DOCSLIB.ORG

Concentrations of 21 Collected from and 3 M Etalsin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Geochem icalJournal,Vol.14,pp.203to 226,1980 203 C oncentrations of 21 m etals in the suspended solids collected from the principal 166 rivers and 3 lakes in Japan HISAYU KI T E RA OK A an d JUN K OBAYASHI Institute for A gricultural and Biological Sciences, O kayam a U niversity, K urashiki 710, Japan (R eceived July 21, 1980, A ccepted October 20, 1980) In the analysis ofnatural water,it w ould beinteresting to determine sm allbut significant quantities of trace m etals which are concentrated in suspended solids, since som e of these m etals, derived from geologic formations, mines and industries not only influence the environment for men and anim als,but will also help us in tracing m etallic resources. Taking advantage of the nation-wide chemicalinvestigations conducted by JUN K OBAYASHI, FUJI M ORII and cow orkers on various constituents dissolved in the principal Japanese rivers and lak es, the present authorscould analyze major an d minor metallic elementsin the suspended solids by theemission spectrographic m ethod. The following are the results obtained: (1) M arkedly high er concentrations of minor elements such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, M n and Co were found in the suspended solids th an in unpoluted soils or in the continentalcrustreported by TAYLOR (1964). (2) TheconcentrationsofM n,Cu,Ni,Pb and Sn were foundto bem arkedly highinthe North eastern provinces. Thism ustbedueto the higherconcentrationsofthesem etalsdistributedin geologicform ations in this section as well as to the influence of m any copper and other mines. (3) The distribution of Be happened to divide Japan into tw o halves. Itism arkedly lowerin the eastern half. Positive correlations were also observed betw een the concentrations of Be and those of A1 and Ti. (4) O wing to the extremely acid nature (pH 2.0) ofthe Y u River(No.42)inthe Tone riversystem, caused by the Kusatsu hotsulfuric springs,the concentrations ofallm etalsexcept Si sh owed the lowest values, while Si had the high est value. Otherinorganic acid rivers which are distributed m ostly in the N ortheastern provinces,i.e. the Agatsum a River (N o.43,pH 4.3) ofthe sam e system and the Ara River (N o.13, pH 3.6),and acidlakes,i.e. Lake Tazawa (No.32,pH 4.4)and LakeInawash iro(N o.57,pH 4.5) showed about the sam e tendency. water sam ples collected once a m onth, 12 tim es INT RO DU CTIO N a year, from m ore than 500 selected sites along Inform ation on the am ount ofchem icalcon- th e prin cip ai rivers an d lakes throughout the stituents dissolved in river w ater is im portant w hole territory of Japan (K OBAYASHI, 1951; not only for studyin g the process of w eathering K OBAYASHI, 1960), and m or eover from other and erosion of the surface of the earth,but also A sian countries (K OBAYASHI, 1959). for a wide ran ge of hum an activities including In this study covering various geological features, K OBAYAS HI noticed strikin g correlations agriculture, industry , fishery and hygiene. A s betw een (I) the distribution of SiO . content early as 1941 w hen the w ater had as yet har dly dissolved in river orir ri gation w ater and the SiO . been polluted, K OBAYASHI, one of the authors, started a nation-w ide chem ical investigation, contentin rice straw by districts on the one hand continuin g for several decades, on t･he dissolved (K OBAYASnl, 1967; K OBAYASHI, 1971), and (2) constituents, such as Ca, M g, N a, K, H C 03, t he chem ical com position of river w ater and S04, C1, Si02, P 04, N 03, N H4 and C O D in the death-rate from apoplexy (stroke) w hich has 2 04 H. T ERA OK A and J. K OB AY ASHI been the leading cause of death in Japan, on river w ater forsuch purposes asirrigation ofrice the other (K OBAYASHI, 1957). A fterthis second fields, in dustry and tap water, but also for fin ding, m an y articles have been published show- av oi ding m an-m ade pollution caused by w aste i ng an in verse relationship betw een the hardness w ater from in dustries and cities dow nstream . of local water supplies an d m ortality rates from In the actual sam pling atthe selected places, cardiovascular d iseases in var ious coun tries care w as taken to collect the w ater from the (SCHROEDER, 1960;M ASHIRONI et al., 1979). m idstream of the river, w here the w ater m oves F urther, by m eans of em ission sp ectro- deeply and rapidly. A s a rule,the w atersam ples graphic an alysis , K OBAYASHI found in 1960 the were sim ultaneously collected once a m onth, f irst