— ♦ — Index
♦
Aare Formation, 82, 91, 92,100 Anoxic deposits, sedimentological and paleontologi Abadia Marls Formation, 198 cal features of, 13 Abiologic processes, controlling preservation effi Anoxic environments: ancient, identification of, 2; ciencies, 61 modern, 22; and organic-carbon-rich sediments, Africa: continental shelf, 14; margin, 30, 39, 45, 49, 22; oxygen-minimum model for deposition of 176,198,199 carbonate-rich sediments in, 25 African plate, 234, 238 Anoxic events, oceanic, 14, 50 Afrobolivina, 217 Anoxic lakes, 322 Agadir transect, 225 Anoxic layers, 322 Agathis, 100 Anoxic silled basins, 322 Ahnet basin, 129 Antarctic lakes, annual productivity levels in, 65 Aisne River, 294 Anticyclonic circulation, 46, 47 Alberta basin, 123,129 Antrim Shale, 125 Albert basin, 122,126 Appalachian basin, 123,129,138 Albert Formation, 122 Appalachian Mountains, 30,161,162,164,169 Alboran-Penninic basin, 198 Apulian domain, 193,204 Alpine domain, 193,199 Apulia promontory, 199 Alpine lakes, annual productivity levels in, 65 Arabian margins, 198,199 Amadeus basin, 110 Arabian Peninsula, 198 Aman subbasin, 63 Arabian Platform, distribution of Devonian source Amazon basin, 110,123; upwellings in, 129 rocks in, 110 Amazon delta, 258 Arabian Sea, 25, 35, 44,47; upwelling zones in, 2 Amazon River, organic matter carried by, 30 Arafura basin, 110,115; upwellings in, 129 Amictic, lake water mixing type, 65 Arafura Group, 110 Ammodiscidae, 222 Araucariaceae (Kauri pine), 100 Ammodiscus cretaceus, 216, 224 Arctic lakes, annual productivity levels in, 65 "Ammonitico Rosso" facies, 204 Arctic Ocean, 42 Amundsen-Nansen Basin, 47 Ardennes massif, 282 Amur River, organic matter carried by, 30 Armorican massif, 282 Anadarko basin, 129 Astronomical forcing of climatic changes, 304, 324 Anaerobic processes, in lacustrine systems, 69 Astrorhizidae, 222 Andaman Sea, 71 Atlantic margins, 193,198,199 Andros Island, 144 Atlantic Ocean, 46; North. See North Atlantic Angola basin, 173,175,179, 326 Aulacostephanus autissiodorensis, 315 Angola Dome, 48 Aulacostephanus eudoxus, 314, 315, 317 Anoxia, 1; in deep basins, 126; in Devonian, 129; dis Australia, distribution of Devonian source rocks in, associated from carbon accumulation as a cause, 110 15; distribution of, 2; distribution of organic-car Australian block, 198 bon-rich rocks as evidence for, 8,14; examples of, Australian shelf, sediments on, 6 2; geographic settings of modern, 2, 7; indicators Austrian Molasse basin, 198 of, 10- 12; oceanic, corresponding with marine oil source beds, 322; in open oceans, 2; organic-car- B.C. Canyon field, 146 bon-rich rocks and, 2,15; seasonality and mainte Bahamas, 26,144,149 nance of, 126; sedimentary and paleontologic Bahia Sul basin, 176, 238, 239, 245, 249 indicators of, 2; stable, salinity stratification and, Balam subbasin, 74 126-127; versus productivity, 12,322-324; in Baltic Sea, 24; as modern epeiric sea, 2 western European epicontinental seas, 191 Baltimore Canyon Trough, 167 Anoxic basins: development of isolated from open Banded Shales, 306 ocean, 52; silled, 13-14 Barents Sea, 82, 316 Anoxic bottom water, of Lake Tanganyika, 179 Barito basin, 71 Anoxic conditions: at site of organic-carbon-rich Barra do Itiuba Formation, 175 deposits, 21; in water column, 51 Barreirinha member, 110
337
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 338 Index
