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La Cuestión De La Eutanasia En España. Consecuencias Jurídicas Euthanasia in Spain. Juridical Consequences

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La Cuestión De La Eutanasia En España. Consecuencias Jurídicas Euthanasia in Spain. Juridical Consequences La cuestión de la eutanasia en España. Consecuencias jurídicas LA CUESTIÓN DE LA EUTANASIA EN ESPAÑA. CONSECUENCIAS JURÍDICAS EUTHANASIA IN SPAIN. JURIDICAL CONSEQUENCES José Miguel Serrano Ruiz-Calderón Filosofía del Derecho. Facultad de Derecho Universidad Complutense [email protected] Resumen El debate sobre la eutanasia en España está mediatizado por un caso tipo, similar al que se utilizó en Estados Unidos con Roe versus Wade. Este es el caso Sampedro. Por razón del sistema de fuentes español, preferentemente continental, este caso buscó más la influencia política que la resolución jurídica. En su trayecto judicial, las reso- luciones, tanto en instancias nacionales como internacionales, fueron contrarias a las pretensiones de Sampedro pero, en general, no abordaron las razones sustantivas por las que no debería aceptarse la retirada del Estado en caso de homicidio compasivo. El debate tuvo efectos en España en la Comisión Senatorial sobre la eutanasia, que se manifestó globalmente en contra, y en la legislación sobre voluntades anticipadas, también opuesta a la eutanasia. Por la presión mediática, especialmente en el cine, el tema ha seguido en discusión, siendo la posición del actual Gobierno ambigua respecto a la posibilidad de legalización. Palabras clave: eutanasia, España, consecuencias jurídicas. Abstract The debate about the euthanasia in Spain has been channelled by the showcase situation of the quadriplegic Ramón Sampedro, made recently famous by the movie Cuad. Bioét. XVIII, 2007/1ª 11 José Miguel Serrano Ruiz-Calderón «The Sea Inside», similar to the way that abortion was presented in the case Roe vs. Wade in the United States. Spanish legal system follows the continental system not the anglosaxon jurisprudence. For this reason, the case looks for the politic influen- ce rather than the legal solution. Both Spanish and international legal decisions in Sampedro’s case, were opposed to his desires but, in general, they did not attack the main reasons for which the State should not accept the basis for mercy killings. In Spain, the debate made effect in the Euthanasia Senatorial Commission, which de- cided globally against euthanasia and in the legislation concerning living wills, also opposed to the euthanasia. Due to the mass media pressure, especially the movies, discussion has gone on, with the ambiguous position of the current government regarding its possible legalization. Key words: euthanasia, Spain, juridical consequences. 1. La situación jurídica española: el Có- eso sí, que el grado de apertura actual digo de 1995 le parecía insuficiente. «Naturalmente, tengo también mis opiniones sobre qué Es necesario destacar que el camino debería decir el Código Penal. Debería hacia una despenalización de la eutanasia quedar reducido a regular las conductas ya se inició en el vigente Código Penal, de producción directa de la muerte en obviando, por cierto, una amplia discu- una situación eutanásica. En estos casos sión social. Aunque la despenalización de producción directa de la muerte en no se realizó de forma total, se abrió el camino a través de la vía habitual de Ruiz, José Francisco Hernández Quimera, Juan Iglesias Marcelo, Alejandro Lamalia Díaz, Rosa Ló- imponer una pena irrelevante respecto pez Garnica, José Antonio Marín Rite, José Manuel al bien jurídico protegido. Esta apertura Martiarena Lizarazu, María Antonia Martínez Gar- del Código Penal a la eutanasia fue seña- cía, Ascensión Pastor Parres, Alfredo Prada Presa, Victoriano Rios Pérez, Samuel Rodríguez Fontecha, lado por José Luis Díez Ripollés ante la Coral Rodríguez Fouz, Roberto Soravilla Fernández, Comisión del Senado de 19981, indicando, Maria Rosa Vindell López, Carmen Virgili Rodón y Emilio Zapatero Villalonga. Las citas de los compa- 1 La Comisión Especial de Estudio sobre la recientes que se recogerán en el libro son del «Diario eutanasia se constituyó el 17 de marzo de 1998 y de Sesiones del Senado. Comisiones. Comisión finalizó sus trabajos el 18 de enero de 2000. Estuvo Especial de Estudio de la Eutanasia». Se citan por constituida por los siguientes senadores: Ignacio el nombre del compareciente, Senado y fecha. Los Javier Ariznavarreta Esteban, José María Barahona comparecientes procedentes de diversos campos: Hortelano, Rosa Barenys Martorell, Enrique Bellido Bioética, Medicina en diferentes especialidades, Muñoz, José Antonio Beltrán Miralles, Imanol Boli- Filosofía, Derecho, etc., debían resumir su informe naza Bengoa, Jaime Cardona i Vila, Diego Ladislao en un tiempo limitado, manifestando igualmente Castell Campesino, Pilar Costa Serra, Ramón Espasa su posición concreta respecto a la despenalización. i Oliver, Joaquín Jesús Galán Pérez, Antonio García Esto ha producido un material que, pese al tiempo Miralles, Pío García Escudero Márquez, Arseni Gu- transcurrido, sigue siendo inmejorable para el es- bert i Bosch, Esteban González Pons, José Gutiérrez tudio de la cuestión de la eutanasia en España. 