopted in 1995 and since then significant results have been achieved. Because about 80% of pollutants entering the marine environment originate from land-based activities, the GPA implementation is supported by more than 100 Governments, the European Commission and many international and non-governmental organizations. The comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach of the GPA reflects the desire of Governments to strengthen the collaboration and coordination of all agencies with mandates relevant to the impact of land-based activities on the marine environment, through their participation in a global programme. The Second Intergovernmental Review Meeting (16-20 October 2006, Beijing, People’s Republic of China) will consider the status of GPA implementation and future actions. Several pollutant categories are covered by the GPA including sewage, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, oils (hydrocarbons) and nutrients. This Overview on River and Direct Inputs of Contaminants to the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Northwest Pacific has been prepared by the Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Center (POMRAC) of NOWPAP. The Overview can be considered as a NOWPAP contribution to the GPA implementation in the Northwest Pacific region. From the data and information presented in this document, NOWPAP member states can draw conclusions and recommendations regarding further actions necessary to protect their shared marine and coastal environment. Some suggestions on methodologies of pollutant monitoring require attention of member states as well. Future activities of NOWPAP POMRAC will include the Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM) and preparation of the State of Marine Environment Report. These activities will also hopefully contribute to the GPA implementation and, thus, to the protection of the marine and coastal environment in the Northwest Pacific region. Alexander Tkalin NOWPAP Coordinator 7 July 2006 Page 3 List of Acronyms ADORC Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center BOD Biological oxygen demand CEARAC Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre CNEMC China National Environmental Monitoring Centre COD Chemical oxygen demand DDTs Dichlorophenylethane compounds DO Dissolved oxygen FERHRI Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute EQS Environment quality standard FPM Focal Points Meeting GDP Gross domestic product HCHs Hexachlorcyclohexane compounds IC Ion Chromatography IGM Intergovernmental meeting LOICZ Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone MAP Mediterranean Action Plan MDL Minimum detection limit MOE Ministry of Environment MOMAF Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MPC Maximum permissible concentration MTS MAP Technical Report Series NIER National Institute of Environmental Research NOWPAP Northwest Pacific Action Plan OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic PAHs Polyaromatic hydrocarbons PCBs Polychlorbiphenyle compounds PGI Pacific Geographical Institute PHCs Petroleum hydrocarbons POI Pacific Oceanographic Institute POMRAC Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre POPs Persistent organic pollutants QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SS Suspended solids UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WG Working Group WQS Water quality standard ____________________________ POMRAC Technical Report No. 4 Page 4 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary………………………………………………………….……….….5 2. Introduction 2.1. Goals and objectives of the Overview …………………………………….………6 2.2. General background information on NOWPAP…………………………….……..6 2.3. Geographical scope of NOWPAP area related to this Overview …………….…...7 2.4. General information on river and direct inputs of contaminants…………………12 3. Social and economic situation…………………………………………………………14 4. Monitoring and assessment activities in NOWPAP member countries 4.1. Overview of national and international policies and laws………………………..19 4.2. National and international monitoring programs…………………………………24 4.3 Methodologies and procedures 4.3.1. Brief characteristic of monitoring networks of water quality……………..35 4.3.2. Methodological features of sample preservation and analysis………….....35 4.3.3. QA/QC procedures…………………………………………………………37 4.4. Research activities (national and international)…………………………………..38 4.5. Training activities ………………………………………………………………..39 5. Present situation 5.1. Chemical composition of river run-off ………………………………………….40 5.2. Temporal trend in river water quality …………………………………………...46 5.3. Pollution loads through Rivers…………………………………………....……..47 5.4. Direct inputs of contaminants…………………………………………………... 