DOCSLIB.ORG

European Integration Cleavage in the 8Th and 9Th European Parliament - Master of International Public Management and Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Integration Cleavage in the 8Th and 9Th European Parliament - Master of International Public Management and Policy European Integration Cleavage in the 8th and 9th European Parliament - Master of International Public Management and Policy Thijs Stegeman 430781 July 10th, 2020 Erasmus University Rotterdam Dr. Asya Zhelyazkova Prof. Dr. Markus Haverland 19274 words Summary As a result of the financial crisis of ‘08- ‘09 and the Euro crisis of ’13-’15, Euroscepticism has become more mainstream and gotten a more prominent place in political debates and elections. This development was particularly visible at the European Parliament (EP) elections of 2014, where anti-European parties significantly increased their share of parliamentary seats. According to Hix, Noury and Roland, this shift has caused a surge in the importance of the pro/anti-European integration division compared to the traditional left-right division, measured in voting behaviour. The 2019 EP elections were not preceded by a similar crisis, but still resulted in an increased share of seats for anti-European Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). Therefore, this thesis will focus on the composition of political cleavages in the complete eighth and the newly elected ninth term of the EP. The term political cleavage was first introduced by Lipset and Rokkan to describe divisions in society which were mirrored in politics. These divisions were usually competing world views which encompassed a varying range of issues, i.e. liberal market views opposed to government intervention. Traditionally, the left-right cleavage has been the most important, while in the 70’s and 90’s cultural values of universal values opposed to local, cultural values gained in importance. Some authors argue that the cleavage of European integration falls along the same division as the cultural cleavage, while others treat it as a new emerging cleavage, quickly gaining in importance. To analyse the development of the different cleavages, a multidimensional scaling analysis of roll-call data between 2014 and 2019 was done. Roll-call data are the publicly recorded votes of individual MEPs. Using these votes and multidimensional scaling, the ideological distances between MEPs were calculated and plotted in a 2-dimensional graph. To interpret the coordinates of the MEPs in this graph an OLS regression was performed. The results from this regression showed that in the period from 2014 until the first half of 2019, the eighth term of the EP, a combination of the measurement for European integration and GAL/TAN was the best predictor for the first dimension, while the general left-right and economic left-right measures were most important on the second dimension. During the ninth term, the cleavages shifted and neither cleavage is clearly dominant , although EU integration seems to have a slight upper hand. It can be concluded that since the 2014 election, the EU integration cleavage has lost in dominance, but also that this cleavage has submerged with the cultural cleavage. 1 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help of several people. First and foremost I would like to thank my thesis supervisor professor Zhelyazkova for helping me with her advice and guidance. These last months have certainly been different than usual but she was always available to help out and think along with any obstacle I ran into. Second, I would like to thank my fellow students from the thesis circle for their input and moral support while writing. Last but not least, I want to thank my friend Justin for helping me work through the Stata coding. I did not have much experience working with Stata, but he helped me understand the program and make the MDS analysis possible. 2 List of content Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Political cleavages ................................................................................................................................ 6 Scientific relevance .............................................................................................................................. 7 Social relevance ................................................................................................................................... 8 Reading guide ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 9 Cleavage theory ................................................................................................................................... 9 Left-right and alternative dimensions ............................................................................................... 11 Cleavages in international politics ..................................................................................................... 12 Evolution of the European integration cleavage ............................................................................... 13 Interpretation of the EU integration cleavage .................................................................................. 15 Dominance of the EU integration cleavage ....................................................................................... 16 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................................... 18 The pro/anti-European integration cleavage .................................................................................... 