Orbis Barbarorum Tomus IV Opatów, Stan

Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie Fundacja Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica

Tomus I Varia Barbarica. Zenoni Woźniak ab amicis dicata (2002) Tomus II Terra Barbarica. Studia ofiarowane Magdalenie Mączyńskiej w 65. rocznicę urodzin (2010) Tomus III In medio Poloniae Barbaricae. Agnieszka Urbaniak in memoriam (2014) Orbis barbarorum Tomus IV Opatów, stan. 1. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w północno-zachodniej Małopolsce. Analizy specjalistyczne (2015) Studia ad archaeologiam Germanorum Tomus V Czarnówko, stan. 5. Cmentarzyska z późnej starożytności na Pomorzu. Część 1 et Baltorum temporibus Imperii Romani pertinentia (2015) Tomus VI Orbis barbarorum. Studia ad archaeologiam Germanorum et Baltorum barbar Orbis Adalberto Nowakowski dedicata temporibus Imperii Romani pertinentia Adalberto Nowakowski dedicata (2017) o rum

ISSN 1644-8774 ISBN 978-83-61367-19-4 (IA UW) ISBN 978-3-00-056047-7 (ZBSA) ISBN 978-83-943543-4-3 (FMAB) Warszawa-Schleswig 2017

00_okladka.indd 1 2017-04-06 12:08:30 monumenta archaeologica barbarica series gemina tomus VI

Główka Germanina z tzw. węzłem swebskim z ataszy uchwytu kociołka z Czarnówka, pow. Lębork Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie Fundacja Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica

Orbis barbarorum Studia ad archaeologiam Germanorum et Baltorum temporibus Imperii Romani pertinentia Adalberto Nowakowski dedicata

pod redakcją Jacka Andrzejowskiego, Clausa von Carnapa-Bornheima, Adama Cieślińskiego i Bartosza Kontnego

WARSZAWA-SCHLESWIG 2017 Recenzenci tomu prof. dr hab. Jerzy Maik prof. dr hab. Kazimierz Lewartowski

Opracowanie graficzne Radosław Prochowicz

Skład i łamanie Radosław Prochowicz, Jacek Andrzejowski

Korekta Autorzy Jacek Andrzejowski, Bartosz Kontny, Adam Cieśliński, Katarzyna Watemborska-Rakowska

Linguistic review and proofreading of English texts Magdalena Małek

Okładka Adalbertus Swebski (rys. Jarosław Madej)

Fot. Wojciecha Nowakowskiego (na s. 5) (© Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig)

ISSN 1644-8774 ISBN 978-83-61367-19-4 (IA UW) ISBN 978-3-00-056047-7 (ZBSA) ISBN 978-83-943543-4-3 (FMAB)

Druk: Zakład Graficzny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa Spis treści

Od Redakcji

Wojciech Nowakowski – bibliografia do roku 2016 13

Amicus noster Adalbertus

Jacek Andrzejowski, Adam Cieśliński, Bartosz Kontny O pewnym śpiewaku z fenomenalną pamięcią 29 Über einen Sänger mit phänomenalem Gedächtnis 29

Mykolas Michelbertas Profesor Wojciech Nowakowski i archeologia Litwy 39 Professor Wojciech Nowakowski und die Archäologie Litauens 42

Volker Bierbrauer Wojciech Nowakowski in Bonn: Erinnerungen nach fast dreißig Jahren 43

Siegmar von Schnurbein Wojciech Nowakowski zum 65. Geburtstag 47

Heino Neumayer Ein Warschauer Professor und ein westpolnisches Heimatmuseum 49

Matthias Wemhoff Sine ira et studio. Wojciech Nowakowski und die Kommission zur Erforschung von Sammlungen archäologischer Funde und Unterlagen aus dem nordöstlichen Mitteleuropa (KAFU) 59

Claus von Carnap-Bornheim Wojciech Nowakowski und Schleswig – Internationale Kooperation, Forschungen zu Archivalien und der Nachlass von Herbert Jankuhn 65 Non solum Balti

Rasa Banytė-Rowell Some Remarks on the Genesis of a Bronze Pendant from Baitai Cemetery, Lithuanian Coastland: a Local Balt Ornament According Germanic Trends? 71

Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period Woodturning Tools from the Cemetery at Jaskowska See/Gonschor (Now Gąsior), North-Eastern Poland 81

Audronė Bliujienė, Donatas Butkus Heralds of the Late Roman Period or Some Remarks About the Balt Fibulae Type Almgren 133 97

Aleksander Bursche, Anna Zapolska All That Glitters Is Gold? The Scarcity of Gold Among the Balts 113

Agata Chilińska-Früboes Grób F z dawnego Kirpehnen – kolejny dowód powiązań ludności kultury Dollkeim-Kovrovo z kręgiem germańskim 123 Grave F from the Former Kirpehnen – Another Proof of Connections Between the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture Peoples and the Germanic Peoples 138

Katarzyna Czarnecka Odźwierna czy dama z kasetką? Znaleziska części zamków i kluczy u ludów bałtyjskich 141 Housekeeper or Lady with a Casket? Keys and Locks’ Elements in Balt Societies 150

Piotr Iwanicki Nietypowa zapinka z grobu 154A z Lisów, pow. gołdapski. Import czy naśladownictwo? 151 An Atypical Brooch from Grave 154A at Lisy, Gołdap County. Import or Imitation? 164

Grażyna Iwanowska Najwcześniejsze materiały z grodziska w Jeglińcu. Przyczynek do osadnictwa ziem bałtyjskich na wschód od Wielkich Jezior Mazurskich od epoki brązu do przełomu er 165 The Earliest Materials from the Hillfort at Jegliniec. Contribution to the Settlement of Balt’s Lands East of the Great Mazurian Lakes from the Bronze Age to the End of the First Millennium BC 176

Anna Juga-Szymańska, Andrzej Maciałowicz Germanie na Mazurach, czyli o zaskakującym znalezisku z cmentarzyska w Łabapie (dawn. Labab, Kr. Angerburg) 177 Germanen in Masuren – über einen überraschenden Fund aus dem Gräberfeld in Łabapa (ehem. Labab, Kr. Angerburg) 189

Bartosz Kontny Smok (?) z Łabapy. Ze studiów nad ornamentowanymi grotami z okresu wpływów rzymskich 191 Dragon (?) from Łabapa. Studies on Certain Decorated Barbarian Heads of Shafted Weapons from the Roman Period 206

Dieter Quast Anmerkung zu einer angeblich byzantinischen Scheibenfibel aus Miętkie (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie) 209 Jan Schuster Eine osteuropäische Variante der Bügelknopffibeln von Seerappen/Lûblino auf der Sambischen Halbinsel als Beispiel überregionaler Kontakte an der Schwelle zur Völkerwanderungszeit 215

Konstantin N. Skvorcov Nowe spojrzenie na stare materiały. Próba rekonstrukcji inwentarzy grobów 1 i 4 z badań Richarda Klebsa na cmentarzysku w Warnikam w 1877 roku 223 Old Materials from a New Perspective. An Attempt to Reconstruct the Assemblages from Graves 1 and 4 from the Warnikam Burial Ground, Excavated by Richard Klebs in 1877 238

Paweł Szymański Schyłek grupy gołdapskiej kultury sudowskiej w okresie wędrówek ludów 239 Das Ende der Goldaper Gruppe der Sudauen-Kultur in der Völkerwanderungszeit 252