53 6. Proposals presented by NOWPAP countries in National Reports……………………..57 7. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………….58 8. Recommendations for future regional activities and priorities……………………….. 61 9. References……………………………………………………………………………...62 ____________________________ POMRAC Technical Report No. 4 Page 5 1. Executive Summary This document is prepared based on decisions taken at the 3rd POMRAC Focal Points Meetings held in Vladivostok Russia on October 13-14 2005. This document, based primarily on data from National Reports, summarizes the current status of monitoring of surface water quality and chemical substance concentrations in river water. Certain chemical substance runoff coming from rivers that is discharged directly in the sea is evaluated for the main parts of the NOWPAP region. A brief description of natural environmental conditions and of socio-economic factors in four countries (China, Japan, Korea, Russia) is provided as part of the analysis of natural and anthropogenic impacts on chemical substances entering the sea. The total area of the river watersheds in the entire NOWPAP region is about 1,792,000 km2 (excluding the Yangtze River basin), with a shoreline of about 30,000 km. Average river runoff is about 406.9 km3/year, again excluding the Yangtze River, and 1,358 km3/y with the Yangtze. Regional population in the study area is 560 million and is very unevenly distributed, ranging from 4 people/km2 in Russia to 475 people/km2 in Korea. The volume of industrial and agriculture production varies from 864 USD per capita in Russia to 15,340 USD per capita in Japan in fiscal 2002 values. The legal basis for water quality monitoring in the four NOWPAP countries is briefly described in this report. The report also describes the existing monitoring network, responsible agencies, methods used and water quality criteria. The main criteria of water quality in all NOWPAP countries are a compliance with standards: EQS – environmental quality standards, WQS – water quality standards, MPC – maximum permissible concentration. Similarities and differences in standards, approaches, and methods used are also outlined. This document summarizes the current status of river water quality based on monitoring results for the year 2002. Discharge quantity for major rivers is calculated and hence the pollution load for the NOWPAP region can be estimated. The current status and historical trends for chemical substances in river water are also described and stability and certain improvements in conditions noted. Existing problems with data compatibility issues are described, including discrepancies in the list of parameters monitored, the different methods used to measure COD, and the use of filtered or unfiltered samples for analysis. A second group of problems relate to determining micro pollutants during routine water quality monitoring. The analysis of National Reports shows that there are currently rather rare reliable data on dissolved forms of trace metals and persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides like DDTs and HCHs) in the surface (river) waters of NOWPAP countries making a comprehensive evaluation of the input of these substances into the sea at the regional and sub- regional levels impossible. These are not problems that are typical of NOWPAP countries only. Similar issues are raised by more developed programs like MAP or OSPAR. Existing data on micro pollutant levels are in most cases far below EQS (WQS, MPC) and so in this respect the situation appears satisfactory. But reliable background concentration data for these substances would make it possible to trace and to assess anthropogenic impacts on surface waters at early pollution stages. This would aid in forecasting future environmental problems with water quality and to elaborate measures to reduce damage. Increased cooperation among NOWPAP members and application of scientific research results within the NOWPAP region are approaches to addressing these issues. Discussion of these issues can be topics of mutual interest for future activities of POMRAC. ____________________________ POMRAC Technical Report No. 4 Page 6 2. Introduction 2.1. Goals and Objectives of the Overview The first goal of this Regional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Three Large Historical Landslide Dams and Outburst Disasters in the North Fossa Magna Area, Central Japan
