DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial and Temporal Models of J¯Omon Settlement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Spatial and Temporal Models of Jomon¯ Settlement Enrico R. Crema A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Archaeology University College London January 2013 Declaration I, Enrico Ryunosuke Crema, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ”Ce qui est simple est toujours faux. Ce qui ne l’est pas est inutilisable” (P. Valery) ”All models are wrong, but some are useful” (George E.P. Box) Abstract The Jomon¯ culture is a tradition of complex hunter-gatherers which rose in the Japanese archipelago at the end of the Pleistocene (ca. 13,000 cal BP) and lasted until the 3rd millennium cal BP. Recent studies increasingly suggest how this long cultural persistence was characterised by repeated episodes of change in settle- ment pattern, primarily manifested as cyclical transitions between nucleated and dispersed distributions. Although it has been suggested that these events corre- late with population dynamics, shifts in subsistence strategies, and environmental change, to date there have been very few attempts to provide a quantitative anal- ysis of spatio-temporal change in Jomon settlement and its possible causes. This thesis is an attempt to fill that lacuna by adopting a twin-track approach to the problem. First, two case studies from central Japan have been examined us- ing a novel set of methods, which have been specifically designed to handle the intrinsic chronological uncertainty which characterises most prehistoric data. This facilitated the application of a probabilistic framework for quantitatively assessing the available information, making it possible to identify alternating phases of nu- cleated and dispersed pattern during a chronological interval between 7000 and 3300 cal BP. Second, computer simulation (by means of an agent-based model) has been used to carry out a formal inquiry into the possible underlying processes that might have triggered the observed changes in the settlement pattern. The aim of this simulation exercise was two-fold. First, it has been used as a theory-building tool, combining several models from behavioural ecology and cultural transmis- sion theory in order to provide explicit expectations in relation to the presence and 3 4 absence of environmental disturbances. Second, the outcome of the simulation has been used as a template for linking the observed patterns to possible underlying socio-ecological processes suggested by the agent-based model. This endeavour has shown how some of the largest changes in the empirically observed settlement patterns can be simulated as emerging from the internal dynamics of the system rather than necessarily being induced by external changes in the environment. Contents VOLUME 1 I Introduction 34 1 Introduction 35 1.1 Problem Statement . 35 1.1.1 Jomon¯ Settlement Pattern . 36 1.2 Research Questions . 38 1.3 Aims and Objectives . 39 1.4 Scope and Limits . 40 1.5 Thesis Outline . 40 2 J¯omonCulture of Japan 42 2.1 Geographical Settings and Environment History . 46 2.2 Main Features of Jomon¯ Culture . 51 2.2.1 Chronology and Chronometry . 51 2.2.2 Subsistence Pattern . 55 2.2.3 Population Size . 63 2.2.4 Settlement Patterns . 67 2.2.5 Social Complexity . 77 2.3 Jomon¯ Settlement Pattern in Kanto¯ Region between 7000 and 3220 calBP..................................... 82 5 CONTENTS 6 2.3.1 Case Study Location and Environmental Settings . 83 2.3.2 Settlement Patterns between 7000 and 3220 cal BP in Chiba and Gunma . 87 2.4 Models of Change . 93 2.5 Summary . 103 II Pattern Recognition 105 3 Theory and Method: Spatial and Temporal Analysis 106 3.1 Spatial Dependencies . 106 3.2 Uncertainty in Archaeological Analysis . 114 3.2.1 Spatial Uncertainty . 116 3.2.2 Temporal Uncertainty . 121 3.2.3 Aoristic Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation . 124 3.3 Detecting instances of Dispersed and Clumped Patterns . 131 3.3.1 Group Size Distribution Analysis . 132 3.3.2 Spatial Analysis . 137 3.4 Summary . 141 4 Applied Spatial and Temporal Analysis 143 4.1 Data Collection and Pre-processing . 143 4.1.1 Aoristic Analysis and Monte-Carlo Simulation . 146 4.2 Results . 147 4.2.1 Non-spatial Analysis . 148 4.2.2 A-Coefficient . 153 4.2.3 O-ring Function . 156 4.3 Discussion . 160 4.3.1 Early Jomon¯ (t7000-t5500)...................... 160 4.3.2 Middle Jomon¯ (t5500-t4500)..................... 161 4.3.3 Late Jomon(¯ t4400-t3400)....................... 166 4.4 Summary . 167 CONTENTS 7 III Model Building 169 5 Theory and Method: Computational Model Building 170 5.1 Settlement Patterns as a Complex Adaptive System . 