18 Differences between the EU integration cleavage and the cultural cleavage .................................. 19 Mechanisms behind the shift ............................................................................................................ 20 Research design and methodology ....................................................................................................... 22 Voting in the European Parliament ................................................................................................... 22 Data gathering ................................................................................................................................... 24 Dependent variable ........................................................................................................................... 27 Independent variables ....................................................................................................................... 28 Multidimensional scaling ................................................................................................................... 30 OLS Regression .................................................................................................................................. 32 Logistic regression ............................................................................................................................. 35 Reliability and validity ....................................................................................................................... 37 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Multidimensional results ................................................................................................................... 39 Goodness-of-fit statistics ................................................................................................................... 42 OLS results ......................................................................................................................................... 44 Robustness check .............................................................................................................................. 50 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................................... 51 Discussion & Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 52 3 GAL/TAN vs. EU integration .............................................................................................................. 52 Shifting cleavages .............................................................................................................................. 53 Limitations and recommendations for future research .................................................................... 54 Literature list ......................................................................................................................................... 56 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................ 61 A: Table 9 ..........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cochran,-Diana---Seeing-Inside--The-Sea-Inside-.Pdf
    “Among college-age youth (20–24 years) in the United States, suicide is the third leading cause of death.”1 Our youth today struggle with emotional and mental issues which are sometimes manifested in self-destructive behaviors or even attempts at suicide. Thus, I believe the Spanish film “Mar Adentro” (The Sea Inside) is powerful and relevant to our college-aged students. It relates the true story of Ramón Sampedro who is paralyzed in a diving accident and spends the next twenty-nine years of his life fighting for the legal right to carry out an assisted suicide. He loses the legal battle, but does find someone to help him end his life. He sips potassium cyanide from a straw as this person films his death. This event, which occurs in Galicia, Spain in 1998, sparks a national debate in Spain about the legality and justification of euthanasia, assisted suicide, and suicide in general. In the aftermath of Sampedro’s death, the filming of which was exposed to the public, his suicide assistant (a close female friend) is arrested, then released, and a popular campaign erupts in Spain with many claiming to be “the one” who helped him die. Even politicians show their support for his decision by signing a document stating they helped Sampedro to die.2 I use this film in a 300-level course called “Hispanic Culture through the Media Arts”. One of my objectives in the course is to begin to develop the skill of comprehending a wide variety of topics in films. This movie certainly helps in that regard.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Morte, Solução De Vida? Uma Leitura Bioética Do Filme Mar Adentro
    Revista Bioética ISSN: 1943-8042 [email protected] Conselho Federal de Medicina Brasil Pessini, Léo Morte, solução de vida? Uma leitura bioética do filme Mar Adentro Revista Bioética, vol. 16, núm. 1, -, 2008, pp. 51-60 Conselho Federal de Medicina Brasília, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=361533250005 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto Morte, solução de vida? Uma leitura bioética do filme Mar Adentro Léo Pessini Resumo: Este artigo analisa o tema da morte assistida a partir de questionamentos levantados na película espanhola Mar Adentro (2004), do cineasta Alejandro Almenabar, sobre o drama do jovem marinheiro espanhol Ramon Sampedro. Além de comover platéias no mundo inteiro, o filme trouxe a público uma série de questionamentos éticos sobre a vida e a morte, dentre as quais destacam-se: qual o valor da vida humana quando marcada por deficiências que tolhem a liberdade e a autonomia? O que fazer quando não se encontra mais motivos para viver? Continuar a viver tentando ressignificar a vida seria possível ou a opção pelo suicídio assistido seria desejável como o fez Ramon Sampedro? Longe de assumir uma postura de juízes, mesmo discordando da solução final, este artigo argumenta pelo direito ao respeito ao qual todo ser humano faz jus. Palavras-chave: Morte. Eutanásia. Distanásia. Respeito. Autonomia. Liberdade. No início de 2005, dois filmes fizeram grande sucesso de crítica e público: Menina de Ouro, produção estadu- nidense, e Mar Adentro, filme espanhol, produzido por Alejandro Amenábar.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-27 Watch No 8
