DOCSLIB.ORG

Source Apportionment of Annual Water Pollution Loads in River Basins by Remote-Sensed Land Cover Classification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Source Apportionment of Annual Water Pollution Loads in River Basins by Remote-Sensed Land Cover Classification water Article Source Apportionment of Annual Water Pollution Loads in River Basins by Remote-Sensed Land Cover Classification Yi Wang 1, Bin He 2,*, Weili Duan 2,*, Weihong Li 1, Pingping Luo 3,4 and Bam H. N. Razafindrabe 5 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (W.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Science, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 3 Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region (Chang’an University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710064, China; [email protected] 4 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China 5 Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.H.), [email protected] (W.D.); Tel.: +86-025-8688-2171 (B.H.); +86-025-8688-2173 (W.D.) Academic Editor: Y. Jun Xu Received: 4 April 2016; Accepted: 9 August 2016; Published: 23 August 2016 Abstract: In this study, in order to determine the efficiency of estimating annual water pollution loads from remote-sensed land cover classification and ground-observed hydrological data, an empirical model was investigated. Remote sensing data imagery from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer were applied to an 11 year (1994–2004) water quality dataset for 30 different rivers in Japan. Six water quality indicators—total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO)—were examined by using the observed river water quality data and generated land cover map. The TN, TP, BOD, COD, and DO loads were estimated for the 30 river basins using the empirical model. Calibration (1994–1999) and validation (2000–2004) results showed that the proposed simulation technique was useful for predicting water pollution loads in the river basins. We found that vegetation land cover had a larger impact on TP export into all rivers. Urban areas had a very small impact on DO export into rivers, but a relatively large impact on BOD and TN export. The results indicate that the application of land cover data generated from the remote-sensed imagery could give a useful interpretation about the river water quality. Keywords: Japan; river; water quality; remote sensing; AVHRR 1. Introduction Changing land use and land management practices are regarded as amongst the most important factors that can alter hydrological systems and water quality, which have become increasingly important to catchment stakeholders, such as management groups, land owners and government departments [1–4]. Generally, a river’s water quality is linked to the land cover in the watershed and is degraded by changes in the land cover patterns on their watersheds as human activities increase [5–8]. Different studies have increasingly recognized that human action at the landscape scale is a principal threat to the ecological integrity of river ecosystems and water quality [9–15]. However, the information on the sources of pollutants in catchments and on the response of water quality to changing land Water 2016, 8, 361; doi:10.3390/w8090361 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2016, 8, 361 2 of 14 use practices is still limited in many catchments [16–20]. It is therefore important to understand the relationships between catchment characteristics and river water chemistry, which provides a base for determining how future changes in land cover and use and climate will impact on river water quality. In Japan, the water quality of rivers has been improved by legislation on sewage, drainage, etc. However, the water quality cannot be said to have been restored to its natural conditions because the pollution from non-point sources can increase even when factory drainage and domestic drainage are improved by law [21]. Therefore, it is still necessary to take prevention measures to control non-point source pollutants for maintaining the natural ecosystem and environment [22,23]. Among these, identification of the water pollution loads from different sources is important. To this end, statistic methods and hydrological modeling have been proposed and applied to estimate the contribution from different water pollution sources. By using multivariate statistical techniques, Shrestha and Kazama [24] evaluated the temporal/spatial variations in the Fuji river basin, illustrating the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for identifying pollution sources/factors and understanding temporal/spatial variation. Duan et al. (2015) developed a SPARROW-based (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes) watershed model to estimate the sources and transport of suspended sediments in surface waters of the Ishikari River basin [25]. Recently, remote sensing was used to evaluating water quality. Oki and Yasuoka [26] mapped the potential annual total nitrogen load in the river basins of Japan with remotely sensed imagery of 2006. However, the non-point source pollutants are transported to water body is still unclear. Therefore, in a previous study we have analyzed the relationship between land