178 5.1.1 Phase Space and Attractors . 185 5.2 Models of Group Formation . 188 5.2.1 Group Formation Dynamics . 198 5.3 Building the Model . 202 5.4 Implementing the Model in an Agent-Based Framework . 207 5.4.1 Decision-making . 208 5.5 Summary of the Model . 216 6 Applied Models of Endogenous Change 218 6.1 Experiment Design and Parameter Sweeps . 219 6.1.1 Visualising Simulation Outputs . 225 6.2 Results . 229 6.2.1 General Properties of the Model . 229 6.2.2 Parameter Sensitivity and Group Formation Dynamics . 238 6.2.3 Summary . 241 7 Applied Models with Disturbance Processes 245 7.1 Theoretical Introduction . 245 7.2 Modelling Disturbance . 251 7.2.1 Endogenic Disturbance: Predator-Prey Interaction Model . 252 7.2.2 Exogenic Disturbance: Temporal Variation of K ........ 255 7.3 Experimental Design . 256 7.4 Results . 259 7.4.1 Endogenic Disturbance Model . 260 7.4.2 Exogenic Disturbance Model . 264 7.5 Summary . 274 7.5.1 Endogenic Disturbance Model . 274 CONTENTS 8 7.5.2 Exogenic Disturbance Model . 276 IV Discussion and Conclusions 281 8 Discussion: the Pattern and Process of J¯omonSettlement Change 282 8.1 Empirical Data, Environmental Change, and Model Expectations . 283 8.2 Discussion . 303 9 Conclusions 317 BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 VOLUME 2 PLATES 374 Figures . 374 Tables . 476 APPENDICES 486 A Supplementary Data 487 B ODD Protocol of the Agent Based Simulation 628 B.1 PURPOSE . 628 B.2 ENTITIES, STATE VARIABLES, AND SCALES . 629 B.3 PROCESS OVERVIEW AND SCHEDULING . 630 B.4 DESIGN CONCEPTS . 630 B.4.1 Basic Principles . 630 B.4.2 Emergence . 631 B.4.3 Adaptation . 631 CONTENTS 9 B.4.4 Objectives . 631 B.4.5 Learning . 631 B.4.6 Sensing . 631 B.4.7 Interaction . 632 B.4.8 Stochasticity . 632 B.4.9 Collectives . 632 B.4.10 Observations . 633 B.5 INITIALISATION . 633 B.6 INPUT DATA . 633 B.7 SUB-MODELS . 633 B.7.1 Fitness Evaluation . 633 B.7.2 Reproduction and Death . 634 B.7.3 Fission-Fusion and Migration . 635 B.7.4 Variation of the Resource Pool Size K .............. 637 C ABM Code 642 C.1 Disturbance-free Model . 642 C.2 Predator-prey model . 654 C.3 Exogenic Disturbance Model . 657 D Parameter Space Visualisation 659 D.1 Disturbance-free model . 660 D.1.1 A-Coefficient (A).......................... 660 D.1.2 Number of Groups (G)....................... 666 D.1.3 Number of Agents (N)....................... 672 D.1.4 Median Group Size (λ~)....................... 678 D.2 Predator-prey model . 684 D.2.1 A-Coefficient (A).......................... 684 D.2.2 Number of Groups (G)....................... 702 D.2.3 Number of Agents (N)....................... 720 D.2.4 Median Group Size (λ~)....................... 738 CONTENTS 10 D.3 Exogenic Disturbance Model . 756 D.3.1 A-Coefficient (A).......................... 756 D.3.2 Number of Groups (G)....................... 762 D.3.3 Number of Agents (N)....................... 768 D.3.4 Median Group Size (λ~)....................... 774 List of Figures 1 Main political and administrative subdivision of Japan . 376 2 a terrestrial ecoregions (after Olsen et al. 2001, retrieved from: http: //www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/item1267. html; b: annual mean temperature (1950-2000, after Hijmans et al. 2005, retrieved from: http://www.worldclim.org/); c: el- evation (CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database, retrieved from: http: //srtm.csi.cgiar.org); d: annual precipitation (1950-2000, af- ter Hijmans et al. 2005, retrieved from: http://www.worldclim. org/) of Japan. 377 3 Major environmental changes in the Japanese archipelago (notice that studies based on uncalibrated dates and mentioned in the text has been omitted). The dotted-square defines the temporal scope of the present study. 378 4 Location of the two case studies in Kanto¯ ................ 379 5 Case study at Chiba with elevation profile . 380 6 Case study at Gunma with elevation profile . 381 7 Uchiyama’s model of clumped and dispersed settlement pattern (above) and the suggested sequence in Northern and Southern Honshu,¯ (af- ter Uchiyama 2006: 140-141) . 382 11 LIST OF FIGURES 12 8 The concept of evolutionary trap. Individual a climbs the fitness landscape (1) and eventually reaches the global optimum (2, the highest peak), while individual b reaches a less adaptive local peak. This divergence is determined by small differences in the initial con- ditions (1). When environmental changes (3), individual b sees only a marginal decrease in its fitness, while individual a is strongly af- fected. ..
Recommended publications
  • Event Layers in the Japanese Lake Suigetsu `SG06' Sediment Core