clue to the cause of the "Itai-Itai" disease- 12 tim es a year, from the selected 169 sites a very strange an d miserable osseous disease al ong the principal rivers and lakes. The sam pl- induc ted by chronic poisoning with cadim ium ing period contin ued for three years from w hich w as r eleased int o a river from the biggest O ctober 1972 through Septem ber 1975, as zinc m ine of Japan around the tim e of the Japan w as divided into three parts for analytical Second W orld W ar (K OBAYASHI, 1971; K oBA- p urposes. YA SHI, 1979). A fter this finding the present It w as fortunate that, in selecting the places auth ors m a de further applications ofthis m ethod an d collecting the sam ples, special cooperation which perm its sim ulta n eous determ ination of could be obtained from 36 prefectural govern- m any kinds of m etal even with a very sm all m ents in response to K OBAYASHI'S request to quantity of sam ple ash (T ERAOKA and K OBAYA- supportthis nation-wideinvestigations of w aters. Sm , 1977; T ERAOKA et al., 1978). From O ctober 1972 t o Septem ber 1975, A naly tical procedure The suspended solids w hen a seco nd series of nation- wide chem ical w ere filtered out with a sm all piece (3.6cm investigations of river and lake w aters w as diam eter) of T ~yo filter paper N o. 6 fix ed in a carried out by JUN K OBAYASHI, F UJI M oRn and filtering f unnel, d ried in a dry ing oven at 105' C, co w orke rs to m ake clear the che m icalinfluences and m e asured for the dry weig ht of the solids. due to the m ark ed pollution in the 1970's The 12 solids obtained from each site during a (K.OBAYASHIet al., 1976; K oBAYASHlet al., 1978), year together w ith the filter paper w ere m ixed t h e authors took advantage of this surv ey to and ashed at 450'C. A fte r m easuring the determ ine the concentrations of 21 m etals (Si, weight, the ash w as an alyzed by em ission spec- Al, Fe, Ca, M g, N a, Ti, M n, B a, Z n, Sr, Zr, trographic m ethod. Thi s analytical m ethod is V, Cr, Cu,N i, Co,Pb, Sn, A g and B e)in ashes of o ne of the m ost appropriate m ethods for analyz- suspended solids obtai ne d from water sam ples, ing various m etalsi n suspended solids,because it w hich w ere collected from 169 sites along the m akes possible the sim ultaneous dete rm ination principal rivers and lakes of Japan. T he results of m ore than 20 elem ents with only a sm all t hus o btained ar e reported in this paper. quan tity of sarnple ash. Sam ple ash m ixed with carbon pow der con- tainin g the intern al stan dards (Pd and Ge) was E XPERIM EN TAL burn t until the m ixture volatized in a dc-arc Collection of sam ples T he sam pling places generated in an argon-oxygen atm osphere w hich show n in Fig. I an d Table I were selected with is effective in elim inating the CN-bands and preference f or those parts of the rivers w here decreasing the background. The gap between they are about to enter the dow nstream plains the electrodes w as kept at 4m m during the after running through the m ountainous upper burning tim e, and only the m iddle part (Im m ) an d m id dle stream areas. In Japan, w here the of the arc w as passed through on the spectro- topography is steep and rivers run swiftly,these graph slit by m idw ay focusing m ethod. A 7 places are im portant not only in utilizi ng the s tep rotating sector w as used. W orking curv es Concentrations of 21 m etals in the suspended solids 205 / ' i_/-- L l+¥_~~'/~ JI~'~H8-fj fl_¥? J~~ ~ij~~r~~j;¥i:g~,~ - '~cL~'s~;? ~ )ri~:'tsl /ll *~~~~~~; $: !/~~ ;' ~/rJhl*~ｪTrl~ ¥J {~1~~~{~~~i ~_.~~!j!i~¥"~/~¥~¥~:~ _'~>r-'~ ' ~ /_C'l~"+ h""'F ~/f '~ ~ '17'i 8 ~-L~ 'v S ~~r J '~~¥~¥~ ~yL~"~)1rifhl~~~ - l ( l Y s r'~ '~~ 1!~ 1~¥~Irf~ ~ ¥ ~ '-!}';~~l~n / ~ l)v~~~ ..¥ Tf"rr~t~~ ¥ , ' f ! l lr'r 7) t~ 1~sl"~~~ ' g~¥¥1~L ~ / C~~~;~~ :~'~'(I~~ ~ ~ ¥_T_1-_~ ~~ /{:)~/j~~j~:~i~:~':1;' $ L L~_ : :: .; 1 '5 ~ ~ J ~r) ~J 'IJ~' ~ > ~ Ft / ~ ¥ ¥'~~:fl~t~1 ~'4~1- L~ ~;;¥･~~;¥~~y ,:~' a I ~; ,ill}1r'=~~;¥!¥~'tl~/jISd~t~ /Y - ~: ~J ! f¥'~1' ! '~~ j~ ' /f~fh~f~;{({~ ~~~~~: r () c): ¥ ~~:~LjOl ¥ '¥J '!":'~ r'' 'I ~~ ~ "~) h¥ - t :J~~ '(' t T~'8 J'; _~C r~ ~ ~j ~~J- r'~l> ~Sg~ ~ ;7~ ~~¥'~~t ' '~ ~S"I~~~_ ¥ ~- ~ ~';'~t:~ｭr ¥ ¥ -~ ~~~ J L~Y~1'rt" )-'~l)i'~~ ~~~~ l ~ k'_/~~ ¥'~~:, 1~~1 ¥ ¥~~ ~~~~ ~fj}:¥~;~;i~~S ¥~'¥~v) _~ (~ ~~_~( _~(1 ~_C~!~ _ ~ _i'rI ~r ~¥~ CJ ' e ~~ ~;¥:~/¥ I )= ¥¥ /" ~: ~~h ~¥f!~1 r/~'~ ¥~r 1l~ ' ' ~(~¥r'~;~¥;f:i ~T- /' ! h ~ 1~ r! l;lJ!~fｭ'~L7r4~:~~;' - 4i ~l ~(_ ___1(> f~!1l'"- I' i 1;Y~(1¥ s ¥--- ~)<~ '1~ t ~ , ''v;l~~ ¥ P ,~.
Recommended publications
  • Dataset on the 6-Year Radiocesium Transport in Rivers Near Fukushima