Basco-Cantabrian Basin, 222 Brittany basin, 129 Basin morphology, in Tethys Ocean, 204 Bucomazi Formation, 175 Basin scale, of sedimentary processes, 304, 305 Bulbobaculites sp., 216,224 Basque basin, 223 Bulimina elata, 216 Bass basin, 199 Buliminella sp., 216, 217 Bathymetry-driven upwelling, 48-49 Bay of Bengal, 25, 47 Caballing, 21, 49-51; diagram of, in Western Interior Beatrice field, 122 Seaway, 50 Beaufort-Mackenzie delta, 258 Cabinda basin, 173,175,179 Bechar-Ahnet basin, 110 Cabo Frio, 45 Belemnite Marls, 308 Calabar flank, 223 Benguela upwelling system, 45 California borderland basins, 6; anoxia in, 2 Benthic foraminifera: as biological proxy indicators, Campos basin, 173,175,176,238,239,242 213; in Casamance Maritime transect, 217; distri Canadian Basin: mixing surface waters with Gulf of bution of in North Atlantic, 223; as monitors of Mexico, 49, 50; Western, 329 paleoproductivity, 221 Candeias Formation, 175 Benue trough, 220,223,254 Canning basin, 110; upwellings in, 129 Bering Sea, 42 Cap Blanc, 39,45 Big Soda Lake, 69 Cape Agulhas, 45 Biogenic siliceous rock, in upwelling zones, 4 Cape Peninsula, 45 Biogeography, mollusc, 222-227 Cape Verde, 45 Biological proxy indicators, 213 Cape Verde Basin, 215,220 Biologic processes, controlling preservation efficien Carbolog method: contributions of in estimating cies, 61 Paris basin organic matter, 286-287; for estimat Biologic productivity, 1; high, sedimentological sig ing organic carbon content, 275-277,297 natures of, 4-7 Carbon accumulation, anoxia disassociated from, 15 Biotic extinctions: climatic influence on, 124; role of Carbonates: distribution of in Western Tethys Sea sea surface temperatures in, 123,124 area, 169; organic-rich lacustrine, 176 Black Hills, South Dakota, 50 Carbonate sedimentation: effects of paleolatitude and Black Sea, 13, 254; anoxia in, 2; as hyposaline mar paleogeography on, 133-155; on Horseshoe atoll, ginal sea, 24; as stagnant basin model, 23 history of, 141-151; influenced by prevailing Black Sea basin, 111, 126 winds and paleogeography, 150; modern, influ "Black Sea model," 22-24 ence of geography and geomorphology on, 136 Black Sea sapropel, 28, 29 Carbon dioxide concentration, as model parameter Bohemian basin, 199 for paleoclimatic studies, 113 Bolivina sp., 216 Cariaco Trench, 23,26; anoxia in, 2 Boreal pelagic shelf basins, 215-217 Caribbean margins, 199 Bosporus, 24 Caribbean plate, 24 Bottom waters, warm saline, 22,25-26 Carstensz Mountains, 128 Box model, 27 Casamance Maritime transect, 215, 217-218, 225 Bray fault, 282, 285 Caspian Sea, 294 Brazil, lacustrine petroleum source rocks in, 62 Cassipore basin, 249 Brazilian marginal basins: classification of, 266; deep Cat Gap Formation, 198 freshwater lacustrine basins in, 237-238,241; Catskill delta, 128 drift stage, 244-258; evolution of, 236; geology Causses basin, 193 of, 234-236; gulf proto-oceanic evaporitic phase Ceara basin, 238, 239, 245 in, 245-248; hydrocarbon source potential in, Celtic Basin, 220 233-272; location maps, 235,238,239; marine Celtic Sea basin, 199 carbonate sequence in, 249-250; marine deltaic Central Basin platform, 146-149,150,152; regional depositional environment in, 258; marine evap geology of, 137-138 oritic environment in, 246; oceanic phase in, Central Sumatra basin, 63, 71-73 248-258; oil-source rock correlation in, 260-262; Chagrin Shale, 125 open marine sequence in, 250,253-254; open Chaidamu basin, 244 marine shelf-slope sequence in, 254-258; organ Chert, 10; and high productivity, 5 ic-rich lacustrine systems in, 237; paleoenviron China: distribution of Devonian source rocks in, 110; mental assessment of deposition, 237-258; rift lacustrine petroleum source rocks in, 62 stage, 237-244; shallow saline lake systems in, Chrondites, 312 241-244 Chu Sary Su basin, 115,126; upwellings in, 129 Brazilian oils, classification of, 264 Chuxiong basin, 110,129 Brevispina, 286 Cibicidoides, 217, 219,222 Brittany, distribution of Devonian source rocks in, Circulation: deep ocean, 225; intermediate and sur 109 face water, 225-226