    Event Layers in the Japanese Lake Suigetsu `SG06' Sediment Core

    Quaternary Science Reviews 83 (2014) 157e170 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Event layers in the Japanese Lake Suigetsu ‘SG06’ sediment core: description, interpretation and climatic implications Gordon Schlolaut a,*, Achim Brauer a, Michael H. Marshall b, Takeshi Nakagawa c, Richard A. Staff d, Christopher Bronk Ramsey d, Henry F. Lamb b, Charlotte L. Bryant d, Rudolf Naumann e, Peter Dulski a, Fiona Brock d, Yusuke Yokoyama f,g, Ryuji Tada f, Tsuyoshi Haraguchi h, Suigetsu 2006 project members1 a German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section 5.2: Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany b Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK c Department of Geography, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK d Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA), University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK e German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section 4.2: Inorganic and Isotope Geochemistry, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany f Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan g Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minami-dai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan h Department of Geosciences, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan article info abstract Article history: Event layers in lake sediments are indicators of past extreme events, mostly the results of floods or Received 20 June 2013 earthquakes.
  • The Multiple Chronological Techniques Applied to the Lake Suigetsu SG06

    The Multiple Chronological Techniques Applied to the Lake Suigetsu SG06

    University of Groningen The multiple chronological techniques applied to the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sediment core, central Japan Staff, Richard A.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Schlolaut, Gordon; Marshall, Michael H.; Brauer, Achim; Lamb, Henry F.; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Bryant, Charlotte L.; Brock, Fiona; Kitagawa, Hiroyuki Published in: Boreas DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00278.x IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Staff, R. A., Nakagawa, T., Schlolaut, G., Marshall, M. H., Brauer, A., Lamb, H. F., Ramsey, C. B., Bryant, C. L., Brock, F., Kitagawa, H., Van der Plicht, J., Payne, R. L., Smith, V. C., Mark, D. F., MacLeod, A., Blockley, S. P. E., Schwenninger, J-L., Tarasov, P. E., Haraguchi, T., ... Suigetsu 2006 Project Members, N. V. (2013). The multiple chronological techniques applied to the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sediment core, central Japan. Boreas, 42(2), 259-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00278.x Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
  • Ancient Lipids Document Continuity in the Use of Early Hunter–Gatherer Pottery Through 9,000 Years of Japanese Prehistory