    Dataset on the 6-Year Radiocesium Transport in Rivers Near Fukushima

    www.nature.com/scientificdata oPEN Dataset on the 6-year radiocesium Data DescriptoR transport in rivers near Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant Keisuke Taniguchi 1,2 ✉ , Yuichi Onda 1, Hugh G. Smith 3, William Blake 4, Kazuya Yoshimura 5, Yosuke Yamashiki6 & Takayuki Kuramoto 2,7 Radiocesium released from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) and deposited in the terrestrial environment has been transported to the sea through rivers. To study the long-term efect of riverine transport on the remediation process near the FDNPP, a monitoring project was initiated by the University of Tsukuba. It was commissioned by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in June 2011, and was taken over by the Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation from April 2015. The activity concentration and monthly fux of radiocesium in a suspended form were measured in the project. This provides valuable measurement data to evaluate the impact of the accidentally released radiocesium on residents and the marine environment. It can also be used as verifcation data in the development and testing of numerical models to predict future impacts. Background & Summary A 9.0 magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011, caused the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) to be damaged by a tsunami, causing a large accident that spread radioactive mate- rials into the environment1,2. Tis was the largest release of radioactivity into the environment since the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, and has been rated on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) as a “Major Accident” by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)3.
  • Title Rb-Sr Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Late