cover types and potential annual water pollution loads and improved an empirical model to successfully calculate potential annual water pollution loads in 30 river basins in Japan by using the collected dataset in the year of 1996 [27]. Based on these previous results of estimating total water pollution loads in year 1996 for 30 river basins, the objectives of the present study are to (1) test the model prediction capability with long term dataset; (2) modify the original empirical model to account for the water pollution loads from each land cover classification; (3) examine and analyze the capability of this method for apportioning long term potential annual loads of water quality indicators such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in river basins. The results of this study will be very useful to model the linkage between river water quality and land cover classes by separately considering the impact of each land cover type on the water pollution loads. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Collection of Long-Term Dataset In order to measure and assess changes in vegetation phenology and conditions as well as perform land cover type classification, this study uses 26 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images showing maximum annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), at 1.1 km pixel resolution, across Japan for each year between 1984 and 2009. The NOAA AVHRR data was produced by the Sawada and Takeuchi Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo. They were used to produce a land cover distribution map [28]. AVHRR data were geometrically corrected based on ground control point (GCP) matching by using PaNDA software, and registration error over the image was less than 1 pixel. PaNDA is a free software package for NOAA data analysis [29]. The AVHRR NDVI products were also provided by laboratory of Sawada and Takeuchi [28]. The NDVI can be calculated according to the following equation [30]: (r − r ) NDVI = 780 670 (1) (r780 + r670) where, r780 represents the near infrared band value for a cell, r670 represents the red band value for the cell. Daily NDVI was calculated using Band 1 (0.58–0.68 µm) and Band 2 (0.725–1.10 µm) Water 2016, 8, 361 3 of 14 images to produce the monthly maximum NDVI imagery, and by using the 12 monthly maximum NDVI imagery datasets, the effects of clouds on seasonal land cover changes can be removed to produce each yearly maximum images. All the processing was conducted by using the remote sensing softwareWater 2016, ERDAS8, 361 IMAGE (Version 9.2). The Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis3 of 13 Technique Algorithmimages (ISODATA) to produce [31 the,32 monthly], which maximum is an unsupervised NDVI imagery, classification, and by using the was 12 monthly used to maximum produce a yearly land coverNDVI classification imagery datasets, map the of effects Japan of using clouds theon seasonal 12 monthly land cover maximum changes can NDVI be removed imagery to datasets. Figure1 showsproduce an each example yearly maximum of the generated images. All landthe processing cover maps was conducted in 1996. by The using river the basin remote map was superimposedsensing on software the land ERDAS cover IMAGE classification (Version map9.2). toThe calculate Iterative theSelf‐Organizing area of land Data cover Analysis types of each Technique Algorithm (ISODATA) [31,32], which is an unsupervised classification, was used to river basin.produce The resultsa yearly were land cover then classification divided by map the riverof Japan basin using area the to12 determinemonthly maximum the percentage NDVI of the area coveredimagery by datasets. each type Figure of the1 shows land an cover. example Table of the1 generated shows some land cover characteristics maps in 1996. of The the river land cover classes, suggestingbasin map was that superimposedCamellia japonicaon the landcommunity cover classification (LU4 map) was to calculate the largest the area land of land cover, cover occupying types of each river basin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Electric Utilities' Efforts for Global Warming Issues
    9:00 on April 18, 2011 Concerning the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident Caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster The Federation of Electric Power Companies 電気事業連合会 The Federation of Electric Power Companies 1 We offer our sincerest condolences to all the people who were caught up in the Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster on March 11. We are extremely aware of the serious concerns and difficulties caused by the accident at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and the consequent release of radioactive material, both for those living nearby and the wider public. We most deeply apologize for this situation. Working with the support of the Japanese Government and related agencies, TEPCO is making the utmost effort to prevent the situation from deteriorating, and the electricity industry as a whole is committing all its resources, including vehicles, equipment and manpower, toward resolving the situation. 電気事業連合会 The Federation of Electric Power Companies 2 Outline of the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake Date of occurrence: 14:46 on Friday, March 11, 2011 Epicenter: Offshore Sanriku (38ºN, 142.9ºE), Depth of hypocenter: 24 km (tentative value), Magnitude: 9.0 (The largest in recorded history (130 years) in Japan. The U.S. Geological Survey Office placed the quake as the 4th largest in the world since 1900. ) Hypocenter and seismic intensity Seismic intensity Press release at 14:53 on March 11, 2011 7: Kurihara city, Miyagi prefecture Upper 6: Hitachi city, Ibaraki prefecture, Naraha- cho, Nuclear reprocessing Tomioka-cho, Okuma-machi, Futaba-cho, Fukushima facilities prefecture, Natori city, Miyagi prefecture, etc. Lower 6: Ofunato city, Ishinomaki city, Onagawa-cho, Miyagi prefecture, Tokai village, Ibaraki prefecture, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J
    Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei mandara Talia J. Andrei Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2016 © 2016 Talia J.Andrei All rights reserved Abstract Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J. Andrei This dissertation examines the historical and artistic circumstances behind the emergence in late medieval Japan of a short-lived genre of painting referred to as sankei mandara (pilgrimage mandalas). The paintings are large-scale topographical depictions of sacred sites and served as promotional material for temples and shrines in need of financial support to encourage pilgrimage, offering travelers worldly and spiritual benefits while inspiring them to donate liberally. Itinerant monks and nuns used the mandara in recitation performances (etoki) to lead audiences on virtual pilgrimages, decoding the pictorial clues and touting the benefits of the site shown. Addressing themselves to the newly risen commoner class following the collapse of the aristocratic order, sankei mandara depict commoners in the role of patron and pilgrim, the first instance of them being portrayed this way, alongside warriors and aristocrats as they make their way to the sites, enjoying the local delights, and worship on the sacred grounds. Together with the novel subject material, a new artistic language was created— schematic, colorful and bold. We begin by locating sankei mandara’s artistic roots and influences and then proceed to investigate the individual mandara devoted to three sacred sites: Mt. Fuji, Kiyomizudera and Ise Shrine (a sacred mountain, temple and shrine, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Loss Model Model
    GIROJ FloodGIROJ Loss Flood Loss Model Model General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan 2 Overview of Our Flood Loss Model GIROJ flood loss model includes three sub-models. Floods Modelling Estimate the loss using a flood simulation for calculating Riverine flooding*1 flooded areas and flood levels Less frequent (River Flood Engineering Model) and large- scale disasters Estimate the loss using a storm surge flood simulation for Storm surge*2 calculating flooded areas and flood levels (Storm Surge Flood Engineering Model) Estimate the loss using a statistical method for estimating the Ordinarily Other precipitation probability distribution of the number of affected buildings and occurring disasters related events loss ratio (Statistical Flood Model) *1 Floods that occur when water overflows a river bank or a river bank is breached. *2 Floods that occur when water overflows a bank or a bank is breached due to an approaching typhoon or large low-pressure system and a resulting rise in sea level in coastal region. 3 Overview of River Flood Engineering Model 1. Estimate Flooded Areas and Flood Levels Set rainfall data Flood simulation Calculate flooded areas and flood levels 2. Estimate Losses Calculate the loss ratio for each district per town Estimate losses 4 River Flood Engineering Model: Estimate targets Estimate targets are 109 Class A rivers. 【Hokkaido region】 Teshio River, Shokotsu River, Yubetsu River, Tokoro River, 【Hokuriku region】 Abashiri River, Rumoi River, Arakawa River, Agano River, Ishikari River, Shiribetsu River, Shinano
    [Show full text]
  • Landslides in Tea Plantation Fields in Shizuoka, Japan
    Int. J. of GEOMATE, Int.March, J. of 2013, GEOMATE, Vol. 4, No.March, 1 (Sl. 2013, No. Vol.7), pp. 4, No.495-500 1 (Sl. No. 7), pp. 495-500 Geotec., Const. Mat. and Env., ISSN:2186-2982(P), 2186-2990(O), Japan Landslides in Tea Plantation Fields in Shizuoka, Japan Jun Sugawara1 1Golder Associates, Australia ABSTRACT: Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan is famous for the production of quality Japanese green tea. Approximately 45% of Japan’s tea is produced in Shizuoka. In this region, tea plants are often grown in hilly terrain. Therefore, due to this topographic setting, as well as other natural characteristics including geotechnical and geological conditions, tea plantation fields are occasionally subject to landslides. This paper investigates the relationship between the tea plantation fields and landslide prone areas in Shizuoka Prefecture. In this study, tea plantation fields are described from the engineering standpoint. Typical mechanisms of landslides that have occurred in the tea plantation fields are also studied. A series of investigations reveal that there are many common points between the tea plantation