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01' BRITISH POLICY. iLonlJon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. 8181!1olll: 163, ARGYLE STREET.

1LdWig: P. A. BROCKHAUS. jJleiD lIIorl1: THE MACMILLAN CO. lilomlJall: GEORGE BELL AND SONS. THE GROWTH

OF BRITISH POLICY

AN llISTORICAL ESSA r

BY

SIR J. R. SEELEY, LITT. D., K.C.M.G. IfOBHIIBLY BBOIU8 PBOOSSOB OJ' 1I0DBRN BISrOBY IN mil UNIVBBSI'l'Y OJ' CAIIBRIDOB FBLLOW OF OONVILLB AND CAroS COJ.LBOB AND BOllOBAJlY OLLOW OJ' CBBIsr's COI.LBOB.

VOLUME IL

SECOND EDITION.

CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 189'1

[AU Rightll relUlled.] v~ .. lY1~ ". ~7·1 --- First Editio" 1895" Second Edition 1897 INDEX.

Abbot, Archbishop, I 280 .America, discovery of, II 355 ; North, Acclamatitm, War of, begins in colonisation of, 1 352 sq; Spanish, 1640, I 162 English share in trade with, II Aiz./a.ChapeUe, Treaty of, II 149, 358 167 .Anglicanism, establishes itself, I Albert, A rchduke, Netherlands 19; vitality, 279; and toleration, transferred to, I 237, 239 j helps 853 Philip II, 254; marries Clara .Anjou, Philip, Duke Of, in Spain in Isabella, daughter of Philip II, 1701, II 353 802 .Anne of .AUBtria, marriage with Alcazarkebir, Battle of, 1162, 165 Louis XIII, I 253, 284; policy Alen;on, Francis, Duke of, charac­ against Spain, 367 sq, 411; death, ter, I 149 sq; death, 168 sq, u155 186sq .Anne, daughter of Jam/ll/ll, mar­ Alezander, Duke of Parma, 1160 sq; riage, II 248; reign, party polio recovers Walloon provinces, 185 j tics of, 859; revival of Jacobi· his schemes, 187 sq; failure at tism under, 873 Gravelines, 218; success, 226 sq; .Antonio, Don, Prior of Crato, relieves Paris, 227; death, 228 exiled, I 162; Portuguese preten­ .Alfomo, King of Portugal, com­ der, 166 pared with Charles II, II 178 .Antwerp, Fury of, 1158, 182; Truce .Alliance, Triple, II 147, 165 sqq, of,263 184sq .Arlington, Bennet, Earl of, a Almerial, Battle of, II 128 Catholio, II 159; has a Dutch AlBace, acquired by France, I 862, wife, 164; and the Catholie 584 party in England, 202 Alva. Duke of, in the Netherlands, .Armada, Spanish, antioipation of, I 116 sq, 122, 147sq, 158; letter I 153; Spanish history of, 171; from Brussels in 1571, 153 and death of Mary Stuart, 2Olsq; . Amboise, Conspiracy of, I 57; Peace coming of the, 207, 212sqq of,129 .Arnauld, II 236 S. II. 25 386 INDEX_

Ascham, Antony, murder of, n 56,83 Bernard of Saze Weimar, I 880; A ugsburg, Peaoe of, I 88; League and Franoe, 888; takes Breisaoh, of, II 269 894; dies, 1196' Amtria, Duchy of, given to Habs­ Berwick, Treaty of, I 108 burgs, I 12; connexion with the Biron, conspiracy of, I 242, 859 Empire, 18; united with Bm­ Bishoprics, the three, I 49 gundy and Netherlands, 16 ; Blake, Bobert, n 21, 27 sq, 81; and foundation of, 82; deveIopement Tromp, 88 sqq, 87; eails for the of modem, 298-301; power, not Mediterranean, 70 sq; our" see.­ reoognized in England, 822 sq ; king," 87; sails for Cadiz, 89; allianoe with Spain, 882; union destroys silver fleet, 90; death, ib. with Bavaria dissolved, 417; Blois, Treaty of, I 136 and War of Spanish Suocession, Bohemia, I 31; returns to Catholic­ n358 ism, 69; aristocracy of, 307; Auslria, Home of, I 253 sqq; pro­ war in, 1618-20, 345 minence from 1619, 809; in­ Bolingbroke, Viscount, on Crom- fluence over French-speaking well, u 134 people, 877; supports Spanish Bonrepauz, sent by Louis XIV, n monarchy, 878 284sq Bordeau:.r;, M. de, n 30; letters of. Baaa, Bal"07l de, and plot of Gerard 72, 79; how treated by Charles aud Nowell, II 70 n,120 .. Balance of power," u 807 sq BOTTomeo, S. Carlo, his influence, Baltimore, Calvert, Lord, intro­ 175,79 duoes toleration in Maryland, BOBBUet, n 236; his four Articles, I S08 253 Bamberg, House of, in Austria, 112 Bothwell, Earl of. I 106, 117 Barbado", royalism in, II 82 Boulogne, Beynolds at, n 90 Blimwalde, RioheIieu and Gustavus Bourbon, House oj, allied with at, 1348 Protestants, I 6; marriages of, Bavaria, union with Austria dis- 11; its beginning, 44;, rivalry solved, I 417 with the Habsburgs, 46 sq, 121; Bazter, Bichard, 1428 relation to the Stuarts, 58; es­ Bayle, n 288 tablished, 170, 251; as royal Bayonne, Conference at, I 121 sq house, 188 sq; and RicheIieu, Beachy Head, Battle ot, II 85, 802 816; a new type, 868; minors Belgium, modern Kingdom of an- in, S69; olimax of monarchy of, ticipated, I 802 II 189; begins to deoline. 298 ; an­ Bellievre, Frenoh Ambassador, I DeleS Spanish monarchy, 819 sq, 895-8; Mazarin's Instruotions S59; family alliarioe, 820 to, 419 sqq Boyne, Battle of, II 302 Bergerac, Treaty of, I 160 Bragan~a, House qf, I 162; see also Berkeley, Oeorge, on Ireland, n Catherine, Maria 8788q Brandenburg, Elector qf, I 66 INDEX. 387