    Title Rb-Sr Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Late

    Rb-Sr Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Late Mesozoic Title Igneous Rocks in the Inner Zone of the Southwestern part of Japan Author(s) Seki, Tatsuya Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Citation geology and mineralogy (1978), 45(1): 71-110 Issue Date 1978-07-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/186625 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University MEMolRs oF THE FAcuLTy oF SclENcE, KyOTO UNIvERSITy, SERIES oF GEoL. & MINERAL., Vol. XLV, No. 1, pp. 71-110, 1978 Rb-Sr Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Late Mesozoic Igneous Rocks in the Inner Zone of the Southwestern Part of Japan By Tatsuya SEKi* (Received August 30, lq. 77) Abstract Rb-Sr isotopic measurements have been made on Cretaceous intermediate-acid igneous rocks from four districts, Yamaguchi, Hime.ii, Koto and Nohi, ofthe inner zone ofsouthwestJapan, and more than ten whole rock and internal isochrons have been obtained. Isochron ages of about 110 m.y. have been obtained from volcanic rocks of all of four districts. Another age of volcanic activity is about 70 m.y. The age ofgranitic rocks obtained is about 80-90 m.y. Initial Sr isotope ratios range from O.7051 to O.7103. The variation of these initial Sr ratios is more closely related with the crustal structure than with the age. Rb/Sr ratios (O.05-24) are higher than those of other calc-alkaline rocks of circum-Pacific regions. These data have been interpreted as that the parental magmas were generated from old lower crustal materials. Local geochronology, space-time relations of the igneous activity, the age of the "Roseki" deposits and the relation between age and paleomagnetism are discussed in detail.
  • Annex VIII Casestudy0502 Hid

    Annex VIII Casestudy0502 Hid

    IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII - Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits Case Study 05-02: Water Quality – Hida River System, Japan Key Issues: 5- Water Quality 14- Development of Regional Industries Climatic Zone: Cf: Temperate Humid Climate Subjects: - Selective intake, techniques to operate a group of dams Effects: - Mitigation of turbid water persistence Project Name: Hydropower Dams in Hida River System Country: Gifu Prefecture, Japan (Asia) (N35˚56’ – N36˚4’, E137˚15’ – 29’) Implementing Party & Period - Project: Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. 1969 (Completion of construction) - - Good Practices: Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. 1983 (Commencement of operation) - Key Words: turbid water, selective intake, operation of reservoirs Abstract: In the Hida River basin, there are several power stations, and turbid water persistence became a problem shortly after the completion of the Asahi Dam in 1953. To solve this problem, selective intake facilities were constructed at the Asahi Dam and the Takane No.1 Dam. Using these facilities, coupled with power plant operation at 4 dams in the Hida River, the persistent turbidity has been gradually decreasing. 1. Outline of the Project The Hida River is the Kiso River System’s largest tributary with a total watercourse length of 134km and a total catchment area of 2,177m 2 that originates in Mt. Norikura and Mt. Ontake located in the southernmost part of the North Japan Alps and flows southward meeting many tributaries including the Akigami and Maze Rivers to finally join the Kiso river in Mino Kamo City (Fig.-1). Many power source development projects have been conducted in the Hida river basin since long ago, and currently the total number of power stations and the total of the permitted/approved maximum outputs are 23 and approximately 1.14 million kW, respectively (Table-1).
  • Estimation of Flood Risk Management in 17Th Century on Okayama Alluvial Plain, Japan, by Numerical Flow Simulation

    Estimation of Flood Risk Management in 17Th Century on Okayama Alluvial Plain, Japan, by Numerical Flow Simulation

    T. Ishikawa, et al., Int. J. of Safety and Security Eng., Vol. 6, No. 3 (2016) 455–465 ESTIMATION OF FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN 17TH CENTURY ON OKAYAMA ALLUVIAL PLAIN, JAPAN, BY NUMERICAL FLOW SIMULATION TADAHARU ISHIKAWA1 & RYOSUKE AKOH2 1Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hosei University, Japan. 2Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Japan. ABSTRACT In this study, the hydraulic function of the Hyakken-gawa Floodway, which was constructed in the 17th century to reduce the flood risk to Okayama Castle City, was evaluated by numerical flow simula- tion. The calculation conditions were determined by referring to the records about the floodway in old documents as well as from the numerical data based on the present conditions. The alluvial plain topog- raphy used for the inundation calculation was obtained from recent GIS data. The computation results showed that the flood control function of the floodway was composed of two stages: (1) Just before inundation occurred in the castle city, river water flowed into the floodway by collapsing the earthen dike located at the floodway head; this limited the increase in the river flow rate in the city area. (2) Just before the floodway capacity was exhausted, the backwater generated by the transverse masonry dikes in the floodway induced inundation to the paddy field region, which was on the side opposite to the castle city; this reduced the flood damage in the city area. The results also suggested that the civil engi- neers in the 17th century, who had neither the knowledge of modern hydraulics (including the concept of river flow rates) nor the advantage of using machinery for construction, presumably developed flood risk management strategies by combining the measures possible in those days.
  • Food Instruction June 18←April 24 2020