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Index 339
Clavulinoides ex gr. gaultinus, 222 176-177 Clear Fork Group, 151 Depression du Mouydir basin, 110 Cleveland basin, 306, 312 Desmidiaceae, 66 Cleveland Shale, 125 Devonian paleoclimatic studies, 113-122 Climate circulation model, 111-112 Diamond M field, 144 Climatic changes: affecting distribution of organic car Diterpenoid biomarkers, terrigenous organic matter bons, 303,304; astronomical forcing of, 304,324 and, 97, 99,100 Climatic cycles, orbital, influence of on organic car Dneiper-Donets basin, 109,129 bon distribution in marine sediments, 303-335 Dorothia filiformis, 216, 224 Climatic enhancement, of source rock, with epeiric Dorset, cyclicity of organic carbon distribution in, sea attributes, 129-130 308-312 Climatic factors: in biotic extinctions, 124; protecting Douala Basin, 183 stratified water columns, 126; relationships Downwelling, 160 between source rocks and, 123; role of in chem Drift stage, of Brazilian marginal basins, 244-258 istry of lakes, 176 Dunaliella sp., 66 Climatic modeling, as source rock predictor, 130 Dune field, 149-151 Coastal upwelling, 44-45 Dysaerobic conditions, in water column, 51 Cogdell field, 141-145,152 Dysaerobic processes, in lacustrine systems, 69 Collecting basins, for lakes, 62-63 Dysoxia-anoxia model, seasonal, 324 Community Climate Model, 72,105,159,177 Congo basin, 173,175,179 East African rift lake system, 244 Congo River, 49; organic matter carried by, 30 Eke Azu Formation, 220 Continental plates, reconstructing with paleogeog Ekman drift, 119,127,165 raphy, 134 Ekman pumping: upward, 44; upwelling associated Continental shelf, as nutrient trap, 34, 35 with, 21 Cooper-Eromanga basin system, 100 Ekman transport, 43-45; meridional, 37 Coral extinction, 124,125 El Nino, 46 Coriolis force, 23,40,43,46,48,165 Epeiric basins, 130 Costa Rica Dome, 15,48 Epeiric seas: development of during Devonian, 123; Cuanza basin, 175 effect of reef extinction on, 124; model of, 111, 112, Current divergence, 43-44 130; modern, 2; source rocks, 110,125,129-130 Current-induced upwelling, 21, 49 Epeiric seaways, 14 Curua Formation, 110 Epeiric subbasins, England, 306, 308 Cuvette de Sbra basin, 110 Epicontinental seas: anoxia in, 191; source rocks in, Cuvo Formation, 175 109 Cyclicity of organic carbon distribution, 303; case Epicontinental seaways, organic-carbon-rich rocks studies for, 306-322; in Dorset, 308-312; high- in, 1 frequency, 304-306, 329; in Kimmeridge Clay Equatorial upwelling, 43 Formation, 312-317; lateral trend in, 326-327; Eromanga basin, 198, 250 vertical trend in, 324-326; in western North Espirito Santo basin, 173,175,176, 238, 239,242,250 Atlantic, 317-322; in Yorkshire, 306-308, 311 Estuary, as nutrient trap, 34 Cyclones: destruction of reefs by, 169; tropical, in Ethiopian rift system, 64 Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic study, 167,168 Euomphaloceras septemseriatum, 222,224 Cyclonic circulation, 46-48; upwelling