    Ancient Lipids Document Continuity in the Use of Early Hunter–Gatherer Pottery Through 9,000 Years of Japanese Prehistory

    Ancient lipids document continuity in the use of early hunter–gatherer pottery through 9,000 years of Japanese prehistory Alexandre Lucquina, Kevin Gibbsb, Junzo Uchiyamac, Hayley Saula, Mayumi Ajimotod, Yvette Eleya, Anita Radinia, Carl P. Herone, Shinya Shodaa, Yastami Nishidaf, Jasmine Lundya, Peter Jordang, Sven Isakssonh, and Oliver E. Craiga,1 aDepartment of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154; cWorld Heritage Center Division, Shizuoka Prefectural Government, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City 420-8601, Japan; dFukui Prefectural Wakasa History Museum, Obama, Fukui 917-0241, Japan; eSchool of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; fNiigata Prefectural Museum of History, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2035, Japan; gArctic Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen 9718 CW, The Netherlands; and hArchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Edited by Patricia L. Crown, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review November 27, 2015) The earliest pots in the world are from East Asia and date to the Late that surround the Japanese archipelago. Because it was produced in Pleistocene. However, ceramic vessels were only produced in large much greater quantities during the Holocene, it has been hypoth- numbers during the warmer and more stable climatic conditions of esized that pottery may have facilitated new strategies for the pro- the Holocene. It has long been assumed that the expansion of pottery cessing, storage, and serving of a wider array of increasingly was linked with increased sedentism and exploitation of new abundant foodstuffs, such as plant foods and shellfish (7).
  • Human Responses to the Younger Dryas in Japan

    Human Responses to the Younger Dryas in Japan

    Title Human responses to the Younger Dryas in Japan Author(s) Nakazawa, Yuichi; Iwase, Akira; Akai, Fumito; Izuho, Masami Quaternary International, 242(2), 416-433 Citation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.026 Issue Date 2011-10-15 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/49041 Type article (author version) File Information QI242-2_416-433.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP *Manuscript Click here to view linked References Human responses to the Younger Dryas in Japan Yuichi Nakazawa 1, 2, *, Akira Iwase 3, Fumito Akai 4, Masami Izuho 3 1 Zao Board of Education, Enda, Aza Nishiurakita 10, Zao Town, Katta-gun, Miyagi 989-0892, Japan 2 Department of Anthropology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA 3 Archaeology Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami Osawa, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan 4 Kagoshima Board of Education, Shimofukumoto 3763-1, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 891- 0144, Japan E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Y. Nakazawa), [email protected] (A. Iwase), [email protected] (F. Akai), [email protected] (M. Izuho) *Corresponding author. Fax: 0224-33-3831 1 ABSTRACT The effect of the Younger Dryas cold reversal on the survival of Late Glacial hunter-gatherers in the Japanese Archipelago is evaluated, through a synthetic compilation of 14C dates obtained from excavated Late Glacial and initial Holocene sites (332 14C dates from 88 sites). The estimated East Asian monsoon intensity and vegetation history based on the loess accumulations in varved sediments and pollen records in and around the Japanese Archipelago suggest an abrupt change to cool and dry climate at the onset of Younger Dryas, coupled with the Dansgaard-Oeschger Cycles as recorded in Greenland.
  • Mccoll, Jill Louise (2016) Climate Variability of the Past 1000 Years in the NW Pacific: High Resolution, Multi-Biomarker Records from Lake Toyoni

    Mccoll, Jill Louise (2016) Climate Variability of the Past 1000 Years in the NW Pacific: High Resolution, Multi-Biomarker Records from Lake Toyoni

    n McColl, Jill Louise (2016) Climate variability of the past 1000 years in the NW Pacific: high resolution, multi-biomarker records from Lake Toyoni. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7793/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Climate variability of the last 1000 years in the NW Pacific: high resolution, multi- biomarker records from Lake Toyoni Jill Louise McColl BSc. (Hons) University of Highlands and Islands Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Geographical and Earth Sciences College of Science and Engineering University of Glasgow September 2016 This PhD is dedicated in loving memory of my Papi: Alan Gracie (1929-2014) ii Abstract The East Asian Monsoon (EAM) is an active component of the global climate system and has a profound social and economic impact in East Asia and its surrounding countries. Its impact on regional hydrological processes may influence society through industrial water supplies, food productivity and energy use. In order to predict future rates of climate change, reliable and accurate reconstructions of regional temperature and rainfall are required from all over the world to test climate models and better predict future climate variability.
  • Baikal–Hokkaido Archaeology Project Contributions to Research Dissemination and Communication