    International Journal of Erosion Control Engineering Vol.5, No.2, 2012 Disaster Report Three Large Historical Landslide Dams and Outburst Disasters in the North Fossa Magna Area, Central Japan Kimio INOUE1, Toshio MORI2 and Takahisa MIZUYAMA3 1Sabo Frontier Foundation (Sabo-Kaikan, Hirakawa-cho 2-7-4, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan) Email: [email protected]) 2Sabo Frontier Foundation (Sabo-Kaikan, Hirakawa-cho 2-7-4, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan) 3Division of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University (Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan) Large landslides or debris flows caused by heavy rainfall or earthquakes often block rivers in mountainous areas and form landslide dams. The area upstream of the landslide dam is submerged under water and the downstream area is flooded when the landslide dam breaks. In recorded history, as many as 22 landslide dams have formed upstream of the Shinano River and the Hime River, in the northern part of Nagano Prefecture in central Japan, and all except three have subsequently broken. This abundance of landslide dams is probably caused by the geotectonic background of this area, which is located at the western end of the “Fossa Magna” major tectonic line. In this study, we examined three large historical landslide dams and outburst disasters in the north Fossa Magna area. Keywords: Landslide Dam, Debris Avalanche, Tobata Landslide, Zenkoji Earthquake, Mt. Iwakura Landslide 1. INTRODUCTION Table 1 List of landslide dams documented in northern Nagano Prefecture (Mizuyama et al, 2011) No. Landslide Dam Date Formed Cause Failure Timing River We have studied the history, formation, and 1 Aoki Lake 30,000 years ago Unknown Continuing today Takase R.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol2 Case History English(1-206)
    Renewal & Upgrading of Hydropower Plants IEA Hydro Technical Report _______________________________________ Volume 2: Case Histories Report March 2016 IEA Hydropower Agreement: Annex XI AUSTRALIA USA Table of contents㸦Volume 2㸧 ࠙Japanࠚ Jp. 1 : Houri #2 (Miyazaki Prefecture) P 1 㹼 P 5ۑ Jp. 2 : Kikka (Kumamoto Prefecture) P 6 㹼 P 10ۑ Jp. 3 : Hidaka River System (Hokkaido Electric Power Company) P 11 㹼 P 19ۑ Jp. 4 : Kurobe River System (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 20 㹼 P 28ۑ Jp. 5 : Kiso River System (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 29 㹼 P 37ۑ Jp. 6 : Ontake (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 38 㹼 P 46ۑ Jp. 7 : Shin-Kuronagi (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 47 㹼 P 52ۑ Jp. 8 : Okutataragi (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 53 㹼 P 63ۑ Jp. 9 : Okuyoshino / Asahi Dam (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 64 㹼 P 72ۑ Jp.10 : Shin-Takatsuo (Kansai Electric Power Company) P 73 㹼 P 78ۑ Jp.11 : Yamasubaru , Saigo (Kyushu Electric Power Company) P 79 㹼 P 86ۑ Jp.12 : Nishiyoshino #1,#2(Electric Power Development Company) P 87 㹼 P 99ۑ Jp.13 : Shin-Nogawa (Yamagata Prefecture) P100 㹼 P108ۑ Jp.14 : Shiroyama (Kanagawa Prefecture) P109 㹼 P114ۑ Jp.15 : Toyomi (Tohoku Electric Power Company) P115 㹼 P123ۑ Jp.16 : Tsuchimurokawa (Tokyo Electric Power Company) P124㹼 P129ۑ Jp.17 : Nishikinugawa (Tokyo Electric Power Company) P130 㹼 P138ۑ Jp.18 : Minakata (Chubu Electric Power Company) P139 㹼 P145ۑ Jp.19 : Himekawa #2 (Chubu Electric Power Company) P146 㹼 P154ۑ Jp.20 : Oguchi (Hokuriku Electric Power Company) P155 㹼 P164ۑ Jp.21 : Doi (Chugoku Electric Power Company)
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China
    Entropy 2014, 16, 6313-6337; doi:10.3390/e16126313 OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy Article Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China Xixi Chen 1, Tao Hu 1, Fu Ren 1,2,*, Deng Chen 1, Lan Li 1 and Nan Gao 1 1 School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (N.G.) 2 Key Laboratory of Geographical Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +86-27-87664557; Fax: +86-27-68778893. External Editor: Hwa-Lung Yu Received: 20 July 2014; in revised form: 31 October 2014 / Accepted: 26 November 2014 / Published: 1 December 2014 Abstract: Hubei Province is the hub of communications in central China, which directly determines its strategic position in the country’s development. Additionally, Hubei Province is well-known for its diverse landforms, including mountains, hills, mounds and plains. This area is called “The Province of Thousand Lakes” due to the abundance of water resources. Geographical names are exclusive names given to physical or anthropogenic geographic entities at specific spatial locations and are important signs by which humans understand natural and human activities. In this study, geographic information systems (GIS) technology is adopted to establish a geodatabase of geographical names with particular characteristics in Hubei Province and extract certain geomorphologic and environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Situation in China – Crisis Or Business As Usual?
    Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 1 Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Supervisor at LiU: Niclas Svensson Examiner at LiU: Niclas Svensson Supervisor at Shell Global Solutions: Gert-Jan Kramer Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 2 This page is left blank with purpose 3 Summary Several studies indicates China is experiencing a water crisis, were several regions are suffering of severe water scarcity and rivers are heavily polluted. On the other hand, water is used inefficiently and wastefully: water use efficiency in the agriculture sector is only 40% and within industry, only 40% of the industrial wastewater is recycled. However, based on statistical data, China’s total water resources is ranked sixth in the world, based on its water resources and yet, Yellow River and Hai River dries up in its estuary every year. In some regions, the water situation is exacerbated by the fact that rivers’ water is heavily polluted with a large amount of untreated wastewater, discharged into the rivers and deteriorating the water quality. Several regions’ groundwater is overexploited due to human activities demand, which is not met by local. Some provinces have over withdrawn groundwater, which has caused ground subsidence and increased soil salinity. So what is the situation in China? Is there a water crisis, and if so, what are the causes? This report is a review of several global water scarcity assessment methods and summarizes the findings of the results of China’s water resources to get a better understanding about the water situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography & Climate
    Web Japan http://web-japan.org/ GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE A country of diverse topography and climate characterized by peninsulas and inlets and Geography offshore islands (like the Goto archipelago and the islands of Tsushima and Iki, which are part of that prefecture). There are also A Pacific Island Country accidented areas of the coast with many Japan is an island country forming an arc in inlets and steep cliffs caused by the the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Asian submersion of part of the former coastline due continent. The land comprises four large to changes in the Earth’s crust. islands named (in decreasing order of size) A warm ocean current known as the Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Kuroshio (or Japan Current) flows together with many smaller islands. The northeastward along the southern part of the Pacific Ocean lies to the east while the Sea of Japanese archipelago, and a branch of it, Japan and the East China Sea separate known as the Tsushima Current, flows into Japan from the Asian continent. the Sea of Japan along the west side of the In terms of latitude, Japan coincides country. From the north, a cold current known approximately with the Mediterranean Sea as the Oyashio (or Chishima Current) flows and with the city of Los Angeles in North south along Japan’s east coast, and a branch America. Paris and London have latitudes of it, called the Liman Current, enters the Sea somewhat to the north of the northern tip of of Japan from the north. The mixing of these Hokkaido.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2009 Presentation List
    Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2009 Presentation List A002: (Advances in Earth & Planetary Science) oral 201A 5/１７, 9:45–10:20, *A002-001, Science of small bodies opened by Hayabusa Akira Fujiwara 5/１７, 10:20–10:55, *A002-002, What has the lunar explorer ''Kaguya'' seen ? Junichi Haruyama 5/１７, 10:55–11:30, *A002-003, Planetary Explorations of Japan: Past, current, and future Takehiko Satoh A003: (Geoscience Education and Outreach) oraｌ 301A 5/１７, 9:00–9:02, Introductory talk -outreach activity for primary school students 5/１７, 9:02–9:14, A003-001, Learning of geological formation for pupils by Geological Museum: Part (3) Explanation of geological formation Shiro Tamanyu, Rie Morijiri, Yuki Sawada 5/17, 9:14-9:26, A003-002 YUREO: an analog experiment equipment for earthquake induced landslide Youhei Suzuki, Shintaro Hayashi, Shuichi Sasaki 5/17, 9:26-9:38, A003-003 Learning of 'geological formation' for elementary schoolchildren by the Geological Museum, AIST: Overview and Drawing worksheets Rie Morijiri, Yuki Sawada, Shiro Tamanyu 5/17, 9:38-9:50, A003-004 Collaborative educational activities with schools in the Geological Museum and Geological Survey of Japan Yuki Sawada, Rie Morijiri, Shiro Tamanyu, other 5/17, 9:50-10:02, A003-005 What did the Schoolchildren's Summer Course in Seismology and Volcanology left 400 participants something? Kazuyuki Nakagawa 5/17, 10:02-10:14, A003-006 The seacret of Kyoto : The 9th Schoolchildren's Summer Course inSeismology and Volcanology Akiko Sato, Akira Sangawa, Kazuyuki Nakagawa Working group for
    [Show full text]