associated Euphotic zone: high productivity in, 51; supply of with, 21 nutrients to, 33-35 Cyclostratigraphy, and facies scale, 306 Eurasian margins, 193,198,199, 204 Eurasian plate, 193 Danakil Basin, 248 Europe, distribution of Devonian source rocks in, 107 Dansih Graben, 254 European plate, 292 Dardenelles, 24 European platform, 193,198, 203 Dead Sea, 69,245 Eustatic controls, glacial, on sea level changes, 137 Deep water, in ocean, 40-41; circulation of, 225 Eustatic sea level change, affecting distribution of Deep sea environment, distribution of organic-mat organic carbons, 303, 304 ter accumulation in, 220 Evaporation: in Devonian paleoclimatic study, 115; Delaware basin, 133,134,146,150,151; paleographic freshwater balance and, 22; in northern map of, 136; regional geology of, 137-138 Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic study, Density, in major water masses, 37 182-184; in Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic Density-temperature-salinity diagram, mixing sur study, 161,162 face waters, 49 Evaporitic phase, in Brazilian marginal basins, Depositional controls, on source rocks in the Tethys 245-248 Ocean, 199-205 Exposure time, in controlling preservation in lacus Depositional environments, from geochemistry, trine environments, 69
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 340 Index
Facies distribution, predicting regional, 151 Guinea Dome, 48 Facies scale, of sedimentary processes, 304-306 Gulf of Aden, 250 Falciferum, 193 Gulf of California, 12, 28; anoxia in, 2; upwelling Falkland-Algulhas transform, 173,175 zones in, 14 Falkland Plateau, 175 Gulf of Guinea, 46 Famenne Shale, 125 Gulf of Mexico, 2,13, 25,49,198; margins, 26; mixing Faro Deep, 24 surface waters with Canadian Basin, 49, 50 Fjords, silled, Norwegian, 23, 24 Gulf proto-oceanic evaporitic phase, in Brazilian Flats Stone Band, 315, 316 marginal basins, 245-248 Florida Straits, 199 Gulf of Sirte, 161 Foraminifera: benthic, 117, 221, 223; as biological Gulf of Tehuantepec, 49 proxy indicators, 213 Guyana, continental shelf, 14 Foz do Amazonas basin, 238, 239 Free oxygen, role of in lacustrine environments, Halobacterium, 66 66-67 Halococcus, 66 Freshwater balance, 22-23; and circulation, 23 Haltenbanken, Norway, 83-89, 91, 94, 95,100-102; Fujita method, modeling upwellings using, 122-123 geological setting of, 82 Fundy basin, 64,122 Flammerfest Basin, 83-89,102; geological setting of, 82 Gabon basin, 173-175,179 Flanifa Formation, 198,329 Gabonita, 219, 222, 223 Haplophragmoides, 220 Gabonita levis, 222, 226 Haplophragmoides cf. concavus, 216 Gabonita obesa, 222,226 Haplophragmoides excavatus, 217 Ganges delta, 258 Hatteras Formation, 317 Gaudryina spp., 217 Helvetoglobotruncana Helvetica, 216, 219, 222 Gavelinella dakotensis, 219,222, 226 Hemipelagic basins, 306 Gavelinella sp., 216 Hierarchy of scales for sedimentary processes, General circulation models, climate, 105,174,177, 304-306, 328 214, 215; for Western Tethys Sea, 157-172 High-frequency organic carbon distribution, cyclici Gibraltar arch domain, 199 ty of, 304-306, 329 Gibraltar Seaway, 220 High-latitude convection upwelling, 42 Gineau-Bissau basin, 129 High productivity, 26-29; in euphotic zone, 51; and Gippsland Basin, 92 upwelling, correlation between in World Ocean, Glacial eustatic controls, on sea level changes, 137 157 Glacial lakes, 62 Hitra Formation, 94,101 Glacio-eustatic changes, affecting distribution of Honduras basin, 193 organic