    Baikal–Hokkaido Archaeology Project Contributions to Research Dissemination and Communication

    Baikal–Hokkaido Archaeology Project Contributions to Research Dissemination and Communication This document lists all publications, presentations and other dissemination contributions by BHAP members from 2011– 2014. Publications are categorized by year, type and listed by author (alphabetical order), with BHAP members underlined. Detailed accounts of BHAP workshops, business meetings and conferences are listed separately and found on pages 23-32. 2014 REFEREED CONTRIBUTIONS Books edited works (4 in total) Cummings V, Jordan P and M. Zvelebil. (eds.) 2014. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter- Gatherers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jordan P, Gillam JC, Uchiyama J. (eds.). 2014. Neolithization of Cultural Landscapes in East Asia. Journal of World Prehistory, Special Issue, Volume 27, No 3–4 (7 papers). Okada M. and Kato H. (eds.) 2014. Indigenous Heritage and Tourism: Theories and Practices on Utilizing the Ainu Heritage. Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo. Wagner M, Jin G, Tarasov PE. (eds.) 2014. The Bridging Eurasia Research Initiative: Modes of mobility and sustainability in the palaeoenvironmental and archaeological archives from Eurasia. Quaternary International, Special Issue, Volume 348, 266 pages. Book chapters (8 in total) Kubo D, Tanabe CH, Kondo O, Ogihara N, Yogi A, Murayama S, Ishida H. Cerebellar size estimation from endocranial measurements: an evaluation based on MRI data. In: Akazawa T, Ogihara N, Tamabe CH, Terashima H. (eds.) Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Volume 2, Cognitive and Physical Perspectives, Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series, Tokyo: Springer Japan, 209-215, 2014. Jordan P and V. Cummings. 2014. Introduction. In: Cummings, V, Jordan P and M.
  • Fukushima Nuclear Disaster – Implications for Japanese Agriculture and Food Chains

    Fukushima Nuclear Disaster – Implications for Japanese Agriculture and Food Chains

    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Fukushima nuclear disaster – implications for Japanese agriculture and food chains Bachev, Hrabrin and Ito, Fusao Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia, Tohoku University, Sendai 3 September 2013 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49462/ MPRA Paper No. 49462, posted 03 Sep 2013 08:50 UTC Fukushima Nuclear Disaster – Implications for Japanese Agriculture and Food Chains1 Hrabrin Bachev, Professor, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia, Bulgaria2 Fusao Ito, Professor, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 1. Introduction On March 11, 2011 at 14:46 JST the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred with the epicenter around 70 kilometers east of Tōhoku. It was the most powerful recorded earthquake ever hit Japan with a magnitude of 9.03 Mw. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami that reached heights of up to 40 meters in Miyako, Iwate prefecture and travelled up to 10 km inland in Sendai area. The earthquake and tsunami caused many casualties and immense damages in North-eastern Japan. According to some estimates that is the costliest natural disaster in the world history [Kim]. Official figure of damages to agriculture, forestry and fisheries alone in 20 prefectures amounts to 2,384.1 billion yen [MAFF]. The earthquake and tsunami caused a nuclear accident3 in one of the world’s biggest nuclear power stations - the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, Okuma and Futaba, Fukushima prefecture. After cooling system failure three reactors suffered large explosions and level 7 meltdowns leading to releases of huge radioactivity into environment [TEPCO]. Radioactive contamination has spread though air, rains, dust, water circulations, wildlife, garbage disposals, transportation, and affected soils, waters, plants, animals, infrastructure, supply and food chains in immense areas.
  • Around Tokyo Fukushima