    Food Instruction June 18←April 24 2020

    The instructions associated with food by Director-General of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (Restriction of distribution in Fukushima Prefecture) As of 18 June 2020 Fukushima Prefecture 2011/3/21～： (excluding areas listed on the cells below) 2011/3/21～4/8 Kitakata-shi, Bandai-machi, Inawashiro-machi, Mishima-machi, Aizumisato-machi, Shimogo-machi, Minamiaizu-machi Fukushima-shi, Nihonmatsu-shi, Date-shi, Motomiya-shi, Kunimi-machi, Otama-mura, Koriyama-shi, Sukagawa-shi, Tamura-shi（excluding miyakoji area）, Miharu-machi, Ono-machi, Kagamiishi- 2011/3/21～4/16 machi, Ishikawa-machi, Asakawa-machi, Hirata-mura, Furudono-machi, Shirakawa-shi, Yabuki-machi, Izumizaki-mura, Nakajima-mura, Nishigo-mura, Samegawa-mura, Hanawa-machi, Yamatsuri- machi, Iwaki-shi 2011/3/21～4/21 Soma-shi, Shinchi-machi 2011/3/21～5/1 Minamisoma-shi (limited to Kashima-ku excluding Karasuzaki, Ouchi, Kawago and Shionosaki area), Kawamata-machi (excluding Yamakiya area) Tamura-shi (excluding area within 20 km radius from the TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant), Minamisoma-shi (excluding area within 20 km radius from the TEPCO's Fukushima 2011/3/21～6/8 Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and Planned Evacuation Zones), Kawauchi-mura (excluding area within 20 km radius from the TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant) Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Kori-machi, Tenei-mura, Hinoemata-mura, Tadami-machi, Kitashiobara-mura, Nishiaizu-machi, Aizubange-machi, Yugawa-mura, Yanaizu-machi, Kanayama-machi, Showa- 2011/3/21～10/7 mura, Tanagura-machi, Tamakawa-mura, Hirono-machi,
  • Dilution Characteristics of Riverine Input Contaminants in the Seto

    Dilution Characteristics of Riverine Input Contaminants in the Seto

    Marine Pollution Bulletin 141 (2019) 91–103 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Dilution characteristics of riverine input contaminants in the Seto Inland Sea T ⁎ Junying Zhua,b,c, Xinyu Guoa,b, , Jie Shia,c, Huiwang Gaoa,c a Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China b Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan c Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Riverine input is an important source of contaminants in the marine environments. Based on a hydrodynamic Dilution model, the dilution characteristics of riverine contaminants in the Seto Inland Sea and their controlling factors Riverine pollution were studied. Results showed that contaminant concentration was high in summer and low in winter. The Seto Inland Sea Contaminant concentration decreased with the reduction of its half-life period, and the relationship between Hydrodynamic model them followed power functions. Sensitivity experiments suggested that the horizontal current and vertical Residual currents stratification associated with air-sea heat flux controlled the seasonal cycle of contaminant concentration in the water column; however, surface wind velocity was the dominant factor affecting the surface contaminant concentration. In addition, contaminant concentration in a sub-region was likely controlled by the variations in river discharges close to the sub-region. These results are helpful for predicting contaminant concentrations in the sea and are expected to contribute to assessing the potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
  • Collection of Products Made Through Affrinnovation ‐ 6Th Industrialization of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries ‐

    Collection of Products Made Through Affrinnovation ‐ 6Th Industrialization of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries ‐