carbons, 303, 304 Horseshoe atoll, 135,137; carbonate accumulation Glauconite, 10; in upwelling zones, 4 on, 140; history of sedimentation on, 141-151; Globigerina bulloides, 32 isopach map of, 139; paleogeomorphology of, Glomospira, 220 138; subaerial exposure in lee of, 146; tower Glomospira charoides, 216 karst terranes in, 146 Gondwana, 127,129,137,139,151,158,164,169,186; Horton Group, 122 glaciers in, 123,124; location of, 107,108; rifting Hudson Bay basin, 115,126 in, 198; rift lakes, paleoclimatic study of, 173-189 Hydrocarbon source potential, in Brazilian marginal Gondwanan shield, 193 basins, 233-272 Gondwana Rift Lake System, 175 Hydrodynamic processes, role of in organic matter Gotland Deep, 24 content, 294-297 Grand Erg Occidental basin, 110,129 Hydrologic cycle: influence of paleotopography on, Grayburg Formation, 149,150 159; in northern Gondwana rift lakes paleocli Great Antilles island arc, 199 matic study, 180-181 Great Artesian basin, 198 Hydrologic factors, in development of lakes, 64 Great Salt Lake, 68, 69 Hyposaline marginal sea, 24 "Green-house" climate change, 303, 304 Green Lake, 68 Ibura Formation, 175 Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea, 39, 40,42,43, 47 "Ice-house" climate change, 303, 304 Greenland-Scotland Ridge, 40 Iceland, 34 Green River Formation, 65, 68, 71, 244 Ice margins, upwelling associated with, 42-43 Green River Shale, 62 Illinois basin, 111 Grypheas, 308 Illizi basin, 123,129 Guaratiba Formation, 175 Illizi-Ghadames basin, 110 Guaymas Basin, 28 India: distribution of Devonian source rocks in, 110; Guerrero block, 159 lacustrine petroleum source rocks in, 62; margin, Guinea Bissau basin, 123 25,27
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Index 341
India-Madagascar block, 198 Lake Cadagno, 69 Indian block, 198 Lake Constance, 69 Indian Ocean, 25,46,47, 254 Lake Edward, 66, 67, 69 Indonesia: case study for lacustrine source rock Lake Gosiute, 60, 65 development in, 71-74; lacustrine petroleum Lake Greifensee, 69 source rocks in, 62 Lake Kivu, 66-69 Innuitian basin, 127; upwellings in, 129 Lake Magady, 244 Intermediate water, in ocean, 39; circulation of, Lake Malawi, 64, 67 225-226 Lake Nakuru,244 Intertropical Convergence Zone, 43, 69,115,122,128, Lakes: anoxic, 322; collecting basins, 62-63; distribu 183,186 tion and size, 62-64; hydrologic factors in devel Ionian trough, 204; paleogeography of, 204 opment of, 64; playa, 162; rift. See Rift lakes; role "Jackson sands," South Texas, 98 of climate in chemistry of, 176 "Jackson shale," South Texas, 98 Lake Tanganyika, 65-67, 69; anoxic bottom water of, Jameson Land Group, 82 179 Jatoba-Tucano basin, 175 Lake Uinta, 65, 69 Jeanne d'Arc basin, 167,198 Lake Urner, 69 Jet Rock, 193, 279 Lake Victoria, 65, 68 Jianghan basin, 244 Lake water column overturn, classification of, 65 Jiquia Formation, 175 Lake Zurich, 69 La Luna Formation, 199, 250, 254 Kalahari Plateau, Great Escarpment, 44 Landsort Deep, 24 Kap Stewart Formation, 82 Lateral trend, in cyclicity of organic carbon distribu Karst towers, 146 tion, 326-327 Kauri pine (Araucariaceae), 100 Laurentia plate, 135,139,146,158 Kelly Snyder field, 138. See also SACROC field Layer scale, of sedimentary processes, 304, 306 Kelvin waves, 46; coastal upwelling driven by, 46 Leedsichthys, 10 Kempendai basin, 126 Lenticulina sp., 216, 217, 226 Keta basin, 110,123,129 Liberia basin, 129 Kimmeridge Clay Formation, 11, 312, 314, 315; cyclic Light: adequate for