Brazil, conquered by the Dutch, D Catherine oj Aragon, aunt of 64sq Charles V, I 19 Br~d4, Declaration of, D 109; Catherine oj Bragaru;a, marriage, Treaty of, 149, 154 D 118, 124sq BreiUrijeUl, Battle of, r 380 Cathmne d.e M~dici., claims throne Britain, Great, beginningofmodern, of Portugal, I 166; death, 225 r 64; and Cromwell, D 63,103; Catholicism, its viotoriousness, I advance of, 330 ; its trade­ 62; Jesuitio, 8; its advantages empire, 342; compared to Car­ in 1560, 72; weakness, 73; be­ thage, 380 sq ginning of modern, 76; after Bnuselll, Union of, r 168 1564 becomea conservatism, 80 ; Buckingham, Geurg~, Duke oj, his in England, 116 polioy, r 322, 326 sq, 332-6; and Cecil, Sir Edward, his expedition Parliament, 328 against Cadiz, 1 333 Burgundy, united with Netherlands, Charles I, marriage, I 6, 35, 58, I 14; and with Austria, 16; in­ 253, 331, 337, 391sqq; II 272, herited by Philip II, 34; oon­ 292, 312 sq; and Thirty Years' ferred by King John of France War, I 318 sq, 346; and his con­ on younger son, 45; relations temporaries, 330; policy, 835-41, with England, 45, 164; seized 344, 349 sq; interferes in France, by Louis XI, 46 '840; reign, second period of, Burgundy, Louis, Duke oj, receives 843; oharacter, 343sq; "Peace" title, D 227 of, 845; attempts to' unite his Burleigh, William O~ciZ, Lurd, r three kingdoms, 350; and the 164; and the Anti-Spanish party, Bourbon-Habsburgstruggle,390- 238 3 ; failures, 393-8; bargains with French and Spanish Ambassa­ Calai., won by Henry IT of France, dors, 395sq; andPrinoePalatine, 149 396; position in Europe, 397sq; Calvin, his in1luence, r 67 forms royalist party, 413 sq; at Oalvinillm, English, and toleration, N ewoastle. 432 sq I 353; German, growth of, 307 Charles II, relations with France, Campion, Edmund, I 172 16,52; D 163, 287; with Louis Caraffa, see Paul IV XIV, 213 sq, 240, 287 sq; himself Cardenas, Alonzo de, Spanish Am­ half French, I 278; advised by bassador, I 395; D 30, 85 Mazarin, II 30; family alliances, Carlos, Don, proposed marriage of, 215 sqq, 239 sq; a Catholio, 180 1100; character, 160 sq, 181sqq, 287sq; and the CarZowitz, Treatyof, II 267 dynastio system, r 401; relations Cuale, siege of, 1·376 sq with the Netherlands, II 210 sq; Cutellamare, naval battle at, I 428 Dutch wars of, 2, 151; and Cateau-Cambre8i., Treaty of, 136, William IT of Orange, 16; at 38, 76, 120, 145, 189; compared Bruges, 85; Restoration, '1 416; with Treaty of the Pyrenees, II 97 D 105, 110 sqq, 145; policy, 25-2 388 INDEX.

107 sq, 109 sq, 120 sq, 129, 174 59 sq; on the Dragonnades and sqq, 181, 185sqq, 187-91, 193sq, Revocation, 259 sq 219; Declaration of Breda, 109 ; Cinqma1'8, Henri, Marquis de, 1 361 character, 111, 169, 191sq; and Clara Isabella, daughter of Philip Lambert, 112; relations with II, proposed marriage with Spain, 114 sq, 163; proposed Henry IV, I 230sq: wife of Spanish match, 121 sq~ com­ Archduke Albert, 237,239,302 pared with Pedro II, 178; with Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, Charles I, 20lsq; position, 117, f&ll, D 173 sq, 179 131sq, 160 sq, 179; marriage, Claude, Huguenot, his book publicly 118, 123 sqq, 126 sqq; and tole­ burnt, D 261 ration, 175sq; ministers, 178: Clement VIII (Aldobrandini), and and Parliament, 242 sq: and Treaty of Vervine, I 235 sq Triple Alliance, 185; personal Colbert, Jean Baptiste, his system, victory of 1672, 197; reign, D 149; raises French navy, 300 periods of, 212, 223 sq, 247 sq Coligny, and Charles IX, I 130; Charles V, King of Spain, a conversation with Middlemore, Fleming, I 17; elected Roman 132 sq: oharaoter, 150 Emperor, ib.: becomes German Colonisation, Dutch, I 292; English, King and Emperor, 18; as a under Elizabeth, I 260 sq, 291; statesman, 20; retires to "a plan of, 294: Portuguese, 1167; monastery, 28; death, ib.: resig­ Spanish, character of, I 294 nation, 35: rivalry with Franois Commonwealth, its navy, II 27; 1,46: founds Catholio monarchy, feels seoure, 29 sqq 140: relations to House of CondA, I 358, 361; and Maz&rin, Othman,143 388; oampaigns, compared with Charlu VI, Emperor, D 359 Marlborough's, 416 sq; suooess Charles VII of France, I 44 at Valenciennes, D 83 Charle. IX of France, accession, I ConsiZium Aegyptiacum, see Leib­ 57; marriage, 127: and Coligny, flits 130, 132; prepares for war with Copeflhagen, Treaty of, D 144 Spain, 130 sq ; &llianoe with Corunna, attaoked by the English, Elizabeth, 136 1229 Charles II, King of Spain, D 138; Counter-Beformation, period of, I acoession, 139; will, 352 6, 27, 75: its suddenness, 61; Charles GustafJtU of Sweden, ac­ aocount of, 63 sqq; oauses of, oession, u 59 sq; and Cromwell, 67; causes English war with 60, 68; polioy, 92sq: tyrant of Spain, 72; meaning of word, ib. ; the North, 14Ssq; death,l44 elements of, 77, 79: effeot on Cketweuse, Duckesse de, and Henri­ Papacy, 79: and Philip II's as­ etta Maria, "I 392 cendanoy, 89: England's problem, Christian of Anhalt, 1 308 90, 105 sq; failure, 114: phases, Chmtina, Queen of Sweden, secretly 118, 130, D part m, ohap. v a

the North,1119; and oampa)gn O"pNU, in 1566, I 143; Venetians of Lepanto,l42; opens new age in, attacked, 146 of war, 256 Owtral, Battle of, I 209 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl oj, Ooze, William, as historian, I 2 Lord Treasurer, II 212, 218; OresPfJ, Peace of, I 20 character, 219; period of, 223; Ortris.", Oolbert, French Ambas­ and Louis XIV, 241; joins in sador, II 185sqq invitation to William, 291 Oromwell, OlilJer, compared with Darien Oompan", II 364 sqq Elizabeth, I 5, II 98 sq; with Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, mar. William m, I 6; with Napoleon, ries Mary Stum, I 100 sqq; II 43 sqq, 68; with Cmsar, 43 sqq; character, 103 sq with Balegh, 77 sq; with Queen Deane, Admiral, II 35 Mary, 96 sqq ; relations with DemostMne., translated by Dr Wyl. Franoe, 16, II 69 sq, 78; with Maz· son, 1156 arin, I 421; represents national Denmark, treaty with the Nether. feeling, 423; position, 435, II 57, lands, II 40 sq; England's claims 77 sqq; policy, 2, 68, 70 sq, 73, on, 57; allied with France, 280 74 sqq, 83, 86, 88, 90; appears Dorislaus, Dr I.aac, murdered, II in different characters, 7sq; as 83 military commander, 8; as states· DO'IJtr, Treaty of, marks transition, man, 46; relations with Sweden, 11119; begins second Revolution, 46, 65 sq; and Charles X of 172 sq Sweden, 60, 73; relations with Dragonnaaes, the, II 253 the Netherlands, 48, 64 sq; and Drake, Sir Francis, schemes of, I De Witt, 47; hostile to House 187; in ille Atlantic, 196; im. of Orange, 62 sqq; relations with portance, 205 sqq; oompared Spain, 68, 65 sq, 69 sq, 74; treaty with Balegh, 220 sq; on war with Joao IV, 65; protests a­ with Spain, 228 sq gainst Inquisition, 80; creates DrogMda, massacre of, 117 a Puritan chivalry, 48; relations Dunes, Battle of the, I 348; II 94 with Scotland, 54 sq; and Tole· sqq ration, 49 sq; and the Baltic Dunkirk, taken, II 69 sq, 84, 85; question, 55; period of, divided, sold, 118, 129, 133 58; and projected Protestant Dury, John, II 66 sq, 72 League, 66 sq, 69; threatens all non.Protestant states, 72 sq; his Edinburgh, Treaty of, I 56,97,108, allies, 73; restores international 245 relations of monarchy, 84; Pan· Edward VI, and Charles V, I 20, evangelical system, 93, 106 sq; 26 . and modern British Empire, 103 ; Egmont, Oount, I 147,150 death, 96; work, summary, 309 Eliot, Sir John, on foreign' policy Oromwell, Richard, begs aid of of Charles I, I 344 Mazarin, II 123 Elisabeth, Queen oj England, com· 390 INDEX.