    EU-27 WATCH No. 8 ISSN 1610-6458 Issued in March 2009 Edited by the Institute for European Politics (IEP), Berlin in collaboration with the Austrian Institute of International Affairs, Vienna Institute for International Relations, Zagreb Bulgarian European Community Studies Association, Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian Sofia Academy of Sciences, Budapest Center for European Studies / Middle East Technical Institute for Strategic and International Studies, University, Ankara Lisbon Centre européen de Sciences Po, Paris Institute of International and European Affairs, Centre d’étude de la vie politique, Université libre de Dublin Bruxelles Institute of International Relations, Prague Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Européennes Institute of International Relations and Political Robert Schuman, Luxembourg Science, Vilnius University Centre of International Relations, Ljubljana Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome Cyprus Institute for Mediterranean, European and Latvian Institute of International Affairs, International Studies, Nicosia Riga Danish Institute for International Studies, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, Copenhagen University of Malta Elcano Royal Institute and UNED University, Madrid Netherlands Institute of International Relations European Institute of Romania, Bucharest ‘Clingendael’, The Hague Federal Trust for Education and Research, London Slovak Foreign Policy Association, Bratislava Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Foundation
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study: “We Don´T Want Islam in Czech Republic”
    Case Study: We Don´t Want Islam in Czech Republic Jaroslav Valuch May 2018 Summary Martin Konvicka, co-founder and leader of the “We Don't Want Islam in Czech Republic” initiative (Islám v České republice nechceme – IVCRN) and one of its derivative movements, “Bloc Against Islam,” is currently under police investigation and awaiting trial for inciting hatred via comments on the Facebook page of the initiative. Inciting hatred against a group of persons or restricting their rights is a criminal offence according to the Czech legal code. This initiative started in 2009 as a very successful Facebook page community (the page had up to 160,000 followers in January 2016 before it was blocked by Facebook). It then morphed into a political movement with aspirations to gain representation in the Senate and parliament. At the height of his public political career, Konvicka and Bloc Against Islam received the endorsement of the President of the Czech Republic, who publicly supported the initiative by delivering a speech on their stage on November 17th 2015, the National Day of Fighting for Freedom and Democracy (anniversary of 1989 Velvet revolution). Konvicka decided to run in the Senate election in October 2016 with his new initiative called Alternative for Czech Republic (directly inspired by the German Alternative fur Deutschland). His run ended in failure, and he finished second from the bottom. Dangerous Speech Framework Analysis Social and Historical Context Since the rise of violent right-wing extremism after the Czech Velvet Revolution in 1989, measures to counter extremism (such as the training of security forces and the adoption of extremism and hate crime legislation) have been gradually implemented.1 The threat has received serious attention from even the highest political figures.
    [Show full text]
  • (SRHR) in European Institutions. by Elena
    Study for POLICY MAKERS on opposition to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in European institutions. by Elena Zacharenko Anti-gender mobilisations in Europe Study for policy makers on opposition to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in European institutions Author: Elena Zacharenko This study has been commissioned by Heidi Hautala MEP, Vice President of the European Parliament. Published in December 2020 Book cover illustration, design and layout by Laura Ospina - www.lauraennube.com 2 Table of CONTENTS Foreword from MEP Heidi Hautala.............................................................04 Executive summary.......................................................................................06 What is this study and who is it for? ........................................................... 08 Part 1: What drives the anti-gender movement?...........................................10 1.1 Origins and current manifestations...........................................................12 1.2 Global connections ..................................................................................13 1.3 The anti-gender movement in the EU...................................................... 16 1.4 Is it a backlash?........................................................................................23 1.5 Recommendations...................................................................................24 Part 2: Main anti-gender actors and their tactics at EU level........................26 2.1 Lobbying organisations