photosynthesis, 33; effect on ity of organic carbon distribution in, 312-317 lacustrine productivity, 64-65; penetration into Kiri subbasin, 63 ocean as function of latitude, 33 Kissenda Formation, 175 Ligurian basin, 198 Kolyma block, paleogeography of, 107 Lingulogavelinella globosa, 226 Kutei basin, 71 Lingulogavelinella spp., 222,225 Lingulogavelinella turonica, 216, 219, 222 Lacustrine basins: deep freshwater, in Brazilian mar Llhas Formation, 175 ginal basins, 237-238, 241; Devonian, 122; of Loma Novia crude oil, 98 northern Gondwana rift lake system, 186 Luijiang Formation, 110 Lacustrine deposits: subsidence versus sedimenta Lusitanian basin, 198,203 tion in, 64; in Western Tethys Sea area, 162; in western United States, 63 Mae Shot basin, 193 Lacustrine-derived oils, differences from marine Mahakam delta, 92, 258 counterparts, 62 Margaritatus, 285 Lacustrine environments: dysaerobic and anaerobic Marine carbonate sequence, in Brazilian marginal processes in, 69; exposure time in controlling basins, 249-250 preservation in, 69; organic preservation in, Marine deltaic depositional environment, in 66-69; role of free oxygen in, 66-67 Brazilian marginal basins, 258 Lacustrine productivity, 64-66; annual levels of, 65 Marine evaporitic environment, in Brazilian margin Lacustrine rift basins, 175 al basins, 246 Lacustrine shales and carbonates, organic-rich, 176 Marine sediments, influence of orbital climatic Lacustrine source rocks, 124,126; case study for cyclicity on organic carbon distribution in, development of, 71-74; Devonian climate and, 303-335 122; factors controlling development of, 61-79; Marine source rocks, 124; distribution of corre locations of, 62; model, 69-71; organic-rich, 174 sponding with oceanic anoxia, 322 Lacustrine systems: organic-rich, in Brazilian mar Market Weigh ton block, 306 ginal basins, 237; shallow saline, in Brazilian Marl Slate member, 248 marginal basins, 241-244 Marne de Pointe Noire Formation, 175 Lagoa Feia Formation, 175 Maximum flooding surfaces: and organic matter, Lagonegro trough, 204 role of water depth, 287-293; organic-rich inter Lake Albert, 66, 67 vals associated with, 274 Lake Baldegg, 69 Meade Peak Member, 6, 7 Lake Bogoria, 244, 294 Mediterranean sapropels, 27
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 342 Index
Mediterranean Sea, 24,26, 39,158,160, 224 Norilsk basin, 115,126 Mediterranean Seuil, 203 North Africa, distribution of Devonian source rocks Mediterranean Tethys, 193,198,199, 204 in, 110 Melania Formation, 175 North African margin, 222 MEPSITOPOMP software, 135 North America, distribution of Devonian source Meridional Ekman transport, 37 rocks in, 107 Meridional flows, in ocean, 36 North American plate, 133,135,146 Messinian basin, 248 North Atlantic, western: cyclicity of organic carbon Metoicoceras geslinianum, 222 distribution in, 317-322; geographical map of, Michigan basin, 109, 111, 123,126,129 318 Mic Mac Formation, 167 North German Basin, 217 Midland basin, 133-135,138-140,143,145,146,150, North Sea, 122,160,193, 203; oil province, 312 152; paleographic map of, 135; regional geology North Slope basin, 129 of, 137-138; source rocks in, 151 North Sumatra basin, 71 Mid-latitude shelves, organic-carbon-rich rocks in, 1 Norwegian Sea, 82 Milankovitch cycles, 282 Nupra Formation, 198 Milankovitch forcing factors, 64, 73,165 Nutrient availability, as oceanographic condition, 21 Mississippi delta, 258 Nutrient recycling, and oxygen minimum, 35-36 Mobil