p&l'ed with Cromwell and William m&ritime bias, causes of, 87; a8 m. I Ii; accession, 9; m&rriage­ an Oceanic Power, I 188 sq; 212 proposals, 11 sq, 71, 93, 125, 127, . sq, 215, 260, 269 sqq, u 118 sq, 136 sq, 176 sqq; courting of, 37; 140; policy, I 149, 223 sq, 259, character, 29 sq, 64,175,188 sqq; 262, 406 sq, u part m, cap. I policy, 36, 41, 55, 70 sqq, 93, passim, 39 sqq, 44 sq, 101 sq, 112,132,180-4; perilous position, 328 ; politics of, and the Valois, I 39, 50, 60; and Reformation, 51; 42; growth of commercial policy, and Counter-Reformation, 63; u 353 sq; position in Europe, excommunicated, 68; reign, after Elizabeth's accession, 142; periods of, 71, 95 sq, 113, 126, under Elizabeth, 243-50; and 186, 219 sqq, 241; reign transi­ the Reformation, 24, 66,70; and tional, 90, 179; her successor, Council of Trent, 83; and tolera­ 92; relations with Spain, 72, tion, 275; Queens of, their reli­ 242; dealings with Scotland, 96; gion, u 182, 314; religious panio with Mary Stuart, 97, 100 sqq, of 1678, 23B, 240 sq; relations 197 sqq; relations with Fmnce, with the Netherlands, I 34, 128, 126, 242; alliance with Ch&l'les 131 sq, 225, u 31 sq, 143 sq; IX, 136; alliance with Henry W&l'S with the Netherlands, 10, lV, 232; and secular continental 22, 33, 36, 141; relations with politias, 128 sq, 135, 137; rela­ Burgundy, 145, 154; and House tions with the Net.herlands, 174 of Habsburg, 23 sqq, 27. 58; re-

sqq, 185, 190-5, 241; her W&l' o lations with France, 128, 225, compared with others, 179; "the 410, u 307, 317, 321; ware with King," 217; ministers, 205; fa­ France, I 4, 39, 45, 341 sq, u vourites, 218; death, 243; sum­ 152, 276 sq, 293; relations with mary of reigu, 243-liO; compared Sootland, I 65, 414 sqq, 422 sq. with the Stuarts, 257 sqq; work, u 4 sqq. 6 sq; position comp&red summary, n 309 with Scotland's, 150; union with Elizabeth. of FraMe, marries Philip Sootland, 01, 351 sq, n 329, 360- lV, I 253, 284 77, 362; relations with Ireland, Elizabeth. Stuart, marriage, I 23, I 352, 407 sq, u 4 sqq; relations 253 with Spain. I 86 sq, 168 sqq, 323 Elizabeth. of Valois, see Isabel sq, u 56, 110, 211; ware with Empire, tM, weakneseof, I 14; Re­ Spain, 192,203-7,216 sq; Anti­ formation in, 66; and Treaty of Spanish P&l'ty, 279 sq; and Miinster, 428; and Treaty of Spanish oolonies, 292; its own Osnabriick. ib.; and France, u colonies, 295 sq; u 118 sq; and 268 Thirty Ye&rs' W&l', I 257, 313-6; England, view: of history in, I II; and W&l' of the Palatinate, 317- modern, its beginning, 8; effeot 21; in 1620, 258; in 1690, u of royal marriages on, 11, 19, u 300 sq; Monarchy of, its rela­ 182; suocession, uncertainty of, tions with the French, I 347 sq. I 42 sq; insulaI oh&raoter, 69; 391 sqq l Great Rebellion, oauses INDEX. 391 of, 351; civil war in, 389 sq, 418; sqq, 121, 168 sqq, 208, 361 sq, II 21, 28, 31-9; kansformation 373, 382, 431 i II 136, -320 sq, of, 1 part II cap. VI passim, 419 341 sqq; wars with Spain, I 387, Iqq; the Cromwellian military . 393, II 9, 61 sqq, 139 i relations state, 435; II 23, 28, 46, 57 sq, with the Netherlands, I 128 ; and 68, 117 sq; claims upon Den­ the Empire, 428, II 268; rei&­ mark, 57; European interest in tions with the Porte, I 146, II government of, 271; how de­ 245; relations with Sweden, I veloped by European war, 318 349, 884, II 158, 233 i allied with England, New, beginning of, 1 294 Denmark, 280; state of, in 1558, E.pu, Guwan tk, Spanish Am­ I 44 i in 1560, 56; in 1588, 209 bassador, expelled, 1126 sq; in 1629, 358; in 1647, 430; EBBUI, Bobert Deuereu:e, EarZ of, in 1646, 433 iin 1648, ib.; in as favourite, I 219 1654, II 63; in 1672, 205 sq; Everuen, Dutoh oommander, II 85 Religious Wars in, 157,84, 116, 128, 128 sq; and the Reforma­ Fwdinand I, an Emperor of the tion, 60, 371 sq; and the Counter­ old type, I 22; King of the Reformation, 124, 125, 304; re­ Romans, 81; elected King of ligious revolution in, II 234 sqq, Hungary and Bohemia, ib. ; 250 sq; Catholio Chu~ch in, 236, weakness, 87, 89 253 sq; and Catholio League, 1 Ferdinand II, Emperor, sooession, 208; question of origin of go­ 1 298 sq i allied with Philip IV, vernment raised in, 68; want ot 812 national consciousness in, 125; Ferdinand III, Empwor, death, II transformation of, part II cap. v 91 passim, 386; under Marie de Ferdinand, CardinaZ-Infant, and Medicis, 347; policy, 149, 256, Wallenstein, I 881; invades Pi­ 861, 876, II 230, 233; Ascen­ cardy, 898 dancy, I 854 sqq; II 130 sq, 167, Ferdinand Wilhelm, Prince of Wilr­ 225, 227 sq i. and Thirty Years' temberg, II 802 War, I 859, 874; royal power in, Fletcher of Saltoun, on state ot 860; naval power, 884; II 800; Sootland, II 368 sq military power, I 411; constitu­ Fleurm, Battle of, II 302 tional movement of 1648, 434; Fleury, Cardinal, II 880 effeot of settlement of Westphalia France, view of history in, 1 1; reo on, II 62; ooalition against in lations with England, 128, 225, 1673,207 sq; exhaustion of, 806; 410, 418, II 69 sq, 163, 307 i wars economical progress, 856 with England, I 4, 89, 841 sq, II Francil I, King of France, at war 298 ; Monarchy of, relations with with Charles V, I 20; rivalry the English, I 347 sq; relations with him, 46; gives monarchy with Charles II; 5, 52, 278, II peouliar charsoter, 48 163; relations with Scotland, I Franci. II, King of France, death, 42; relations with Spain, 119 157 392 INDEX.