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan Tatiana Chizhova 1,*, Yuliya Koudryashova 1, Natalia Prokuda 2, Pavel Tishchenko 1 and Kazuichi Hayakawa 3 1 V.I.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 43 Baltiyskaya Str., Vladivostok 690041, Russia; [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (P.T.) 2 Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, 159 Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; [email protected] 3 Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-914-332-40-50 Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 16 August 2020; Published: 19 August 2020 Abstract: The seasonal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) variability was studied in the estuaries of the Partizanskaya River and the Tumen River, the largest transboundary river of the Sea of Japan. The PAH levels were generally low over the year; however, the PAH concentrations increased according to one of two seasonal trends, which were either an increase in PAHs during the cold period, influenced by heating, or a PAH enrichment during the wet period due to higher run-off inputs. The major PAH source was the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, but a minor input of petrogenic PAHs in some seasons was observed. Higher PAH concentrations were observed in fresh and brackish water compared to the saline waters in the Tumen River estuary, while the PAH concentrations in both types of water were similar in the Partizanskaya River estuary, suggesting different pathways of PAH input into the estuaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution of Nematode Communities Along the Salinity Gradient in the Two Estuaries of the Sea of Japan
    Russian Journal of Nematology, 2019, 27 (1), 1 – 12 Spatial distribution of nematode communities along the salinity gradient in the two estuaries of the Sea of Japan Alexandra A. Milovankina and Natalia P. Fadeeva Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanov Street 8, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 15 May 2019 Summary. Spatial distribution and structure of nematode assemblages in two estuaries (long lowland Razdolnaya and mountain Sukhodol rivers, the Sea of Japan) were investigated. Sampling was conducted from freshwater to marine benthic habitats. The meiobenthic community was strongly dominated by nematodes. In both estuaries, the spatial distribution of nematode density, composition and feeding types related to the salinity gradient. From a total of 57 nematode species, 42 and 40 nematode species were identified in each estuary, respectively. The changes in the taxonomic structure of nematode fauna were found along the salinity gradient. Differences in nematodes community observed along each estuarine gradient were much lower than between the two estuaries. Only four species Anoplostoma cuticularia, Axonolaimus seticaudatus, Cyatholaimus sp. and Parodontophora timmica, were present in all sampling zones of both estuaries. Most of the recorded species were euryhaline, described previously in shallow coastal bays; only five freshwater species have been described previously from the freshwater habitat of Primorsky Krai. Key words: community structure, euryhaline nematodes, free-living nematodes, Razdolnaya River estuary, Sukhodol River estuary. Free-living nematodes are an important are available from several estuaries (Fadeeva, 2005; component of both marine and estuarine ecosystems Shornikov & Zenina, 2014; Milovankina et al., (Giere, 2009; Mokievsky, 2009). It has been shown 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • In Koguryo Dynasty the State-Formation History Starts from B
    International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 1 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project 1Park Kyeong-chul * Introduction The Koguryŏ Dynasty, established during the 3rd century B.C. around the Maek tribe is believed to have begun its function as a centralized entity in the Northeast Asia region. During the period between 1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D. aggressive regional expansion policy from the Koguryŏ made it possible to overcome its territorial limitations and weak economic basis. By the end of the 4th century A.D., Koguryŏ emerged as an empire that had acquired its own independent lebensraum in Northeast Asia. This research paper will delve into identifying actual founders of the Koguryŏ Dynasty and shed light on their lives prior to the actual establishment of the Dynasty. Then on, I will analyze the establishment process of Koguryŏ Dynasty. Thereafter, I will analyze the history of Koguryŏ Dynasty at three different stages: the despotic military state period, the period in which Koguryŏ emerged as an independent empire in Northeast Asia, and the era of war against the Sui and Tang dynasty. Upon completion of the above task, I will illustrate the importance of Koguryŏ history for Koreans. Finally, I attempt to unearth the real objectives why the Chinese academics are actively promoting the Northeast Asian Project. * Professor, Dept. of Liberal Arts, Kangnam University 2 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project The Yemaek tribe and their culture1 The main centers of East Asian culture in approximately 2000 B.C. were China - by this point it had already become an agrarian society - and the Mongol-Siberian region where nomadic cultures reign.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China Overview Introduction