Sławomir Wadyl Nowe odkrycie zapinek typu Wólka Prusinowska z grodziska w Pasymiu na tle dotychczasowych znalezisk 253 The New Discovery of the Brooches Type Wólka Prusinowska from the Stronghold in Pasym Against Previous Finds 260

Agata Wiśniewska Nie-burgundzka narzeczona? Grób z zapinką typu Bornholm z cmentarzyska w Łężanach, pow. kętrzyński 261 Non-Burgundian Fiancée? Grave with a Brooch Type Bornholm from a Cemetery at Łężany, Kętrzyn County 267

Non solum Germani

Jacek Andrzejowski Waśniewo-Grabowo na Poborzu – „zaginione” cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej 271 Waśniewo-Grabowo in der Region Poborze – ein „verschollenes” Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur 292

Vadzìm Belâvec O elementach przeworskich z cmentarzyska w Brześciu-Tryszynie (Брэст-Трышын) na przykładzie wybranych naczyń 293 On the Issue of the Przeworsk Culture Component in the Brèst-Tryšyn (Брэст-Трышын) Cemetery: Case Study of Selected Clay Vessels 307

Marcin Biborski Einige Bemerkungen zum Auftreten und den Identifizierungsmöglichkeiten römischer Schwerter 309

Adam Cieśliński, Andreas Rau Ermland und Oberland in der späten römischen Kaiserzeit und der frühen Völkerwanderungszeit im Licht neuer Erwerbungen des Museums für Ermland und Masuren in Olsztyn 327

Teresa Dąbrowska Zagadkowe skupiska palenisk na stanowiskach kultury przeworskiej 343 Rätselhafte Felder von Feuerstellen in der Przeworsk-Kultur 351

Michał Grygiel Ein einzigartiger römischer Import aus dem Gräberfeld in Jadowniki Mokre, Kr. Tarnów 353 Agnieszka Jarzec, Roksana Chowaniec Zestaw srebrnych ozdób z grobu 374 z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Krośnie, pow. pasłęcki 373 A Set of Silver Ornaments from a Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture at Krosno, Pasłęk County, Grave 374 382

Andrzej Kasprzak Cmentarzysko kurhanowe z kręgami kamiennymi w Pławnie, pow. drawski – wstępne wyniki badań 383 The Barrow Cemetery with Stone Circles at Pławno, Drawsko Pomorskie County – Preliminary Results of Excavation 391

Andrzej Kokowski Cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej z Lubcza Małego i z Jabłonowa w północnej Wielkopolsce 393 Gräberfelder der Wielbark-Kultur in Lubcz Mały und Jabłonowo im nördlichen Wielkopolska 406

Maxim Levada, Mihajlo Potupčik Nowe eksponaty z okresu wpływów rzymskich w Muzeum Krajoznawczym w Winnicy 409 New Roman Period Exhibits in the Vinnytsia Museum 420

Jacek Andrzejowski Ad vocem: Pierścieniowata zawieszka ażurowa z Podola 421 Ad Vocem: Openwork Ring Pendant from Podolia 429

Ulla Lund Hansen The Owl Fibula from Lavegård on Bornholm, Denmark 431

Piotr Łuczkiewicz Unikatowa szpila ze Spiczyna koło Lublina 435 Eine außergewöhnliche Nadel aus Spiczyn bei Lublin 439

Renata Madyda-Legutko Niestandardowe zestawy metalowych części pasa z obszaru kultury przeworskiej z przełomu wczesnego i młodszego okresu rzymskiego 441 Non-Standard Sets of Metal Belt Elements from the Przeworsk Culture Range at the Transition of the Early and Younger Roman Period 451

Magdalena Mączyńska, Ireneusz Jakubczyk Inhumacyjne groby z warstwą spalenizny w Babim Dole-Borczu, pow. kartuski 453 Die Körpergräber mit Brandschicht in Babi Dół-Borcz, Kr. Kartuzy 459

Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła Kolejny wielbarski pochówek z elementami bałtyjskimi (?) z cmentarzyska w Weklicach, pow. elbląski 461 Another Wielbark Culture Burial with Balt Elements (?) at the Weklice Cemetery, Elbląg County 474

Barbara Niezabitowska-Wiśniewska Zapinki typu Husynne z Lubelszczyzny 475 Fibulae of the Husynne Type from the Lublin Region 493

Radosław Prochowicz Ostatni z rodu – relacje ludności kultur przeworskiej i wielbarskiej na Mazowszu na przykładzie obiektu 198 z cmentarzyska w Szelkowie Starym 495 Last of Kin – Relation Between Population of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures in Mazovia on the Example of the Feature 198 from a Cemetery at Stary Szelków 506 Tomasz Rakowski, Katarzyna Watemborska-Rakowska Gniew jest osłą męstwa. Uwagi o osełkach z okresu wpływów rzymskich na podstawie znalezisk z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Czersku na Urzeczu 507 ‘Anger is the Whetstone of Courage’1. Comments About Whetstones from the Roman Period Based on Finds from a Przeworsk Culture Cemetery at Czersk in the Urzecze Region 535

Kalina Skóra The Sitting (?) Dead – an Attempt at Assessing Discoveries from Cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture 537

Anna Strobin, Henryk Machajewski Cmentarzysko z okresu wędrówek ludów w Brzynie, pow. pucki, stanowisko 7. Ze studiów nad okresem wędrówek ludów na Pomorzu Wschodnim 549 Das völkerwanderungszeitliche Gräberfeld von Brzyno, Kr. Puck, Fpl. 7. Untersuchungen zur Völkerwanderungszeit in Ostpommern 573

Andrzej Szela Strap-Ends Type Brudnice 575

Joanna Zagórska-Telega Uwagi na temat naprawianej zapinki typu A.236c z Michałowic 585 Remarks on a Repaired A.236c Brooch from Michałowice 597

Varia historica et archaeologica

Piotr Dyczek A New Way of Dating So-Called Byzantine Lamps as Exemplified by Finds from Novae 601

Mirosław J. Hoffmann, Kacper Martyka, Jarosław Sobieraj Leonhard Fromm (1887–1975). O konserwatorskim zaangażowaniu i Gotach z okolic Olsztyna 611 Leonhard Fromm (1887–1975). Über Kreispflegerengagement und die Goten bei Olsztyn 623

Małgorzata Karczewska, Maciej Karczewski Dr Arthur Schmidt i archeologia dawnego Kreis Lötzen 625 Dr. Arthur Schmidt and the Archaeology of the Former Kreis Lötzen 644

Mariusz Mielczarek ... wie ein Schuss vom Dnister bis an das alte Preußen ... Jan Konrad Graf von Załuskis Hinweise für Jan Nepomucen Sadowski auf der „Suche“ nach den Handelsstraßen der Griechen und Römer bis an die Gestade des Baltischen Meeres 645

Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak Niech skiśnie! O niektórych sposobach konserwowania i przetwarzania pożywienia pochodzenia roślinnego w pradziejach 653 Let it Sour! On Certain Methods of Preserving and Processing Foods of Plant Origin in Prehistory 657

Orbis barbarorum Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica, Series Gemina, Tomus VI Warszawa-Schleswig 2017

Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski

The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period Woodturning Tools from the Cemetery at Jaskowska See/Gonschor (Now Gąsior), North-Eastern Poland