Frederick II, Emperor, compared Gondomar, Sarmiento,. Count of, with Charles V, I 9 Spanish Ambassador to England, Frederick the Cheat, oompares Bri­ I 276; and English popular feel­ tain to Carthage, u 380 sq ing,314 Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, Chand Bemomtrance, I 407 beoomes Calvinist, I 307 sqq Chavelinu, Battle of, 1 38; its Frederick V, Elector Palatine, con­ effects, 213 trasted with James 1,1 281; policy, Chegory XIII {BoncompagniJ, 309; elected King of Bohemia, schemes re-conquest of England, 311; scheme for depriving him of 1159,172 Palatinate, 312; conduct, 325 Gueuz, the, occupy Philip, I 116 Frederick Henry of Nassau, I 383, Guiana, and Ralegh, I 292 412; and Charles I, 330; death, Guise, House of, its first ascendancy, u11 I 56; leads Mary Stuart's party Freiburg, Battle of, I 416 in France, 156 Fronds, the, I 348, 387 sq, 429, 431, Guise, Frant;ois de, I 56 1138 Guise, Henri I de, allied with Mary Froude. J • .4.., on Elizabeth, 1180- Stuart and Philip, I 156; sohemee B . of, 187; heads party, 209 sq; success, 214; murdered, 224 Gardiner, S.B., hisview of English Guise, Henri II de, I 377 history, I 2; his view of the GuatatJIU .4.dolphus, and Charles I, Great Rebellion, II 45 1330; and the Stuarts,346; meets Geddes, Jame., his" Administration Richelieu at Birnwalde, 348; in of John de Witt," II 17 Pomerania, 379; oonquers Fran­ Gembwur., Battle of, I 160 conia, 380; dies, 381 Genoa, James I projects attack on, Gustavus Wasa, leader of reform in 1288 the North, I 66 George, Prince of Denmark, marries Princess Anne, II 248 Habsburg, House of, I 6; power, Germany, view of history in, I 2; 10; rise, 12; periods of ascen­ modern, its beginning, 8; Eleo­ dancy, 18, 20, 89 sq; and English tors, 13, 817; and the Reforma­ Reformation, 19; and Roman tion, 802 sqq; and the Counter­ Church, 26; relations with Eng­ Reformation, 69, 304; wars in, land, 24, 40, 43. u 359; trans. 802 sqq, 345; danger of disin­ formation, I 31; and Counter. tegration, 305, 307; revolution, Reformation, 256; relations with 808; and Henry IV, 808 sq; and the Valois, 43, 45; with the the Turk, u 246; renewed vigour, Bourbon, 46, 121; policy, 87 sq, 246,299 252-6; the Austrian. and Spain. Ghent, PlIOifiCliltion of, I 158, 185 174 sq. 241, 264; German branch, Ghi.lieri, see Piua V history of, 298 sq; the Spanish, Glamorgan, Earl of, negooiates, I summary, u 383 sq 415 Hab,bu/'O marriage., system of, I 11, INDEX. 393

16, 120, 272 sq, 28S sq; compared war against Spain, 282; Treaty with others, 2S ; show great of allianoe with Elizabeth, ib.; influenoes of small oauses, 87; character, 2S3; position, 234 sq; prevailed throughout 17th cen. and Biron's conspiracy, 242 ; tury, 68 and new Habsburg ascendancy, Hague, the, seoret articles signed 254 sq; relations with Germany, at, in 1668, D 166 264, 808 sq; diplomacy, 268, Hartlib, SamlUl, D 66 272; murdered, 283 Hei", Pitt, .Admiral, I 850; takes Hust, Landgrave of, and the Re. silver 1l.eet, 8SS formation, I 66 Hmries, the three, campaign of, I History, classification of, 11 sq 209 Hohemtaujfen, HOtlBe of, compared Henrietta .Anne, daughter 0/ with the Rabsburg, I 13 Charles I, marries Philip, Duke HoUand, see Netherlands of Orleans, u 129; takes her Hourn, Comte de, I 147 mother's plaoe, 192 Hugu.enotB, the, I 65; desertion of Hmrietta Maria, marries Charles leader, 69; occupy French govern. 1, I 881, 837; associates with ment, 70; appear strong, 116; Duchesse de Chevreuse, 392; her sudden rising, 122; establish party, 406 sqq; and Biohe1ieu, themselves in Rochelle, 124; first 409 ;- at the Hague, 410, 413, 467 victory, 209; rebel against Louis Henrique, Cardinal-Infant, suo· m1, 339; under Biche1ieu, 371; oeeds Don Sebastian of Portugal, under Rohan, 875 sq 1162,165 Hungary, Ferdinand elected King Henry VIII, divoroe of, I 19; and of, 1 81; aristocraoy of, and the Charles V,20; his system, 41; Reformation, 807 his queens, 64 Henry, scm of James I, proposed India Company, Eaat, foundation Spanish match for, I 253 of, 1291 sq Henry II of France, premature Innocent X (PamjiZi), anti.French, death, I 48, 52; wins the three 1428 Bishoprics, and Calais, 49 Innocent Xl (Odescalchi), II 253, 263 Henry III of France, proposed mar· . Inquisition, the, instrument of riage with Elizabeth, I 125 Counter.Reformation, I 77, 85; Hmry IV (of Navarre)~ delivers introduoed into Netherlands, 85 France, I 44; his right to throne Interim; German affairs regulated denied, 68; proposed marriage by the, I 21 with Margaret of Valois, 125; Ireland, rebellion of, I 238 sq, 407 becomes heir to throne, 162; sq, 415; invaded by Don Juan de takes prominent position, 187; Aguilar, 242; relations with Eng. received into Catholio Church,' land, 352,407 sq, 416, D 4sqq, 336 229 sqq; prepared to marry sqq; William Ill's campaign in, Clara laabella, 230 sq; relations 301 sq; question of,329; reoeives with the Duteh, 231 sq; declares penal code, 88S; system in, fails, 394 INDEX.