    Collection of Products made through AFFrinnovation ‐ 6th Industrialization of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries ‐ January 2016 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries In Japan, agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers have been making efforts to raise their income by processing and selling their products in an integrated manner to create added value. These efforts are called the “AFFrinnovation,” and agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers throughout the country have made the best use of inventiveness to produce a variety of products. This book introduces products that were created through the efforts to promote the AFFrinnovation. We hope this book would arouse your interest in the AFFrinnovation in Japan. Notes ○ Information contained in this book is current as of the editing in January 2016, and therefore not necessarily up to date. ○ This book provides information of products by favor of the business operators as their producers. If you desire to contact or visit any of business operators covered in this book, please be careful not to disturb their business activities. [Contact] Food Industrial Innovation Division Food Industry Affairs Bureau Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries URL：https://www.contact.maff.go.jp/maff/form/114e.html Table of Contents Hokkaido Name of Product Name Prefecture Page Business Operator Tomatoberry Juice Okamoto Nouen Co., Ltd. Hokkaido 1 Midi Tomato Juice Okamoto Nouen Co., Ltd. Hokkaido 2 Tokachi Marumaru Nama Cream Puff (fresh cream puff) Okamoto Nouen Co., Ltd. Hokkaido 3 (tomato, corn, and azuki bean flavors) Noka‐no Temae‐miso (Farm‐made fermented soybean Sawada Nojo LLC Hokkaido 4 paste) Asahikawa Arakawa Green Cheese Miruku‐fumi‐no‐ki (milky yellow) Hokkaido 5 Bokujo LLC Asahikawa Arakawa Farm Green Cheese Kokuno‐aka (rich red) Hokkaido 6 LLC Menu at a farm restaurant COWCOW Café Oono Farm Co., Ltd.
  • Study on Distribution and Behavior of PFOS (Perfluorooctane Title Sulfonate) and PFOA (Perfluorooctanoate) in Water Environment( Dissertation 全文 )

    Study on Distribution and Behavior of PFOS (Perfluorooctane Title Sulfonate) and PFOA (Perfluorooctanoate) in Water Environment( Dissertation 全文 )

    Study on Distribution and Behavior of PFOS (Perfluorooctane Title Sulfonate) and PFOA (Perfluorooctanoate) in Water Environment( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Lien, Nguyen Pham Hong Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2007-09-25 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k13379 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion author Kyoto University Study on Distribution and Behavior of PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate) and PFOA (Pefluorooctanoate) in Water Environment （水環境における PFOS (ペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸) および PFOA（ペルフルオロオクタン酸）の分布と挙動に関する研究） NGUYEN PHAM HONG LIEN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan September 2007 Nguyen Pham Hong LIEN ii ABSTRACT PFOS (perfluoroctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfloroctanoate) are man-made surfactants having wide range of industrial and commercial applications for decades. In the beginning of this decade, researcher found that they were ubiquitous in living organism and human, and that they possibly had characteristics of persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, there is an emerging need to study PFOS and PFOA contamination environment, particularly in the water environment. The research aims at examination of spatial distribution and behavior of PFOS and PFOA in water environment of several countries, with focus on new places where examination has never been conducted. Therefore, the method to analyze PFOS and PFOA in environmental water was developed. Sampling surveys were conducted to collect various types of water including surface water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, and tap water from various locations for analysis of PFOS and PFOA. Distribution and behavior of PFOS and PFOA were examined as three main parts.
  • The Transition of Sabo Works for Disaster Mitigation in Japan