Among the many interests of our Honouree an im- The cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture at former portant place is occupied by the archival record from Jaskowska See/Gonschor (now Gąsior, Pisz County), the territory of former East Prussia (Ostpreußen), its dated to the Roman and Migration Periods, was inves- analysis and reintroduction into the scholarly circula- tigated in 1904 and 1906 (E. Hollack 1908, 61; C. Engel, tion. Out of the Professor’s many publications we wish W. La Baume 1937, 263, 269) but was published only to draw attention to a monograph dedicated to the part after more than a century (M. Schmiedehelm 2011)2. of the legacy in the archive of Herbert Jankuhn which is Even so, the assemblage found in grave 66 in that cem- related to the archaeology of Masuria, most notably, the etery drew the attention of researchers at a much ear- record on the grave inventory no. 66 excavated at the lier date. This was a cremation burial, deposited in an cemetery at Jaskowska See/Gonschor1 (W. Nowakowski urn. The vessel, with its accompanying lid, was found 2013, 101–102, pl. 192:3–7, 193:1–4). The unusual tools at a depth of 70 cm, inside a pit containing pyre debris forming part of this assemblage have been described (in Branderde), standing over the grave goods. in past research as surgical implements, although ad- The inventory of grave 66 (Fig. 1, 2)3: a. Damaged mittedly, quite often with a question mark. Wojciech pottery cinerary urn, presumably of a form classified Nowakowski challenged this interpretation, uphold- to group I.E of P. Szymański (2000), decorated on the ing the view of Felix Peiser, who had identified these neck with three circumferential grooves; height 50 cm; items as woodworking tools. We fully share this view b. Pottery lid, presumably a small bowl, known only and, having examined the admirably detailed drawings from the description: zerbrochene Urne mit Deckel; of Jankuhn, propose to interpret them as tools used in c. Oval iron buckle, type H11 of R. Madyda-Legutko the sophisticated craft of turning wood, which makes them a discovery unique in the archaeological record 2 A monograph developed using archival sources from the leg- from the territory of Western Balt settlement. Once acy of Marta Schmiedehelm, revised and with additional data again it turns out that archival sources are worth delv- not included in the 1990 publication – see below (M. Schmie- ing into and that archive archaeology can bring many dehelm 1990). 3 spectacular discoveries. Our warm thanks go to Ülle Tamla PhD, Head of the Archaeo- logical Research Collection of Tallinn University, and Prof. Mat- thias Wemhoff, Head of Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 1 In German literature before 1945 both names of the site were in Berlin for their kind permission to publish archival materials used. held by their institutions. Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski

(1987a); length 4.2 cm, width 5 cm (Fig. 1:4); d. Iron (Fig. 1:5); f. Iron knife; length 22.5 cm, width 2.3 cm profiled strap-end, close in its form to type I.1.6 of (Fig. 1:1); g. Iron knife with a curved blade, tip miss- R. Madyda-Legutko (2011); length 5.4 cm, width 1.4 cm ing; surviving length 13.9 cm, width 1.5 cm (Fig. 1:2); (Fig. 1:3); e. Iron head of a shafted weapon, type V.2 of h. Five iron tools in the form of a rod with a hooked ter- P. Kaczanowski (1995); length 12.5 cm, width 2.1 cm minal and a square-sectioned tang. Two of these objects

Fig. 1. Selected finds from grave 66 at Gąsior: 1, 2 – iron knives, 3 – iron strap-end, 4 – iron buckle, 5 – iron spearhead. After: W. Gaerte 1929 (A), Voigtmann, Archive (B), Schmiedehelm, Archive (C), Jankuhn, Archive (D), Moberg, Archive (E)

82 The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period woodturning tools from the cemetery at Jaskowska See /Gonschor (Now Gąsior)... retained the remains of a bone handle (Fig. 2); a more note 7). F. Peiser described them as Holzschnitzmes detailed description of these artefacts is given below. ser? – woodcarving knives, even if on the margin of his The first to publish some of the objects from this field diary he commented on their similarity to surgi- grave inventory was Wilhelm Gaerte (1929, fig. 136:i, cal instruments. Ultimately, M. Schmiedehelm upheld 147:d, 192:a–e), who noted the name of the archaeo- the view of W. Gaerte and identified the tools aschirur logical site but not the number of the grave. His draw- gische Instrumente?. ings were provided with information about their scale This is also their description given in the publica- but did not include cross-sections. Gaerte paid some tion from 2011 where, on the other hand, there is no attention to the group of five tools and described them reference to F. Peiser’s interpretation (M. Schmiede- as Hakengeräte or Wundhaken (medical retractors), helm 2011, 27–28, pl. XIV:2.3, XIX:7, XXI:8, XXII:5, identifying them as surgical instruments, forms known XXIV:10–14, with a list of earlier literature and archi- from provincial Roman territory (W. Gaerte 1929, 241, val sources)4. The descriptions of some of the artefacts, 244). Most researchers went on to repeat the interpre- also the tools, are somewhat more expanded (with data tation proposed by W. Gaerte. about the cross-sections of the handles). The cinerary The cemetery atJaskowska See/Gonschor was the fo- urn is described differently than in the earlier publi- cus of the doctoral dissertation written by the Estonian cation (from 1990) – as flaschenartig – like the ves- scholar Marta Schmiedehelm entitled Das Gräberfeld sel found in grave 225 (M. Schmiedehelm 2011, pl. am Jaskowska-See in Masuren. Studien zur westmasu XXX:7), but without the engraved line or rustication rischen Kultur der römischen Eisenzeit (Schmiedehelm, on the body. The typological position of the cinerary Archive). Materials had been collected by Schmiede- urn given by us here was made using this description. helm on her study visits made in 1920s and 30s to the Except for the cinerary urn the descriptions include Prussia-Museum in Königsberg, where she examined no information about the dimensions of the objects, both the original finds and the manuscript of Felix Pei but this is balanced by information about the scale of ser’s field diary. M. Schmiedehelm completed her dis- drawings which has been provided on the plates. The sertation in 1943, defending it at the University of Tartu drawings of five tools are more schematic than in the in February 1944, but due to the political situation it was 1990 publication but their scale is larger, which makes not officially accepted or published in print (A. Juga- them easier to understand. There are photographs of the Szymańska, P. Szymański 2011, 241–244). Only in 1990 head of a shafted weapon and the larger of the knives, its abbreviated version, discussing only the cemetery and the rest of the objects are illustrated in drawing, site at Jaskowska See/Gonschor, edited by Silvia Laul, their level of detail not always fully satisfactory. For- a student of Marta Schmiedehelm, was published in tunately, their photographs survived in the collections Poland (M. Schmiedehelm 1990). In this work all of of the University of Tallinn (Schmiedehelm, Archive)5 the artefacts from the grave inventory 66 (except for the and are of great help in validating the interpretation lid) were described for the first time, complete with the of these finds. number of the grave, its brief description, and illustra- The tool kit found in grave 66 attracted the atten- tions of all the metal grave goods (M. Schmiedehelm tion of several researchers studying the holdings of the 1990, 26–27, pl. XIII:7, XV:7, XXI:2, XXV:1–6, XXVI:5). Prussia-Museum. Schematic drawings of finds from In his publication W. Gaerte included only drawings of this grave inventory have been identified in the private the strap-end, tools and knife with the curved blade, the files of the Swedish archaeologist Carl-Axel Moberg, drawing of the latter actually of a better quality than the the illustrations of the tools rather simplified, but sup- drawing of M. Schmiedehelm (cf. W. Gaerte 1929, fig. plemented with the cross-sections (Moberg, Archive). 147:d; M. Schmiedehelm 1990, pl. XXXV:5). In the 1990 Moberg made sketches of only three objects from the publication there is no information about the scale on the plate, and in the descriptions of the finds, no infor- 4 A carefully edited publication, complete with a full body of mation about their dimensions. There is no illustration source data about particular assemblages. With this minor reser- of the cinerary urn, it is described only as vassenförmig, vation: archival sources named as references for grave 66 include similar to the vessel found in grave 256 (M. Schmie- the archive of Felix Jakobson; this is incorrect as the papers of the dehelm 1990, pl. XXX:4), a form with a very low-set Latvian archaeologist contain a record on the following graves shoulder and a cylindrical neck. At the same time, in provenanced to the cemetery at Gonschor: 23, 39, 60, 63, 300, the record handed down by M. Schmiedehelm we find 315 and 389 (Jakobson, Archive; A. Bitner-Wróblewska, A. Rze szotarska-Nowakiewicz, T. Nowakiewicz 2011, 183). an invaluable piece of information, a reference in one 5 Our warm thanks go to Anna Juga-Szymańska PhD for con- of the footnotes to the manuscript of F. Peiser and his sultation about the cemetery at Gąsior and giving access to these description of the tools (M. Schmiedehelm 1990, 27, photographic images, helping us to reach other archival sources.

