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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46100 I I 73-26,869 McINTOSH, Claude Truman, 1934- FRENCH DIPLOMACY DURING THE WAR OF DEVOLUTION, 1667-68, THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 1668, AND THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, 1668. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 History, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C) Copyright by Claude Truman McIntosh 1973 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. FRENCH DIPLOMACY DURING THE WAR OF DEVOLUTION, 1667-68, THE TRIFLE ALLIANCE, 1668, AND THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, 1668 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Claude T. McIntosh, B.A., M.A The Ohio State University 1973 Approved by (I Adviser Department of History Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge the inspiration and very special effort and aid given my by Dr. John C. Rule. Al so, I thank my faithful typist. But above all, my special thanks to my wife, who supported me most when I needed it. Therefore, to you, Glenda, I dedicate this dissertation. iii VITA January 8, 1934- • . • Born - Houston, Texas 1939- ........ B.A., Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, Texas 1960-1965 ........... Teacher, Arlington Independent School System, Arlington, Texas 1965 . M.A., Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, Texas 1965-1968 ........... Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1971 ........... Instructor, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 1971- ............... Assistant Professor, The University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 1973 . Ph.D., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Early Modern Europe Studies in Tudor-Stuart England. Professor Clayton Roberts Studies in the Renaissance - Reformation. Professor Harold Grimm iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... iii VITA................................... iv INTRODUCTION........................................ 1 Chapter I. The Diplomatic Preparations ............ 11 II. The Anglo-Dutch War of 1665-67.......... 58 III. The War of D e v o l u t i o n ................... 81 IV. The Triple Alliance ..................... 117 V. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and Results 146 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION...................... 175 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................*• 196 V Introduction The purpose of this dissertation, as originally conceived, was to present a study of the diplomatic tactics of the French diplomatic corps prior to and during the War of Devolution May, 1667 to February, 1668, the Triple Alliance January, 1668, and the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle June, 1668. However, when more extensive research revealed the fact that few historians have even mentioned the War of Devolution 1667-68, in their historical stud ies, the original purpose of the dissertation was altered. While there are few scholarly works devoted to the War of Devolution, several studies have been written about the Triple Alliance and its effects upon Europe. Yet, there is an abundance of primary source material about all three events. Therefore, the intent and direction of this study was changed in order that the scope of this dissertation, through investigation of the primary materials, could provide a here-to-fore unpublished intensive study of the French diplomacy surrounding the War of Devolution, Triple Alliance, and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Re search of the primary and secondary sources, including unpublished correspondence of Charles II of England and 1 his sister, Henrietta, provided the opportunity for this dissertation to offer new substantive evidence for inter preting Louis XIV's motives and decisions in 1666, that prompted him to delay until later any further territorial expansion into adjacent European territories. The purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is to provide an intensive study of the French diplomatic activ ity during the War of Devolution, 1667-68, the Triple Al liance, 1668, and the Treaty of Aix-la-Ghapelle, 1668, by relating the development of pertinent events that occurred between the conclusion of negotiations of the Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 end the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1668. A further purpose of this dissertation is to write about the War of Devolution, Triple Alliance, and Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle as one topic in a chronological sequence since there is not a study written inclusively about these three events. ■ In addition, this study stresses the important effects upon French diplomacy and alliances resulting from the interaction of the Anglo- Spanish and Anglo-Dutch alliances, the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665-67» and the War of Devolution, 1667-68. The effects of these events upon French diplomacy were critical be cause of the single-purposed goal of France throughout this period, the successful occupation of the Spanish 3 Netherlands (Low Countries). Finally, this dissertation attempts to further substantiate the historical inter pretation that Louis XIV, king of France, did not want to jeopardize his recently won victories of the War of Devolution by a continuation of French aggrandizement. It is the conclusion of this dissertation that Louis XIV was prompted to delay any further territorial expansion by the league of the Triple Alliance, 1668 (England, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and Sweden). How ever, the letters of Henrietta to Charles, relaying Louis' thoughts, motives, and decisions seem to also verify the interpretation that Louis XIV had faith in his diplomatic corps and in his own diplomatic abilities to accomplish his goals for further expansion of France's northeastern borders. The first chapter of this dissertation introduces the reader to the French diplomatic negotiations which proceded the Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. One of the ma jor provisions of the Treaty of the Pyrenees was the ar rangement of the marriage in 1659 of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa, Spanish Infanta. Before the Spanish government would approve the marriage, Maria Theresa had to renounce all claims to the Spanish .inheritance. The "renouncement clause" was the pivotal point around which the French di- di plomacy functioned through out the next nine years. Until the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665-67 French di plomacy was irresolute. Perhaps, instead, the diplomatic corps under the direction of Hugues de Lionne, was seeking direction, testing alliances, and ascertaining friends and enemies. Alliances were formed and relationships were strengthened, especially those diplomatic relations with England, the United Provinces, Spain, and Portugal. France was half-heartedly drawn into the Anglo-Dutch War because of a defensive alliance with the United Provinces. Even before the outbreak of the war, French diplomats and ambassadors had attempted to negotiate peace between Eng land and the United Provinces. Participating in the war as little as possible, Louis and his diplomats continued their efforts to bring England and the United Provinces to peace terms. In the meantime, Louis XIV and Francois-Michel Le Tellier, the marquis de Louvois, planned an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. Under the guise of training and equipping his armies to aid the Dutch in their war with England, Louis prepared his troops. As the English and Dutch fought to a standstill, Louis decided, in the spring of 1667, that the time was propitious and sent his troops across the borders between France and the Spanish Nether lands. Louis explained that his actions were justified since his

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