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Politics and Views on Brexit
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 8362, 2 May 2019 The EU27: Internal Politics By Stefano Fella, Vaughne Miller, Nigel Walker and Views on Brexit Contents: 1. Austria 2. Belgium 3. Bulgaria 4. Croatia 5. Cyprus 6. Czech Republic 7. Denmark 8. Estonia 9. Finland 10. France 11. Germany 12. Greece 13. Hungary 14. Ireland 15. Italy 16. Latvia 17. Lithuania 18. Luxembourg 19. Malta 20. Netherlands 21. Poland 22. Portugal 23. Romania 24. Slovakia 25. Slovenia 26. Spain 27. Sweden www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 The EU27: Internal Politics and Views on Brexit Contents Summary 6 1. Austria 13 1.1 Key Facts 13 1.2 Background 14 1.3 Current Government and Recent Political Developments 15 1.4 Views on Brexit 17 2. Belgium 25 2.1 Key Facts 25 2.2 Background 25 2.3 Current Government and recent political developments 26 2.4 Views on Brexit 28 3. Bulgaria 32 3.1 Key Facts 32 3.2 Background 32 3.3 Current Government and recent political developments 33 3.4 Views on Brexit 35 4. Croatia 37 4.1 Key Facts 37 4.2 Background 37 4.3 Current Government and recent political developments 38 4.4 Views on Brexit 39 5. Cyprus 42 5.1 Key Facts 42 5.2 Background 42 5.3 Current Government and recent political developments 43 5.4 Views on Brexit 45 6. Czech Republic 49 6.1 Key Facts 49 6.2 Background 49 6.3 Current Government and recent political developments 50 6.4 Views on Brexit 53 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain's European Question and an In/Out Referendum
    To be or not to be in Europe: is that the question? Britain’s European question and an in/out referendum TIM OLIVER* ‘It is time to settle this European question in British politics.’ David Cameron, 23 January 2013.1 Britain’s European question It came as no surprise to those who follow the issue of the European Union in British politics that David Cameron’s January 2013 speech on Europe excited a great deal of comment. The EU is among the most divisive issues in British politics. Cameron himself drew on this to justify his committing the Conservative Party, should it win the general election in 2015, to seek a renegotiated position for the UK within the EU which would then be put to the British people in an in/out referendum. Growing public frustrations at UK–EU relations were, he argued, the result of both a longstanding failure to consult the British people about their country’s place in the EU, and a changing EU that was undermining the current relationship between Britain and the Union. As a result, he argued, ‘the democratic consent for the EU in Britain is now wafer-thin’. Cameron’s speech was met with both criticism and praise from Eurosceptics and pro-Europeans alike.2 In a speech at Chatham House backing Cameron’s plan, the former Conservative prime minister Sir John Major best captured some of the hopes for a referendum: ‘The relationship with Europe has poisoned British politics for too long, distracted parliament from other issues and come close to destroying the Conservative Party.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 YEARS of EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HISTORY and Subjugated
    European Parliament – 50th birthday QA-70-07-089-EN-C series 1958–2008 Th ere is hardly a political system in the modern world that does not have a parliamentary assembly in its institutional ‘toolkit’. Even autocratic or totalitarian BUILDING PARLIAMENT: systems have found a way of creating the illusion of popular expression, albeit tamed 50 YEARS OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HISTORY and subjugated. Th e parliamentary institution is not in itself a suffi cient condition for granting a democratic licence. Yet the existence of a parliament is a necessary condition of what 1958–2008 we have defi ned since the English, American and French Revolutions as ‘democracy’. Since the start of European integration, the history of the European Parliament has fallen between these two extremes. Europe was not initially created with democracy in mind. Yet Europe today is realistic only if it espouses the canons of democracy. In other words, political realism in our era means building a new utopia, that of a supranational or post-national democracy, while for two centuries the DNA of democracy has been its realisation within the nation-state. Yves Mény President of the European University Institute, Florence BUILDING PARLIAMENT: BUILDING 50 YEARS OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HISTORY PARLIAMENT EUROPEAN OF YEARS 50 ISBN 978-92-823-2368-7 European Parliament – 50th birthday series Price in Luxembourg (excluding VAT): EUR 25 BUILDING PARLIAMENT: 50 YEARS OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HISTORY 1958–2008 This work was produced by the European University Institute, Florence, under the direction of Yves Mény, for the European Parliament. Contributors: Introduction, Jean-Marie Palayret; Part One, Luciano Bardi, Nabli Beligh, Cristina Sio Lopez and Olivier Costa (coordinator); Part Two, Pierre Roca, Ann Rasmussen and Paolo Ponzano (coordinator); Part Three, Florence Benoît-Rohmer; Conclusions, Yves Mény.
    [Show full text]
  • What Happened to France's European Dream?
