Names Were Often Spelled in a Variety of Ways in the Period Covered by This Book

Home , Catherine of Braganza, Ferdinand VII of Spain, John III of Portugal, John IV of Portugal, Margaret of Valois, Mocatta

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Index

Names were often spelled in a variety of ways in the period covered by this book. I have listed persons under the spelling most commonly used; variations appear in parentheses or are cross-referenced. Only older authors and titles of anonymous works of the time are listed.

Abbot (archbishop of Canterbury), 457 Alba, house of, 126 Aberdeen, 435 Alba, third duke of (Fernando Alvarez Aboab, Jacob and Joseph, 193 de Toledo), 18, 126, 300n. 18, 309, Aboab, Rabbi Immanuel, 178, 179n. 53, 310–12, 314–16, 320, 323–25, 327, 329, 184 332, 364, 391, 401, 467f., 522 Aboab da Fonseca, Rabbi Isaac, 177, Alberoni (cardinal), 542n. 61 182n. 67 Albert (archduke of Austria), 116, 324, Abrabanel (Abarbanel; Abravanel), 429 Isaac, 67f., 158, 163, 167f., 199 Albuquerque, dukes of, 77, 154 Abraham bar Selomoh, 163n. 13 Alcalá, Diego de, 131 Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi, Rabbi, Alcalá de Henares, 39, 65, 106, 131, 140, 164n. 14 260, 262; and Irish College, 437; uni- An Account of Spain (1700), 81n. 39, versity of, 153, 181, 300n. 21, 531 101, 119n. 157, 122n. 171, 123n. 177, Alcanterilla, 251 142n. 62, 289 Alcora, 270 Acosta, José de, S.J., 377n. 88, 447n. 8, Alcudeña, 262 487, 499n. 69 Aleandro, Girolamo (papal nuncio), 299 Addison, Launcelot, 239 Alemán, Mateo, 214 Adrianople, 166 Alexander VI (pope), 236, 295n. 2, 296, Aerschot, duke of, 147 357, 373, 377n. 87 Africa, 104, 126, 513. See also North Alexander the Great, 338, 357 Africa Alexandria, 166 Aglionby, William, 86n. 58, 517 Al‹eri, Vittorio, 123n. 177, 526 Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, 528f. Alfonso I d’Este, 254 Águila, Juan de, 421 Alfonso X of Castile, 538 Agustín, Antonio (archbishop of Tar- Algeciras, 270 ragona), 65, 108 Algiers, 192n. 100, 194n. 107, 206n. 160 Ahmad ibn Qasim al-Hajari, 210f. Alhama, 75 Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de, 123 Alhambra, 52, 103, 110, 111, 249, 252 Alava, province of, 42n. 134 Alicante, 39, 42, 45, 136, 197, 208, 535

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Allen, William (cardinal), 301, 367f., Aragonese, 82, 85, 336, 339, 511, 534n. 384, 406, 426n. 118, 427n. 121, 428 26, 540 Almazán, Nicolás, S.J., 418 `Arama, Rabbi Isaac, 195 Almería, 103, 161 Aranjuez, 47, 88, 95, 97f., 106, 534 Alpujarras, 81 Araucana, 450 Alumbrados, 221n. 211, 342 Archers of the Royal Guard, 65f. Alured, Thomas, 466n. 85 Archidona, 251 Alva Ixtilxóchitl, Fernando de, 484 Architects, Italian, 16 Álvarez, Baltasar, 159n. 116 Architecture, Mudejar, 262 Álvarez de Colmenares. See “Col- Aretino, 236 menares, Juan Alvarez de” Arévalo, 521 Amadís de Gaula (Gaule), 169, 448 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, earl of, 39 Ambassadors. See Diplomats Ariosto, Ludovico, 237, 299 America, 192n. 100 Aristotle, 328 Amsterdam, 5, 167, 171, 197, 285, 323, Arles, 12 381; Jewish community in, 174–94, Arlington, Lord, 274 198, 199, 213n. 183, 229n. 248 Armagh, archbishop of, 219 Andalusia (Andalusians), 46, 51, 67, 82, Arnauld, Antoine, 237, 336 88, 100–103, 149, 199, 212n. 176, 251, Arnold, John (Carthusian), 422 253, 262, 269, 401, 411, 418, 424, 512, Arras. See Monks, Benedictine from 536n. 37, 540 Arras Angelus, 142 Art: Italian, in Spain, 254–56; Medieval, Angola, 59, 193n. 104 109–11; Renaissance, 111, 253; Span- Anna of Austria (queen of Philip II), ish, diffusion of, 256–60 144n. 69 Arthur (king), 330 An Answer to the untruthes published Arthur, Patrick, 442n. 185 and printed in Spaine (1589), 386 Artisans. See England, artisans of; Flan- Antequera, 75, 121 ders, artisans of Antiquities, 107–9 Artois, 64, 104 Antonio, Nicolás, 125, 537 Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of, 35, Antwerp, 57, 65f., 116, 174, 175, 180, 258, 260, 281n. 28, 282n. 29 186, 196, 241f., 251, 252, 316, 318, 323, Ashkenazi, 185 355, 443, 450, 505n. 5, 528; Sack of, Ashley, Robert, 388n. 124 310f., 336, 398n. 7, 448 Assisi, 13 Apocalyptic mentality, 363, 384, 459 Aston, Walter (Lord Aston of Forfar), Apparitions, 139f. 35, 39, 48n. 157, 82n. 44, 85, 119n. Appellant party, 369n. 60, 392–94, 396, 157, 120, 121n. 164, 133n. 28, 138n. 399, 419 45, 154n. 103, 258, 434f., 456, 463f., Arabic, 98, 205, 210, 211; manuscripts 508, 531 in, 67 Asturias, 11, 44, 79, 278, 535 Arabists, 63, 211 Atahualpa (Inca), 486, 488 Arabs, 201 Athias, Joseph, 184 Aragon, 31, 41, 66, 87, 88, 91f., 162n. 9, Atiya, Abraham, 194 205, 206, 212, 219, 220, 225f., 243, Augsburg, 243 262, 274, 300, 403f., 468, 518, 535, Augustine, St., 182, 191, 359 536n. 37; and revolt, 84, 86, 216, Augustinians, 126, 153 387, 389, 422. See also Crown of Aulnoy, Madame d’, 6n. 11, 43n. 139, Aragon 47n. 155, 60–62, 71, 76, 91n. 70, 95, index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 557

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97n. 91, 100, 111, 122n. 171, 123, Barreiros, Gaspar, 77n. 24, 90n. 68, 91, 153n. 101, 154–56, 229, 233, 243, 289, 92n. 80, 111 349, 531, 536 Barrios, Miguel de (Daniel Levi), Austria, 16 188–91, 193, 199 Autos de fé, 135, 178n. 52, 195, 197f., Barvoet, Alexander, 117 216, 221f., 229, 230, 232, 233, 235 Basadonna, Pietro (Venetian ambas- Autos sacramentales, 136, 137, 139, 140, sador), 512 141 Basle, 14, 249. See also Platter, Thomas Averroes, 111 Basques, 231n. 254, 243, 511; language Avicenna, 111 of, 81 Avity, Pierre d’, 75n. 15, 340, 347, 529, Bassompierre, François de (French 533, 537n. 39 ambassador), 44n. 143, 113, 118n. Ayala (“knight of Biscay”), 493 155, 138, 142n. 60 Aylmer, John (bishop of London), 361 Bathe, William, 451 Bayle, Pierre, 4f., 157, 233, 537 Bacon, Francis, 118, 287, 309, 381n. 99, Baynham, Sir Edmond, 25 387, 444, 453, 458, 459, 476n. 122, 506, Bayonne, 16, 181, 220, 277 507n. 13 Beaulieu (English diplomat), 279, 281 Badajoz, 179, 262 Bedford, Lord and Lady, 358 Badesfort, James, 281 Bedmar, Alonso de la Cueva, marqués Badoaro, Federico (Venetian ambas- de (Spanish ambassador), 297n. 6, 524 sador), 83n. 48 Beg, Uluch (Uruch), 67n. 209, 112 Baglioni (Florentine), 464n. 81 Beira, 270 Baker, George, 449 Belgium, 126, 512; artisans of, 39. See Baker, Sir Richard, 376n. 82 also Flanders Balaguer, 144 Bellarmine (cardinal), 282 Baldi, Pier Maria, 59, 260, 262, 268, Bellièvre, Pomponne de, 336 270 Belon de Mars, Pierre, 165 Bale, John, 359, 377n. 87, 378, 379, 384 Bembo, Bernardo (Venetian), 55 Balearics, 103, 250 Bembo, Giovanni (Venetian), 108 Baltasar, Gracián, S.J., 5 Benavente, count of, 259, 531 Bandits, 40, 46, 89 Benedictine Order, 413, 440; and English Barberini, Francesco (cardinal-legate), émigrés, 64. See also Monks, Benedic- 49, 112, 137 tine, from Arras Barcelona, 11, 38n. 114, 45–47, 50, 56, Bentivoglio, Guido (cardinal), 326 66, 75, 79n. 35, 81, 85, 87, 88f., 91, 99, Benvenisti, Abraham (Augustín 100, 109, 119n. 158, 119, 228n. 240, Enríquez), 167 232, 243, 246, 250, 253, 260, 262, 269n. Benveniste, Rabbi Moses, 193 64, 277, 279, 287, 511, 512, 518, 535, Benzoni, Gerolamo, 7n. 12, 302f., 304, 541; British consuls at, 39; convent of 333, 379n. 95, 470, 504 Junqueras in, 88; procession in, 146n. Bermingham, Richard, O.P., 434 74; sardana at, 59 Berners, Lord John Bourchier, 446 Barclay, Jean (John), 340f., 504, 532, Berry, Richard, 457 534, 537, 542 Bertaut, François, 60, 71, 77n. 24, 93, 97, Baretti, Joseph, 3, 56 98, 102, 110, 111, 123n. 174, 129n. 18, Bargrave, Robert, 42, 92, 93n. 81, 140, 145n. 72, 152, 153, 228, 231, 232, 537 145 Bérulle, Pierre de, 50, 51n. 163 Barnes, John, 410 Berwick, 422 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 558

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Besian, Arroy, S.J., 344 Bothwell, Francis Hepburn Steward, Betanzos, Juan de, 488 earl of, 422n. 98, 430, 457n. 54 Béthoulat, André de (comte de La Vau- Bothwell, Lord (“bastard sonne”), 47 goyon), 93n. 83, 152 Bradford, John, 360 Biblical language, 13, 91, 136–38, Bradforth (Bradford), John, 354–56, 140–42, 153, 174, 183f., 186, 202, 357, 390n. 130 285, 305, 315f., 344, 357, 361, Braga, 74 386, 388f., 406, 407, 449, 469n. 100, Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, 478 seigneur de, 43, 54, 124, 141f., 144n. Bilbao, 83, 228, 440, 441; British consuls 69, 220, 310f., 326, 328–32, 333, 335, at, 39 345n. 78, 524, 527n. 33 Birch, Thomas, 286n. 37 Braun, Georg, 65, 251 Biscay, 41, 45n. 147, 250; Bay of, 87; Bis- Brazil, 179f., 512. See also Pernambuco cayans, 339, 442 Brenan, Gerald, 56 Blackfan, John, S.J., 407 Breval, J., 269f. “Black Legend” of Spain, 233, 302, Brigands, 83, 105. See also Bandits 309–27, 376f. Bright, Timothy, 362 Blaye, 11 Brihuega, battle of, 517 Bluet, Thomas, 393 Bristol, 370; earl of (see Digby, Sir John) Boccaccio, 387 Brittany, 37, 408 Boccalini, Traiano, 301, 467, 469, 504, Bromley, Sir William, 98, 136, 139n. 46, 511n. 36 229, 541 Bodenham, Roger, 371 Bronseval, Claude de, 42n. 135, 87n. 59, Bodin, Jean, 8, 127n. 9, 127, 165, 331–33, 89n. 64, 91, 92n. 75, 143n. 65, 504 220 Bodkin, Augustine, 441f. Browne, Sir Thomas, 133, 239 Bohemian revolution of 1618, 459f. See Bruce, Robert, 422n. 99 also Frederick and Elizabeth of Brueghel, 258, 259; the Younger, 323n. Bohemia 43 Bohemians, 201 Bruges, 65, 423 Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 538 Brunel, Antoine de, 15, 60, 71, 76, 77, Bologna, 236, 254, 505 86n. 57, 87n. 59, 87, 97, 104n. 110, Books, published in Spain, 125 122, 130, 530, 534, 538; English trans- Books, trade in, 218, 221, 401; and lation of, 54n. 174 French booksellers, 227; and Protes- Bruni, Leonardo, 295n. 2 tant books, 218n. 199 Bruno, Giordano, 307 Boorde, Andrew, 13, 41, 446n. 2 Brushforde, John, 410f. Borghese, Camillo, 49, 91 Brussels, 44, 188, 189, 190, 199, 280f., Borgia, Caesar, 329 282, 324, 368, 428 Borough, Stephen, 370 Buckingham, George Villiers, ‹rst duke Borrello, Camillo, 303, 304n. 35 of, 35, 57, 79n. 33, 254n. 35, 259, 424, Borromeo (cardinal), 275 446, 453, 459f., 461–65, 466n. 85, Borrow, George, 49n. 161, 56 473f., 475n. 121, 477, 478 Boscán Almogaver, Juan, 450 Bull‹ghts, 55, 59, 119–22, 230, 279, 424, Bosch, Jerónimo, 112, 259 543 Bossuet, 5 Burghley, Lord William Cecil, 36, 57, Botero, Giovanni, 212f., 298, 303f., 95, 96n. 88, 276, 311n. 11, 357, 358, 307n. 47, 393, 504 363, 365f., 368, 371n. 65, 377n. 88, index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 559