    The Transition of Sabo Works for Disaster Mitigation in Japan

    THE TRANSITION OF SABO WORKS FOR DISASTER MITIGATION IN JAPAN Masao Okamoto1* INTRODUCTION Ten years have passed since the beginning of the 21st century. During that time, a huge number of large-scale natural disasters occurred in various parts of the world (Table 1). Table 1. Major natural disasters that occurred in the world from 2001 to 2010 (As of March 3) Disaster Damage Date Region Country Est. Damage (m/y) Type Name Killed (US$ Million) Tropical 03/2004 Eastern Africa Madagascar Galifo 363 250 cyclone 08/2006 Middle Africa Ethiopia Flash flood 498 3 05/2003 Northern Africa Algeria Earthquake 2,266 5,000 01/2010 Caribbean Haiti Earthquake 230,000 Tropical 09/2004 Haiti 2,754 50 cyclone Tropical 10/2005 Central America Guatemala 1,513 988 cyclone United Tropical 08/2005 Northern America Katrina 1,833 125,000 States cyclone 02/2010 Southern America Chile Earthquake 799 08/2007 Peru Earthquake 593 600 05/2008 Eastern Asia China Earthquake 87,476 85,000 10/2004 Japan Earthquake 40 28,000 08/2007 Korea General flood 610 300 Tropical Typhoon 08/2009 Taiwan 630 250 cyclone Morakot South Eastern 09/2009 Indonesia Earthquake 1,177 2,000 Asia 05/2006 Indonesia Earthquake 5,778 3,100 12/2004 Indonesia Tsunami 165,708 4,452 Tropical 05/2008 Myanmar Cyclone Nargis 138,366 4,000 cyclone 02/2006 Philippines Landslide 1,126 2 Tropical 11/2004 Philippines Winnie 1,619 78 cyclone 12/2004 Thailand Tsunami 8,345 1,000 03/2002 South Asia Afghanistan Earthquake 1,000 1 Director General, Japan Sabo Association, 2-7-5, Hirakawac-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (*Corresponding Author; E-mail: [email protected]) -41- Tropical 11/2007 Bangladesh Sidr 4,234 2,300 cyclone 12/2004 India Tsunami 16,389 1,023 01/2001 India Earthquake 20,005 2,623 12/2003 Iran Earthquake 26,796 500 10/2005 Pakistan Earthquake 73,338 5,200 12/2004 Sri Lanka Tsunami 35,399 1,317 04/2009 Southern Europe Italy Earthquake 295 2,500 (Quoted from EM-DAT, Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and added data of 2010) Last year, Taiwan suffered serious damage due to Typhoon Morakot.
  • Geochemical Composition of Beach Sands from Tottori Prefecture, Japan

    Geochemical Composition of Beach Sands from Tottori Prefecture, Japan

    島根大学地球資源環境学研究報告 30, 65～72 ページ（2011 年 12 月） Geoscience Rept. Shimane Univ., 30, p.65～72（2011） Article Geochemical composition of beach sands from Tottori Prefecture, Japan Bah Mamadou Lamine Malick＊, Erika Sano＊ and Hiroaki Ishiga＊ Abstract Fifteen sand samples were collected from ten beaches along the shoreline of Tottori Prefecture to determine their geochemical compositions, using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Two main river systems (Tenjin and Sendai Rivers) supply sediments to the shoreline from the Chūgoku Mountains. Beach parameters, such as the radius of the approximated circle and radian (ℓ/r), were used to describe beach forms: ℓ/R < 1 describes a short and concave pocket beach. Sands from the eight beaches investigated in the area contained more than 70 wt% SiO2, and are predominantly composed of quartz and feldspar. This was reflected in their geochemical compositions, with significant SiO2, Al2O3 and Na2O contents of the beach sand samples further indicating that quartz and feldspar are the main constituents. Detritus was derived from quartz-rich sources, and quartz dilution strongly influences the bulk chemistry of the beach sands. Positive correlation of most elements with Al2O3 and negative correlation with SiO2 suggests quartz dilution is the main control on chemistry. The sediments were derived from relatively felsic source rocks. Key words: Chūgoku Mountains, Tottori Prefecture, beach sand, geochemistry, quartz, feldspar area is thus needed. Introduction The purpose of this study is to describe the geochemical The compositions of coastal sediments are influenced by compositions of fifteen beach sand samples collected from numerous components and processes, including source ten sites along the shoreline of Tottori Prefecture in the area composition, sorting, climate, relief, long shore drift, and where the Sendai and Tenjin Rivers supply sediments.
  • Flood Loss Model Model