338 sq, 371-9; and the Revolu­ instrument of Counter.Reforma_ tion,373,375 tion,77; oppose the Pope, n 265 Isabella, Infanta, proposed marriage Joao IV (Fernandez Vieira), heads of,I253 Portugnese in Brazil, II 64; treaty I,abel oj Va1,oiB, marries Philip IT, with England, 89 I 36, 120; dies, 121 John, Don, oj .Austria, at Lepanto, r Italy, servitude of, I 8; attitude of 124; character,150sq; governor of France towards, 376; and Maze.­ Netherlands, 151 sq; as a states­ rin,428 man,156; Mary Stuarthisally,ib.; Ivry, Battle of, I 227 death, 157; relation to Philip, 159 John, Don, of .Austria, governor of Jamaica, occupied by Penn and Netherlands in 1656, II 83 Venables, 1181 John Sobieski, King oj Poland, Jama I, coronation, I 106, 109; relieves Vienna, II 244, 266 Spanish marriages of his reign, Juana, daughtfT of FfTdinand and 253, 316, 324 sqq; and Parlia­ Isabella, marries Philip of Bur­ ment, 259 sq; reign, 263, 296; gundy, 1 15; consequences of a peace.maker, 264 sqq, 281 sq, marriage of, 17; alienation of 329; and Gondomar, 280; and mind of, ib. Thirty Years' War,318 sq; policy Juan, Don, de Aguilar, invades towards Spain, 286 sqq; pursues Ireland, I 242 no uniform plan, 289 sqq, 322; policy of his later years, 309 sq Kara Mustafa, n 245, 266 James II, relations with France, 1 KardiB, Treaty of, n 144 52, 278; D 278, 287; and Louis KeY'fT, Dutch envoy, II 41 XIV, 262, 269 sq; flight to Kinglake, his view of English France, 293 ; adopts dynastic history, 1 3 system, I 402; accession, II 255; policy, 107 sq, 258 sqq, 261; La Hogue, Battle of, compared oharacter, 257, 264 sq, 288, 291; to Lepanto, II 304 why he fell, 258; and toleration, La Renaudie, executed, I 57 261 sq, 289 sq; proclaims rights Lausun, Ooont, n 302 of conscience, 254; courses open Lavalette, defends Malta, 1145 to, 263 sq; reign, periods of, 264; League, Oatholic, helps Philip IT, I hostility to the Dutch, 279 sq; 39,208,226 sq; War of the, 47; attitude towards the Pope, 290 Holy, established by Pius V, I sq 146; dissolved, 151; terms of Jame. IV oj Scotland, his marriage, the, 173 sq; SchmaZkaldic, de­ England and Sootland united by, feated at Miihlberg, 1 21; and 159 the Reformation, 305 Jarnac, Battle oC,;[ 116, 129, 130, LeibnitJl, Consilium Aegyptiacum, 161, 182; a blow to Elizabeth, n 168 194 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, Juuitl, Ord.eJo of, its beginning, 18; candidate for hand of Mary INDEX. 395

Stuart, I 100 sq; in the Nether­ designs on Spanish monarchy, lands, 198 sq; death, 218 138 sq; resistance of Europe to, Leopold, Empef'O'1' of Germany, 209 sq; threatens Germanic elected, II 92; marries Margaret, Powers, 231 daughter of Philip IV, 121; Louis Gunthe1' of N aBBaU, and joins coalition of 1673, 208; Charles IX, I 131 sq; takes treaty with Dutch Republic, 209 Mons, 148; besieges Cadiz, 235 Lepanto, Battle of, J 142, 146 sq, LoU'Vois, Marshal, re-organises 161 French Army, II 203 ; policy, 230. Lerma, Vizi1' of Philip III, 1241; 232, 255, 299 why dismissed, 265 sq; his hopes Low Countries, see Netherlands of James I, 267; his truce, 268 Lubeck, Treaty of, J 342, 346 Lockhart, Colonel, envoy of Crom­ Luther, Martin, heresy of, to be well in Paris, II 83 put down by Charles V, J 21; Longjumeau, Peace of, J 129 sides with the state, 65; denies L01'Taine, House of, joins the authority of General Councils, Empire, I 18; see Guise; Charles, 78; creates Teutonic Christianity, Duke of, and the Turks, II 244 83 Louis XI, seizes duchy of Burgundy, Lutte1', King of Denmark defeated J 45 at, I 346 Louis XII, popular, J 48 Luzemburg, House of, and the Louis XIII, marries Infanta Anne, Habsburg, I 12, 13; Town of, I 253, 284; Huguenots rebel acquired by Louis XIV, II 247, against, 339; relations with 354 Charles I, 840, 897 sq Louis XIV, birth, J 394; marriage, Madt'id, Peace of, J 332 23, II 124, 137; assumes govern­ Malta, defended by Knights of St ment, 129; reign, J 411, II 95 j John, I 143, 145; besieged by character, 294; ascendancy, 177, Soliman, 145 289; policy, 203, 243-7, 295 ; Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, and toleration, 175; anti-papal, her marriage, I 23; Scotoh claim 252 sq, 259, 290; a new Henry derived from, 43 ; unites England Vill, 260; position, 228 sqq, and Sootland, 59 266, 303; failure, 305, 30B, 323; Margaret Theresa, daughter of second attack, 31B sq; relations Philip IV, marries Emperor with England, 176, 222, 241; Leopold, II 121 with Charles n, 126, 213 sq,240, Margaret of Valois, proposed mar­ 243,287; with James n, 269 sq; riage with Henry of Navarre, J and the Pretender, 351 sq, 363; 125 proposed Empero1:, 92, 94, 231 Maria of Bragan9a, proposed mar­ sq; obtains Alsace, J 431 ; War riage with Cardinal-Infant Hen­ of Devolution, II 147, 177; and rique, 1165 the Netherlands, 146 sq, 149, Maria ThereBa, daughter of Philip 167; and Portugal, 122 sqq, 125 ; IV, marriage, II 124, 137 396 INDEX.

Marie de Medici., her inll.uence in Masaniello, 1428 France, 1847 Maubeuge, Treaty of, u 62 Marignano, victory of Francis I at, Maurice of Nassau, begins his ca.- 149 . reer, I 227 Marlborough, John ChurchiU, Duke M/J$imilian I, marries Mary of of, and William llI, u 833, 346; Burgundy, I 14; his impecuni­ and the Union, 370 osity, 15 Marriages, royal, results of, I 10, Maieimilian II, and Protestant dis­ 17, 18,37and pa.ssim sensions, I 115; inheritance, 300 Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, sq;. feelings towards Philip :u. marriage, I 11, 23; cousin of ib. sq Charles V, 19; her reign a Habs­ Mazarin, Cardinal, and England, burg invasion, 24; Spanish in I 419 sqq, 423 sqq, 432 sq; and feeling, 25; her persecutions, the Commonwealth, 848, u 81, Ranke's opinion of, 26; death, 83 sqq; and Cromwell, 1421; on 29; its effect on position of English affairs in 1659, u 118 England, 34 ; compared with sqq; under a Spanish Queen, I Mary Stuart, 49 sq, 98 868; and Conde, 888, II 88; and Mary, daughter of Charles I, mar­ Italy, 428; and French Parlia­ riage, I 405 sqq, 409, 413, u 10 ment, 429; compared with Na.­ Mary, daughter oj Jamu, Duke of poleon, 430; patron of letters, York, marriage, I 405 &qq, 409, ib.; decline, beginning of, ib.; 413, II 218 sq; Anglican, 313 second retirement, II 63; second Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, mar· ascendancy, 67; death, 127 riages, I 11, 12,. 42, 93, 100; Middlemore, agent of Elizabeth, I marriage-proposals, 117, 124 sq; 132 sq compared with Mary, Queen of Milan, Duchy oj, given by Charles England, 49, 50, 98; first Stuart V to Philip II, I 34 Pretender, 52 sq; and Counter­ Mohacz, Louis II of Hungary de­ Reforma.tion, 71, 94, 115, 123; feated by Soliman at, I 31, 141, connenons, 56, 94; career, pe­ 144 riods of, 94 sqq, 102; prinoipal Mommsen, Th.eodor, on Cromwell, resources, 95; forms Anglo-Scotch II 103 party, 96, 103; relations with Mancontour, Battle of, I 116, 123, Elizabeth, 97, 100 sqq, 197 sqq; 130, 161, 182; a blow to Eliza­ and the Scotch, 97, 105; policy, beth, 134 99 sqq; and Philip :u. 124; will, Monk, General, II 35, 37 sq 157; execution, 196 sq, 199-202 Monmouth, Duke of, II 281 sq Mary of Modena, marries James, Montagu, .A.dmiral, sails for lJadiz, Duke of York, II 201 u 89; in the Baltic, 144 Mary of Burgundy, marries Maxi­ Montecuculi, defeats Turks at St milian 1, I 14 Gothard, II 245, 266 Maryland, toleration introduced in Montmorency, Henri II, Due de, I by Lord Baltimore, I 853 361; rebels, 367; execution, 381 INDEX. 397