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380f., 383, 385, 386, 392, 407, 418, 424, Capuchins, 145; French, 148 443–45, 447, 449 Cárdenas, Alonso de, 476 Burgo, Guillelmus de, 426n. 117 Cardinal-legate. See Barberini, Burgos, 11, 13, 26, 55, 74, 88, 92, 121, Francesco 134n. 30, 144, 214, 250, 405, 532; arch- Cardoso, Dr. Isaac (Fernando), 178, 184, bishop of, 155n. 109, 531; cathedral 199 at, 109, 110, 137n. 41; cruci‹x at, Carel, Jacques (sieur de Sainte-Garde), 144n. 69, 145, 146 60, 117, 122n. 169, 142n. 57, 154n. 103 Burleigh, Lord. See Burghley, William Carleton, Captain George, 90n. 67, Cecil 100n. 100, 121n. 165, 149n. 86 Burley, Richard, 38 Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy, 302 Burton, Nicolas, 361 Carlos, Don. See Don Carlos Butler, Richard, 37 Carmelites, 144, 326n. 55, 462; Dis- Byron, Lord George Gordon Noel, 123, calced, 50, 350 231 Carranza, Bartolomé de (archbishop of Toledo), 218, 221, 353n. 11 Cabala (1654), 477f. Carrión, 146, 477 Cabeças, 251 Cartagena, 259, 330 Cabots, 373n. 73 Cartography, 63 Cádiz, 12, 16, 56, 58, 74, 101, 102, 107, Carvajal y Mendoza, Luisa de, 416, 137, 142, 181, 196, 250, 253, 269, 330, 457 383, 388, 420n. 91, 440f., 469, 519; Carvalho, João, 223n. 216 English merchants in, 39; see of, 424 Casanova, 122 Caetani (cardinal-legate), 336 Casaubon, Isaac, 452f. Cairo, 192n. 10 Cashel, archbishop of, 426 Caithness, bishop of, 353 Cashel, John (archbishop), 442 Calabria, 305 Castelli, Giuseppe, 87n. 59, 117n. 152, Calais, 358 154n. 103 Calatrava, Order of, 197, 198 Castellion, Sébastien, 165n. 19 Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, 60, 532 Castello, Fabricio, 95 Calixtus III (pope), 296 Castiglione, Baldassare, 297, 528 Calvin, 182, 228, 401, 458 Castile, 10, 41f., 45n. 147, 48, 79, 81, Calvinists, 221, 310f., 313, 325, 393, 449 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92–99, 143, 162n. 9, Cambiaso, Luca, 258 168n. 25, 170, 172–73, 184, 187, 204, Cambridge: Emmanuel College, 280; 220, 237, 249, 250, 262, 274, 295n. 2, Cambridge University, 450 296, 344n. 76, 366n. 54, 468, 491, 494, Camden, William, 362, 364, 376n. 82 505, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 517; Camões, 191, 276 admiral of, 42, 115, 531; Castilians, Campanella, Tommaso, 298, 304–7, 325 84, 85, 86; Cortes of, 82, 201, 213, Campion, Edmund, 427, 448 214, 437; Council of, 39, 202; lan- Canada, French missionaries to, 334n. guage of, 4, 55, 62, 81, 166, 169–71, 30 176, 182, 286, 297, 328, 339, 346–50, Canaries, 36n. 97, 193n. 104, 372 370, 374, 446–52, 465, 540, 541n. 58; Canonisation, 133 Old, 82 Cansino, Jacob, 198 Castro, Alfonso de, 360 Canterbury, St. Thomas of, 13 Castro, Scipio di, 297f. Capsali, Rabbi Elijah (Joseph), 164, 165, Castro del Rio, 262, 263 172f. Castro y Beldis, Guillen de, 347 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 560

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Catalonia, 10, 31, 43, 45f., 47n. 151, 81, 132, 133, 146, 254n. 35, 257–60, 287, 87, 88–91, 140, 143, 205, 217, 219, 243, 342, 363n. 45, 419, 434, 436, 446, 455, 260, 300, 514, 515, 532, 533, 535, 536n. 459, 461–65, 467n. 88, 469n. 99, 469n. 37, 539, 541; Catalan Corts, 85; Cata- 100, 473–77, 504 lans, 82, 85, 237, 296, 339, 345, 518, Charles I of Spain. See Charles V 540; ›ood in, 146n. 74; and opposi- Charles II of England, 35, 54, 75, 121, tion to the Crown, 84; revolt of, 83, 272, 274, 276n. 18, 288, 289, 476 85, 86, 216, 307, 506, 510, 511f. Charles II of Spain, 50, 86, 116, 151, Catherine de Médici (queen of France), 191n. 94, 230, 513–17; second queen 334f. of, 142. See also Marie Louise Catherine of Aragon (queen of Henry “Charles III” of Spain, 137, 517f. VIII), 17, 351, 446f. Charles IV of Spain, 161 Catherine of Braganza (queen of Charles V (Charles I of Spain; Holy Charles II), 152n. 96 Roman Emperor), 5n. 8, 9n. 18, 12, Catholic League, in France, 7, 60, 237, 17f., 45, 48, 53, 64, 79, 82f., 84, 85, 334–39, 342, 401f., 418 103, 110, 115, 120, 164, 173, 183n. 70, Catholics. See England, Catholics in; 205, 216, 219, 221, 224, 226, 236, 241, Ireland; Poles; Scotland, Catholics in; 243, 254, 260, 295, 296, 299, 312, 313, Spanish Catholicism 314, 316, 317, 325–27, 329, 330, 331, Cavendish, Charles, 34n. 91 342, 343, 351, 354, 363, 375, 380, 448, Caverel, Philippe de, O.S.B., 42, 53n. 467, 483n. 9, 485, 514f., 528 170, 64, 87n. 59, 88n. 61, 89n. 64, 90, Charles IX of France, 87n. 59, 363 91, 92, 100n. 101, 104f., 106, 107, 108, Charles of Guise, 337 138, 142n. 60, 143n. 65, 530; as abbot Charnock, Robert, 399n. 9 of St. Vaast, 64 Chartres, 337 Cecil, John, 422f., 444n. 199 Chateaubriand, François René de, 349, Cecil, Robert. See Salisbury, Robert 519n. 66, 543f. Cecil Chauveton, Urbain, 333 Cecil, William. See Burghley, William Chavagnac, Gaspard de, 46n. 150, 345n. Cecil 77 Cecil, William (Lord Roos). See Roos, Chester, bishop of, 36 Lord William Cecil Chetardye, Trotti de la, 71n. 4 Cerdagne, 512 Chevreuse, duchesse de, 50, 51n. 163 Cervantes, 8, 15, 134, 210, 256, 347f., Chi›et, J. J., 344n. 76 451. See also Don Quijote Chilton, Leonard, 371n. 63 Challoner, Sir Thomas (English ambas- China, 234n. 268, 358, 372 sador), 18, 35, 48, 130, 131 Christmas Eve, 153 Chamberlain, John, 282n. 29, 465f. Churchill, John, 76n. 16 Chapelain, Jean, 71 Church music, 93 Chapman, George, 389 Cid, 183n. 70, 189 The Character of Spain (1660), 127, Cieza, Pedro de, 485–88, 489 534n. 28, 540, 542 Cisneros, Diego de, 198f., 350n. 103 Charke, William, 364f. Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de (cardi- Charlemagne, 12, 59n. 188, 335, 344 nal), 160, 161 Charles, Prince. See Charles I of Eng- Cistercians: of the Crown of Aragon, land 143; French, 16, 41, 46, 48, 60n. 192, Charles I of England, 6n. 10, 34f., 41, 87, 91, 92, 143, 220; of Portugal, 143. 57, 72, 73n. 11, 79n. 33, 84, 96, 120, See also Bronseval, Claude de index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 561

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Cîteaux, abbot of, 143n. 66 Consuegra, fray Diego de, 151 City of Majorca (Palma), cathedral at, Consuls, British, 39 104 Contarini, Gasparo, 83n. 48, 223 Ciudad Real, 195 Contarini, Simeone (Venetian ambas- Ciuti, Jacopo, 59n. 190 sador), 78 Clairvaux, abbot of. See Cistercians Conti, Ascanio, 139n. 46, 155n. 107, 278 Clarendon, Lord. See Hyde, Edward Conversos, from Judaism, 67f., 78, 137, Cleland, James, 72 161–63, 165, 167f., 169, 174, 175, 177, Clement VII (pope), 236, 241, 360 179, 184, 192f., 194–203, 207, 211, 213, Clement VIII (pope), 301, 421 214, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, Clénard, Nicolas, 7n. 12, 12, 40n.125, 225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235f., 237, 64, 504 300f., 304, 336, 401, 404, 539; bankers, Clergy, 243f. 196 Climent (bishop of Barcelona), 137 Conway, Richard, 439, 440n. 174 Cloppenburch, Jan Everhardts, 319–24 Copley, Antony, 393 Clovis, 335, 344n. 76 Córdoba, 43, 75, 102, 123n. 174, 150, Cock, Henri, of Gorcum, 65f., 81, 88f., 178, 189, 197, 231, 260, 330, 539, 541n. 90, 91, 92n. 75, 99, 100n. 100, 106, 58; bull‹ght at, 59; and English arti- 108, 109n. 127, 111, 120, 144, 225 sans, 39; ‹gs from, 35; Mezquita, 77, Coimbra, 74 110, 111, 277 Coke, Roger, 148, 474n. 117 Corfu, 192n. 100 Coke, Sir Edward, 460 Cork, 435 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 101, 478, 535 Corneille, 123, 347f., 349 Colleton, John, 399n. 9 “Cornelio Mauricio,” 433 Collioure, 46 Cornwall, 38, 383, 401 “Colmenares, Juan Alvarez de,” 43n. Cornwallis, Sir Charles (English ambas- 139, 81n. 40, 155n. 109, 235n. 272, sador), 23–26, 27 illus., 131, 132, 269, 536n. 34 134n. 32, 135n. 36, 204, 208f., 211, Colmenares, Madre Luisa (Franciscan 223n. 214, 226f., 415f., 431f., 433f., nun), 146, 462, 477 453–56, 458n. 57 Cologne, 13 Cornwallis, Sir Thomas, 132n. 27, Columbus, 303, 333 396n. 2 “Comedias.” See Theatre Cornwallis, Sir William, 24 Commynes, Philip de, 343 Corpus Christi, feast of, 55, 140; proces- Compostela. See Santiago de Com- sion on, 130, 135, 136, 153, 230, 489 postela Correggio, 257 Conchillos, Lope, 202 Corro, Antonio del, 233n. 264, 313n. 17, Confalionieri, Giovanni Battista, 47 383, 449 Confraternities, 157 Corsairs, Moorish, 46 Congregación Real de Esclavos de el Corsini, Marchese Filippo, 59 Dulce Nombre de María, 462 Cortes, Castilian, 16, 82, 99, 149, 460; of Connaught, 438f. Monzón, 83 Conry, Florence (Flaithrí Ó Maol- Cortés, Fernando, 243, 372, 482, 484 chonaire), O.M. (archbishop of Cortés, Martín, 357, 370 Tuam), 435n. 161, 438f., 440 Cortizos, Manuel, 198 Constantine (Roman emperor), 361 Cosimo III (Grand Duke of Tuscany), Constantinople, 72, 166, 167, 170, 171, 41, 47, 59, 91, 110, 115n. 146, 231, 260, 174, 192, 193, 194, 206, 209, 211, 470 536 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 562

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Coste, Pierre, 4n. 4 Custom-of‹cers (agents), 40, 87; at Cotein, Juan, 222 Aragon, 45 Cottington, Francis (‹rst baron; English Cuzco, 487, 489, 490 ambassador), 21, 25f., 28 illus., 29, 33–35, 48n. 157, 48, 50, 51n. 163, 209, Da Costa, Uriel (Gabriel), 183, 184n. 72, 211n. 174, 258–60, 273, 277, 279, 281, 185f. 282n. 29, 291, 416n. 73, 434, 455f., Dacres, Francis, 411 475, 477 Dallington, Robert, 74, 75 Cotton, Sir Robert, 366n. 54, 394, 460n. Dal Pozzo, Cassiano, 99n. 98, 112, 119, 65 121, 137, 139, 212, 231n. 253 Coulanges, Madame de, 60 Dante, 299 Council of State, 126f., 223n. 214, 276, Dantiscus, Joannes, 53, 224, 226, 243 401–3, 413n. 62, 415n. 72, 419, 423, Danzig. See Diplomats, Danzig 426, 429f., 431, 432, 439, 455, 462, Darbishire, Father (Carthusian), 280 463n. 79 Darcy, Lord, 16 Council of Trent, 22n. 64, 216 Daroca, 144 Counter-Reformation, 7f., 16, 325, 396, Daunce, Edward, 388 437, 440 Davenant, Charles, 307n. 47 Court, Benoît de, 534n. 25 Davies, Sir John, 434n. 156 Court of Spain, 60, 111–16, 178, 272, Davies, William, 72n. 8 308, 534 Davila, Enrico Caterino, 339n. 56 Covel, Dr. John, 133n. 29, 149n. 86 Davila, Fr. Thomas, O.S.A., 126 Craftsmen, French, 47 Dee, John, 370, 372f. Cranmer, Thomas (archbishop of Can- De Laet, Johann, 504f., 506 terbury), 360 Delgado, Isabel, 53 Crawford, David Lindsay, earl of, 422n. Dellon, Charles, 233, 234 98 Denmark, 72, 117, 373, 392; the Dutch, Crescenzi, Giovanni Battista (marqués 24n. 71, 204, 209, 280, 380, 391, 394, de La Torre), 256, 258 453, 455, 456, 465, 467, 475, 480, 504, Crespin, Jean, 232 507, 508, 509, 512f., 514; pamphleteers Creswell, Joseph, S.J., 24n. 72, 25, 158f., in, 234, 384, 387; revolt in, 171, 364, 208, 369, 400–405, 408, 413–20, 430, 366, 367, 376, 379, 398, 430, 433, 476, 433, 457 521, 522, 526; views of Spain in, Crete, 164 242n. 1 Croke, John, 384n. 115 Derby, Ferdinando Stanley, earl of, Cromwell, Oliver, 130, 183, 192, 193, 403 395n. 147, 444, 476, 478f. Descartes, 118 Cromwell, Thomas (earl of Essex), 13, De Thou, J. A., 234, 235, 237, 295, 313, 360 337, 343n. 72, 452, 504, 523, 524, 526 Crown of Aragon, 82, 83, 84, 86, 172, Deventer, 367 204, 208, 243, 250, 296, 332, 387, Devon, 352 517 Dialogue d’entre le Maheustre et le Crusaders, 15f. Manant, 338 Cuelbis (Culbis), Diego, 49, 129f., 143n. Dias, Mihael, 193 63, 145n. 72, 147n. 78, 252 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 484 Cuello, Antonio, 135n. 36 Diedo, Gerolamo, 298n. 11 Cuenca, 187, 215n. 190, 221n. 211, 268, Dietrichstein (imperial ambassador), 278 524 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 563