fields and the landslide prone areas in this region. Keywords: Landslides, Tea Plantation Fields, Primary Cause, Triggering Cause this paper investigates the relationship between the tea 1. INTRODUCTION plantation fields and landslide prone areas in Shizuoka Drinking green tea has been a part of everyday life for Prefecture from the engineering standpoint. Japanese people for a long time. It is not only part of the Japanese culture, but it also provides health benefits. A 2. TEA PLANTION AND LANDSLIDES number of researchers have revealed various potential The northern part of Shizuoka Prefecture is surrounded by positive effects of drinking green tea such as anti-cancer, 3,000 meter high mountains which make up a mountain anti-oxidant, fat burning, prevention of arteriosclerosis, range called the Southern Alps.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrichment Adsorption of a Labile Substance to the Surface of Particular Mineral Particles in River Water As Investigated by SEM-EDX and Dilute-Acid Extraction/ICP-MS
    ANALYTICAL SCIENCES JUNE 2003, VOL. 19 835 2003 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry Enrichment Adsorption of a Labile Substance to the Surface of Particular Mineral Particles in River Water as Investigated by SEM-EDX and Dilute-Acid Extraction/ICP-MS Tomohiro KYOTANI*,**† and Satoshi KOSHIMIZU*** *Bio Nanotec Research Institute Inc. (BNRI), Mitsui & Co., Ltd. Nanotech Park, 2-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0074, Japan **Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan ***Earth Science Division, Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences, 5597-1, Kenmarubi Kamiyoshida, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi 403–0005, Japan The selective enrichment behavior of a labile substance, such as hydroxides, to the surface of particular mineral particles in river water was clarified by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). Individual particles other than diatom collected on a 0.45 µm filter from the Fuji and Sagami rivers, central Japan, were analyzed by SEM-EDX and classified into seventeen groups according to the chemical composition and shape. Phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, manganese and copper detected in each particle collected on the 0.45 µm filter could be successfully used as effective indicators of labile substance secondarily formed and adsorbed afresh in river water, because the detection frequencies of such elements are quite low, or negligible, in fresh mineral particles derived from igneous rocks. The labile substance adsorbed on mineral particles collected on the 0.45 µm filter was also evaluated by dilute-acid leaching, followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Almost all parts of the manganese detected in individual particles were those adsorbed afresh as hydroxides together with iron and aluminum.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synopsis of the Parasites from Cyprinid Fishes of the Genus Tribolodon in Japan (1908-2013)
    生物圏科学 Biosphere Sci. 52：87－115 (2013) A synopsis of the parasites from cyprinid fishes of the genus Tribolodon in Japan (1908-2013) Kazuya Nagasawa and Hirotaka Katahira Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University Published by The Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan December 2013 生物圏科学 Biosphere Sci. 52：87－115 (2013) REVIEW A synopsis of the parasites from cyprinid fishes of the genus Tribolodon in Japan (1908-2013) Kazuya Nagasawa1)* and Hirotaka Katahira1,2) 1) Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan 2) Present address: Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan Abstract Four species of the cyprinid genus Tribolodon occur in Japan: big-scaled redfin T. hakonensis, Sakhalin redfin T. sachalinensis, Pacific redfin T. brandtii, and long-jawed redfin T. nakamuraii. Of these species, T. hakonensis is widely distributed in Japan and is important in commercial and recreational fisheries. Two species, T. hakonensis and T. brandtii, exhibit anadromy. In this paper, information on the protistan and metazoan parasites of the four species of Tribolodon in Japan is compiled based on the literature published for 106 years between 1908 and 2013, and the parasites, including 44 named species and those not identified to species level, are listed by higher taxon as follows: Ciliophora (2 named species), Myxozoa (1), Trematoda (18), Monogenea (0), Cestoda (3), Nematoda (9), Acanthocephala (2), Hirudinida (1), Mollusca (1), Branchiura (0), Copepoda (6 ), and Isopoda (1). For each taxon of parasite, the following information is given: its currently recognized scientific name, previous identification used for the parasite occurring in or on Tribolodon spp.; habitat (freshwater, brackish, or marine); site(s) of infection within or on the host; known geographical distribution in Japan; and the published source of each locality record.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Fuji, Symbol of Japan