    Around Tokyo Fukushima

    Japan Things to see, do, and experience trip from the metropolis Discover the Heart of Japan Adventures AROUND TOKYO FUKUSHIMA IBARAKI TOCHIGI GUNMA CHIBA SAITAMA TOKYO KANAGAWA NIIGATA YAMANASHI NAGANO Discover the Heart of Japan Adventures AROUND TOKYO Tokyo is a popular place to begin your journey in Japan, but in its surrounding regions you’ll fi nd some of the best scenery in the nation, delicious foods and beverages, and old traditions still alive. Fortunately, Japan’s excellent transportation network makes it very easy to venture out of the metropolis, either for a day trip or an extended adventure, and to discover some truly unique sights in these areas. Inside this photo storybook, learn about the many facets of these regions (organized by theme) and gain inspiration to create your own custom adventure. There’s something for everyone. Those fascinated by the nation’s long history can experience Japanese religious traditions or participate in traditional arts and crafts. Those eager to delve into more current topics can dis- cover the taste of Japanese wine, explore the future of high- speed rail, or learn about the nation’s preeminence in science and NIIGATA technology. The various topics introduced here are merely a few examples of the many attractive aspects of the regions around Tokyo. We hope that you will be inspired to discover the incredi- ble opportunities that await. TOYAMA ISHIKAWA GUNMA NAGANO FUKUI GIFU YAMANASHI TOTTORI SHIMANE KYOTO SHIGA SHIZUOKA HYOGO AICHI OKAYAMA HIROSHIMA OSAKA MIE NARA YAMAGUCHI KAGAWA EHIME
  • YAMBA TRIP “Yamba” Is the Pronunciation of “八ッ場”

    YAMBA TRIP “Yamba” Is the Pronunciation of “八ッ場”

    Infrastructure Tourism Kusatsu hotspring is just around the corner. Being a witness of history through YAMBA TRIP “Yamba” is the pronunciation of “八ッ場”. Only 30-minute drive from Kusatsu hot spring. It is the place which became famous for its dam construction few years ago. There are many tourist attractions including Agatsuma Valley, Suwa shrine, Fudo Falls and the stunning view from Fudo Long-Bridge over the dam construction site. Why don't you add the firsthand information of Yamba and your exciting experience to your trip? Naganohara The view from Highlights Fudo hall Rounded Ojo Route map is After getting the rocks Moutanin tour After climbing up One of Gunma's on the back power of earth at R406 by car, you 100 Famous the spiritual place, will find the Mountains. entrance to the 2-hour walk from let’s head to the hiking road. It takes Michi-no-Eki to GOAL with the view approximately the Peak Around Dam Lake tour 30 minutes from from Fudo Long-bridge! Iwamajiri no One to the Peak. Walking course (approximately 90 minutes walk) Rental bicycle course (approximately 50 minutes) ・Rental service：Michi-no-Eki Yamba Furusato-kan travel Selected 100 Selected 100 new 1000 roads ・Tandam bicycles, electronic bicycles and mountain bicycles are available. story of you should walk ・A electronic bicycle is 500 yen for the first hour. After the first hour, 200 yen per 30minutes. breathtaking roads' Japan series of walking ・A tandem bicycle is 700 yen for the first hour. After the first hour, 300 yen per 30minutes.
  • This Article Is Non-Reviewed Preprint Published at Eartharxiv and Was Submitted to Quaternary Geochronology for Peer-Review

    This Article Is Non-Reviewed Preprint Published at Eartharxiv and Was Submitted to Quaternary Geochronology for Peer-Review