Mo0r8, conquest of the, I 16 lations with France, 1225, II 140, Mme., Eltctor, rebellion of, I 22; 149, 156; treaty with Denmark, an adversary of Charles V, 26 40 sq; treaty with Emperor Leo­ Mme., John, of Nassau, in Brazil, pold, 209; as a sea· power, I 269 u64 sq sqq, 349 sq; in 1620, 258; and Morland, on Wa.1denses, 1177 sq trade, 298, II 13 sq, 31 sq, 39 sqq; Miihlberg, Sohmalkaldic League de­ government a loose federation, feated at, I 21 50 sq, 54; dangerous position, Miinstf!r, Treaty of, I 418, 427 sqq, 149; failnre in North Amerioa, 431 155; revolution in, 194-7 Murray, James Stuart, Earl of, his NWf!rs, Prince, succeeds to Mantua control ovet Mary, I 102; mur­ and Montferrat, I 876 dered, 113; oharaoter, 150 Newfoundland,I271 Nicholas, secretary to Charles II, Nantes, Edict of, I 237; Revooa­ II 73 tion of, 6, II 204, 251 Nimeguen, Treaty of, II 140, 223; Napu., won by Spain, 116 establishes French ascendancy, Navigati01l .dct, II 25 sq, 33; not 224, 227 directly owing to Cromwell, 31 NOr-dlingen, Battle of, I 349, 380 Ntthtrlands, united with Burgun­ sq, 416 dy, 114; with Austria, 16; under Norfolk, DUke of, under Elizabeth, Spain, 34, 175; relations with his treason, I 113 sqq; proposed England, 34, 128, lSI sq; how marriage with Mary Stuart, 117 treated by Elizabeth, 174 sqq; Nyborg, taken by De Ruyter, II 144 religious movement in, 65, 116; and Alva, 117; relations with Oates, Titus, II 239 France, 131, 231 sq; anticipated Oldenbarneveldt, I 413 partition of, 131; European im­ Oliva, Treaty of, II 144 portance of movement in, 133, OlivOlT'ez, I 385, 386 140; Don John, governor of, Oquendo, Spanish admira.1, I 395 sq 151 sq; rebellion irrepressible, Orange, House of, connenon with 216; transferred to Archduke Al­ the Stuart, I 409, II 141 j charac. bert, 237, 239; the Catholic, 302, ter, I 412 j raised to roya.1 rank, 11354 sq, 857; the united, republic 413, II 141; power shaken, 11; of, 1155, 194, 232, 364, 412, II 9 ; opposed by Cromwell, 52 sqqj relations with Spain, I 427 sqq, Principality of, occupied by the II 209; wars with Spain, I 226, French, II 233 255, 312, 38S; re1a.tions with Oruans, Gaston, Duke of, I 361; England, 225, II 31 sq, 143 sq, rebels, 367, 381 145, 161 sq, 210 sq, 322 sq; wars Orleans, Philip, Duke of, marries with England, 10, 22, 33, 36 sq, Henrietta, daughter of Charles I, 141 ; republicanism of, oompared II 129; marries Pa.1atine Princess with English imperia.lism, 23 sq; Elizabeth Charlotte, 268 sq fleet enters Thames, 152 sq; re- Ormond, EarZ of, II 7 398 INDEX.

Omabriick, Treaty of, I 418, 428, Pennington, Admiral, I 376 431 Perez, Antonio, minister to Philip OthfM1I, HOfUe of, still powerful in II, I 240 1566, I 141 sqq Philip II of Spain, marriages, I Ozrnstierna, II 69 23, 36, 38, 120, 127; J!larriage.­ proposals, 36, 38; plays the part Palatinate, question of the, I 317; of Roman Emperor, 32; inheri­ Spanish troops in, ib.; War of tanoe, 34; maritime power, 35; the, 345; devastated by Louvois, successes at St Quentin and 11299 Gravelines, 38; makes Treaty of Papacy, claims to dictate to kings, Catesu-Cambresis, ib.; partly a I 67; effect of Counter-Reforma­ Valoia, 45; relation to Charles the tion on, 79; re-converied to Bold, 46; compared with Thea­ Christianity, 81 dosius, 78, 140; with Emperor Po.r'U, religious in1I uence of its Leopold, 143; with Louis XIV, Univers.ity, I 77; dissociates it­ 149; character, 85, 139, 154; self from the Reformation, 84; greatness, 161 j policy, 88 sq; declares for the Counter-Refor­ and Mary Stuart, 124, 200 sq ; mation, 209; relieved by Parma, and battle of Lepanto, 147; 227; Parliament of, and Mazarin, threatens African ports, 145; 429; alliance signed at, in 1657, relation to Don John, 159; sup­ 1183 ported by Catholic League, 208; Parliament, foreign policy of, iu always bankrupt, 227; war with 1625, I 336-9; and Buckingham, the Three Powers, character of. 337; and the Heet, 390 j and 23~; relations with England, Louis XIV,II 241 28, 72; with France, 119 sqq, ParfM, see Alezander of 124; and Portugal, 88, 162 sqq; Par,07UI, arrives in 1580, I 172 relations with the Netherlands. Pascal, II 236 194; reign, 208; death, 89 Paul IV (Caraffa), and Counter· Philip III of Spain, I 225; enemy Reformation, I 73; Christian of Elizabeth, 237-242; policy, character of, ib.; unfortunate, 238; dismisses Lerma, 265; his 74; a Neapolitan politician, ib.; religion, 274 his opposition to Philip divides Philip IV of Spain, marries Eliza­ Britain from Roman Church, beth of France, I 253, 284; allied 74 sq; his minister, 75; his with Ferdinand II, 312; his religious zeal, 81; in Spain, brother Ferdinand, 381; declares 83 war with Cromwell, II 81; death, Pallia, Battle of, I 46 138 Pedro II of Portugal, II 178 Philip the Handsome, of Burgundy, PeU, John, II 67, 72, 81 I 14; inheritance and marriage, Penn, Admiral, II 79, 73 sq, 77; 15; consequences of marriage, sent to the Tower, 81 . 17; death, ib. Penn, WiUiam, II 288, 291 Philippson, Martjn, his view of INDEX. 399