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Digby, Sir John (later ‹rst earl of Bris- Donà, Leonardo (Venetian ambas- tol; English ambassador), 21, 24, 25n. sador), 128, 224f., 297 77, 26, 28f., 30 illus., 35, 44, 50, 51n. Don Antonio (Portuguese pretender), 163, 57, 101n. 103, 222n. 212, 287n. 373, 392 42, 416, 417f., 455–58, 461, 462–64, Don Carlos, 9, 130f., 313, 315, 326, 331, 477 336, 444n. 199, 449n. 18, 520–27 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 57f., 117n. 152, 272, Donne, John, 57 473, 474n. 112, 478n. 132 Don Quijote, 61, 78, 276, 344, 347, 348, Digges, Leonard, 451 467n. 88 Diplomats: Danish, 499; Danzig, 130; Doria, Paolo Mattia, 299n. 13 English, 17–19, 21, 23, 29–36, 39, 44f., Dorléans, Luis, 338 94, 120, 135, 136, 143, 148, 149, 151, Dort, Franciscus à, 95 153, 198, 226n. 235, 226f., 279, 470f., Douai, 64, 369, 398, 405, 408, 409, 451; 531, 543; French, 19f., 26, 42, 117, Scots College, 424 129, 131, 138, 151, 152, 154, 204n. 150, Drake, Sir Francis, 9, 298n. 9, 364n. 50, 206n. 160, 221n. 211, 230, 521, 535, 372, 374, 376, 379, 380n. 97, 381, 382, 538f.; Genoese, 93, 533; Italian, 45; 392, 405, 504 Japanese, 96n. 88, 101, 105n. 111, 139, Dublin, 427; Trinity College, 437 144n. 70; Mantuan, 508; Moroccan, Dudley, Arthur, 38 11, 46, 67, 94, 98, 106, 123n. 175, 148, Dugdale, Richard, 235 228, 231, 272; papal nuncios, 22, 204, Dumas, Alexandre, 346 299f., 476; Persian, 112; Polish (see Dunblane, bishop of, 422 Dantiscus, Joannes); and their Duran, Rabbi Solomon ben Simon, reports, 17–38, 93; Spanish, 36, 260, 194n. 107 373n. 74, 401, 404, 426n. 114, 426, 431, Dutch Company of the East Indies, 193 434, 455, 466n. 85, 505; Tuscan, 115, 254f., 300, 464n. 81 (see also East Indies, 179, 380, 512 Monanni, Bernardo); Swedish, 475; Ébrard, Jean (seigneur de Saint-Sulpice), Venetian, 9, 19–22, 37, 48n. 157, 78, 221n. 211 83, 96, 98n. 96, 99n. 99, 105n. 111, Ecija, 75 109n. 128, 113, 122n. 169, 126n. 5, Eden, Richard, 43n. 138, 357f., 370, 377, 128f., 131, 143, 144n. 69, 153, 197n. 378, 425 119, 204n. 150, 206, 213, 217, 221n. Edgeman, William, 135n. 35 211, 223, 224f., 236, 237, 255, 274n. Edmonds (Edmondes), Sir Thomas 14, 281, 299n. 16, 302, 379f., 382, (ambassador), 7n. 12, 456 506f., 508, 511f., 513, 516, 520–22, Edward III of England, 352 528–30, 533, 535, 536, 543. See also Edward VI of England, 357, 360, 418, Lucca, representatives of; Testi, Ful- 447 vio; and individual diplomats Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas, 200 A Direction for a Travailer, 6, 74 Elder, John, 352f. Discours de la contrariété, 341–44, 345 Eleanor (queen-dowager of France), 312 Doerhanen, Henricus, 325n. 52 Eliot, John, 95, 96 “Doleman, R.,” 368f., 410 Elizabeth I of England, 7, 9, 18, 25, 38, Domingo de Santo Tomás, O.P., 483n. 51, 57, 72, 130, 132, 158, 208, 280, 9, 486 311f., 342, 356, 357f., 360, 361–95, Dominicans, 105, 150, 152, 224, 239, 399n. 9, 399, 400, 401, 403, 406, 410, 305, 307, 360, 440, 478, 486, 491, 494. 418, 419, 421, 429f., 437, 439, 443f., See also Navarrete, Domingo, O.P. 446f., 449, 453, 460, 467 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 564

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Elizabeth of Valois (queen of Philip II), Escudero, Lorenzo (Abraham Israel), 315, 329n. 9, 336f., 522, 523n. 14, 188 523n. 16, 524f. Espina, Juan de, 258 Ely, 368 Essex, 358n. 27 Embassies: chaplains of, 39, 451; Eng- Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, 394, lish, 53n. 172, 87, 111, 123n. 177; 449 French, 50, 93, 118; Persian, 67n. 209; Estalagem da Gaita, 264 and Protestant services in Madrid, 18, Estella, Diego de, O.M., 191 25, 26; Spanish, and Catholic services “Ethiopian” (black) slave, 64n. 203 in London, 18; Turkish, 18n. 56. See Eusebius of Caesaria, 361 also Diplomats “Eussem, Esteban,” 52n. 169 Emblesmes sur les actions, perfections Evelyn, John, 54, 58n. 187, 285n. 35 et moeurs du Segnor Espagnol, 340 Everaerts, Jean. See Second, Jean Engineers, in Italian military, 16 Evil eye, 58 England, 4, 54, 71, 76, 86, 125, 176, Evora, 64 192f., 208, 223, 225, 249, 304, 314, 317, Exiles: Catholic, 38, 157f., 396–445; col- 332, 342, 345, 446–79, 491n. 52, 518, leges founded by, 158, 366f., 369, 375, 520, 542; artisans of, 39; Catholics in, 384, 405–15, 436f., 445; Jewish, of 7, 16, 19, 36, 126f., 233, 290f., 342, 1492, 157f., 162–69; religious, 16. See 344, 365, 368–70, 385, 386, 390, 391f., also England, exiles from; Ireland, 403, 452, 456, 457, 475n. 83, 471–73, exiles from; Scotland, exiles from 476–79; the English, 17–19, 63, 89, Extremadura, 91, 197n. 118 201, 204, 298, 480, 504, 505; exiles Eymerich, Nicolau, O.P., 217 from, 38, 157–60, 201n. 138, 233, 277, 280, 281, 364, 376n. 82, 391, 393f., Fairecloth, Alexander, 410 396–421, 448, 451, 454, 470, 472; Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 478 Jesuits of, 158; king of, 12n. 28; mer- Faith healers, 58 chants of, 23, 132, 226f.; pamphleteers The Famous Fight at Malago (1588), of, 476f.; reports from, 93n. 84; resi- 387 dents of, 38f. Fanshawe, Lady Ann (wife of Sir Engle‹eld, Sir Francis, 38, 391n. 132, Richard Fanshawe), 34, 43, 52, 54, 57, 411, 412, 428 77, 97, 98, 101, 102, 124, 228f., 282f., Enríquez Gómez, Antonio, 187f., 197n. 288–91, 531n. 12 118, 203, 218, 226 Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 29, 31, 33 illus., Ens, Gaspar, 75n. 15, 101n. 103 34, 39, 97, 102, 119n. 158, 150n. 89, Enzinas, Francisco de, 233n. 264 273, 288f., 514, 515 Erasmus, 8, 13, 40, 160f., 173, 200n. 131, Favyn, André, 234 236, 238, 299, 528; Erasmians, 8, 12, Feltham, Owen, 315n. 30, 327n. 58 53, 224, 447, 486, 537 Felton, John, 446 Ernest (archduke of Austria), 389 Fénelon, François de (archbishop of Errol, Francis Hay, earl of, 422n. 98 Combray), 233n. 262, 350 Escalante, Bernardino de, 372 Fer, N. de, 76n. 19 Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio de, S.J., Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor), 51 60, 538 Ferdinand I of Spain (Ferdinand the Escorial, 17, 55n. 178, 67, 74, 75, 76, 88, Catholic), 5n. 8, 15f., 51, 59, 128, 190, 94, 95–97, 109, 112, 115, 117, 134, 154, 204, 326, 329, 332, 467f., 481, 513; and 190, 242n. 2, 255, 257, 262, 279, 345, Isabel, 103, 164f., 172, 178, 200, 223, 409, 424, 428, 470, 472, 504, 540 252, 296, 482, 518 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 565

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Ferdinand VII of Spain, 519n. 66 Foix, Louis de (“Foxius”), 523, Feria, duchess of (née Jane Dormer), 539n. 51 411 Fonseca, Cristóbal de, 451, 532 Fernández, Juan (el Labrador), 259f. Fontana, Bartolomeo, 11f. Fernández de Enciso, Martín, 372 Fontanelli, Count Alfonso, 45n. 147 Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 240, Ford, Richard, 3, 56, 100 357, 485 Fornells, 104n. 110 Fernández de Villarreal, Manoel, 218 Forneron, Henri, 527n. 34 Fernández Navarete (de Navarrete), Foster, Seth, 391n. 132 Pedro, 212, 276, 504 Fourquevaux, François Beccarie de Fernando I de’ Medici (Grand Duke of Pavie, baron de (French ambassador), Tuscany), 301 20n. 62, 107n. 117, 206n. 160 Ferrar, Nicholas, 57 Foxe, John, 232, 353n. 11, 358–63, 371, Ferrara, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 184 378, 379, 384, 459, 479 Ferrar family, 113n. 144 Frampton, John, 371n. 65, 372 Fez, 184, 206 France, 4, 46n. 150, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, Fialetti, 281n. 28 74, 75, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, Ficino, Marsilio, 307 97, 118, 125, 126, 133, 168, 176, 177, Field, Eugene, 435 184, 187, 188, 199, 203, 204, 225, 249, Field, John, 371 283, 288, 295, 296, 297, 301, 304, 307, A Fig for the Spaniard (1591), 387 314, 317, 327, 328–50, 351, 358, 363f., Finisterre, 11 368, 373, 389, 392, 400, 401, 403, 405, Fitzgerald, Richard, 94n. 85, 129n. 14, 446, 453, 465, 468, 479, 504, 506n. 11, 154n. 103, 275n. 16, 515n. 47 508, 509, 511, 512, 513, 517–19, 542f.; Fitzherbert, Thomas, S.J., 201n. 138, compared to Spain, 80, 274, 286, 510, 402, 410, 411, 428f. 514f.; craftsmen of, 92; the French, Fitzmaurice, James, 426 50, 51n. 163, 81, 129, 201, 228, 237f., Flagellants, 138, 243, 248, 270f. 279, 298, 378, 409, 480, 522, 528; Flahry of Tuam. See Conry, Florence southern, 138, 209, 211 Flanders, 16, 34, 72, 73, 92, 99, 117, 123, Franchi, Fabio, 118n. 156 174, 177, 179, 180, 188, 225, 227, 300, Francis I of France, 205n. 154, 241, 305, 329, 330, 354, 363, 364n. 50, 369, 354n. 16 372, 401, 403, 408, 409, 411, 417, 418, Francis II of France, 312, 364 419, 423, 428, 432, 437, 438, 446, 491n. Franciscans, 25, 148, 150, 152, 323, 440, 52, 509, 512; artisans of, 63; artists of, 484, 491, 493, 494, 499; English, 98, 241f., 251; bookseller of, 94; engineer 108n. 125, 146; German, 137n. 41, of, 63; the Flemish; 62, 100, 116, 117, 139n. 47; Irish, 435, 438. See also 230, 307, 336, 449, 507; humanists of, Álvarez, Baltasar; “Colmenares, Juan 139; members of the royal household Alvarez de”; Pineda, Juan de in, 83; musicians of, 63; nobles of, 79, Francis Xavier, St. 153 pilot of, 63, scholars of, 64; soldiers François (duke of Anjou), 311, 323 of, 88 Frankfort, 323 Fletcher, Andrew (Alexander) of Frederick II (Elector Palatine), 9n. 18, Saltoun, 299n. 13, 327 41f., 48, 226 Florence, 59, 73, 88, 194, 205n. 154, Frederick and Elizabeth of Bohemia, 287f., 448n. 14 363n. 45, 416, 460, 462, 507 Flores, marqués de, 416f. Fresneda, Bernardo de (bishop of Florida, 333 Cuenca), 237 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 566