83 Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski

Fig. 2. Woodturning tools from grave 66 at Gąsior. After W. Gaerte 1929 (1), Voigtmann, Archive (2), Moberg, Archive (3), Schmiedehelm, Archive (4), W. Nowakowski 2013 (5)

84 The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period woodturning tools from the cemetery at Jaskowska See /Gonschor (Now Gąsior)... toolkit. All five specimens were drawn by Kurt Voigt- a semicircular tip, tapering, folded into a hook; total mann (Voigtmann, Archive), and in addition to them, length 8.3 cm, width of blade 1.4 cm (Fig. 2:1c.2c.4c.5c); also the buckle, the strap-end and the knife with the 4. Iron tool with a hooked terminal, made from a rec- curved blade. Other elements of the grave inventory tangular-sectioned rod, with remains of a bone han- were listed on a catalogue card. No dimensions or cross- dle; length 4.7 cm; blade with a straight tip, tapering, sections were included. Voigtmann cited both interpre- folded into a wide hook; total length 10.4 cm, width of tations of the tools – Holzschnitzmesser (?), chirurgische blade between 0.7 cm and 0.9 cm at the top (Fig. 2:1e. Instrumente?. Apparently, of all the artefacts forming 2e.3e.4e.5e); this grave inventory this researcher was interested par- 5. Iron tool with a hooked terminal made from a rectan- ticularly by the tools, which he drew with special care gular-sectioned rod, lightly tapering and curved at one in comparison to the schematic drawings of the other end; tapering blade, bent at a right angle; total length grave goods. Among the papers in the Grenz archive about 8–9 cm6 (Fig. 2:1d.2d.3d.4d.5d). in the Archäologisches Landesmuseum in Schleswig The execution of the tools and their material rule there is a typewritten copy of a handwritten note made out their interpretation of surgical instruments. Wund by Carl Engel after 1930 (Grenz, Archive), where the haken (Latin hamus), used to retract the tissues dur- assemblage from grave 66 is described as a so-called ing medical procedures, even if some of them may re- medical doctor’s grave (sogen. Arztgrab). semble the tools from grave 66 (E. Künzl 1982, fig. 15), Of special value for interpreting the group of tools are mostly fully made of bronze and have a differently under discussion is the private file of H. Jankuhn who shaped tip, usually round-sectioned, or somewhat ta- recorded them in good quality drawings, complete pering. Discussing the group of tools from grave 66 with side views and cross-sections, sometimes more W. Nowakowski (2013, 230–231) identified them as than one for an object, and noted down the dimen- tools used for working the interior and the base of sions (Jankuhn, Archive). It is unclear why Jankuhn wooden objects. However, these general remarks could listed and illustrated only four tools. It is unlikely that do with some elucidation. There is much to suggest that one of these objects had suffered damage before he cre- the groups of tools found in the grave 66 in the cemetery ated his archive because at this very time other private at Gąsior represents the kit of a specialist woodturner. files were created, e.g., by M. Schmiedehelm, who re- The two longer tools (nos 1 and 2) could be wood- corded five objects. In any case, her photographs docu- turning tool bits, used in carving the inside of wooden ment excellent preservation of these artefacts (Schmie- bowls. The two shorter tools with a narrow, attenuat- dehelm, Archive 7.22a.93–98). Neither is there a record ed bade (no. 4 and 5) could have been used in finish- in H. Jankuhn’s papers on the cinerary urn and lid from ing the surface of the base of the turned vessels. The grave 66. The rest of the artefacts are provided with shortest tool, with a semicircular hooked blade (no. 3), good drawings, complete with their view in cross-sec- could have been used in hollowing and finishing the tion or side view, giving some additional information vessels by hand, and moreover, in making small objects as e.g., that the buckle frame was polygonal in section. e.g., diminutive cups, bowls or spoons. The long knife (Fig. 1:1) found in the same inventory could have been * * * used at the early stage of processing the wood prior to The set of tools under discussion included the follow- turning, and the tool bit with the curved blade (Fig. 1:2) ing (Fig. 2): in finishing the wares. 1. Iron tool with a hooked terminal, made from a rod, Thus, it may be safe to conclude that the individual round-sectioned at the blade, square-sectioned in its buried in grave 66 was familiar with the construction handle part, lightly tapering and folded out at one end; and operation of a woodturning lathe. The lathes of that lancet-shaped blade, tapering, folded into a hook; to- age were not an overly complicated pieces of equipment. tal length 23.4 cm, width of blade 1.9 cm (Fig. 2:1a.2a. Although no descriptions of lathes used within the Ro- 3a.4a.5a); man Empire survive today (R.B. Ulrich 2007, 38), their 2. Iron tool with a hooked terminal, made from a square- appearance and operation can be reconstructed from sectioned rod, tapering and lightly curved at one end; evidence in later written records, iconography and lancet-shaped blade, tapering, folded into a hook; to- ethnographic sources. The most rudimentary type of tal length 18.2 cm, width of blade 1.4 cm (Fig. 2:1b.2b. lathe was one in which the worked piece was set into 4b.5b); motion with a bow (R.B. Ulrich 2007, fig. 3:27). The 3. Iron tool with a hooked terminal, made from a rec- tangular-sectioned rod, tapering at one end, with re- 6 The tool length is estimated from the photographic image in mains of a bone handle; length 1.9 cm; blade with the M. Schmiedehelm archive.