Mary Stuart, I 95; on alliance pared with Drake. 220sqi policy, of Sootland and France, 108 223; and Anti-Spanish party, Pinerolo, Treaty of, II 81 sq 280; last adventure, 285-8, Piu. IV (Giovanni .4ngelo Medici), 290sq state of Chnrch under, I 74; and Banke, his view of English History, his minister, 75; and the I 2; opinion of the Marian Counter-Reformation, ib. persecutions, 26; on Charles I, Piu. Y (GhiBlieri) , excommunicates 425; on the Restoration, II 117 Elizabeth, I 68; his religion, Batisbon, Diet held at, in 1608, I 309 81 sq; establishes Holy League, Ba"aillac, murders Henry IV, I 146 283sq Plot, GunpotDder, I 279 Beform4tion, its end, I 20; retains Poland, returns to Catholicism, I its first gains, 70; saved by 69; war in, II 68 sq England and Scotland, ib.; its POtIIWania, Gustavus Adolphus in, legal method a General Council, r 879 78; as rebellion against State, Port Boyal, II 236 67; effect of Council of Trent Portugal, coveted by Hsbsburgs, I on. 79 sq, 85 sq ; Calvinistic, I 84; claimed by Philip II, 88; an­ 65; becomes rebellion, 67; in nexed by Spain, 160 sqq, 162 sqq, Scotland, 104; Dutch, I 129: 166; recovers its independenoe. Engluh, connexion with Habs.. 162, 864, 385 sq; oolonies, 167; burg Power, I 19, 61; character, national feeling, 229; union of 51;- oaused by tlie King, 66; with Spain, compared with union Freru:h, beginning of, I 60 sq ; of Englaud and Scotland, 385; GtrfMn, I 302sqq; Lutheran, war with Spain, II 61; revival character of, I 66; politically of monarchy, 64; relations with conservative,· 305 sq; Scotch, I Lonis XIV, 122sqq, 156; saved 51, 55; begins as rebellion, 54, by victory of Almexial, 128 ; 104; Sws, beginning of, I 66 lost to Spanish monarchy, ib. Begensburg, Treaty of, II 247; and Prag'llll, Treaty of, I 846, 849, 382 James II, 270 Protectorate, different phases of, II Beq'IIIIBe1IB, Governor of the Nether­ 86 lands, death, I 151 Puritanism, in England, I 115; .Bestitution, Edict of, 1345 sq, 378 vitality of, 279; beeomes separ­ BttJolution, the Engluh, II 172 sq, atism, 295 sq 176 sq, 212 sq, 221, 224, 225 sq, Pym, John, speeoh ·of, in 1621, I 250, Part VII, oap. I passim, 816 274 sq, 276 sq, 281 sq, 286, 292sq, Pyrenee., Treaty of, I 363; II 114, 296, 311 sqq, 315 sq, 321, 328, 122 sq; compared with Treaty 331, 332 sq, 334-9, 3U sqq, of Cateau-Cambresis, 97; effect 344sqq; the European, how a­ on France, 130 verted, II 256 sq ; the French, compared with the religions ware, Balegh, Sir Wa/t4r,1219-24; com- I 128sq 400 INDEX.

Reyrwlds, lands troops at Boulogne, Sazany, Elector of, and the Refor­ II 90 maticm, I 66; the chief Lutheran Rhine, Confederation of the, II 94 state, 345 Riccio, murder of, I 105 Schleswig, disputed sovereignty of, Richelieu, Cardinal, period of, I II 280 316, 347, 382; policy, 256, 340, Schma!kaldic League, see League 359, 374 sq, 382 sq, 410; and Schomberg, Marshal, enters Portu­ Charles I, 330, 398 sq; and guese service, II 128, 130; at Henrietta Maria, 409; and Gus­ Battle of the Boyne, 302 tavus Adolphus, 348, 378-82 ; Schctmberg, Meinhard, his son, II his idea of the state, 366-70; 302 dictates international history, Scotland, connexion with the Va­ 360-5 ; founds school of diplo­ lois, I 40; relations with France, macy, 370; intervenes in Val­ 42 sq, 108 sqq; relations with tellin, ib.; supports Protestant­ England, 50, 414 sqq, 422 sq, II ism a.broa.d, 372 sq; a.ttacks 4 sqq, 6, 336 sqq; union with House of Austria, 373 sq; relieves England, I 51, 107 sqq, 351 sq, Casale, 376 sq; applied to by II 329, 338 sq, 360-77, 362; Scotch insurgents, 407; death, national feeling, 1 51, 54; Re­ 386,410 formation in, character of, 51, Ridolfi, Catholio agent, I 119, 131 66; oivil war in, 55, 389; Bis­ Bocroi, Battle of, I 386, 411, 41~ hops' Wars, 415; Revolution in, Rome, Sack of, I 46 II 250; ecclesiastical settlement, RolUn, Treaty of, I 109 333; as a commercial state, 366 Rudolf II, inheritance, I 300 sq sq; and the Hanoverian suoces­ Rupert, Prince, heads a maritime sion, 368 sq; Jacobite party in, royalism, II 21, 28 369 ; prosperity, 371 Ruyter, Michael Adrian de, Admi. Sebastian, Don, of Portugal, falls ral, II 34 sq, 154; takes Nyborg, at Alcazarkebir, I 162, 165 144; wins battle of Southwold Seignelai, naval minister, II 300 Bay, 196 Selden, writes Mare Clausum, I 350 Ry.wick, Treaty of, II 297, 805 sq, Selirn II, I 143; allied with the 850sq Moriscoes, 145 sq; oharacter, 146 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Ear! of, ShafteBbury, Ashley Cooper, Lord, becomes minister, I 237 II 193, 200; his programme, 241 Sandwich, Lord, ambassador at Sicily, won by Spain, I 16 Madrid, II 163 sq Siztm V, 1 187; and death of Santa Cnu, wins naval battle, I Mary Stuart, 200 162; writes to Philip,l71; urges Soissons, Louia de BourbO'1l, C01IIte him to suppress England, 196 de, 1 361 Savoy, CharZe. Emanuel, Duke of, Soliman, Sultan, 1 141 i besieges II 71 sq, 79; invades France, Malta, 145 805 Solm, Count, II 902 INDEX. 401