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Friars, 56, 142, 270, 462; Carmelite, 148. 448n. 14, 467; doctor of, 89; the See also Augustinians; Dominicans; Genoese, 16, 48, 100, 196 Franciscans Gentillet, Innocent, 334 Fribourg, 14 Gerbier, Sir Balthazar (Baltasar), 73n. Frobisher, Martin, 358 11, 505 Fromista, marqués de, 190n. 89 German Diet, 312, 314 Fuente del Maestre, 148n. 84 Germanías, 205 Fuenterrabía, 243 Germans, 14, 50, 52, 90, 99, 117, 201, Fugger correspondence, 140, 221 226, 325, 330, 331, 335, 356, 528, 533; Furió y Ceriol, Fadrique, 201n. 137, of‹cial, 53; pilgrims, 15; students, 72, 449n. 18 147; travel accounts of, 41. See also Cuelbis, Diego; Frederick II Gachard, L. P., 526f. Germany, 12, 13, 22, 48n. 157, 72, 73, 92, Gage, George, 99n. 97 125, 223, 225, 246, 249, 285, 358, 395, Gage, Thomas, 445n. 202, 478f. 418, 461, 469, 512, 513 Gaguin, Robert, 52n. 169, 80 Gerson, Rabbi Joseph ben Don Meir, Galateo (Antonio de Ferrariis), 296n. 4, 195 297, 305 Giambologna, 259 Galen, 117 Gibbes (Gibbs), James, 97, 117 Galicia, 11f., 14, 41, 44, 87, 107, 223n. Gibbon, Christopher, 388 214, 237, 262, 278, 405, 536n. 37 Gibraltar, 42, 102, 253, 270, 517, 518 Galway, 441f. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (Humfrey), Garau, Francisco, 232n. 257 373n. 73, 425 García, Carlos, 341f., 346 Gill, Alexander, 238n. 283 Garcilaso de la Vega, 450 Giovio, Paolo, 313 Garcilaso de la Vega (el Inca), 488–90, Giraf‹, Alessandro, 511 491 Girona, 45, 76 Gardiner, Sir William, 289, 510n. 32 Giustiniani, Bernardo, 505 Garin, Juan, 90 “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, 307n. Garnet, Henry, S.J., 433, 455 47 Gascoigne, George, 311n. 8 Gloucester, dean of, 18. See also Man, Gascons, 533 Dr. John Al-Gassani. See Muhammad ibn `Abd Godolphin, Sir William (English ambas- al-Wahha sador), 31, 33, 39n. 115, 44n. 142, 94, Gattinara, Mercurino de, 128n. 13, 136, 137n. 40, 148n. 83, 151n. 95, 299 154n. 103, 229n. 246, 273–76, 291, Gautier, Théophile, 543 298n. 10, 514 Gazette, 229, 233 Góis (Goes), Damião de, 8, 12, 250 Geddes, Michael, 212n. 176, 234, 238n. Gomes Silveyra, Abraham, 200, 213n. 283 183 Gemelli-Careri, Giovanni Francesco, Gómez de Toledo, Diego (Semuel Abo- 101n. 104 lafí), 196f. General Council of Constance, 363 Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Generalife, 103, 252, 348 count of (Spanish ambassador), 29n. Geneva, 303, 313 84, 52n. 169, 282, 418n. 84, 431, 432, Gennadij (archbishop of Novgorod), 452, 457f., 459n. 61, 460, 461n. 70, 481 465f., 468f., 476n. 122, 477f., 506, Genoa, 166, 168, 208, 285n. 35, 301, 409, 508 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 567

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Góngora y Argote, Luis de, 118n. 156, Guadalupe monastery, 12f., 77n. 24, 91, 222, 276 144 González de Cellorigo, Martín, 202n. Guadix, bishop of, 147 141 Guaman Poma de Ayala, Phelipe, 489, Goodricke, Sir Henry (English ambas- 490–99 sador), 35, 275f. Guatemala, 478 Googe, Barnaby, 57 Gudannes, Madame de, 61f., 86, 142n. Gordon, William, 435 58, 151, 230n. 249 Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, 24n. 71 Guernica, 441 Gornia, Dr. Giovanni Battista, 59 Guevara (cardinal archbishop), 201n. Goths, 297, 335, 366n. 54, 388, 393, 529 138 Gottfried, Johann Ludwig, 75n. 15 Guevara, Antonio de (bishop of Mon- Gourville, Jean Hérault de, 538n. 46 doñedo), 286, 446, 450 Gracián, Baltasar, S.J., 5, 50, 51n. 163, Guez, Jean-Louis (seigneur de Balsac), 182, 231, 276, 350 237f., 345, 537 Gracián de Alderete, Diego, 53 Guiana, 374–76 Gramont, Antoine Charles, Maréchal Guicciardini, Francesco, 40, 48n. 157, de, 115, 228, 347, 349; son of, 97, 115, 48, 59, 82, 88, 91, 123n. 175, 128, 219, 129, 228, 347 236, 313, 504, 535 Granada, 11f., 26, 47f., 49n. 159, 52, 63, Guidebooks, 54, 74–76 75, 81, 92, 99, 103, 110, 123n. 174, 160, Guinea, 371 164, 172, 197, 204, 205, 208, 210, 213, Guipuzcoa, 84, 243 219, 223, 231, 237, 242, 243, 249, 250, Guise, cardinal de, 106 251f., 262, 268, 270, 278, 287, 295n. 2, Gulf of Lyons, 45 296n. 4, 339, 349, 468, 541n. 58; cathe- Gunpowder Plot, 25, 362, 433, 455, 470 dral of, 111; Colegio de los Nuevos Guyon, Madame, 350 Cristianos, 208; fray Luis de, O.M., Guzman, Luis de, 278 104, 105, 128, 191, 450, 452, 491; Guzmán de Alfarache, 43, 452, 467n. 88 Morisco revolt in, 206, 220f.; Provin- Gypsies, 213 cial Council, 206; relics in, 147. See also Alhambra; Generalife; Habsburgs, Austrian, 31, 67, 190, 461, Sacromonte 513 Grand Tour, 543 Hacket, Thomas, 425 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot (cardinal), Hadoque, Ricardo, 427n. 121 64, 299, 306, 309, 310, 312 Hadrian VI (pope), 236 “Gravity,” 532–34, 536, 540 Hagthorpe, John, 469, 470 Greek, 64f., 108n. 126, 117, 406, 407; Hakluyt, Richard, 358, 370f., 373–79, manuscripts in, 117 383f., 447, 449, 479 Greene, Giles, 476 Hakluyt, Richard (lawyer), 371 Greene, Robert, 387 Ha-Kohen, Joseph, 168f., 172 Greville, Fulke, 449 Hales, John, 362 Grimeston, Edward, 23n. 66, 377n. 88, Halkett, Lady Anne, 289 522f., 534 Hall, Joseph (later bishop), 73n. 10 Grindal, Edmund (archbishop of Can- Hall, Richard, 376n. 82 terbury), 359 Hamburg, 52, 95, 179, 184, 192n. 100, Grotius, Hugo, 86, 238 197, 368 Guadalajara, 111 Hamilton, Lord Claude (Lord Paisley), Guadalquivir River, 55, 63, 101 422n. 98 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 568

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Hannibal, 108 Herrera, Antonio de, 300n. 18, 484f., Hanse towns, 392f. 542n. 59 Happel, Everhard, Graf, 130n. 20, 130 Heylyn, Peter, 234, 235, 529, 534n. 28, Hardales, 251 536 Hardington, Mr., 34 Heywood, Thomas, 41, 278, 469n. 99 Haro, Luis de, 516 Hidalguía, 184, 214, 420, 442, 531, 534f. Harrach (count; Austrian ambassador), Hieronymites. See Escorial 119n. 158 Hispania Illlustrata or the Maxims of Harrington, James, 193 the Spanish Court, 542 Harrison, Sir John, 288 Hispaniola, 303 Hastings, Sir Francis, 390 Hispanus, 390 Hawkins, John, 364, 371, 376, 378, Hobbes, 118 394 Hoefnagel, Joris (Georg), 251–53, 254, Hawks, Henry, 371, 378 262, 269 Hebrew, 166, 168, 169f., 171, 176, 182n. Hogenberg, Franz, 251 67, 184, 406, 407 Holanda, Francisco de, 242f. Hebrides, 423 Holinshed, Raphael, 362, 376n. 82 Hebron, 175 Holland, 37, 63, 65, 72, 77, 130, 203, Heidelberg, 233, 313 211, 223, 283, 285, 345, 511 Heighinton, Robert, 368n. 58 Holles, John (‹rst earl of Clare), 73, Heldt (Hagelsheimer), Sigmund, 246, Holles, John (second earl of Clare), 249 238n. 283 Heliche, marqués de, 255n. 36 Holten, Arnold von, 108, 130n. 21 Hennin, Georges de, 507 The Holy Bull and Crusado of Rome Henrietta Maria (queen of England), (1588), 381n. 103 342, 475, 476 Holy Week, 138f., 155, 246 Henry (duke of Guise), 334, 336 Honour code, 299, 531f. Henry (Prince of Wales), 72, 131, 132, Hooker, Richard, 238 134, 257, 280, 416, 431, 454, 455, 456n. Hopton, Sir Arthur (English ambas- 50, 459, 460 sador), 31, 32 illus., 33–35, 82n. 44, Henry II of England, 421 84, 85, 146n. 76, 198n. 125, 227n. 235, Henry II of France, 328, 332, 363 258, 259, 260n. 50, 435n. 161, 503, 505, Henry II of Spain, 315 508n. 18, 509, 510, 531n. 13 Henry III of France, 20, 311, 328, 334, Host, the, 138, 142, 144, 150n. 89, 153, 336, 337, 340, 520 154, 155, 156, 226 Henry IV of England, 363 Houblon, J. A., 58, 229n. 247 Henry IV of France (of Navarre), 208, Howard, Henry (earl of Northampton), 237, 301, 328, 340–43, 349, 369, 383, 449 403, 467 Howard, Thomas, 416 Henry V of England, 363 Howard of Ef‹ngham, Lord Charles Henry VII of England, 296n. 4, 373n. 73 (later earl of Nottingham), 23, 274n. Henry VIII of England, 17, 22, 219, 342, 12, 381n. 99 351, 357, 360, 363, 373n. 73, 402 Howell, James, 3, 38n. 114, 43n. 138, Herbert, George, 47 46n. 149, 57, 71n. 5, 78n. 25, 80f., 89, Heretics, 128, 142; Dutch, 64; German, 90, 91n. 69, 96, 99, 100, 107, 115n. 12, 222 146, 124n. 178, 143n. 64, 229n. 245, Hermits, 90 232, 282–87, 284 illus., 289, 291, 451, Herod, 522 466, 474, 510, 511, 530f., 533n. 23, 535 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 569

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Huelva, 212n. 177 193, 209, 279, 380, 403, 408, 409, 423, Hugo, Victor, 229, 346 424–42, 456, 514, 534, 541; exiles Huguenots, 206, 233, 342. See also from, 157–59, 421, 424–42 Protestants, French Irun, 51 Humanists, Italian, 17, 160. See also Isaba, M. de, 201 Marineo Sículo, Lucio; Martire Isabel, Infanta (daughter of Philip II), d’Anghiera, Pietro; Schott, André, 116, 237, 255n. 36, 280, 326, 334, S.J.; Vasaeus, Joannes 336f., 368, 390, 399, 400n. 15, 402n. Hungary, 72, 285 21, 403, 410, 411, 423, 522 Hunting, 94, 112n. 143 Isabel I (Isabel the Catholic; queen of Huntley, George Gordon, earl of (later Spain), 77, 82, 121. See also Ferdi- marquess), 422, 423n. 105 nand I of Spain, and Isabel Hyde, Edward (later Lord Clarendon), Isidore of Seville, St., 106, 163n. 13, 190, 31, 44n. 143, 58n. 185, 71, 116n. 147, 242 272f., 512n. 37, 542n. 59 Isidro. See San Isidro Isla, Luis de la, 166, 167 Ibn Verga, Solomon, 163, 169, 178 Islamic monuments, 110 Idana, Abraham (Gaspar Mendes del Itálica, 107, 109n. 127, 253, 270 Arroyo), 179 Italy, 56, 72, 73, 75, 95, 99, 104, 117, 123, Idiáquez y Olazabal, Juan de, 20, 369, 133, 138, 158, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169f., 404 189, 192, 198n. 123, 199, 227, 252, 277, Idleness, 76f., 534–36, 538n. 46, 540, 541, 283, 285, 287, 295–308, 314, 316, 358, 542n. 61 380, 422, 446, 448, 467, 468, 504, 509, Ignatius of Loyola, St., 133, 153 513, 521, 529; artists of, 241; com- Illescas, 166 pared with Spain, 288; Italians, 16, Immaculate Conception, 142 49f., 51n. 163, 52, 88, 89, 107, 129, Imperiale, Giovanni Vincenzo, 89n. 64 138, 201, 331, 378, 409, 480, 505, 522, Incas, 304, 483, 486–88, 490, 493f., 496 528; language of, 81 Indians, 243, 302f., 304, 317f., 323, 328, Ivan III (Grand Duke of Moscow), 481 333f., 339, 343, 453n. 32, 469, 482f., Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; Grand Duke 493–500, 504 of Moscow), 482, 520 Infantado, dukes of, 9, 464 Ivarra, Francisco de, 300n. 21 Inns, 40–44, 356, 412; kept by Flemings, 55 Jabez, Jacob, 158 Inquisition: Jewish, 185f.; Portuguese, 8, Jackson, John, 40n. 127, 43 233; Spanish, 6, 8, 9, 18f., 20, 24f., Jacob, William, 231n. 256 36n. 97, 36, 37, 47, 67, 72, 73, 74n. 11, Jacob of Burgos, 193 79, 90, 118, 129, 140, 146f., 150n. 89, Jaén, 12, 144 159, 161, 165f., 171, 173f., 176, 177, Jamaica, 395n. 147, 444 178f., 181, 182, 185, 187f., 190, 192f., James, Thomas, 411f. 195f., 197, 198f., 200–203, 207, 209, James I of England (James VI of Scot- 215–40, 270f., 287, 300, 310, 312, 313, land), 23, 24n. 74, 25, 29, 39, 72, 126, 314–16, 318, 324–26, 327, 331, 338, 133, 209, 277, 281f., 287, 379n. 95, 342, 359, 363, 371, 372n. 69, 375, 381n. 379n. 96, 384, 394, 399, 402f., 411, 103, 383, 404, 411, 412n. 56, 416n. 73, 418n. 84, 422, 423, 431, 432, 433, 437, 441, 443, 452, 458, 470, 472, 480f., 485, 443, 446, 450, 452–57, 459–65, 470, 522, 524–27, 541, 543; Venetian, 167 473, 474, 476n. 122, 477, 506 Ireland (the Irish), 8n. 14, 16, 37, 117, James II of England, 34, 55n. 177, 362 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 570