12 Cuad. Bioét. XVIII, 2007/1ª La cuestión de la eutanasia en España. Consecuencias jurídicas personas que no se están muriendo, pero una enfermedad grave que conduciría que están con una enfermedad avanzada necesariamente a su muerte, o que o una minusvalía grave generalizada produjera graves padecimientos per- —sería injusto decir lo contrario—, el manentes y difíciles de soportar, será nuevo Código Penal ha adoptado una castigado con la pena inferior en uno regulación que es de las más abiertas que o dos grados a las señaladas en los existen en el mundo occidental. Es cierto números 2 y 3 de este artículo». que es delito lo que habitualmente —voy a utilizar una terminología que no me De esta forma, se redirige el homicidio gusta, como les he dicho ya— se consi- al suicidio y se prefigura un tipo descri- dera como eutanasia activa, pero también to de tal modo que pudiera servir para es cierto que lo es con una pena muy baja una posible legalización, una vez que se que, además, puede estar sometida a la añadiese la participación facultativa y un suspensión condicional de la pena que procedimiento de control estatal. será muy frecuente porque normalmente El debate recogido en el Diario de no serán personas que habitualmente se Sesiones de 1 de junio de 1995 resulta dediquen a estas cosas»2. especialmente ilustrativo de las posturas El Código Penal de 1995 incluye el ho- que se mantuvieron. En palabras del micidio eutanásico en la cooperación ne- interviniente del Partido Popular, Trillo cesaria al suicidio, constituyendo un tipo Figueroa, se había realizado un notable privilegiado que, debido a la levedad de la esfuerzo de consenso en la redacción del pena, produce que, prácticamente, por el capítulo. Aun así, y aceptando básica- primer delito no se cumpla efectivamente mente la tipificación adoptada, discrepa la pena y no se ingrese en prisión. En sobre la pena. Entiende su enmienda que efecto, el artículo 143 del Código Penal de debería aplicarse una reducción de un 1995 tipifica la inducción al suicidio en el grado sobre la pena del homicidio y no punto 1. En el 2, la cooperación necesaria, de dos sobre la más leve de inducción y en el 3 la cooperación hasta el extremo de cooperación al suicidio. Con acierto, el causar la muerte, sancionándolo con entre representante del Partido Nacionalista seis y diez años. En el punto 4, reduce la Vasco entendió que la disyuntiva que se pena en uno o dos grados para: recogía en el tipo era errónea, pues crea- ba un tipo jurídico indeterminado, el de «el que causare o cooperare activa- «o se produjesen graves padecimientos mente con actos necesarios y directos permanentes o difíciles de soportar». a la muerte de otro, por la petición El diputado se inclinaba por incluir la expresa, seria e inequívoca de éste, copulativa «y» que hubiese reducido en el caso de que la víctima sufriera el tipo privilegiado a los enfermos ter- minales. 2 Senado-comisión, 26 de octubre de 1999, Las argumentaciones de la ponente nº 502, p. 23. socialista y de algunos enmendantes Cuad. Bioét. XVIII, 2007/1ª 13 José Miguel Serrano Ruiz-Calderón como Olabarría incluían un tópico dis- El enmendante López Garrido, enton- cutible que desvela un estado de opinión ces de Izquierda Unida y hoy con impor- peligroso. Se trata de si la sociedad es- tantes responsabilidades en el Partido pañola estaba preparada o madura para Socialista, argumentó a favor de la supre- la eutanasia. En efecto, no es aceptable sión del apartado cuarto del artículo y la considerar que las sociedades que legis- elaboración de una norma que recogiese lan sobre el homicidio de enfermos están la práctica legal de la eutanasia. preparadas, mientras que la que no lo reconocen «aún no están preparadas». Se 2. El debate en España: el homicidio de da por sentado que, en fases futuras de Ramón Sampedro mayor preparación, se legisle aceptando la despenalización de la práctica. La cuestión eutanásica está abierta en En efecto, la tesis que subyace en la sociedad, de forma que incluso ha pro- estas afirmaciones es que existe una ducido sus mártires. En efecto, en el caso tendencia histórica ineludible hacia la más conocido entre nosotros, el de Ramón imposición de la eutanasia. La función Sampedro, el parapléjico que reivindicó del Parlamento sería, a juicio de los más en España el derecho a la propia muerte, moderados o menos radicales dentro de la polémica no se detuvo en el rechazo ju- esta tendencia, observar cuál es el estado dicial a la solicitud del reconocimiento del de esa evolución y ver si la legislación es hipotético derecho a la muerte, ni siquiera recomendable en este momento, es decir, en la realización de la eutanasia, forma si la población está preparada. Por el en la que previsiblemente se produjo la contrario, otros consideran que la legis- muerte de esta persona, sino que alcanzó lación debe servir de factor de ruptura, al propio archivo de la causa por este úl- acelerando la marcha de la Historia.
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