85 Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski work piece was rotated in one direction and then the Slovakia (K. Pieta 2010, 179, pl. 76:6), and also, in the other way, with more than one rotation made. A lathe Roman frontier fort on Feldberg (M. Pietsch 1983, of this sort could have consisted of a horizontal bar, 78, pl. 27:599.600). From Rajecké Teplice in Slovakia with wooden pegs driven vertically into it, between comes the find, attributed to the Celtic environment, which the work piece was placed. One of the pegs was of a tool bit used for hollowing similar to the tool bit movable and could be fixed in place on the horizontal no. 3 from grave 66 at Gąsior (K. Pieta 2010, 179, pl. bar, depending on the length of the worked element. 76:3). Nevertheless, it needs stressing that tool bit finds, The lathe could be used to make small objects, and both from the Roman contexts and the Barbaricum, even parts of furniture. The bow lathe could be oper- tend to be rare, possibly because this type of tool is ated by the craftsman without assistance. Finds inter- not easy to identify and researchers are best by doubt preted with some confidence as elements of the bow when interpreting these objects. This is demonstrated lathe have been excavated in a settlement at Feddersen by the case of one of the tools present in a Late Roman Wierde in Lower Saxony (W. Haarnagel 1983, 78). The Period hoard found within a settlement on the hill of familiarity with a bow lathe would be confirmed in the Grdavov hrib in Slovenia (M. Sagadin 2015). This set- West Balt environment by finds of turned amber beads tlement site yielded a rich collection of various wood- (A. Bitner-Wróblewska 2007, 66, with a list of earlier working tools, and the function of one of them (with literature). To make wooden bowls a more stable con- hooks at both ends) is not clear to the author, although struction and a more powerful drive were needed. One he does not rule out its function of a tool bit (M. Saga- solution would be to set the lathe over a wooden bench, din 2015, 55, 70, pl. 1:8). We believe that this interpreta- or fix it directly into the ground. It was propelled with tion is correct. Another unrecognized, hooked tool bit a strap or rope held in both hands by the turner’s assist- for turning wooden vessels was discovered in Serbia, ant (T. Capelle 1983, fig. 12, 15). In the medieval ages within an oppidum dated to the 4th–6th cent. AD on the this construction was improved upon further, the as- hill of Ukosa near the village of Stalać (M. Ðorđević, sistant replaced by a driving mechanism consisting of D. Rašković 2004, pl. VI:8). a rope or a strap, and a long springy pole, and was set The use of the woodturning lathe within the Bar in motion by the turner with his foot (T. Capelle 1983, baricum during the Roman Period and the Migration fig. 14). Operated somewhat differently, metalwork- Period is confirmed by finds of turned vessels, their ing lathes (metal spinning tools) were used in mak- roughouts and manufacturing waste. Roughouts and ing both smaller items and larger vessels. The rotation waste from a woodworking lathe were found e.g., in of the work piece in only one direction, needed when the settlement at Feddersen Wierde in Lower Saxony turning metal elements and rounding off, was obtained (T. Capelle 1983, 408, fig. 11; W. Haarnagel 1979, pl. probably by using a flywheel. 42:1.2.5, 31:1–12, 184:1). A 1.26 m long fragment of a rough wooden plank obtained by splitting was re- * * * covered from a bog near Hollen in northern Germa- The art of turning wooden vessels in Europe dates back ny with roughout bowls still attached to it (T. Capelle to the Hallstatt Period. The earliest turned vessels have 1983, 408, fig. 10). Given that the wood used in mak- been discovered in Etruscan graves from the 9th–7th ing turned wooden vessels is perishable, at time they cent. BC; in the region to the north of the Alps one of can be recovered only from finds of their metal rims the earliest pieces of this sort is a goblet (kylixartige and side fittings (E. Droberjar 2007). Schale) found in a Late Hallstatt burial at Uffing7 in Turned wooden vessels were found in the sacrifi- Bavaria (T. Capelle 1976, 25; 1983, 407, fig. 9; J. Naue cial bog site at Oberdorla in Thuringia, in use for over 1887, 142–143, pl. 2:6.6a) and a vessel from a Late a thousand years (G. Behm-Blancke 2002, pl. 19:5, 37:5, Hallstatt burial mound at Herrenholz in Lower Saxony 110:2; 2003, 48, 63–68, pl. 22:5, 48:1–3). Similar finds (F. Both 1998). The use of woodturning lathes in the have surfaced in Scandinavian bog sites, e.g., at Hjort- Celtic and the Roman world is confirmed by finds of spring, dating to mid-4th cent. BC (G. Rosenberg 1937; tools. Woodturning tool bits have been recovered e.g., F. Kaul 2003, 217, fig. 4) an others, of Roman Period in the oppida at Manching in Bavaria (G. Jacobi 1974, date at Thorsberg (C. Engelhardt 1863, pl. 17:2–6), Vi- 47–48, 266, pl. 24:400.401) and at Liptovská Mara in mose (C. Engelhardt 1869, pl. 16: 6, 8–13) and Nydam (G. Bemmann, J. Bemmann 1998a, 200–202; 1998b, 7 Turning wooden vessels was a highly specialised craft. Suffice 203–204, pl. 214; A. Rau 2007, 148). The bog deposit it to say that eight different tool bits were needed to make the at Nydam, next to several turned vessels yielded a tru- Uffing goblet (T. Capelle 1983, 413, note 37). ly unique turned wooden object identified as a quiver

86 The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period woodturning tools from the cemetery at Jaskowska See /Gonschor (Now Gąsior)...

(A. Rau 2007, 145–148, fig. 4, 5)8. Four larger and a few which later were reassembled (M. Biborski, P. Kacza smaller fragments of a quiver made of maple wood were nowski 2001, 71, 74, fig. 3–5). The larger, made of birch found spread out within a radius of a few metres, sug- wood, had a height of 7.8 cm and a rim diameter of gesting deliberate breakage prior to casting into the bog. 13.2 cm; the smaller, made of maple wood, had a height The surviving length of the quiver is 77 cm, its upper of 3 cm and a rim diameter of 3.1 cm. and base diameter 9 cm and 5.3 cm respectively. This Fragments of small wooden vessel (height 11.8 cm) portable case for holding arrows had been decorated made using a lathe surfaced in grave 1, inside the bur- with circumferential lines and ribs. To make the quiv- ial mound no. 16 in the cemetery at Gronowo/Gross er a lathe of suitable size was needed, presumably one Grünow in Pomerania (H. Machajewski 2013, 26–27, that had a length of more than 80 cm. This evidence of 56, pl. XXVI:11). The chronological position of this specialised woodworking found in the German world assemblage is phase B2/C1. Excavated from the burial does not surprise given what is known about the skill mound in 1890s this vessel no longer survives. Original- of the local craftsmen (cf. W. Haarnagel 1979, 294–295, ly it was identified and reconstructed as a staved vessel, pl. 42–44; M.D. Schön 2000). but vessels of this sort were not turned on a lathe. It is In Poland, finds of turned vessels are very rare (cf. more likely that this vessel was an imitation of a staved J. Szydłowski 1986, 76; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, 36, 147, container, made using a lathe, like the beaker from list F, map 37) and mostly derive from rich grave as- Oberflacht in Baden-Württemberg (T. Capelle 1976, pl. semblages, as e.g., the elite burials assigned to the Late 31:b; 1983, 403, fig. 6). The vessel find from Gronowo Roman Period Hassleben-Leuna-Zakrzów horizon. Pre- apparently became damaged (it cracked parallel the tree sumably, they were a symbol of prestige highlighting the rings?) and had to be repaired, using bronze clamps. high social status of the buried individual. Wrocław- A construction of this type is not used in staved vessels. Zakrzów/Sakrau, grave 3 held a turned wooden beaker Traces of similar repairs, using strips of iron and bronze and its decorative silver mounts (W. Grempler 1888, sheet, were recovered in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at 9–10, pl. IV:11, V:9.10; D. Quast 2009, fig. 49:1–3).T wo Morning Thorpe in England (cf. B. Green, A. Roger- lids made on a lathe were excavated from an elite grave son, S.G. White 1987a, 41, 59, 72; 1987b, fig. 302:26.B, in a burial mound at Pielgrzymowo/Pilgramsdorf, in 323:87.Ai.Aii, 341:133.Bi.Bii.Biii)10. northern Mazovia (N. Lau 2012, 36–39, 148, pl. 9:11, It is hard to resolve whether the pyxidae vessels from 12:11.12). One of the lids survived whole, complete Lędyczek are Roman imports or a barbarian imitation with its grip, the other was in fragments9. They have (cf. M. Biborski, P. Kaczanowski 2001, 77–79, 82). The been described as elements of pyxis vessels (pyxides) turned vessels found at Wrocław-Zakrzów, Pielgrzy- (N. Lau 2012, 38), but judging from their dimensions mowo and Gronowo could have been made in the Bar (35 cm in diameter) they are more likely to be lids of baricum, most likely in Germany or Scandinavia, al- larger containers. Pyxis vessels known from the Medi- though their manufacture in our region is not unlikely. terranean region are miniature containers used in stor- The knowledge of the lathe in our territory is confirmed ing cosmetics or drugs (W. Hilgers 1969, 265), and were by finds of drinking horn terminals, profiled strap-ends mostly made of metal or bone, more rarely of wood. with traces of turning (J. Andrzejowski 1991, 35; M. Bi- A unique find from theBarbaricum are fragments of borski, P. Kaczanowski 2001, 77–79), and turned am- two wooden pyxidae vessels discovered inside a rich, ber beads (P. Wielowiejski 1991, 325). Tool bits11 were partly robbed Wielbark Culture burial mound at Lędy found inside grave 945 in the Przeworsk Culture cem- czek, dated to the younger segment of phase B1, possi- etery at Opatów (R. Madyda-Legutko, J. Rodzińska- bly, and this is more likely, to the older segment of phase Nowak, J. Zagórska-Telega 2011a, 214–215; 2011b, B2 (M. Biborski, P. Kaczanowski 2001). A bronze pan (patera) type Eggers 140 (H.J. Eggers 1951) held fragments of two diminutive turned wooden containers 10 Conceivably, some of the metal fittings discovered in the Balt territory, recognized as elements used to hold together parts of wooden objects, e.g., small boxes (W. Nowakowski 2013, 247– 8 The deposit excavated at Nydam may have included three other 248), may have been used in repairing wooden bowls. Where no turned quivers, this is suggested by finds of pieces of turned wood typical metal elements – e.g., lock mounts or keys – associated of poplar, maple and a pomaceous fruit tree (A. Rau 2007, 147). with these caskets were present it may be reasonable to look for 9 Also found in this inventory was a base from a vessel which a different function of these metal finds. had formed a set with the intact lid. Regrettably, all the finds 11 The tool bits from Opatów are solid, without a sharp cutting from Pielgrzymowo went missing during World War II and only edge. They were used in rounding off (metal spinning) metal the documentation from this fieldwork is available to us today. objects.