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James V of Scotland, 363 Ken, Thomas (bishop of Bath and Jansenius, 49n. 161, 63, 228, 344 Wells), 452 Japan, 358 Kent, 352 Jassy (Yash), 93 Kerr (Car), George, 430 Játiva, 541 Khevenhüller, 14n. 34 Jeffries, Peter, 440 Kinsale, 383, 421, 430, 438 Jerez de la Frontera, 102, 251; charter- house of, 58. See also Sherry La Celestina, 169, 447, 450, 452 Jerusalem, 170, 190, 192n. 100, 470 La Coruña, 25, 38n. 114, 44, 107, 262, Jesuit College, 153 411, 440; British consuls at, 39 Jesuits. See Society of Jesus Lactantius, 191, 361 Jewel, John (bishop of Salisbury), 360n. Lacy, John, 441 32, 361 La Fayette, Madame de, 349 Jewish authors, 67 Laf‹, Domenico, 15n. 38, 143n. 66 Jews, 17, 25, 26, 50, 67, 72n. 8, 78, 251, La Fontaine, 538 270, 339, 482, 493, 511, 518, 529; La Gasca, Pedro de, 486 expulsion of, 157f., 160–62, 170, 195n. Lake, Lady, 281, 282n. 29 111, 230, 342, 357, 536, 541. See also Lake, Sir Arthur, 282n. 29 Conversos, from Judaism; Exiles, La Mancha, 41, 46, 48, 121n. 165, 174n. Jewish, of 1492; Marranos; “New 42 Christians” La Mesnardiére, Jules de, 349f. John III of Portugal, 178, 242 Lancelot, Claude, 347 John IV of Portugal, 187, 203 Lancre, Pierre de, 234f., 237 John (Juan) of Avila, St., 350, 539 Landscapes, 103, 105–7, 259, 260–68, John of the Cross, St., 350 270 Johnson, Robert, 303f. Lange, Dr. Johannes, 52n. 169, 92, 109n. Joly, Barthelémy, 43, 60n. 192, 79n. 35, 129, 220 84, 89, 90n. 67, 92, 99, 100, 111, 147n. Langton, Robert (archdeacon of Salis- 79, 227, 530 bury), 12f. Jordan, Claude, 76n. 18, 153n. 101 Language study, 73 Joseph, Father, 86 Languet, Hubert, 51f., 448n. 12, 449 Josephus, 182 Lansdowne, Lord, 29 Jouvin de Rochefort, A., 43n. 139, 49n. Lansius, Thomas, 504 162, 56, 71, 109n. 129, 110n. 132, Lantéry, Raymond, 42n. 135, 101n. 105 142n. 62, 145n. 73 La Rochefoucauld, François, duke of, Joyeuse, cardinal-duke of, 89 350 Juana, Infanta (daughter of Charles V), La Rochelle, 227, 408 521 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, O.P. (bishop Juan of Austria (son of Charles V), of Chiapas), 6f., 7n. 12, 242, 303, 311n. 8, 312, 327, 426 317–23, 328, 333, 343, 372, 376f., 383, Juan of Austria (son of Philip IV), 298n. 425, 470, 483, 485f., 487, 490, 491, 10, 514 527n. 35, 542 Judah, Jacob (Yahacob Yehuda), Leon Las Casas, Ignacio de, S.J., 205n. 156 Templo, 184n. 73, 184 Lassota von Steblau, Erich, 14, 79n. 32, Judah del Bene, 178n. 52 101n. 103, 107n. 119, 144, 145 “Judaising heresy,” in Russia, 480–82 La Torre, Francisco de, 273n. 9 Julius II (pope), 236, 301 Laud, William (archbishop of Canter- Julius Caesar, 330 bury), 452, 477 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 571

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Laynez, Joseph, O.S.A., 202f. Lisbon, 37n. 114, 37f., 44, 64, 104, 105, Lazarillo de Tormes, 6f., 7n. 12, 313, 167, 179f., 187, 194n. 105, 197, 225n. 348, 349, 450, 469, 534 227, 234n. 266, 235, 250, 262, 281, 361, Lead books, 63, 147, 210, 211n. 173 381, 489, 510, 530; Irish College, 437, Learning and literature, 116–18; lack of, 440n. 174, 440 537f., 539, 542 Lithgow, William, 52, 110, 470f. Le Bon François, 340 Little Gidding, 57 Ledesma, María de, 423 Llorente, Juan Antonio, 216n. 192 Lee, Hugh, 38 Locke, John, 4n. 4, 273 Leghorn, 166, 192n. 100, 194, 239, 517 Loja, 75 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 538 Lombard, Peter (archbishop of Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of, 38, Armagh), 421 315, 449n. 18 Lombardy, 72 Leiden, 63, 211, 325 London, 18, 44, 184, 193n. 104, 198, Leigh, Edward, 75, 76n. 16 313n. 17, 352, 370, 404, 409, 410, 416, Leigh, Richard, 385 457n. 55, 472, 517; Inns of Court, 450 Leighton, Alexander, 325n. 50, 363n. 45, Longlée, sieur de (French ambassador), 466n. 85 19f. Leinster, 439 Lope de Vega, 8, 15, 119, 141, 286, 348, Leipzig, 73, 252. See also Cuelbis, Diego 380n. 97, 452, 468n. 93 Le Nôtre, André, 98 Lopes Suasso, Antonio (Isaac) (baron León, 12, 107; fray Luis de, 65, 276 d’Avernas de Gras), 180 Leonardo da (de) Vinci, 35, 258 Lopes Suasso, Francisco (Abraham) Lepanto, battle of, 22, 183n. 70, 254, 298 (second baron), 180 Lérida, 40, 108, 109n. 127, 260 López de Gómara, Francisco (Fer- Lerma, Francisco, duke of (cardinal), nando), 313, 333, 357, 372, 484n. 11 21, 112, 131, 209, 258, 281, 457n. 55 López Pereira, Manuel, 180 L’Estoile, Pierre de, 237n. 280 Loretto, 13 Leti, Gregorio, 523 Lorkin, Thomas, 279–81 L’Europe galante, 350 Lorraine, 329 Le Vayer, François de la Mothe, 212n. 176 Loudun, nuns of, 146 Levet (Levett), Peter, 123n. 177, 276n. 18 Lough Derg, 441 Lewis, J. F., 270 Louis XI of France, 12 Lewkenor, Samuel, 443f., 472 Louis XIII of France, 306, 344, 345, 455 Lewkenor, Sir Lewis, 443 Louis XIV of France, 60, 71, 116, 151, Lexington, Lord Robert Sutton, 518 152, 181, 233f., 256, 346f., 349, 516f. Lhermite, Jehan, of Antwerp, 66, 90, Louvain: Scottish College, 423n. 106; 91n. 71, 96n. 88, 98n. 94, 105n. 111, University of Louvain, 64n. 201, 65, 112n. 142, 144n. 69, 147n. 78, 204n. 228, 440 149, 217, 225 Louville, Charles Auguste d’Allonville, Liche‹eld, Nicholas, 449 marquis de, 49, 94 Liège, 63 Low Countries, 4, 56, 64f., 73, 83, 104, Lima, 179, 490, 491, 494 175, 188, 215, 235, 252, 254, 280, 295, Limburg, Georgius Fridericus, baron of, 309–27, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 344, 504 351, 355, 366, 367, 380, 383, 387, 391, Limerick, 442n. 185 394f., 398, 405, 412, 423, 427, 443, Lionello (Venetian ambassador), 281 466f., 468, 469, 504, 505, 507, 508, 509, Lipsius, Justus, 63n. 200 521f., 525, 529; exiles from, 18, 449 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 572

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Lucca, representatives of, 83, 96, 213n. Maintenon, Madame de, 60 183, 225n. 223, 298, 307n.47 Mair (Major), John, 328 Lucero, Hernando, S.J., 417f. Majorca, 81, 103f., 188, 194, 197, 230, Lull, Ramon, 499, 538 232, 336, 518; bishop of, 414; cathe- Lust’s Dominion; or the Lasivious dral at, 104 Queen, 390n. 129 Málaga, 33, 52, 75, 102, 148, 176n. 45, Luther, Martin, 224n. 219, 237, 238, 458 181, 196, 251, 268, 330, 370, 470, 541n. Lutherans, 26, 42, 90, 221f., 226, 230, 58; English merchants in, 39 232, 233, 323, 360, 371, 385, 393, 435, Malines, 64 442, 456, 493; Lutheranism, 224 Malta, 329, 331 Lyon, 227, 344 Malvezzi, Marchese Virgilio, 505 Man, Dr. John (dean of Gloucester; Maastrict, 325 English ambassador), 18f., 23, 34, Mabbe, James, 28, 112f., 451f., 458 276n. 17, 522 MacCarthys, 435 Man, Stephen, 475n. 121 MacDonnell, Reynaldo, 442 Manco II (Inca), 488 MacGeoghegan, Ross, O.P. (bishop of Mandeville, Sir John, 370 Kildare), 440 Manesson Mallet, Allain, 268f., Machado, Roger, 53n. 172 540n. 55 Machiavelli, 8, 128, 191, 303, 313, 477, Manresa, 88 523 Manrique, Rodrigo, 240 Madagascar, 234n. 268 Mansell, Robert (naval commander), Madrid, 6, 17, 25, 29, 38, 44–47, 49–51, 107 55–57, 60f., 64, 67, 74, 79, 85, 86, 87, Manuel (king of Portugal), 105 92–95, 98, 100, 112, 113, 115, 116, Maps, 249–51, 253 119n. 158, 119, 120, 121, 129, 133, 135, Maqueda, duke of, 58, 120 137, 141, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151f., 154, Maranchon, 265 171, 178, 180, 187, 196, 197, 201, 209, Marbeck, Dr. Roger, 101n. 105 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 238, 250, 253, Marbella, 268 255, 256, 257, 258, 259f., 262, 269, 270, Marco Polo, 372 275, 277, 281, 282n. 29, 283, 287, 288, Marcus Aurelius, 273, 446 297, 298, 299, 330, 345, 347, 364, 368, Margaret (duchess of Parma), 309 405, 415, 416, 420, 434, 435, 436, 438, Margaret (queen of Navarre), 328 456n. 50, 457n. 55, 462, 463, 474f., Margaret of Valois (‹rst wife of Henry 510, 511, 513, 514, 515, 519, 521, 522, IV of France), 328 530, 535, 538f., 542n. 59, 543; Buen María (empress of Austria), 189 Retiro, 95, 115, 119, 153n. 101, 255f., María, Infanta (daughter of Philip III), 503, 509; food in, 41, 42n. 135, 151; 146, 257, 434, 436, 446, 455, 461f., 463, Nuestra Señora de Atocha, 13, 131f., 464, 473f. 152; Royal Palace in, 75, 255f., 257; Mariana, Juan de, S.J., 117, 141, 203, San Placido, 146; Scots College, 31, 276, 286, 306, 339f., 504, 537, 538n. 424 41, 542n. 59 Madrigalejo, 329 María Teresa, Infanta (wife of Louis Magalotti, Count Lorenzo, 59, 111n. XIV), 116, 256, 349, 516 139, 117 Marie de Médici (queen of France), 341, Magellan’s Strait, 373 344n. 74 Magg Ogg (McOge), 433 Marie Louise (queen; ‹rst wife of Magic, 140 Charles II of Spain), 276n. 18 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 573

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Marineo Sículo, Lucio, 17, 106, 144, Dias Soeiro), 176f., 178n. 52, 183, 252, 295n. 2, 504 184n. 72, 191n. 94, 192f., 234n. 266 Marnix de Sainte-Aldegonde, Philippe Mendes da Silva, Rodrigo (Jacob), de, 84n. 51, 313–15, 323, 324, 336, 376, 188n. 83, 198n. 123 383, 448 Mendieta, Gerónimo de, O.M., 164f. Marrano, as term, 236–40 Mendoza, Bernardino de (Spanish Marranos, 224, 225, 316, 342. See also ambassador), 36, 334, 385 Conversos, from Judaism; “New Mendoza, Sebastián de (bishop), 493 Christians” Mercedarians, 494 Marseilles, 45 Merchants: in Burgos, 109; in Cádiz, 39; Marsolier, J., 350n. 103 Dutch, 227; English, 23f., 36f., 55, Martin, Bernardin, 122n. 169, 123n. 174, 132, 227, 361, 364, 370f., 379; foreign, 139n. 46, 142n. 61, 155n. 109 16; German, 140; in Málaga, 39; in Martin, Thomas, 58n. 187 Portugal, 229; in Seville, 39, 100, 140; Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro, 17, 24, 103, Spanish, 225 295f., 333, 357, 374, 425, 482 Meredith, Edward, 154n. 103 Mary, queen of Scots, 364, 367 Mérida, 107, 108n. 125 Mary I of England, 132, 159, 332, 342, Mérimée, Prosper, 3, 56, 61 351–59, 360–63, 370, 386, 391, 417, Mérode-Westerloo, count of, 44, 49, 66, 425, 447 80, 116, 122 Mason, John (English ambassador), Merula, Paulus G. F. P. N., 75n. 15 17f., 107 Messianism, 10, 162f. Mathew (Mathews), Sir Tobie, 211n. Methuen, Paul, 518n. 63, 519 174, 280, 287f., 289, 291, 458, 473 Mexico, 193n. 104, 285, 334, 371, 376, Matthieu, Pierre, 522, 523n. 14 378, 425, 478, 482–85, 487, 489n. 41; Mauregatos, 81 ex-viceroy of, 148 Maurice (Morrice), 72, 211 Mezquita of Córdoba. See Córdoba Mauroy, Henri, O.M., 200f. Middleton, Thomas, 468f. Max‹eld, Thomas, 457 Midnight Mass, at Christmas, 152f. Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor), Milan, 21, 64, 93, 236n. 276, 275, 281, 128n. 13, 481 285, 296, 298n. 9, 300, 301f., 304, 307, May, Louis de, 71 309, 330, 335, 344, 354, 355, 368, 425, May, Thomas, 532n. 18 507, 509, 512; the Milanese, 52n. 168, Mayerne Turquet, Louis de, 135n. 36, 302, 336 165, 377n. 88, 458n. 57, 522, 534 Military Orders, 231, 494; of St. Patrick, Mazarin (cardinal), 106, 115, 343 441 Mazarin, duchesse de, 35 Milton, John, 54, 444 Medicine, 208n. 165 Minorca, 103, 106, 518 Medinaceli, dukes of, 181 Minsheu, John, 450 Medina de las Torres, duke of, 154, Miracles, 77n. 24, 140, 146f., 490 514 Mirandola, Pico della, 164n. 16 Medina del Campo, 227, 329 Mocatta, Abraham, 193 Medina Sidonia, Juan Alonso Pérez de Mocenigo, Alvise (Venetian ambas- Guzmán, duke of, 382, 411f. sador), 225 Melancthon, 8 Modena, 79, 86, 301; duke of, 115 Memorabilia mundi (1670), 482n. 6, 540 Moldavia, 93 Mena, Juan de, 191 Molière, 348 Menasseh ben Israel, Rabbi (Manoel Molina, Cristóbal de, 486n. 24 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 574