    1 FROM FOUNDING FATHERS TO RELUCTANT EUROPEANS; WHAT HAPPENED TO FRANCE’S EUROPEAN DREAM? Lecture delivered by Lara Marlowe, France correspondent for The Irish Times, to the Association of Franco-Irish Studies annual conference, National Concert Hall Dublin, 23 May 2014 The European project is threatened by public apathy and indifference. It is suffocated by the complexity of EU institutions, thwarted by national egotism, and threatened by the rise of populist, europhobic parties. Exit polls last night showed that Geert Wilders’ anti-Europe Freedom Party performed poorly, but we won’t know until Sunday night whether europhobe parties will, as predicted, led the polls in France and Britain. Over the decades I’ve lived in Paris, I’ve watched friends, neighbours and colleagues fall out of love with Europe. In preparing this lecture, I’ve tried to understand why. For weeks, I’ve been asking French people how they feel about Europe. THE DISILLUSIONED At the National Front’s May Day rally, an elderly lady with white hair, a retired accountant, told me how immigrants “invaded” her neighbourhood in Montmartre. “There’s no more work; there’s nothing,” she said. “I want une Europe choisie – a chosen Europe. At the very least, I want people who join Europe to be at our level. Our shops are closing because everything is made by the Chinese. I miss the franc terribly. I want us to be sovereign in our own country, not taking orders from Brussels.” A few nights ago, I had dinner with a French businesswoman who votes for centrist, pro- European parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Morte, Solução De Vida? Uma Leitura Bioética Do Filme Mar Adentro
    Morte, solução de vida? Uma leitura bioética do filme Mar Adentro Léo Pessini Resumo: Este artigo analisa o tema da morte assistida a partir de questionamentos levantados na película espanhola Mar Adentro (2004), do cineasta Alejandro Almenabar, sobre o drama do jovem marinheiro espanhol Ramon Sampedro. Além de comover platéias no mundo inteiro, o filme trouxe a público uma série de questionamentos éticos sobre a vida e a morte, dentre as quais destacam-se: qual o valor da vida humana quando marcada por deficiências que tolhem a liberdade e a autonomia? O que fazer quando não se encontra mais motivos para viver? Continuar a viver tentando ressignificar a vida seria possível ou a opção pelo suicídio assistido seria desejável como o fez Ramon Sampedro? Longe de assumir uma postura de juízes, mesmo discordando da solução final, este artigo argumenta pelo direito ao respeito ao qual todo ser humano faz jus. Palavras-chave: Morte. Eutanásia. Distanásia. Respeito. Autonomia. Liberdade. No início de 2005, dois filmes fizeram grande sucesso de crítica e público: Menina de Ouro, produção estadu- nidense, e Mar Adentro, filme espanhol, produzido por Alejandro Amenábar. O último traz às telas a história verídica de Ramón Sampedro. Os dois filmes versam sobre o mesmo tema: a questão da eutanásia, do mor- Léo Pessini rer sem sofrimentos por opção. Professor doutor de teologia moral no mestrado stricto sensu em Bioética do Centro Enquanto esses filmes concorriam a prêmios, desenro- Universitário São Camilo (SP) lavam-se na vida real, com ampla cobertura da mídia, dois casos que acabaram sendo acompanhados em todo o mundo.
    [Show full text]
  • Seniors Standing up for Europe
    Seniors standing up for Europe EUROPEAN SENIORS’ UNION Annual Report 2019 COPYRIGHT©2019, EUROPEAN SENIORS’ UNION (ESU), BRUSSELS EDITED BY: AN HERMANS, GUIDO DUMON AND MICHELLE VERVAEKE. THIS REPORT MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED OR USED FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN INTENDED BY THE ESU. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: [email protected] Contents 1 A Common focus: the European Elections 2019_pag. 06 2 The ESU Bodies_pag.10 3 ESU Conferences _pag.019 4 Representation of the ESU_pag.024 5 Other activities and events_pag.028 6 29 April & 1 October, two days to highlight_pag.033 7 Looking ahead_pag.036 Foreword Foreword 2019 was a year full of challenges, for Europe, for the European People’s Party (EPP), for the European Seniors’ Union (ESU), for all of us. It was a year with many experiences and activities, in addition to the European Elections, and our statutory Congress. We look back with pride on 2019. The ESU, as a member association of the EPP, aims to be part of a better future for all generations. In a society of longevity, governments at all levels and actors in all areas have to cope with the gains, strengths and limitations of ageing generations. We encourage a new approach. The time has come to recognize the capabilities and know-how of older persons and value the role they play in all parts of societal live. We believe in a strong, democratic and united Europe. Despite difficulties and threats, complex challenges, nationalist and populist tendencies worldwide, we look forward to the future with hope and optimism. We stand up for Europe.
    [Show full text]