    Discovering Japan 2014 no.13 Special Feature Mount Fuji, Symbol of Japan niponica is published in Japanese and six other languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, Special Feature French, Russian and Spanish), to introduce the world to the people and culture of Japan today. The title niponica is derived from “Nip- pon,” the Japanese word for Japan. no.13 Mount Fuji, contents Symbol of Japan Special Feature Mount Fuji, Symbol of Japan 04 Mount Fuji: One of the World’s Treasures 08 Reverence for Mount Fuji No. 13 12 October 31, 2014 Mount Fuji and Surrounding Area Published by: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 14 An Eco-tour to a Mysterious Kasumigaseki 2-2-1, Forest on Mount Fuji Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8919, Japan http://www.mofa.go.jp/ 18 Fuji—Here, There, and Everywhere Cover photo: Mount Fuji, offset with cherry blossoms 24 (Photo courtesy of Aflo) Soak in a Hot Spring while Admiring Mount Fuji 26 Tasty Japan: Time to Eat! Wasabi 28 Souvenirs of Japan Mount Fuji Sweets Mount Fuji, so tall, so beautiful. And for many centuries, revered as a sacred place, as well as a source of artistic inspiration. These qualities were recognized in 2013 when UNESCO inscribed Fuji on its World Heritage List as “Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration.” The following pages take you closer to this symbol of Japan. Above: A work of art made in 1838, entitled Fujisan Shinzu (“A Lifelike Illustration Depicting Places on Mount Fuji”), showing points of interest in relief form. Made by gluing sheets of paper together.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitigation of Flood Hazards in Japan
    River Basin Management IV 271 Mitigation of flood hazards in Japan M. Takezawa1, H. Gotoh1 & Y. Takeuchi2 1Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan 2Japan Infrastructure Partners Abstract In recent years, there have been instances of unusually heavy rain in Japan, including rainfall in excess of 200 mm/day. The aim of flood-control planning in Japan since 1945 has been to confine river water to within riverbanks and to ensure that levees protect river basins from flooding. In many rivers, dams were constructed in upstream areas and long levees were built along the riverbanks. The main aim of flood-control planning is to prevent the flooding of river basins by the over-flow of river water across riverbanks; however, as rainfall prediction has recently become difficult because of the effects of global warming, the main emphasis of flood-control planning has shifted from prevention to providing areas of refuge. Flood hazards must be dealt with by ‘hard measures’ such as levees and reservoirs, and ‘soft measures’ such as the provision of hydrological information, regulation of land use, and evacuation advice. In 2001, the Japanese Government made it mandatory for all regional bodies to compile and distribute flood-hazard maps to inform inhabitants of the danger of flooding and the locations of sites of refuge for all inhabitants. It is difficult to provide residents with complete protection from flooding hazards. Many people in Japan live alongside rivers, and Japanese culture has long encompassed wet-rice cultivation. Communities have always lived under the threat of flooding, but the profitability of river water makes it preferable to live close to a river even if flooding occurs at times of heavy rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Topographic Mapping Using Satellite Images • Total: 4,355 Sheets
    1:25,000 scale topographic maps • Largest scale base maps that cover whole land of Japan Topographic mapping using satellite images • Total: 4,355 sheets • 1 sheet covers: longitude 7.5 min. latitude 5 min. (about 100km2) Geospatial Information Authority of Japan 3 Fundamental maps in Japan Photogrammetry Paper-based maps - Scale: 1:10,000 ~ 1:5,000,000 - Mainly: 1:25,000 scale topographic map Digital maps “Kunikaze III” - Digital Japan Basic Maps (Map Information) - Map image - Spatial data framework (2500, 25000) - Etc. Providing - Publishing (paper, CD-ROM, etc.) - Browse via the Internet - Download through the Internet (Map Image) 2 Aerial photographs (with 60% overwrapping) 4 1 2 Flight course Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS) 㻢㻜㻑㻌㼛㼢㼑㼞㼣㼞㼍㼜㻌㼎㼑㼠㼣㼑㼑㼚㻌㼚㼑㼕㼓㼔㼎㼛㼞㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼔㼛㼠㼛 PRISM 2.5m-spatial resolution 㻟㻜㻑㻌㼛㼢㼑㼞㼣㼞㼍㼜㻌㼎㼑㼠㼣㼑㼑㼚㻌㼚㼑㼕㼓㼔㼎㼛㼞㼕㼚㼓㻌㼏㼛㼡㼞㼟㼑 three optical system 㻢㻜㻑 Panchromatic sensor Launch : January 24th in 2006 AVNIR-2 Missions 10m-spatial resolution •cartography Multi-band(BGRNIR䠅sensor 㻟㻜㻑 •regional observation •disaster monitoring •resource surveying PALSAR 10m-spatial resolution L-band SAR From JAXA HP 5 7 Photogrammetry -Principle- Comparison of aerial photo & satellite image Using Aerial Photograph ALOS PRISM plotter Resolution 40cm 2.5m Interval of 1-5 year (GSI) 46 days Images Shooting Shooting 5km㽢5km 35km X 35km Area 䠄Scale 1:20,000䠅 35km X 70km Others Hard to take at Hard to interpret isolated islands, small structures & volcanoes etc. point features 3D model (lighthouses, towers, road dividers etc.) 6 8 3 4 Example
    [Show full text]
  • A Fifty-Year Experience of Groundwater Governance: the Case Study of Gakunan Council for Coordinated Groundwater Pumping, Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