    Flood Loss Model Model

    GIROJ FloodGIROJ Loss Flood Loss Model Model General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan 2 Overview of Our Flood Loss Model GIROJ flood loss model includes three sub-models. Floods Modelling Estimate the loss using a flood simulation for calculating Riverine flooding*1 flooded areas and flood levels Less frequent (River Flood Engineering Model) and large- scale disasters Estimate the loss using a storm surge flood simulation for Storm surge*2 calculating flooded areas and flood levels (Storm Surge Flood Engineering Model) Estimate the loss using a statistical method for estimating the Ordinarily Other precipitation probability distribution of the number of affected buildings and occurring disasters related events loss ratio (Statistical Flood Model) *1 Floods that occur when water overflows a river bank or a river bank is breached. *2 Floods that occur when water overflows a bank or a bank is breached due to an approaching typhoon or large low-pressure system and a resulting rise in sea level in coastal region. 3 Overview of River Flood Engineering Model 1. Estimate Flooded Areas and Flood Levels Set rainfall data Flood simulation Calculate flooded areas and flood levels 2. Estimate Losses Calculate the loss ratio for each district per town Estimate losses 4 River Flood Engineering Model: Estimate targets Estimate targets are 109 Class A rivers. 【Hokkaido region】 Teshio River, Shokotsu River, Yubetsu River, Tokoro River, 【Hokuriku region】 Abashiri River, Rumoi River, Arakawa River, Agano River, Ishikari River, Shiribetsu River, Shinano
  • Thorough Guidebook of Lively Experience in Kushiro

    Thorough Guidebook of Lively Experience in Kushiro

    Thorough Guidebook of Lively Experience in Kushiro A タイプ Map of East Hokkaido 知床岬 Cape Shiretoko 知床岳 Mt.Shiretoko-dake 知床国立公園 Shiretoko National Park 網走国定公園 カムイワッカの 滝 Abashiri Quasi-National Park Kamuiwakka Hot Water Falls 硫黄山 Mt.Io サロマ湖 知床五湖 Lake Saroma 能取岬 Cape Notoro Shiretoko Five Lakes 羅臼町 93 238 RausuTown ウト ロ 羅臼岳 87 道の駅「サロマ湖」 Utoro Mt.Rausu-dake Michi-no-Eki(Road Station)Saromako 知床横断道路 7 能取湖 76 網走市 334 佐呂間町 Lake Abashiri City オシンコシンの滝 冬期通行止 Saroma Town 103 Shiretoko Crossing Road Notoro 道の駅「流氷街道網走」 Oshinkoshin Falls Closed in Winter Michi-no-Eki(Road Station) 道の駅「知床・らうす」 Ryuhyo kaido abashiri Michi-no-Eki(Road Station) Shiretoko Rausu 網走湖 Lake Abashiri 334 道の駅「うとろシリエトク」 小清水原生花園 Michi-no-Eki(Road Station)Utoro Shirietoku Koshinizu Natural Flower Gaden 道の駅「メルヘンの丘めまんべつ」 333 Michi-no-Eki(Road Station)Meruhen no Oka Memanbetu 斜里町 104 大空町 244 Shari Town Oozora Town 道の駅「はなやか小清水」 道の駅「しゃり」 7 女満別空港 Michi-no-Eki(Road Station)Hanayaka Koshimizu Michi-no-Eki(Road Station)Shari 39 Memanbetsu Airport 102 道の駅「パパスランドさっつる」 Michi-no-Eki(Road Station) 335 334 Papasu Land Sattsuru 391 122 清里町 244 北見市 243 小清水町 Senmo Line 釧網本線Kiyosato Town Kitami City 美幌町 Koshimizu Town 斜里岳 50 Bihoro Town 津別町 102 Mt.Sharidake Tsubetsu Town 斜里岳道立自然公園 Sharidake Prefectural Natural Park 標津サーモンパーク 27 藻琴山 Shibetsu Salmon 143 Mt.Mokoto Scientific Museum 道の駅「ぐるっとパノラマ美幌峠」 野付半島 Michi-no-Eki(Road Station) 開陽台展望台 ClosedGrutto in WinterPanorama Bihorotouge Notsuke Peninsula Kaiyoudai 根室中標津空港 272 240 冬期通行止 屈斜路湖 Observatory NemuroNakashibetsu 野付湾 Lake Kussharo Airport Notsuke Bay