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Hydrography and Irrigation Systems in the Yonezawa Basin Yoshiro

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Hydrography and Irrigation Systems in the Yonezawa Basin Yoshiro Hydrography and Irrigation Systems in the Yonezawa Basin Yoshiro TOMITA I. Hydrography The Yonezawa Basin, one of the kettle depressions in the Northeastern Japan, is situated in the upstream drainage area of the Mogami River in Yamagata Prefecture. The basin plain is drained by the Matsu River and its tributaries belonging to the Mogami River drainage area which is originated from the northern flank of the Nishi-Azuma Volcano (2024 m) and runs in the basin plain from south to north. In the northern part of the plain, the Matsu River is joined by the Yoshino River in the northeast and it runs west in to the neighbouring basin of Nagai through- the gorge of the northwestern corner of the Yonezawa Basin. In the Nagai Basin, the Matsu River is named Mogami River after it is joined by the Shira River and the No River. The tributaries of the Matsu River in the Yonezawa Basin are the Omono River, flowing into the basin from the southwestern corner of it and running north- ward to1 the west of Yonezawa city; the Haguro River, flowing into it from the southeastern corner and joinsing the Matsu River immediately north of Yonezawa city. The Matsu River built an alluvial fan called the Yonezawa fan in the southern margin of the basin together with the Omono River and the Haguro River. (Text-Fig. 1) In the basin plain, the Matsu River and the Omono River are two major tributaries for irrigation and drainage, and for this reason, the banks of the two rivers have been well embanked in recent years, though not yet completed, to prevent the inundations from taking place in spring owing to the thawed mountain snow and in autumn to typhoons. The breadth of the river bed between the confronting levees is 200-500 m, with design flood of 1,100 m3/sec in the Omono River and of 2,400 m3/sec in the Matsu River. Along these levees the sluice-gates have been equipped for irrigation, (Pl. I, Figs. 1-5,) so river water is rather scanty during the agricultural season, except in case of floods. The river bed on both sides of the ordinary narrow stream channel, in other words, the land excluded from the levee protection, is usually left to wild bush of dwarf willows or marsh-reeds (Figs. 7, 8, 9, P1. II) and it is prohibited to make fields for crop cultivation which can occasionally be seen in the river bed of the downstream tributaries of the Mogami River. But the scouring of the river bed may take place at the bare ground in the fields in case of flood and by this scouring the silt quantity of flood water may in- . 16Y. TOMITA crease and impede the river works in the downstream. The downstream course of the Matsu River in the northern part of the basin, namely, the downward course from the join of the Omono River and the Yoshino River shows a remarkable free meander. Because of this meander and, in addition to this, of the narrow gorge at the outlet of the basin to the Nagai basin, the flood water is retarded and eventually causes inunda- tions in the riverine zone and the lower part of the basin plain as a natural regulator of the flood water of the entire drainage system of the Mogami River at the cost of this area. Recently, by the short-cutting of the meander, the area, facilitating the the discharge of flood water, . has become free from flood damages. Deposits on the river bed of both rivers in the basin are gravels at each entrance to the basin. The size of the gravel on the bed of the Matsu River is larger than that of the Omono River. The diameter of large gravel grains of the former in general is 50-80 cm, while that of the latter is about 20cm and the former seems to have been contributed mainly to the building of the Yonezawa alluvial fan. However, at the joinning point of both rivers, the ,di- ameter of the gravel decreases into 2 cm, at the more downward joining point of the Yoshino River to the Matsu River, the deposit altered into coarse sand and at the outlet of the basin into fine sand and silt. II. The Peat marsh of Ooyachi The northeastern part of the basin is occupied by a peat marsh called Ooyachi,* covering about 1,000 hectare in area. At present, the most part of the peat marsh has been reclaimed into paddy—fields, retaining some part of it as a marsh of reeds which are made use of as the material of the roofs of farm houses. In the northern corner of the peat marsh, there is a small lake named Hakuryu—ko. This lake is presumably a remnant of a larger lake which covered the greater part of the peat marsh in the past and the larger lake must have gradually decreased its area from its margin being buried with the development of the peat bed. (Text—Fig.2 and PI. III, Fig.11) According to the feature and development of the peat marsh of Ooyachi together with its reclamation to paddy-fields since the feudal age, has already been studied in detail by Yoshinobu Yoshida.1)2) The peat bed is classified into two layers, namely upper layer (raw peat) and lower (muddy peat). The thickness of the upper raw peat layer is 1.5-2.0 m in the center, and in the * Ooyachi means Great marsh in Japanese. 