    Shanghai, China Overview Introduction The name Shanghai still conjures images of romance, mystery and adventure, but for decades it was an austere backwater. After the success of Mao Zedong's communist revolution in 1949, the authorities clamped down hard on Shanghai, castigating China's second city for its prewar status as a playground of gangsters and colonial adventurers. And so it was. In its heyday, the 1920s and '30s, cosmopolitan Shanghai was a dynamic melting pot for people, ideas and money from all over the planet. Business boomed, fortunes were made, and everything seemed possible. It was a time of breakneck industrial progress, swaggering confidence and smoky jazz venues. Thanks to economic reforms implemented in the 1980s by Deng Xiaoping, Shanghai's commercial potential has reemerged and is flourishing again. Stand today on the historic Bund and look across the Huangpu River. The soaring 1,614-ft/492-m Shanghai World Financial Center tower looms over the ambitious skyline of the Pudong financial district. Alongside it are other key landmarks: the glittering, 88- story Jinmao Building; the rocket-shaped Oriental Pearl TV Tower; and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The 128-story Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China (and, after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the second-tallest in the world). Glass-and-steel skyscrapers reach for the clouds, Mercedes sedans cruise the neon-lit streets, luxury- brand boutiques stock all the stylish trappings available in New York, and the restaurant, bar and clubbing scene pulsates with an energy all its own. Perhaps more than any other city in Asia, Shanghai has the confidence and sheer determination to forge a glittering future as one of the world's most important commercial centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Loss Model Model
    GIROJ FloodGIROJ Loss Flood Loss Model Model General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan 2 Overview of Our Flood Loss Model GIROJ flood loss model includes three sub-models. Floods Modelling Estimate the loss using a flood simulation for calculating Riverine flooding*1 flooded areas and flood levels Less frequent (River Flood Engineering Model) and large- scale disasters Estimate the loss using a storm surge flood simulation for Storm surge*2 calculating flooded areas and flood levels (Storm Surge Flood Engineering Model) Estimate the loss using a statistical method for estimating the Ordinarily Other precipitation probability distribution of the number of affected buildings and occurring disasters related events loss ratio (Statistical Flood Model) *1 Floods that occur when water overflows a river bank or a river bank is breached. *2 Floods that occur when water overflows a bank or a bank is breached due to an approaching typhoon or large low-pressure system and a resulting rise in sea level in coastal region. 3 Overview of River Flood Engineering Model 1. Estimate Flooded Areas and Flood Levels Set rainfall data Flood simulation Calculate flooded areas and flood levels 2. Estimate Losses Calculate the loss ratio for each district per town Estimate losses 4 River Flood Engineering Model: Estimate targets Estimate targets are 109 Class A rivers. 【Hokkaido region】 Teshio River, Shokotsu River, Yubetsu River, Tokoro River, 【Hokuriku region】 Abashiri River, Rumoi River, Arakawa River, Agano River, Ishikari River, Shiribetsu River, Shinano
    [Show full text]
  • China's Agricultural Water Scarcity and Conservation Policies
    China’s Agricultural Water Scarcity and Conservation Policies Bryan Lohmar Economist, Economic Research Service, USDA Water Problems in China 6000 • Increasing water 5000 4000 demand 3000 bcm 2000 – Non-agricultural 1000 – Agricultural 0 1949 1978 2003 Year Agriculture Industry Dom e s tic • Signs of depleted water resources – Centered in northern China – Dry surface systems – Falling water tables – Acute pollution The Debate Over How China’s Water Problems May Affect Agriculture The Dark Side The Bright Side China will be China has the capacity confronted with a to adapt and adjust to severe water crisis that the lower water will significantly supplies while reduce irrigated maintaining or even acreage and increasing irrigated agricultural production acreage Future Agricultural Production will Depend on New Policies and Institutions • Past focus of policies and institutions was to exploit water as a cheap resource to boost agricultural and industrial production • Current changes emphasize more rational water allocation and water conservation Today’s Presentation • Introduce water shortage problems in China • Provide an overview of our findings: – Ground water issues – Surface water issues – Water pricing and conservation incentives • Discuss implications for agricultural production, rural incomes, and trade Water Scarcity is Centered in Northern China Huang (Yellow) River Basin Hai River Basin Huai River Basin The Hydrology of the North China Plain - 1 Huang (Yellow) River Basin Hai River Basin Huai River Basin The Hydrology of the North
    [Show full text]