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Molina, Tirso de, 348 Motley, John Lothrop, 236, 526, 543n. Molinos, Miguel de, 350 66 Monanni, Bernardo (Tuscan representa- Motteville, Madame de, 60, 148n. 82 tive), 115 Mudejars, 99, 204, 209, 219; decoration Monardes, Nicolás, 371n. 65 of, 92n. 75; palaces of, 111 Monconys, Baltasar de, 109, 110, 116, Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahha, 67 121, 122 Munster (town), 421, 425, 430, 435, Monks, 116; Benedictine, from Arras, 439 36, 42, 46, 64, 90, 120, 138, 143; from Münster, Sebastian, 53n. 170, 249f., 251, Mount Sinai, 117 253, 313, 357 Montaigne, 78, 333f., 458 Murcia, 166, 215, 224, 287 Montalto, Dr. Eliau da Luna (Felipe Muret, Jean, 49, 51n. 165, 60n. 193, Rodríguez), 177, 180 109n. 129, 129, 138, 148, 150, 152, 153 Montano, Arias, 63 Murillo, 56 Montemayor, Jorge de, 349, 448, 450 Murviedro. See Sagunto Montesquieu, 347 Muslims, 339, 529; as authors, 67; as Montigny, baron de, 527n. 33 exiles, 68; forced conversions of, 160, Montilla, 189 161f. Montserrat, monastery at, 11f., 14, 45, 77n. 24, 87, 89, 90, 107, 109n. 127, Nanni, Giovanni (Joannes Annius of 115, 144, 145, 146, 253, 262, 452 Viterbo), 164n. 16, 295n. 2 Monzón, 85 Naples, 64, 72n. 8, 88, 166, 256, 274, Moors, 31, 129, 130, 387, 402, 491n. 52, 275, 278, 281n. 26, 282, 285, 296, 297, 493, 543; corsairs, 46 299n. 13, 300, 301, 305, 306, 307, 309, More, Sir Thomas, 160, 447 330, 335, 336, 344, 354, 355, 368, 399, More, Thomas (grandson of Sir 404n. 33, 425, 441, 468, 507, 511f.; Thomas More), 406 Neapolitans, 99, 101, 113, 298, 387 Moretus, Baltasar, 94, 230 Nash, Thomas, 389 Morgan, Michael, 442 Nasi, Joseph, 166, 171, 192 Morgues, Mathieu de, 344n. 74 Nassau, countess of, 243 Morigi, Paulo, 112n. 141 Nationalism, 16, 126 Moriscos, 9, 47, 50, 79, 83, 91, 100, 103, Navagero, Andrea (Venetian ambas- 122, 130, 137, 147, 148, 160, 204–11, sador), 91n. 71, 92n. 79, 92, 100, 101, 216, 219–21, 222, 223, 224, 225, 238, 103, 108, 109n. 127, 109, 111, 134n. 33, 242, 243, 249, 252, 268, 276, 279, 286, 134, 223, 296, 533n. 24 287, 302, 314, 339, 342, 393, 401, 402, Naval architecture, 63 403, 404, 539; expulsion of, 162, 171, Navarre, 50, 87, 172, 220, 231, 296n. 3; 211–14, 434n. 156, 536, 541 expulsion of Jews from, 160, 162; the Morison, Fynes, 7, 54 Navarrese, 243, 336, 339, 511 Morocco, 208, 210f., 366 Navarrete, Domingo, O.P., 22n. 64, Mortera, Rabbi Saul Levi, 176, 192n. 234n. 268 100 Navarrete, Juan Fernández, 112 Mortimer, John, 15 Navarrete (town), 139n. 47 “Morton,” William Douglas (earl of Navy, Spanish, 58 Angus), 422n. 98 Negro, Zuan, 48n. 157, 49n. 159, 219f. Moryson (Morison), Fynes, 54, Negros, 100, 209, 220, 243 534 Nero (Roman emperor), 323 Moscoso, Felipe de, 197 A new Ballet (1588), 385f. index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 575

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“New Christians,” 179, 181, 220, 231, Ojén, 268 234, 336, 510 Old Castile. See Castile Newes from Spain, 131n. 25 Oliva (Cistercian monastery), 220 Newton, Adam, 280 Olivares (count; Spanish ambassador), New World, 18, 36, 56, 59, 104, 123, 148, 301n. 24 168, 173, 177, 178, 207, 241f., 253, 269, Olivares, count-duke of, 10n. 19, 31, 295, 297, 301–3, 304, 306, 314, 316–19, 83n. 50, 85, 119, 121, 122, 126, 128, 321, 323, 324, 326f., 328, 330, 333f., 129n. 14, 180, 196, 197, 198, 201–3, 335, 338, 357, 371, 376, 383, 400f., 419, 214, 254, 258, 300, 306, 307, 345, 424, 425, 441, 447, 453n. 32, 469, 478, 435n. 161, 457n. 55, 458f., 462–65, 482–500, 503, 504, 505, 513, 540 468n. 93, 474, 505f., 508–13 Nicholas, Thomas, 372 Oliver y Fullana, Nicolás de (Daniel Nicolas, Daniel, 33f. Juda), 188 Nicolay, Nicolas de, 172 O’Neill, Hugh (earl of Tyrone), 427, Nijmegen, Peace of. See Peace of 428, 429, 430f., 432 Nijmegen O’Neill, John (titular earl of Tyrone), Nobles: Flemish, 79; German-Polish, 14, 432 79, 107, 144; Spanish, 62 O’Neill, Shane, 426n. 114 Nonius, Ludovicus, 109n. 127, 116 Oporto, 184n. 72, 194 Nördlingen, battle of, 509 Oran, 197, 198 Norfolk, 391 O Rathaille, Aogán, 435 North Africa, 163n. 13, 166, 169, 192n. 100, Orihuela, bishop of, 208 194, 209, 210, 219, 253, 268, 276, 297, Orléans, 13, 73, 74n. 12, 93 402 Orléans, duchesse d’ (Princess Palatine), Northumberland, Thomas Percy, earl 233 of, 368n. 58 Orléans, Marie-Louise d’ (queen of Noue, François de la, 72n. 6, 331 Charles II), 116 Novgorod, 481 Orobio de Castro, Isaac, 177n. 48, 178, Nun, Thomas, 388f. 179n. 53, 182f., 185, 186, 187, 189, Nunes da Costa, Duarte (Jacob Curiel), 193, 199f., 220, 223n. 216, 234n. 266 179f. Ortelius, Abraham, 251 Núñez, Isaac (Manuel de Belmonte), Ortigue, Annibal de l’, 127n. 10 189 Osborne, Francis, 73n. 11, 74 Núñez, Mihael, 193 Osorio, David, 194 Núñez de Reinoso, Alonso, 166f. Ossat, cardinal d’, 369 Nuns, 56, 59, 104, 146, 148n. 84, 148, O’Sullevan Beare, Philip, 431n. 138 149n. 86, 156, 447n. 7, 493; Cistercian, O’Sullivan Beare (Master of Beere), 220. See also Carmelites, Discalced; 434 Colmenares, Madre Luisa; Teresa of Osuna, dukes of, 113, 114 illus., 275, Avila, St. 297n. 6, 524 Nuremberg, 52, 242, 246 Ottoman Empire, 113, 169, 170–72, 176, 191n. 94, 192n. 100, 287, 506, Oates, Titus, 275 542n. 61 Oaths: religious, 141f.; Spanish, 43, 250 Otway, Thomas, 525f. Obregón, Marcos de, 276 Oviedo, 13, 144 O’Donnell, Hugh (earl of Tyrconnell), Owen, John, 273n. 9 426f., 429f., 431, 438 Owen, Lewis, 13f., 154n. 103, 412f., 451, O’Duffy, Patrick, O.M., 514 470, 471f. index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 576

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Oxford, 75, 473; Christ Church, 273; Peña, Francisco, 217 Jesus College, 283; Magdalen College, Peñalosa y Mondragón, Benito de, 451; Oxford University, 370, 447, 450; O.S.B., 178 Queen’s College, 12n. 28 Penitents, 246. See also Flagellants Ozecha, 261 Pepys, Samuel, 55n. 177, 58, 71n. 5, 88n. 61, 123, 151f., 229, 273f., 531n. 15 Pacichelli, G. B., 144n. 69 Percyvall, Richard, 449f. Paci‹c Ocean, 372, 373 Perellós, Ramon de, 441 Padua, 13, 156, 164 Pereyra, Abraham Israel (Tomás Palacios, 251 Rodrigues), 176, 183, 184, 185n. 74, Palamos, 46 186, 189n. 87, 191f., 193 Palatinate, 343, 460, 462, 463, 464f., 469 Pérez, Antonio, 8, 235n. 271, 255, 256n. Palestine, 162. See also Hebron; Safed 37, 300, 325, 326n. 53, 389, 522, 523f. Palmer, Thomas, 73n. 11 Pérez, S.J. (provincial of Andalusia), 418 Pamplona, food in, 42n. 135 Pérez de Chinchón, Bernardo, 205 Pantin, Pierre, 65, 66n. 206 Pérez de Herrera, Cristóbal, 149, 214 Papacy, 19, 121, 161, 238, 297, 363, 366, Pérez de Hita, Ginés, 349 384, 391, 399, 421, 431, 432, 447n. 7, Pérez de Maltranilla, Captain Miguel, 454, 472, 477, 491, 523, 532 188 Papal Legate, 40. See also Caetani Pernambuco (Brazil), 176 Papal nuncios, 19n. 57, 19, 22, 46, 86, Perpignan, 79, 80, 89 105n. 111, 218n. 200, 520, 521n. 7 Perret, Pierre, engravings by, 96n. 88 Papal States, 169, 302 Persia, 192 Paraguay, 334n. 30 Persons, Robert, S.J., 37, 226, 368f., 390, Paris, 6, 31, 57, 89, 118, 211, 306, 337, 391, 392, 393, 396–401, 397 illus., 338, 339, 341, 451, 528; Louvre, 256, 404–11, 414f., 418, 420, 421, 422f., 330; university of, 296n. 4, 328, 340 427f., 429, 431, 437, 438 Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of, Peru, 157, 178, 180, 199n. 126, 285, 318, 300, 323, 337, 368n. 57, 382, 398, 422, 334, 372, 467, 482, 483, 485–500 423n. 105, 428, 443 Petrarch, 13 Parma, prince of, 117n. 152 Philip I of Spain, 205n. 154 Parsons. See Persons, Robert Philip II of Spain, 7, 9, 17–22, 36f., 46, Pascal, 60, 538 64, 66, 83, 85, 87n. 59, 88, 92, 95, 96, Pasquino, 236 97, 98, 104f., 126n. 5, 131, 143, 158, Pastrana and Infantado, duke of, 115 159n. 115, 171, 173, 174, 201, 203, 204, Paul IV (pope), 22n. 64, 301 206n. 160, 208, 217, 221n. 211, 224, Paul V (pope), 209 230, 233, 236, 237, 252f., 254f., 257, Paz Salas, Pedro de, 381 268, 297, 298n. 9, 299, 300, 301, 304, Peace of 1604, 23, 226, 418, 431, 433 309–11, 312, 314–16, 324, 326, 327, Peace of 1630, 435, 476 328f., 331, 332, 334, 335n. 33, 336–39, Peace of Nijmegen, 61 342, 343, 351–58, 360, 362, 363, 364, Peace of the Pyrenees, 5n. 7, 60, 345, 365f., 367–69, 371n. 63, 372, 373, 513, 516 375–80, 382, 384, 386, 387, 389, 390, Peacham, Henry, 43n. 138, 73, 117n. 152 391, 396, 398–400, 404, 406–10, 411, Peake (Pike), Richard, 469 412, 414, 419, 420, 421–24, 426–29, Peasants, 80, 91, 94, 106, 246, 515, 535 437, 441, 443f., 449, 460, 467, 483, 485, Pedro I (king of Spain), 315, 326 486, 491n. 48, 505, 506, 509, 520–27, Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, 109 539, 542n. 61 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 577