87 Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski pl. CCCXXVIII/945:1.2)12, a burial assigned to the fi- ner-Wróblewska 2007, 84), in the West Lithuanian nal phase of that grave-field, spanning the close of the Group (A. Bezzenberger 1892, 156, pl. XV:4; R. Banytė- Late Roman Period and the onset of the Early Migra- Rowell 2001), and sporadically, in the Central Lithua- tion Period. nian Group (V. Kazakevičius 1983, fig. 57) and in Latvia So far, from the Balt territory we have had no finds of (H. Moora 1929, pl. XXXI:8, XXXIV:3; 1938, 546–548). turned wooden vessels from the period of interest to us Most often, a grave assemblage included a single tool, here although it is likely that the technique of turning usually a plane or a chisel, but sometimes there was was known in the region and put to good use in manu- a full tool kit made up of an array of chisels, socketed facturing amber beads (cf. earlier remarks). At the same axes, adzes, planes. A rich tool kit of two planes, three time, it is evident that woodworking was a craft wide- different chisels, a socketed axe and knives was discov- spread in the Balt world, which is confirmed by many ered in grave 28 at Dubrovka/Regehnen in Sambia, to- finds of woodworking tools found in grave assemblages gether with belt fittings, a crossbow tendril brooch and dating to the Roman Period and the Early Migration a set of weapons which included a shield boss, three iron Period13. Incidentally, it is important to note that the heads of shafted weapons and a Dolchmesser (K. Rad frequent presence of these items among the grave goods datz 1993, fig. 17, 18). The burial is made outstanding in burials in the Balt territory is one important marker by its superior grave goods which identify the buried of the sacred sphere of these peoples which sets it apart man (presumably a warrior) as a member of the local from the burial tradition of their neighbours. elite and a specialist craftsman as well. The rich array of Woodworking tools have been recorded with a spe- woodworking tools in this assemblage may be treated as cial frequency in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kov- one of the markers of prestige additionally highlighting rovo Culture14 (K. Raddatz 1993, 177, fig. 30, 31, list 3; the exceptional status of this burial. K. Skvorzov 2007, 127, 139–141, pl. 27:9, 59:2a, 65:3a)15. Presumably a similar character may be ascribed to the Quite a few have surfaced in Bogaczewo Culture con- tool kit (i.a., plane, two different types of chisels, file) texts (W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 194; K. Raddatz 1993, list 3; excavated in the cemetery at Bolšoe Isakovo/Lauth in W. Nowakowski 2013, 229–231, pl. 10:8), in the cem- in Sambia from an urned burial L-22, accompanied by eteries of the Sudovian Culture (J. Jaskanis 1961, 137, an iron spearhead, a decorated knife, whetstone, a type pl. I:11; 2013, 219, pl. LXXXIII:4, CXIII:S35.3; A. Bit- Almgren 162 brooch (O. Almgren 1923), a buckle, tweezers, a turned amber bead and a sestertius of Hadri- 12 This assemblage included various metal fittings and bars, in- an (K. Skvorzov 2007, 127, pl. 26, 27). In the same grave cluding an iron pin with bronze fittings – (R. Madyda-Legutko, field individual planes were present in some of the rich J. Rodzińska-Nowak, J. Zagórska-Telega 2011b, pl. CCCXXVIII/ graves of warriors-riders (graves L-48 and L-52), whose 945:7), interpreted as a structural element of a lathe, although cremations were accompanied by unburnt remains of a different interpretation was also found acceptable by the au- horses (K. Skvorzov 2007, 139–141, pl. 58–60, 64, 65). thors, e.g., that of an element of a folding chair (M. Biborski, This would suggest a special position of craftsmen- P. Kaczanowski 2001, 79). Similar pins have surfaced in other Przeworsk Culture cemeteries – at Mokra, grave 125 (M. Bibor- carpenters within the Balt society. A further argument ski 2000, fig. 2), Lachmirowice, grave XXI (B. Zielonka 1953, confirming this hypothesis comes from an assemblage 372, fig. 17:6a.6b), Żabieniec, feature 560 (spoken communica- found in grave 50 at Šernai/Schernen in western Lithua- tion from Ass. Prof. Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak PhD and Joanna nia (A. Bezzenberger 1892, 155–157, pl. XIV, XV:1–5.7– Zagórska-Telega PhD – thank you!). Even if identifying similar 9), presumably the burial of a man and a woman16. Many finds as elements of lathes is far from conclusive such an interpretation cannot be ruled out entirely. markers of prestige were present in this grave, e.g., the 13 They have been found in association with e.g., eye brooches of remains of a horse, personal ornaments made of pre- the Prussian series (e.g., Kovrovo/Dollkeim, grave 15 – O. Tisch cious metal, a splendid belt, Roman coins, woodwork- ler, H. Kemke 1902, 17), type Almgren 162 brooches (e.g., Šernai/ ing tools identifying the buried individuals as member Schernen, grave 50 – A. Bezzenberger 1892, 155–157; Bolšoe of the local elite (cf. R. Banytė-Rowell, A. Bitner-Wrób Isakovo/Lauth, grave L-22 – K. Skvorzov 2007, 127) and type lewska, Ch. Reich 2012, 211, fig. 10). Dollkeim/Kovrovo brooches (e.g., Bolšoe Isakovo, grave L-52 – K. Skvorzov 2007, 141). It is important to note that woodworking tools have 14 Our warm thanks go to Agata Chilińska-Früboes PhD for in- a tendency to turn up in weapon graves, regardless of put (incl. unpublished materials) on assemblages with wood- the richness of their furnishings. Next to very rich as- working tools found in Sambia. semblages, as the one noted above, or grave 15 at Kov 15 In this publication some of the tools from Bolšoe Isakovo were identified as curry combs because they were discovered next to a horse burial accompanying a human burial (K. Skvorzov 2007, 16 Materials from 19th-cent. research, lacking osteological analy- 140–141). However, their form and the cross-section of their sis. The sex of the buried individuals can be determined only on working edge show that they are likely to be planes. the evidence of the grave goods.