    water Article A Fifty-Year Experience of Groundwater Governance: The Case Study of Gakunan Council for Coordinated Groundwater Pumping, Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan Takahiro Endo College of Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; [email protected] Received: 1 November 2019; Accepted: 21 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: Groundwater protection, which is effected by multiple actors at multiple levels using multiple instruments, is commonly termed “groundwater governance”. Although the concept has attracted increasing attention since the 1990s, several of its associated measures remain to be fully implemented. Most are still inchoate strategies and improvement is expected to be a gradual, long-term process. The Gakunan Council for Coordinated Groundwater Pumping (CCGP), which was established, in 1967, in Fuji City in Japan’s Shizuoka Prefecture, is an exceptional case. The Gakunan CCCP was created to deal with a common-pool resource problem where massive groundwater pumping caused seawater intrusion in the city’s coastal area due to the low cost of extraction and incomplete groundwater ownership. The Gakunan CCCP succeeded in recovering elevation of groundwater tables by connecting efforts between the public and private sectors, including information sharing, legal authority to regulate groundwater, investment in alternative water supplies, internal subsidies between groundwater users, and charge for water disposal. Previous studies have iterated that the fostering of participation from various stakeholders and dividing labor between them appropriately are key elements of successful groundwater governance. This paper investigates these factors, explores the importance of the metagovernor as coordinator, and offers a fresh perspective on the significance of groundwater governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Missions the NILIM Must Accomplish
    Message from the Director-General Missions the NILIM must accomplish IWASAKI Yasuhiko Director General, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management 1. Introduction quality of infrastructure and of people to operate it, Challenges we must face in the future were also revised the unit cost of labor and stimulated clarified in 2014. The severity of population decline efforts to ensure people to continue the construction was widely discussed, revealing a shocking image industry in the future by, for example, encouraging of the future, when regional cities might disappear if the employment of young people and women. the decline of people continues unchanged1). Natural disasters rampaged, causing severe damage. 2. Five themes Record-breaking torrential rainfall never before I believe that the NILIM must, through its survey experienced struck throughout the country. The and research projects, resolve these challenges and Hiroshima sediment disasters of August 20 play a pioneering role in efforts focused on the demonstrated that even cities are not safe from the future. Below I will describe the research activity danger of disasters. On the global scale, warming system at the NILIM. intensified, clearly showing that it is essential to Survey and research conducted by the NILIM is sharply and sustainably reduce emissions of broadly categorized under the following five main greenhouse effect gases for the next several decades themes. in order to lower emissions to almost zero by the One is disaster prevention and mitigation. end of the 21st century2). We conduct research to develop means of We have begun working to resolve such predicting locations at danger from disasters or problems without ignoring them.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Floating Between Worlds
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Floating Between Worlds: The Intersection Between Performance and Popular Fiction in the Works of Ihara Saikaku A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures by Kirk Ken Kanesaka 2018 © Copyright by Kirk Ken Kanesaka 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Floating Between Worlds: The Intersection Between Performance and Popular Fiction in the Works of Ihara Saikaku by Kirk Ken Kanesaka Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Torquil Duthie, Chair This dissertation examines the emerging genre of popular fiction during the Early Modern period (1600-1868). My primary focus is on the popular fiction writer Ihara Saikaku (1642-1694) and in particular his fourth erotic work, The Sensuality of Five Women (1686). Previous scholarly approaches to literary texts has tended to be limited to interpreting, analyzing, or annotating such texts, including scholarly works on Saikaku. The aim of this dissertation is to expand our understanding of Saikaku’s works beyond a strictly literary approach and illustrate how the performing and visual arts influence the creation of Saikaku’s popular fiction. By incorporating a theatrical and visual approach to Saikaku’s works, I illustrate how early modern ii popular fiction did not emerge independently as a genre, but rather was highly integrated within the various artistic genres. This study limits its scoop on chapters one, four and five within The Sensuality of Five Women because all three of the female protagonists are of the same age, from the same social class, and are all coming to terms with the exploration of their sexuality.
    [Show full text]