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Philip III of Spain, 9, 21, 25, 63n. 200, 66, Portugal, 10, 31, 40, 56, 74, 75n. 15, 85, 98, 113, 118, 126, 131, 132n. 27, 135, 86, 87n. 59, 91, 107, 123n. 177, 163, 158, 167, 201, 207f., 209, 212n. 176, 214, 164n. 14, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 217, 300n. 18, 305, 324, 346, 400–403, 174, 176, 177, 180–82, 184, 194, 195, 413f., 417, 418, 422f., 429, 431, 432, 196, 197, 198, 199, 203, 208, 223, 227n. 433f., 438f., 441, 444, 455, 460f., 491, 235, 229, 234n. 267, 237, 239, 250, 492, 493, 499, 506, 508, 535, 536 269f., 287, 288, 296n. 3, 300n. 18, 317, Philip IV of Spain, 6n. 1, 10, 26, 31, 34, 364, 373, 374, 375, 380, 387, 391f., 63, 84, 85, 89, 112, 115, 119, 149, 151, 400f., 422, 507, 511f., 513; forced con- 154, 175, 178n. 52, 190, 201, 202, 214, versions in, 160, 161f.; language of, 227n. 235, 254, 256–60, 272, 298, 300, 166, 196; the Portuguese, 84, 86, 336, 344n. 76, 346n. 84, 424, 432, 435n. 339, 345, 378; restored monarchy in, 160, 436, 440n. 178, 446, 461, 462–64, 175f., 179, 202f., 506, 510 468n. 93, 473, 475f., 505f., 508–10, Posidonius, 538 513f., 516n. 51, 536 Potosí, 180, 491 Philip V of Spain, 216, 517f., 523 Poyntz, Anthony, 38 Philippe (duc of Orléans), 345 Pozo, marqués del, 523n. 14, 525 Philippines, 371 Prado, Juan de, 183, 185, 186, 188 Phillips, Francis, 466 Prague, 448 Phillips (Phillipps), Miles, 371, 376 Preachers, 151, 158 Phillips, Sir Robert, 460n. 65 Prescott, William, 523, 526f. Pilgrimage, 11–15, 147 Prévost (abbé), 123n. 177 Pineda, Juan de (Franciscan), 159n. 116 Pride, Spanish, 48, 58, 251, 345, 504, Pinedo, Tomás de, 212 530, 532, 540, 541n. 58 Pinto Delgado, João (Moseh), 187, 188 Pritchett, V. S., 56 Pirates, 46n. 149 Priuli, Francesco (Venetian ambas- Pisa, 410 sador), 506n. 11 Pius V (pope), 22, 236, 365 Processions, 157; in Segovia, 156. See Pizarro, Francisco, 482, 486, 489, 491 also Barcelona, procession in; Corpus Placcart des Estats généraux, 316 Christi, procession on; Spanish Plantin, 63 Catholicism, and processions Platter, Thomas, 43, 76, 80, 81n. 40, 84, 89, Profet Duran, Rabbi Isaac ben Moshe, 90, 91n. 69, 141n. 56, 232, 533n. 24, 535 194 Plautus, 7n. 12 Protestants, 51f., 148, 206, 216, 223, 227, Pliny the Elder, 242, 250 235, 238, 241, 250n. 22, 283, 287, 291, Plymouth, 391, 392 342, 344, 378f., 381, 396n. 1, 504, 537; Poblet (Cistercian monastery), 91, 109, burial of, 25, 39, 52n. 167; English, 143n. 66, 143 237, 280, 351–55, 358–65, 368, 374n. Pole, Reginald (cardinal), 351n. 1, 353 77, 375, 378, 379, 384, 386, 395, 448, Poles, 53, 326, 480; nobles, 51, 55. See 453, 472, 520, 522, 539, 542; French, also Travellers 333, 335, 339, 340, 524 (see also Polo de Ondegardo, Juan, 488 Huguenots); German, 51, 136, 145, Ponce de La Fuente, Constantino, 486 530; Italian, 16, 523; Russian, 482; Pont, Robert, 395 Spanish, 16, 370, 416n. 73, 447; Swiss, Popplau, Nicolaus von, 128, 144, 218 228. See also Books, trade in; Brunel, Porter family, 28 Antoine de; Cuelbis, Diego; Port Mahon, 103, 106 Embassies, English; Platter, Thomas; Port-Royal, 349n. 99 Welsch, Hieronymus index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 578

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Prynne, William, 307, 477 Renard, Simon (Spanish ambassador), Ptolemy, 250 351, 352n. 6, 353 Puckering, Sir Thomas, 280, 281n. 26 Renegades, 210 Puffendorf, Samuel von, 215n. 189, 530, Retz, Cardinal de, 6, 40n. 127, 50, 51n. 532, 536 163, 92, 103f., 106, 349, 533 Purchas, Samuel, 377n. 87, 377n. 88, Reubeni, David, 161 378, 379, 469f. Reuchlin, Johann, 164n. 16 Purity of Blood, 189, 192, 213, 214, 215, Rhine, 40 299, 420, 441, 493. See also Statutes of Rhône, 52n. 169 Purity of Blood Ribadeneira, Pedro de, S.J., 407f. Pyrenees, 44, 47, 80, 87, 106 Ribera, Juan de (archbishop of Valencia and patriarch), 206f., 209, 212, 222f. Quemerford, Dr. Nicholas, 426 Ribera, Jusepe de, 114 illus., 256 Quevedo, 58, 182, 191, 198, 223, 326n. Richelieu (cardinal), 50, 86, 187, 196, 55, 348 213, 306, 339n. 56, 341, 343, 345, 510 Quinones, Suero de, 258 Righetto, Abraham (Enrique Núnez), Quirini, Vincenzo (Venetian ambas- 167 sador), 223n. 218 Roberts, David, 270 Quiroga, Gaspar (cardinal archbishop Roberts, Lewis, 171 of Toledo), 65, 136 Rocamora, Dr. Isaac de, O.P. (fray Vicente), 189 Rabelais, 98, 237 Rocroi, battle of, 509 Racine, 348 Rodelgas, Juan, 210 Ragona, Alfonso, of Vicenza, 43n. 138, Rodríguez, Abraham Raphael (Miguel 84n. 52, 91, 99, 100, 111n. 139, 156, Rodríguez Vitoria), 194 300n. 21, 533n. 24 Rodríguez, Dr. Pedro, 177, 180 Ralegh (Raleigh), Sir Walter, 37, 326f., Roe, Sir Thomas, 297n. 6 374–76, 389n. 126, 430, 453, 459 Roland: horn of, 14; sword of, 11, 330 Ramires, Lopo (David Curiel), Roman emperors, 357 175 Rome, 13f., 45, 52, 72, 104, 249, 275, Ramusio, Gian Battista, 370 278, 282, 296n. 4, 306, 417, 428, 431, Ranke, Leopold von, 527 451n. 54, 494; English College, 393f., Raphael, 112, 255, 257, 260n. 51 405, 412f., 414, 437; Sack of, 311, 313, Rapin, René, S.J., 537 447, 528 Rastell, John, 447 Roncesvalles, 44; priory of, 11, 14 Ravaillac, François, 340 Ronda, 251 Ray, John, 540n. 56, 541 Ronsard, 329, 333n. 27 Reformation, 7, 16, 173, 246. See also Roos, Lady, 281, 282n. 29 Counter-Reformation Roos, Lord William Cecil, 43n. 138, 52, “Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus,” 57, 102, 117n. 152, 276–82, 289, 291, 233n. 264, 313 458 Reims, 384, 437; English College at, 405. Rosary, 155, 271, 355 See also Douai Ross, bishop of, 426 Reina, Casiodoro de, 233n. 264, 313n. Rosso, 259 17 Rotterdam, 323 Relaciones geográ‹cas, 482, 485 Rouen, 187 Religious Orders, 147–52. See also Roussillon, 85, 243, 512 Friars Rowland, David, 7n. 12 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 579

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Royal Guard. See Archers of the Royal Salucio, Augustín, O.P., 201, 202 Guard San Clemente de La Mancha, 100n. 100 Rozmital, Leo von, 78 Sancroft, William (archbishop of Can- Rubens, 63, 73n. 11, 112, 258, 475, 505 terbury), 452 Rudyard (Ruddierd), Sir Benjamin, 75, Sanctae Inquisitionis hereticae artes 76n. 16 aliquot detectae, 233 Russia, 480–82 Sanders, Nicholas, 367 Rycaut, Paul, 78 Sandwich, Lord, 55n. 177, 273, 274 Sandys, G., 363n. 45, 395n. 147 Saavedra Fajardo, 182, 191 Sandys, Sir Edwin, 76n. 16, 238f., 476 Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius, 160n. 1 Sanford, John, 7n. 12, 451 Sablé, Madame de, 349n. 99 San Isidro, 131, 133, 135, 152 Sacromonte, 147 San Juan de Ulúa, 371 Safed, 170, 179, 184, 192n. 100 San Lúcar de Barrameda, 55, 58, 370, Sagard, Gabriel, 148n. 81 407, 408, 411, 412n. 56; chapel of St. Sagredo, Nicolò (Venetian ambas- George, 411 sador), 511 Sannazaro, 296n. 4 Sagunto (Murviedro), 107f., 253 San Pedro de Cardeña (monastery), 106 Sahagún, Bernardino de, O.M., 484 San Sebastián, 25n. 77, 37, 44, 57, 74, 78, Sainte-Beuve, 154 243, 416 Saintes Maries de la Mer, 12 Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui, Juan de, Saint-Évremond, 347, 525 489 St. Jean-de-Luz, 106 Santander, 44, 87, 88n. 60, 133, 214, 441 St. Leocadia, 131 Santander, José de, 29 St. Omer, 369, 405, 408, 413f., 451 Santiago, Order of, 88, 114, 439f., 441, Saint-Réal, César Vichard, abbé de, 442, 532 523–26 Santiago de Compostela, 11–15, 38, 77, Saints, Spanish, 133, 153 109, 110, 143f., 146, 226, 262, 343, 409; Saint-Simon, duc de, 11n. 24, 42n. 135, Irish College, 437, 439 51n. 163, 97n. 91, 98n. 94, 109, 152, Santillán, Hernando de, 488, 493 228n. 243, 517n. 59, 518n. 61, 523 Santillana, 57 St. Vaast (Arras). See Caverel, Philippe Saragossa, 11, 14, 45f., 54, 65, 83, 84, 86, de, O.S.B. 87, 91f., 148n. 84, 227, 246, 260, 277; Salamanca, 8, 64f., 72, 77, 78n. 25, 140, Aljafería, 84; Nuestra Señora del 205n. 154, 227; Irish College, 421, Pilar, 144 437–40, 451; university of, 65, 92, Sardana. See Barcelona 116f., 278, 328, 440 Sardinia, 308n. 50 Salazar, Ambrosio, 77n. 20, 90n. 68, 103 Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 318, Salazar, Juan de, 183n. 70 483n. 10 Salazar de Mendoza, 213 Sarpi, fra Paolo, 238, 297, 523, 524 Salces, 243 Satire Ménippée de la vertu du Catholi- Salinas y Córdoba, Buenaventura de, con d’Espagne, 237, 337–39, 340, 343, O.M., 491n. 52, 499 345, 458 Salisbury, Lord Robert Cecil, 23, 28f., Savonarola, Girolamo, 236 36, 38, 102, 132, 276, 277, 279, 287, Savoy, House of, 301, 308n. 50, 455, 378, 390, 416, 447, 450, 455, 456 459 Salonica, 166, 170, 171, 174, 184, 192n. Scamps, Philip, 37 100, 194, 209 Scandinavia, 344 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 580

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Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Sheep-raising, 278 von, 3, 526 Sherley, Sir Anthony, 25f. Schott, André, S.J., 65, 108 Sherry, 43, 279 Schwyz, 14 Shirley, Robert, 287 Scotland (Scots), 16, 37, 117, 125, 201, Shrines, 143–45, 270 227n. 235, 314, 373, 380, 392, 395, 408, Sicily, 117, 274, 285, 298n. 9, 299, 307, 409, 430, 436, 456, 457n. 54, 477; 344, 368, 399, 425, 507, 512 Catholics in, 421–24; exiles from, Sidney, Robert (earl of Leicester), 448 157f. Sidney, Sir Henry, 425f. Scots Colleges. See Madrid, Scots Col- Sidney, Sir Philip, 51f., 73, 74, 373f., lege; Valladolid, Royal Scots College 447–49 Scott, Mr., 227n. 235 Sierra Morena, 46 Scott, Thomas, 41n. 133, 466f., 467n. 88 Siliceo, Juan Martínez (archbishop of Scotto, Marchese Orazio, 300n. 18 Toledo), 200, 203 Scrinia sacra (1654), 477 Simancas, Bishop Jacobus, 200n. 134 Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, 349 Simon, Richard, 238 Second, Jean (Everaerts), 64, 89n. 64, Siri, Vittorio, 532n. 16 139 Sitges, 42 Segorbe, diocese of, 207 Sixtus V (pope), 126n. 5, 301, 368n. 57 Segovia, 108f., 227; cathedral at, 111, Skaters, Dutch and English, 95 156 Skipewithe, Sir William, 355n. 17 Selden, John, 453 Slater, Stephen, 358n. 27 Selim II (sultan), 171 Slaves, 64n. 203, 100, 209, 243, 246, 371, Semple, Colonel William, 423f., 435, 436 522; Muslim, 67, 181 Semple, Hugh, S.J., 436, 463n. 79 Sloane, Sir Hans, 542n. 59 Seneca, 191, 273 Smith, Richard, S.J., 414n. 65 Sephardic Diaspora, 165–69; to the Smyrna, 193 East, 169–72; to the West, 172–200 Soames, William (naval commander), Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 328, 377n. 86 102n. 106 Sermons, 150, 155 Sobieski, Jacobus, 55n. 177, 99, 144, 145 Servet (Servetus), Miguel, 250 Society of Jesus, 8, 64n. 201, 65, 121, Sessa, duke of (Spanish ambassador), 134, 153, 157, 198n. 123, 234n. 268, 301n. 24, 399n. 10 323f., 326n. 55, 334n. 30, 339, 358, Sévigné, Madame de, 60, 346f. 368, 392–94, 396n. 4, 404–20, 424, 440, Seville, 36–38, 45n. 147, 52, 55f., 58, 75, 443, 444, 448, 457, 463n. 79, 469, 470, 99, 100f., 102, 118, 123, 141, 147, 150, 471, 472f., 476, 488n. 34, 493, 494, 504 151, 154n. 103, 180, 181, 187, 188, Sommaia, Girolamo da, 8, 205n. 154 194n. 105, 196, 221, 227n. 235, 231, Soranzo, Francesco (Venetian ambas- 233, 238, 250, 251, 253, 262, 269n. 64, sador), 78, 79n. 31, 130, 225, 506 277f., 287, 361, 370, 371, 372, 374, 404, Soto, Pedro de, 360n. 32 405, 455, 505, 541n. 58; alcázar, 123; Soto de Roma, 266 archbishop of, 143, 157n. 113; cathe- Sotomayor, Antonio de, O.P., 202 dral of, 110; English College, 405, Spain: and Catholicism (see Spanish 407, 408, 409, 415; English merchants Catholicism); character of, 528–44; in, 39; German visitors to, 49, 140; decline of, 306, 503–19; depopulation Irish College, 437; olives from, 35 of, 54, 212, 213, 215, 304, 306n. 42, Sforza, Ascanio (cardinal), 295 388, 508f., 536, 541; doctors in, 118; Shakespeare, 389 language of (see Castile, language of) index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 581