88 The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period woodturning tools from the cemetery at Jaskowska See /Gonschor (Now Gąsior)... rovo/Dollkeim where a plane, a chisel and a pair of 61b (A. Juga, M. Ots, P. Szymański 2003, 217, fig. 4230: socketed axes were found in association with e.g., shield 2a.2b), Gąsior, grave 332 (M. Schmiedehelm 2011, 62, mounts, a shield boss, a pair of spearheads and a large pl. XIX:1)18. In this last assemblage a type V spearhead number of personal ornaments (O. Tischler, H. Kem- was found with an eye brooch of the Prussian series ke 1902, 17; W. La Baume 1941, 8–9; K. Raddatz 1993, and a fragment of a crossbow brooch with coiled wire, fig. 11), they have been recorded in burials provided suggesting that in the Balt territory this form of spear- with much more modest inventories. In the cemetery head continued in use longer than within the Prze- of the Sudovian Culture, at Szwajcaria, grave 3, burial worsk Culture, as late as until the onset of the Younger mound LXXXI, a plane was found in association with Roman Period. a spearhead, a knife, a scythe, a whetstone, a dress pin Next to the spearhead, another element possibly of and a pottery accessory vessel (J. Jaskanis 2013, 61, pl. use in dating grave 66 from Gąsior are metal belt fit- LXXXIII, LXXXIV). A flat burial, no. S35 in the same tings – the profiled strap-end and the buckle, a simple grave field contained only a plane, a socketed axe and (unipartite) form. The strap-end represents type I.1, a Dolchmesser (J. Jaskanis 2013, 73, pl. CXII, CXIII). and is the closest to variant 6 of R. Madyda-Legutko Less typical woodworking tools are quite rare in the (2011, 18–19, pl. II:1–13). The variant is characterized Balt territory. A unique find of this sort is definitely by a profiled tip with a solid round knob and annular a group of three specialised tools (rasps) from the Late ribbing, whereas the specimen from Gąsior is more Roman Period grave 138A–B at Netta (A. Bitner-Wrób chunky and has less extensive profiling. Moreover, its lewska 2007, 37, pl. LXXI–LXXIII). No less exceptional material is iron, unlike other type I.1.6 strap-end finds is a pair of small woodworking chisels for precision jobs which are made of bronze. Their large number has been found in the Bogaczewo Culture cemetery at Wyszem- recorded in the Przeworsk Culture and the Wielbark bork, grave 181b (P. Szymański 2005, 66, pl. XXVI:5.6). Culture, as well as in the Luboszyce Culture, in the Ger- They may have been used in finishing outer surfaces on man Western Pomerania (Vorpommern), in Mecklen- a lathe, but also in e.g., woodcarving. burg and in the territory of the Elbe Circle, also on the Undeniably, the tool set found in grave no. 66 at Baltic Sea islands, with isolated specimens encountered Gąsior is unique, and sets this burial apart from others. in the West Balt territory (R. Madyda-Legutko 2011, Not that the rest of its grave inventory is equally spec- 20–21, 24–25, map 3). In the Przeworsk Culture vari- tacular. We have no osteological analyses for the grave ant 6 strap-ends are dated to the mature phase B2, co- field at Gąsior, but on the evidence of the archaeologi- occurring with brooches type Almgren 60–61, 110, 38 cal material (the iron head of a shafted weapon) the and 148 (R. Madyda-Legutko 2011, 20–21, note 19). In buried individual was probably a man. The spearhead the Wielbark Culture they are recorded from phase B2a is type V of P. Kaczanowski, a group which includes until B2/C1; the latest specimen, dated to phase C1a short specimens with a blade which is quite thick in by a brooch similar to type Almgren 181, was found comparison to its width (P. Kaczanowski 1995, 16–17, on Öland (R. Madyda-Legutko 2011, 24–25, with a list pl. VI:5–8). The item from grave 66 may be assigned of literature). further to variant 2 of type V, its socket short in com- The chronology of type I.1. variant 6 strap-ends found parison to the length of its blade (P. Kaczanowski 1995, in the Balt territory corresponds to the dating of these pl. VI:7). In the Przeworsk Culture, spearheads of this forms recorded outside the region. In grave 11b excavat- form are dated to phases B1–B2. In the cemetery at ed at Kovrovo, a profiled strap-end was found together Kamieńczyk they have been recorded in inventories with e.g., two brooches, types Almgren 42 and Almgren with other weapons, e.g., shield bosses type Jahn 6 and 61, a brooch Almgren II/IV, a buckle, type Madyda- Jahn 7b (M. Jahn 1916), shield grips type Jahn 7/213 Legutko C11, helping to date this assemblage to phase and Jahn 7/212, brooches type Almgren 74 (?), Almgren B2b (A. Chilińska-Drapella 2010, 22–23). In a some- 110, and a type Madyda-Legutko D1 buckle (graves 15a, what later inventory, dating to phase B2/C1, found in 48, 146 – T. Dąbrowska 1997, 14, 19–20, 38, pl. IX/15a, grave 30 at Kamień/Kamien, five bronze type Madyda- XXIII/48, LXXVIII/146). Legutko I.1.6 strap-ends19 were found with a type D17 Several type V heads of shafted weapons have been attributed to the Bogaczewo Culture17, recovered at Ba bięta/Babienten I, grave 70, Romoty/Romotten, grave 18 Forms close to type V include stray finds found at Ruska Wieś/ Reussen and Woźnice/Wosnitzen (W. Nowakowski 2013, 39, 118, 208, pl. 38:7, 230:5). 17 Our warm thanks go to Ass. Prof. Bartosz Kontny PhD for shar- 19 Only one of them was illustrated (W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 135:i; ing information about finds of type V spearheads in the Boga I. Szter 2010, pl. V/30:9b.9c), but presumably the others were czewo Culture and consultation of their chronology. analogous. What is certain is that they all were profiled.