1) Y. Yoshida: On the problems of exploitation and irrigation around the lake Hakuryu, Yamagata Prefecture (Japanese) Annals of the Tohoku Geogr. Ass. (Tohoku Chiri) Vol.2, No.1 (1949) 2) Y. Yoshida: Historical geography of the exploitationof the Ooyachi, in the Yonezawa basin,(Japanese) Ann. Tohoku Geogr. Ass. (Tohoku Chiri) Vol.6, No. 1 (1953) Hydrography and Irrigation Systems in the Yonezawa Basin17 ., .. ,i2 Nalett, Basin. Pityaac;.-; ,r, 3. er 4-. „I1\,4. TLI(},,f Ak Resat,* ToK124wa t r i ' T.::•----alIAINI. iL iII!1Iik-7i,-Dap: 111,14.i\ ,41!„.., , ' ' -'.' . - u-'''',--,'11:gi.".""-;••":,,,A00-"'-------------s ----------------.„ JWY:::'; MEE:.........., .:::::::::pktEE:=1"- ........... min: .„ ......, ''i,/ '-------------------•--------------------------------------sf,..."'-....-^n------------------------''./ ''.%;'.; ;.;:::,0# ' / ./.0„/:: /5. / -art. ...,;;/„,..,; .,".":"'-="--''''''-:"":iiiE:=1:H”-",..,'''`I--g....----...,)1,''/,''";:;.1liNZ..)Wert,. /7 . tit:::.-.:1i,44....I:"--:---;'5,,;';:.;',>,---/ A,.....,.......7-......-'--'/,•''./ $4.11,7",........:::,...xiiiin..............:""'''....,-1")..Z7.././..:......„3" 'a'-- -- - 4.'25.; ii,.::::,,,,,..R:...•.,v:114.F.al.141.'=:-"AW"--"-'*-------------'"."9-ti9;;'"%ir--10:"'''...---:i.'—16 ,_-------_,,,,;,;,;,;..:7,-\.,,,,-----'4%!.;‘?-.,3'%'5,`",.:,,,,,^,.j;5;.. tlo).,„._,._ \.\/ ' \ •. 0----------,_...:1'oa,-----------=•.,:-.,1, ,id\ ..‘. i .2 4,"3 -,AIIMS.-,.., 2. 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TOMITA - .....,,-/.7/7/ :'' '!Pump, / / -:;; .L'''',;•///"/,-.,.. b''6•20tip"d I . • .,.,..,////-,;4'•//./Z4 '.AL4"iTokizawa , .... ...‹, /2,34%.2, / „ _ -i, /////PoKet ', . e', /,// // 17\q1/4-_ ..r..////I-al.1-atA ryu•-Ko.e.// /0) brig.piatiPI:: I Pcddy ,z..........,,__.4:,,4,....--.ri://,/7 / ADritin . pu."p •., •-,,IN ."9_/4- - V,- ..fa,/ /// / // ..-_;.•,. .1-,....-,/// /A540. -fity4t# 71144V _LI-X.-.L..-PI.L-.-,,...„"'i'l-.-,0*//////.///IIILI1 /',/ MaLbery ___//1:a)._^;/,O.2'4't' ft,/ //////./,/ :1Orcherrd, ... ,f,,/..0.2 Pump////,/ _ '17 "-•,t.:- :0.-°:Lt;;r1,'....-..L',..,„4.1-,....,..:-.al/;.//IgHp'2r*/:''///-: .. 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Reservois„ _,__1.,....,z ,, ///ii.....•0 ,..e._:.:';,......„, ir ..,'Y 11.71'Zibys'='r,-,c-(4'0./<%,-;-''''(...':/.!)"'-`1"";,''f"//,f,,/,------------/;:V z,'r,', „,,,A/ / \ai...........eki•a\\.1 •404z 1"'‘-0At-.4)-;:',`"•.."AA.,:...../ 40..,•”.y.,!/-*/••01//;/ / /./'/./..:/*:/1%/:•/,, /,1,,,in/,./)y// ....---A--ri-...9.2.N;Z:i-,...".;.:di-///D741--C----'-''04N /.7.-.;...::// /, ,/ //,:;,.// / "-.( No.i3,r I-''‘..--Pr•.a,,.....\/I/,'-----'22'A/'I ...-/./ /,—,4063,•Pi// i1--.L.,--t-,....,--...PVr._<,-14-'9,//..,.///.4r,'./'//,,,-Ii 4. ttl -.7.147,-,—a.:-a`itisit.^t_.'.,.-.--C.;e..///////////),/,r.? .).•.,‘:‘"C;F-"--."- Ai/.1!,...///////)".../...fr. u13111(111% .1 •It.IL .----...:"-----,..,„.4.:.r^,-.,L1.^................,,,,.......,,.f:,...-...,/"%wi'/3)a‘''""-)''.CY...4/("ranIC,1!ia-''''•:..YtriAZawi ,A.m,j,!t,,r ,,\‘,\--1_—.1Takattektit,////.,:_, ...,.....1.•,, t..i, t ......, .......!,f..--,,./g aj.,<, / Text-Fig.2 Ooyachipeat marsh area and its vicinity margin decreases into 1.0 m or less. In case of inundation, a greater part of the raw peat layer floats over the muddy peat layer due to the intervening water zone which permeats through the raw peat layer. The upper part of the raw peat layer is decomposed by weathering and produces muddy soils with humus suitable for rice cultivation. So, the reclama- tion of the peat marsh to paddy-fields was already set to work about the beginning of 17 th century, but it was not advanced easily owing to the difficulties in irrigation. The difficulties in irrigation results from the putrefying of rice plants by water immersion at flood owing to the deficiency of drainage, and at drought, on the contrary, rice plants wither owing to the insufficiency of irrigation capacities. The retardation of reclamation of this peat marsh area was not alone lying on the difficulties in reclamation technique and cultiva- tion works.
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