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Spanish Armadas, 22, 326, 331, 340, 362, Suárez, Francisco, S.J., 8, 191, 537 367f., 378, 379–88, 391f., 393, 395, Suárez, Joseph, 193 398f., 401, 408, 423, 426f., 435, 447n. Suárez, Manuel Hamiz, 193 8, 449, 470, 478 Suárez, Raquel, 193 Spanish Catholicism, 79, 125–59, 504; Suffolk, Lady, 23n. 66 and processions, 134f. Suffolk, Lord, 23n. 66 Spanish Marriage, 28, 29n. 84, 35, 446, Sugar-cane, 541 454–57, 459–65, 467, 471, 472–74, Superstition, 250f., 479, 487, 529, 540 475–78 A supplicacyon to the Quenes Majestie Speculum consiliorum hispanicorum (1555), 353f. contra evangelicos, 341n. 63 Surinam, 194 Speed, John, 42n. 135, 250f., 362 Sweden (Swedes), 117, 344, 345, 475, 509 Spenser, Edmund, 395n. 147, 434n. 156, Swiss, 305 436f. Sperling, Dr. Otto, 117 Tagus River, 251, 539 Spies, English, 37f.; of the Inquisition, Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 61, 154 129f., 227; Turkish, 37 Talavera, Hernando de (archbishop of Spinelly, Sir Thomas (Florentine), 79 Granada), 121 Spínola (cardinal), 48, 153 Talavera de la Reina, 120 Spínola, Ambrogio (Ambrosio), 300n. Tangier, 58 18 Tarazona, 106 Spínola, Federigo, 383 Tarifa, 270 Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de, 178, Tarragona, 108, 253 179n. 53, 182f., 185, 186, 188, Tassoni, Alessandro, 45n. 147, 47, 92n. 197n. 118 80, 95, 122, 255, 301f., 533 Standon (Standen), Anthony, 428n. 124 Taylor, Henry, 458 Stanhope, Alexander (English ambas- Téa, duke of, 120 sador), 34, 86n. 58, 94, 104n. 110, Teresa of Avila, St., 43f., 50, 58, 82, 133, 139n. 29, 151, 228n. 240, 276, 515f., 350; journeys of, 43f. 517 Testi, Fulvio (ambassador from Mod- Stanhope, James (general; ‹rst earl), 81, ena), 45, 79, 86, 118n. 156, 119, 301, 98n. 94, 104n. 110, 230, 517 509 Stanihurst, Richard, 427f., 429 Thamara, Francisco, 372 Stanley, Sir William, 57, 280, 367, 398n. Theatre, 76f., 118f., 256, 278, 289n. 48, 7, 409n. 48, 410f., 423, 428 538 Stapleton, Thomas, 398 Thomas, Hubert, 41f., 48n. 157, 89f., Statutes of Purity of Blood, 9, 173, 98n. 95, 226n. 230, 232n. 258, 504 184f., 187, 200–203, 220, 231f. See also Thomas of Signy-l’Abbaye, O.S.B., Purity of Blood 145n. 73 Stepney, William, 450 Thorius (Thorys), John, 449 Stevens, John, 212, 215n. 189, 452n. 27, Thorne, Robert, 373n. 73 538n. 41, 542 Thurn, Jörg von, 481 Stile, John (English ambassador), 17, 48 Tiberius (Roman emperor), 522 Still, Henry, 15n. 41 Tiepolo, Paolo (Venetian ambassador), Strabo, 538 530n. 10 Stuart, Jacobus, 422n. 99 Timoleague, 435 Stubbs, William, 527n. 32 Tintoretto, 255n. 36, 258 Stubenberg, Georg, baron von, 504 Tintoretto, Domenico, 281n. 28 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 582

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Titian, 20n. 62, 97, 112, 115, 254f., 256n. Polish, 91, 103; Venetian, 48, 55, 119. 37, 257 See also Diplomats; Pilgrimage; Plat- Titon de Servantes, Hugo, 412n. 56 ter, Thomas Titon de Servantes, Juan, 412n. 56 Tresham, Sir Lewis, 121n. 164 Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 488 Treswell, Robert, 23n. 66 Titus (Roman emperor), 163n. 13, 190 Tribulzio (cardinal), 512 Tobosa, 78 Trissino, Girolamo, 139n. 46, 155n. 107 Toledo, 45n. 147, 65, 74, 88, 92, 98, 117, Troterel, 347 131, 135, 149, 150n. 89, 163, 166, 173, Truce, between Spain and the Dutch, 184, 200, 203, 208n. 165, 219, 221, 175, 318, 324, 506, 507 243f., 246, 250, 251, 253, 260, 262, 330; Tuam, archbishop of, 427, 428 acting archbishop of, 22; alcázar, 539; Tucumán, bishop of, 179 archbishop of, 155n. 109; cathedral Tudela, 50 in, 98; church at, 134; San Juan de los Tunis, 64, 192n. 100, 211, 330; Tunisia, Reyes, 109. See also Carranza, Bar- 210 tolomé de Tupa Amaru Inca, 483, 490, 491 Toledo, Bernardo de Rojas y Sandoval Turkey. See Ottoman Empire; Turks (cardinal archbishop of Toledo), 456 Turks, 21f., 26, 31, 67, 72n. 8, 78, 128, Toledo, Francisco de (viceroy of Peru), 167, 201, 206, 210, 211, 241, 254, 298, 318, 491 304, 305, 331, 332, 342, 357, 366, 367, Toll, Thomas, 279 444, 448n. 12, 456, 459, 491n. 52, 511, Tolmezzo, Francesco Janis da, 108n. 520 124, 119n. 157 Turriano (Italian engineer), 539 Tomson, Robert, 371 Tuscany, 72, 169, 193, 298; prince of (see Torquemada, Juan de, 489n. 41 Cosimo III) Tortosa, 108, 138 Túy, bishop of, 223n. 214, 414 Totnes (Devon), 383 Toulouse, 12; university of, 181 Ubaldini, Petruccio, 381n. 102, 389n. Tournai, 131 127 Tours, 337 Uceda, Cristóbal de Sandoval y Rojas, Tower of London (“Spanish armoury”), duke of, 457n. 55 386 Ulster, 425, 426, 430, 434, 438f. Townsend, Joseph, 3, 6n. 9, 56 Universities, Spanish, 542. See also Trade with England, embargo on, 37 Alcalá de Henares; Salamanca, uni- Travel: dangers of, 45–47; dif‹culties of, versity of; Valladolid, university of 44–51; increase in, 71f. Unterwalden, 14 Travel accounts: Genoese, 46n. 147; Urban VIII (pope), 306 German, 41; Italian, 46n. 149; French, Ursins, Madame la Princesse des, 62n. 54 199, 152n. 99, 155n. 107, 231n. 254, Travellers, 10; from Basle, 43; crusaders, 518n. 62 15; English, 55–58, 543; Flemish and Usque, Samuel, 163n. 12, 166f., 168, 178, Walloon, 63–67, 535; French, 50, 179n. 53, 195 59–62, 78, 84, 89, 145, 213, 234, 340, Utrecht, Treaty of, 518 345, 513, 530, 533f.; German, 41, 140, Utrera, 67 232; German-Polish knights, 128; Ital- ian, 45, 58f., 103, 115, 123, 535, 539; Valdés, Alfonso de, 224, 386n. 121, 447 from Lucca, 89n. 63; Milanese, 11n. Valencia, 10, 12, 37, 46, 49f., 66, 81, 85, 23, 16, 88, 90, 99, 102, 108n. 124, 219; 87, 88, 99f., 103, 104, 108, 111, 130, index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 583

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156, 166, 189, 196, 204f., 206f., 209, Veryard, Ellis, 111n. 136, 111, 235, 541 212, 218, 219, 278, 287, 300, 393, 403f., Vespasian (Roman emperor), 190 518, 535, 539; brothels in, 123n. 172; Viaje de Cosme, 77n. 24, 91n. 70. See cathedral at, 36; Colegio del Patri- also Cosimo III arca, 139; courtesans of, 99f.; Valen- Vicenza, 84, 278. See also Ragona, cians, 82, 511 Alfonso, of Vicenza Valera, Blas, S.J., 490n. 44 Vieira, António, S.J., 187 Valera, Cipriano de, 447n. 7 Vigo, 222 Valladolid, 18, 51, 52n. 169, 55, 73, 74n. Vilcabamba, 483, 488 12, 74, 88, 92, 98f., 107, 111, 112, 120, Villa Mediana, count of, 531n. 14 135, 139, 146, 152, 157, 201, 203, 222, Villars, Pierre de (marquis; French 230, 233, 243, 250, 253, 360, 433; Eng- ambassador), 20n. 62, 60; secretary to lish College, 23, 405–15, 416, 417, 420, (Pseudo-Villars), 60, 122n. 169, 139n. 422; Jesuit College, 420; Royal Scots 46, 229n. 248, 289n. 49; Madame de College, 423f.; San Benito monastery, Villars, 60, 94, 98, 122, 139, 229, 290n. 413n. 62; university of, 405 50, 347n. 87 Valldigna (Cistercian monastery), 220 Villaviciosa, 50 Valona, 194n. 105 Virginia, 376n. 83, 435 Valverde, Vicente, O.P., 489 Visigoths, 190, 344, 543. See also Vandenesse, Jean de, 108, 230 Goths Van den Wyngaerde, Anton, 252–54, Visitors. See Travellers 262, 268 Vital, Laurent, 106n. 116, 111, 535 Van Dyck, Anthony, 258, 259 Vitoria, 440n. 178 Van Erpen, Thomas, 63n. 200, 211n. 173 Vitoria, Francisco de, O.P., 58n. 186, Van Heemskerck, Martin, 241f. 202, 317, 328, 491, 537 Van Limborch, Philip, 184n. 72, 185, Vives, Luis, 240, 446f., 450 199f., 234 Vizcaya, 83, 84n. 51, 442n. 185 Van Meteren, Emanuel, 233 Voiture, Vincent de, 345, 348f., 538n. 46 Vasaeus, Joannes, 65, 504 Voltaire, 5n. 6, 235f., 339n. 56, 347 Vasari, Giorgio, 254 Voyages historiques, 215n. 189. See also Vaughan, William, 466f., 469 Jordan, Claude Vayrac, abbé de, 61f. Velada, marqués de, 120, 403 Wadding, Richard, 441 Velázquez, 5n. 7, 112, 116, 119, 254, Wadsworth, James, 73, 145, 146, 470, 255f., 258, 259 472f., 477f., 529 Venetians, 52, 55, 301, 305, 339n. 56. See Wadsworth, Joseph (Seth), 23, 145, also Diplomats 415n. 72 Venice, 13, 52, 72, 117, 163, 166, 167, Wales (the Welsh), 404, 429, 541 169, 171, 174, 185n. 74, 186, 192, 193, Walloons. See Flanders, the Flemish 194n. 105, 221n. 211, 277, 285, 291n. Walpole, Richard, S.J., 404n. 33, 415n. 51, 298, 301–3, 305, 366, 448, 505, 524; 72, 416n. 73 government of, 20, 297n. 6 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 311, 363, 365n. Venta Nueva, 267, 268 52, 372n. 70, 375 Verardi, Carlo, 296n. 4 Walton, Sir Isaak, 57 Verdi, 526 Warford, William, 409n. 48 Vergara, Juan de, 92 Warhaffte Relation . . . der Kriegstrüs- Versailles, 98, 349 tung oder Armada (1588), 381n. 103 Verstegan, Richard, 233, 398n. 7 A Warnyng for Englande (1555), 354 index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 584

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War of Spanish Succession, 176, 269, Navarrese, 55n. 177; Rivadavia, 476n. 295, 516–18, 542 122; Spanish, 89, 540. See also Sherry Warwick, Sir Philip, 31n. 85 Winquelius, Roland, 147n. 78 Waterford, 439, 442 Witches, 140, 216, 235 Watson, Robert, 526 Wolsey, Cardinal, 12n. 28, 17, 22, 219 Weiditz, Cristoph, 243–49, 254 Women, 122–24, 243, 245, 246, 250, 251, Weidner, J. L., 52n. 170, 232f., 325f. 252, 253, 268, 279, 287f., 289f., 529 Weigel, Hans, 249n. 18 Wotton, Pickering, 415n. 72 Weldon, Anthony, 474n. 117, 477 Wotton, Sir Henry, 235n. 271, 390f. Welsch, Hieronymus, 51, 136 Wright, Thomas, 392f. West Indies, 274, 278, 287, 370f., 399, Würtemberg: court of, 51; duke of 405, 466, 478, 519. See also New (Johann Friedrich), 504; Magnus of, World 504 Wexford, 441 Wyatt, Sir Thomas (English ambas- Wey, William, of Eton, 13 sador), 18, 352 Weymouth, 41 Wynne, Sir Richard, 41, 44f., 54n. 176, White, Thomas, S.J., 438f. 55, 77f., 79n. 33, 96, 119n. 157, 133f., White, William (Vitus), 439 135, 148n. 85, 152, 243, 286n. 39 Whit‹eld, John, 411 Wilkinson, John, 356 Yepes, Bishop Diego de, 408 William III of England, 180 Yonger (Yonge), James, 409 William of Orange, 104, 129, 299, 311f., Yorkshire, 227n. 235 315f., 323–25, 331, 336, 337, 375, 376, Yucatan, 321 448, 522 Yuste, monastery of, 329 Williams, Sir Roger, 310n. 7 Williams, Thomas, 55f., 81, 88, 92, Zahara, 252 157n. 113, 227n. 236, 272 Zamora, 110 Willoughby, Robert, 227n. 235 Zárate, Agustín de, 372 Wills (Willes), Richard, 358, 377n. 88 Zárate, Fernando de. See Enríquez Willughby, Francis, 42, 49, 76n. 16, 77, Gómez, Antonio 101, 111n. 136, 117, 540n. 56, 541f. Zeiler, Martin, 7n. 12, 51n. 165, 74, 75, Wilson, Arthur, 96, 477 95, 110, 123n. 175, 142n. 59, 534n. 28 Wilson, Edward, 41n. 132, 113n. 144, Zúccaro, Federico, 112n. 141 508n. 18 Zúñiga, Baltasar de, 507 Windebank, Christopher, 39; possible Zurbarán, 141 illustration of, 32 Zurich, 14 Windebank, Thomas, 39 Zurita, Gerónimo, 276 Wine, 43, 55; Canary, 35, 43, 475, 476; Zutphen, 322, 323