    This article is non-reviewed preprint published at EarthArXiv and was submitted to Quaternary Geochronology for peer-review Geochemical characterisation of the widespread Japanese tephrostratigraphic markers and correlations to the Lake Suigetsu sedimentary archive (SG06 core) Paul G Albert*a, Victoria C Smitha, Takehiko Suzukib, Danielle McLeana, Emma L Tomlinsonc, Yasuo Miyabuchid, Ikuko Kitabae, Darren F Markf, Hiroshi Moriwakig, SG06 Project Memberse, Takeshi Nakagawae *Corresponding author: [email protected] a Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom. b Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan. c Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. d Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kurokami 4-11- 16, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan. e Research Centre for Palaeoclimatology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan f NERC Argon Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, Scotland G75 0QF, UK. g Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, Kagoshima University, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan. Key words: Japanese tephrostratigraphic markers; Lake Suigetsu (SG06 core);Tephrostratigraphy; Volcanic glass chemistry; LA-ICP-MS; Trace elements Abstract Large Magnitude (6-8) Late Quaternary Japanese volcanic eruptions are responsible for widespread ash (tephra) dispersals providing key isochrons
  • Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: a Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and the Haruna Shrine, Gunma

    Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: a Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and the Haruna Shrine, Gunma

    religions Article Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: A Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and the Haruna Shrine, Gunma Shin Yasuda Faculty of Regional Policy, Takasaki City University of Economics, Gunma 3700801, Japan; [email protected] Abstract: Since the 2000s, Japanese internet media as well as mass media, including magazines, television and newspapers, have promoted the concept of a “power spot” as part of the spirituality movement in the country. This emerging social environment for the power spot phenomenon has developed a new form of religiosity, which can be called “spiritual legitimacy,” according to the transformation of religious legitimacy embedded in Japanese society. This paper, therefore, examined the emergence of a new form of spiritual legitimacy utilizing a case study of the power spot phenomenon in the Haruna Shrine, Gunma Prefecture, in Japan. The development of the power spot phenomenon in the Haruna Shrine indicates that consumption of spiritual narratives has strongly promoted the construction of a social context of spiritual legitimacy, such as through shared images and symbols related to the narratives in the sacred site. As a result, this paper clarifies that this new form of spiritual legitimacy embodies stakeholders’ social consensus on spiritual narratives, which people have struggled to construct a social context for spiritual legitimacy to ensure hot authentication of their individual narratives and experiences. Keywords: power spot; spirituality; social context; spiritual legitimacy; Japan Citation: Yasuda, Shin. 2021. Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: A Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and 1. Introduction the Haruna Shrine, Gunma. Religions Since the 2000s, Japanese internet media, such as webpages, blogs, social networking 12: 177.
  • The Electric Power Industry of Japan, Plant Reports

    The Electric Power Industry of Japan, Plant Reports

    RI^S ^ "^ Given By TT. S. STJPT. OF DOCUMENTS 3^ THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY The Electric Power Industry OF Japan (Plant Reports) Electric Power Division iT i rw May 1947 THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY The Electric Power Industry OF Japan (Plant Reports) Electric Power Division Dates of Survey 9 October— 3 December 1945 Date of Publication: May 1947 V-O-^l JUL 19 1947 This report was written primarily for the use of the U. S. Strategic Bombinp; Survej' in tlie jjrejjaration of further n^ports of a more comprehensive nature. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report must be considered as limited to the specific material covered and as subject to furth{M' interpretation in the lifiht of further studies conducted by the Survey. II FOREWORD The United S(;itos Strategic Boiuhiiifi; Survey was civilians, 350 officers, and 500 enlisted men. 'i'lie established by tlie Secretary of War on 3 November military segment of the organization was drawn 1944, iiursuant to a directive from ffie late Presideiil from the Army to the extent of 60 percent, and from Roosevelt. Its mission was to conduct an impartial Navy to the extent of 40 percent. Both the Army and expert study of the effects of our ari'ial atiaek and the Navy gave the Survey all possible assistance on Oermany, to be used in connection with air in furnishing men, supplies, transport, and informa- attacks on Japan and to establish a basis for evalu- tion. The Svu'vey operated from headtiuarters ating the importance and potentialities of air power established in Tokyo early in September 1945, with as an instrument of military strategy for planning subheadquarters in Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, and the future development of the United States armed forces and for determining future economic policies Nagasaki, and with mobile teams operating in othcM- with resjiect to the national defense.