8ryphia, E~ctrt,., r 404 Spinola, Spanish general, invades 8ourt, Coum de, Portuguese envoy, Palatinate, I 313 II 124 Stayner, Captain Richard, II 89 8lYUthwoW. Bay, Battle of, II 196 St Bartholomew'. Day, massacre of, Spain, how made, r 16; its Chris­ I 113, 137, 182; attitude of tianity, products of, 83; mari­ Elizabeth towards, 126 time power, 141 sqq, 214; Mos­ 8t Domingo, Venables 1a.nds in, II lem population, 144; and Portu­ 80 sq gal, 160 sqq, II 61, 156; relations St Germain, Peace of, I 129, 136 with England, I 86 sq, 152 sq, St Gothard, Battle of, II 245 II 56, 69 sq, 211; and Charles St John, Knights of,' in Malta, I H, 114 sq, 168; wars with 143,145 Eng1a.nd, I 92, 208-7, 216 sq, 8t John, Oliver, English Ambas­ 828 sq; relations with France, sador to Holland, II 20, 23 sq, 873, 431, II 341 sqq; wars with 27 France, I 224, 387, 393, II 9, 61 Stockar,JohannJakob, Swiss envoy, sqq, 139; relations with the II 67 Netherlands, 427 sqq, II 209; Stow-on-the-.WoZd, Battle of, 1416 wars with the Netherlands, I 224, St Quentin, Battle of, I 38, 46, 144, 226, 255, 383; relations with H7,161 Italy, 376; aJlied with Austria, Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl 882; policy, 240, 265 sq; decline, of, conduot, I 338 sq; opinion of 282 sq; power augmented, 874; Charles I's foreign policy, 344; cedes Franche Comte, II 208; hates war, 394 sq end of ascendancy, 130 sq Strasburg, annexed by France, II Spanish Monarchy, I 33; Pari I 233 sq . chap. v passim; isolation, 132; Strickland, Walter, English Am­ nature, 139 sqq, 383 sqq; re­ bassador to Holland, II 20, 23 lations with England, 152 sq, sq,27 168 sqq; relations with France, Stuart, House of, claims upon Eng- 168 sqq, 361 sq, II 136, 320 sq; 1a.nd, I 40; in English politics, wars with France, I 382; designs 52; its Pretenders, ib.; Mary as of Louis XIV on, II 138 sq; Pretender, 53; oonnexion with passes to House of Bourbon, 319 the Bourbon, 58; marriage·polioy, sq; wars with the Netherlands, 273-8; and Gustavus Adolphus, I 312; loses Franche Comte, u. 346; oonnexion with House of 227; dissolution, I 364; sup­ Orange, 409; 'at the Hague, II ported by Austria, 378; loses 24; periods of, 105 Portugal, II 128 Stuart Monarchy, flilse position of, SpaniBh Succession, first attempt to I 399 sq; family point of view, settle, II 209; war of the, 329, ib. sq; Queens, alwllYs Catholio, 334,343,849-59 408 ; policy, dynastio and nil­ Spice Islands, and the Dntch, tionlll,43S 1292 Sully, mission Of;I 268 S. II. 26 402 INDEX.

Sma, Treaty of, I 332, 340 sq and Duke of York, 112 sq; cam­ Sweden, threatened on the Baltio, paign in the Netherlands, 168 sq I 348; and Franoe, 349, 374, Turkey, decline of, I 146; and 384, D 158 land the Thirty Balance of Power, 207 Years' War, I 3Ul and Treaty Twrks, Ottoman, withstood by of Osnabrock, 428, 431 Charles V, I 21; and by Austria, Swift, Jonathan, on Ireland, D 378 32;. by Germany, 33; they be­ sq siege Vienna, D 225, 244 sq Switzerland, Reformation in, I 66; relations with England, D 67, Utrecht, Treaty of, D 338, 348 81 Valois, House oJ, and the Habs. Temple, Sir William, and Triple burg, I 40, 45; connexion with Alliance, II 147, 163 sq; his Scotland, 40, 49; enters into ,achievement, 158 sqq; style of English politics, 40, 42 sq; dy­ his despatches, 159 sq; on Louis nastyof,ends, 44; briUiantepoch XIV, 167sq; on Turenne,168sq of, 48; disappears, 170 sq Teneriffe, D 90 Vane, Sir Harry, I 353; reorga- Tezd, Battle of the, D 35 nises navy, II 31 ' Thames, Dutch fleet enters, D 152 sq Venables, Admiral, D 73 sq, 77; in Thirty Year,' War, I 255, 264; St Domingo, 80 sq; sent to the beginning of, 310; and question Tower, 81 of the Palatinate, 317; character Venetians, attacked in Cyprus by of, 345; last phase, 562; France Selim II, I 146 and Sweden, 574; end of, 429 Vervins, Treaty of, I 170, 189, 225, 7'okoly, Emerich, D 245 232, 233, 235 Toleration, idea of, in England, Villa Viciosa, Battle of, D 128 1553 Virginia, oolony of, when founded, Toryism, phases of, D 346 sq, 359 sq 1271, 293sq Trent, Council of, begins Counter­ Reformation, I 6, 20, 75; success Waldell8es, persecution of, D 71 sq, of, 76; principles of Counter­ 79 Reformation codified at, 77; in. Wallenstein, I 379 sq; replaces fluence of ite deoisions, 78; com­ , Gustavus Adolphus, 381 pared with Council of Nicaea, ib; Wassenaer, Jacob IIan, Baron of followed by a ooalition, 86 Obdam, succeeds Tromp, D 38 Tromp, Cornelius, Admiral, I 350, Westminster, Treaty of, D 82, 210 sq 395 sq; battle with Blake, II Westphalia, Treaties of, I 312, 386, 53sqq 418, D 62, 229 Troyes, Treaty of, I 136 Wezford, massacre of, D 7 Tunis, taken by SeIim II, I 146 Whitelocke, Bulstrode, at Upsala, TurenM, campaigns oompared with D 55sq, 59sq Marlborough's, I 416 sq; wins White Mountain, Battle of, I 264, 311 battle of the Dunes, D 94sqq; William I of Orange, and Louis of INDEX. 403

Nassau, 1 131; exiled, 147sq; Winnington Bridge, Battle of, II character, 150; first successes, , 115 151; murdered, 168, 186 sq WinlDood, Ralph, and Anti-Spanish William II of Orange, marriage, party, I 280; favours Ralegh's compared with William Ill's, scheme, 287 I 405 sqq, 409, 413, II 10; eha­ With, Corne Ii. de, Vice-Admiral racter,llsqq; policy, 13,15sqq, Witte, 1134 17; and Charles II, 16; death, Witt, Corneltus de, arrested, II 12,17sq 195 William III, compared with Eliza­ Witt, John de, I 413; becomes beth and Cromwell, 1 5; mar­ Pensionary, II 24; on the United riage, 23, 59, 405 sqq, II 218 sq; Netherlands, 36; and Cromwell, reconciles dynastic with national 47; feels as a 1I0llander, 50 sq ; system, I 402 sq; in the Nether­ presides over Dutch Common­ lands, a Pretender, II 'l41sq; wealth, 141sq; his government, founds union against Louis XIV, 144; policy, 148, 150; attempted 210 sq; represents Protestan­ assassination of, 195; resigna­ tism, 216 sq, 277; cause of his tion, ib success, 258; accession in Eng­ Wrangel, Swedish general, 1417 land, 331; position, 294, 297; Wyatt, Sir Thomas, his, rebellion Irish campaign, 301sq; as Euro­ crushed, I 25 pean statesman, 310; Calvinist, WyZson, Dr, translates Dewos­ 313; training, 325 sq; policy, thenes, I 156 324; reign, 327; work (sum­ mary), 309 sqq, 333, 340 Zutphen, Battle of, I 1940 Wi/merger war, the, 11 81 · Q!:ambn'llgt: PRINTED BY 3. & O. 1!. CLAY, AT THE UNIVBBSlTY PRESS. .'