89 Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski buckle, a spur classified to subgroup E of J. Ginalski Period (R. Madyda-Legutko 1987a, 64; 1987b, 33–34). (1991) and the foot of a double-crested brooch (I. Szter They have been found in association with e.g., star-foot- 2010, 257, pl. V:30). ed brooches (Kovrovo, graves 161, 164 – O. Tischler, The buckle found in the grave inventory provenanced H. Kemke 1902, 24) and type Schönwarling/Skowarcz to Gąsior was published as type H1 (W. Nowakowski brooches (e.g., ex-Warnikam, grave 60 – O. Tischler, 2013, 101) but the analysis of all the available archival H. Kemke 1902, 44), and moreover, with forms char- sources suggests that it is more likely to be type H11 acteristic for the mature Migration Period – an early (both these types have no buckle plate). Type H1 has an form of type Schlusskreuzfibel brooches (grave 60 at oval, unthickened frame, lozenge- or round-sectioned ex-Warnikam) and a solid crossbow brooch decorated (R. Madyda-Legutko 1987a, 61, pl. 18). Meanwhile, with coiled wire (Netta, barrow IV, grave 129 – A. Bit- the drawing from the H. Jankuhn archive shows that ner-Wróblewska 2007, 35–36, pl. XVIII). A vast major- this buckle evidently had a thickened frame – measur- ity of type H11 buckles from Balt finds have a metope ing 0.4 cm at the prong and 0.9 cm across from it – and at the base of the prong. Not so the buckle excavated at a polygonal cross-section. This form of the buckle Gąsior – it only has some profiling on its prong, but no is suggested also by the drawing from the legacy of recognizable metope. This suggests an earlier chrono- M. Schmiedehelm (2011, pl. XIV:2), and ultimately all logical position of this buckle, more likely coinciding doubt was dispelled by a photograph from her archive with the Late Roman Period rather than the Migration where the thickening of the frame is unmistakable, and Period. This would be confirmed by the assemblage in the best preserved fragment, also its polygonal cross- found in grave X at Boćwinka/Alt Bodschwingen, where section. As such, the specimen from Gąsior corresponds a similar buckle form20, with an oval frame, was found to type H11 of R. Madyda-Legutko (1987a, 63, pl. 19, with brooches – types Almgren 158 and Almgren 167 map 47). This buckle form is noted across much of the (A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2003, with a list of ear- Barbaricum, in Elbian cultures, the Przeworsk Cul- lier literature). ture and Wielbark Culture, as far as the Czech Repub- The Late Roman Period, possibly, the turn of the lic and Slovakia in the south, and West Balt cultures in Early and the Late Roman Period, would also be the the north. Dated to the Early Migration Period, some chronological position of the cinerary urn found in of these forms have been recorded in Late Roman Pe- grave 66 at Gąsior. Its descriptions in the two publica- riod assemblages in association with Almgren 158 and tions of M. Schmiedehelm’s work are a little different 162 brooches (R. Madyda-Legutko 1987a, 63–64, with a list of earlier literature). 20 Closer data about the appearance of this artefact is lacking, In the Balt territory type H11 buckles are charac- but it has been published as type H11, even if only with a ques- teristic primarily for the early phase of the Migration tion mark (R. Madyda-Legutko 1987a, 64, 135).

Fig. 3. Reconstructions of a turner’s workshop. Elaborated by M. Wyczółkowski

90 The Tornator from Galindia. Roman Period woodturning tools from the cemetery at Jaskowska See /Gonschor (Now Gąsior)...

(cf. M. Schmiedehelm 1990, 27; 2011, 27), but it seems Perhaps, this phenomenon is also at play in the case of that the description in the most recent publication is the type V spearhead found in grave 66. more reliable, as full use was made there of all the archival sources from the legacy of the Estonian scholar. * * * On this basis it may be safe to classify the vessel of in- The set of woodturning tools from grave 66 at Gąsior is terest to bottle-like forms of group I.E of P. Szymański definitely a unique find in the Balt territory. This spe- (2000, 118–119, pl. XII, XVIII:3.4, list 10). These ves- cialised technique of working wood (Fig. 3) required sels are characterised by having a quite tall neck and skills which the tornator from Masuria could not have a low-set shoulder, usually decorated with circumfer- learned in the local environment even if the woodwork- ential grooving. They have been recorded in associa- ing craft was widespread there, as is confirmed by the tion with crossbow brooches, some of them decorated number of carpentry tools found in graves. But in this with coiled wire (e.g., Gąsior, grave 335, Wyszembork, case, the craftsman buried at Gąsior must have learned graves 191a and 201 – M. Schmiedehelm 2011, 62; the ins and outs of the new craft from those peoples of P. Szymański 2005, 77–78), and with type Beckmann the Barbaricum who were in close contact with skilled C and B/C (B. Beckmann 1969) dress pins (e.g., Gąsior, craftsmen of the Roman Empire. Hence, we may as- grave 30, Mojtyny/Moythienen, grave 31 – M. Schmie- sume that the inhabitants of our study area, who may dehelm 2011, 23–24; E. Hollack, F.E. Peiser 1904, 48). be identified with the peoples ofGalindai recorded by Establishing the chronology of the grave invento- Ptolemy, maintained close, active contacts which were ry no. 66 from Gąsior is not an easy matter. Both the more far-ranging than previously thought. Further- spearhead and the strap-end argue in favour of an Ear- more, the example of the finds from Gąsior draws at- ly Roman Period dating. On the other hand, the form tention to the broader phenomenon of the nature of of the cinerary urn, and even more so, the presence of contacts within the barbarian world itself, and in the a type H11 buckle, definitely support a later chrono- exchange between the Barbaricum and Imperium Ro logical position. It seems that this grave may be dated manum, where next to gifts made to the local elite or at the earliest to the beginning of the Late Roman Pe- commercial exchange an important role was played riod (phase C1). This would make it one of the earli- also by the acquisition of new skills, an exchange of est assemblages with this buckle type, and this conclu- know-how. The discovery of the woodturning tools in sion would be justified by the absence of a metope. If, the cemetery at Gąsior suggests the operation within on the other hand, we take into account the unusual the Bogaczewo Culture communities of specialised form of the strap-end, which is chunky, with a reduced workshops manufacturing wares meant to supply more profiling, it may be assumed that it represents a deri- than a local demand. vate of profiled strap-ends and lingered in use slightly Translation: Anna Kinecka longer than other elements of the belt set of this type. From the West Balt territory we have ample evidence 21 Ass. Prof. Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, PhD on the lingering of some weapon forms which in the Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie Przeworsk Culture contexts have a much earlier dating. Długa 52 »Arsenał« PL 00-241 Warszawa [email protected] 21 Cf. the lecture on the study of Balt shields from the Roman Mariusz Wyczółkowski Period and the Migration Period (Tarcze bałtyjskie i psy woj Muzeum im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego ny. Ze studiów nad bronią bałtyjską w okresie wpływów rzyms kich i wędrówek ludów) presented by Bartosz Kontny at the Balt Plac Zamkowy 1 Seminar at the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw on 11th PL 11-400 Kętrzyn May 2016. [email protected]

Archival sources

Grenz, Archive Jakobson, Archive Rudolf Grenz and Carl Engel archive held by the Feliks Jakobson archive held by Latvijas Nacionālais Archäologisches Landesmuseum – Stiftung Schles- vēstures muzejs in Rīga. wig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloß Gottorf in Schleswig.

91 Anna Bitner-Wróblewska, Mariusz Wyczółkowski

Jankuhn, Archive Schmiedehelm, Archive Herbert Jankuhn archive held by the Archäologi- Marta Schmiedehelm archive held by the Tallinna sches Landesmuseum – Stiftung Schleswig-Holstei- Ülikooli Arheoloogia Teaduskogu in Tallinn. nische Landesmuseen Schloß Gottorf in Schleswig. Voigtmann, Archive Moberg, Archive Kurt Voigtmann archive held by the Museum für Carl-Axel Moberg archive held by the Göteborgs Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Staatliche Museen zu Ber- Universitetsbibliotek in Göteborg. lin – Preußische Kulturbesitz in Berlin.

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95 Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie Fundacja Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica

ISSN 1644-8774 ISBN 978-83-61367-19-4 (IA UW) ISBN 978-3-00-056047-7 (ZBSA) ISBN 978-83-943543-4-3 (FMAB) Warszawa-Schleswig 2017

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