Surface Analysis System software, 135 Nutrient supply, effect on lacustrine productivity, Models: "Black Sea," 22-24; climate circulation, 65-66; runoff as source of, 128-129 111-112; Community Climate, 72,105,159,177; Nutrient traps, 34-35 epeiric basin, of source rock development, 130; epeiric sea, 111, 112,130; general circulation sim Oaxaca basin, 193 ulation, 105,157,174,177, 214,215; lacustrine Obtusum, 286 source rock, 69-71; oxygen-minimum, 25; ocean Ocean: anoxic events in, 50; box model, 27; deep box, 27; paleoclimatic, and source rock predic water, 40-41; general structure of, 36-41; global tion, 130; seasonal dysoxia-anoxia, 324; for structure of in past, 41; intermediate water, 39; source rock deposition, 111, 225; stagnant basin, pycnocline, 38-39; surface mixed layer, 38; 22-24; of upwellings, using Fujita method water, sulfate concentration in, 69 122-123; warm saline bottom water, 22 Oceanic circulation, inferred, in Devonian paleocli Mogotes, of Puerto Rico, 146 matic study, 118-119 Molluscs, as biological proxy indicators, 213; bio Oceanic fronts, major, 37-38 geography of, 222-227 Oceanic phase, in Brazilian marginal basins, 248-258 Monomictic, lake water mixing type, 65 Oceanic seaways, in Tethys Ocean, 203-204 Montagne Noire, 109 Ocean margin upwelling, 44 Monte Massenza, 254 Oceanographic changes, affecting distribution of Monterey Formation, 5, 6, 254 organic carbons, 303, 304 Morphological factors, preservation of organic mat Officer basin, 110, 244,250 ter related to, 191 Oil-source rock correlation, in Brazilian marginal Morvan-Vosges massif, 282 basins, 260-262 Mount Celsius group, 122 Old Red Continent, 122 Mouydir basin, 129 Oliogmictic, lake water mixing type, 65 Mulhouse basin, 248 Oman margin, upwelling zones in, 14 Multivariate data analysis, of source rocks, 258-262 Open marine sequence, in Brazilian marginal basins, Mungo River, 223 250, 253-254 Mytiloides spp., 224 Open marine shelf-slope sequence, in Brazilian mar ginal basins, 254-258 Nakalagu Formation, 254 Open ocean: anoxic layers under, 322; upwelling in, Namibia continental shelf, upwelling zones in, 2 41-44 Nanpangjiang basin, 129 Orange River Basin, 175,180 Neobulimina, 217, 219 Orbital climatic cycles, 324; influence of on organic Neocardiocaras juddii, 222 carbon distribution in marine sediments, 303-335 Neocardioceras juddii, 222 Orca Basin, 2,13, 26 Neolobites spp., 224 Orcadian basin, 109,115,122,126 Neotethys, 193,198,199,204. See also Tethys Ocean Organic carbon content, in Casamance Maritime Newark basin, 64 transect, 217 Niger delta, 175,176, 258 Organic carbon distribution: cyclicity of, 304—326; Nigericeras spp., 224 large-scale trends in, 303,304; lateral trend in, Niger River, organic matter carried by, 30 326-327; in marine sediments, 303-335; small- Nile basin, 199 scale trends in, 303,304; vertical trend in, 324-326 Nile River, 24 Organic carbon flux versus oxygen diagram, for Nolley Wolfcamp field, 146,148,149,152 ocean systems, 323
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Index 343
Organic-carbon-rich deposits: anoxic environments Paleoclimatic modeling, and source rock prediction, and, 22; conditions for formation of, 22,51; 130 deposition of in anoxic environment, 24; location Paleoclimatic studies: Devonian, 113-122; extinction and characteristics of in Tethys Ocean, 194-197, of reefs in, 124; model parameters for, 112-113; of 200-202; marine, paleoceanography of, 21-59 northern Gondwana rift lakes, 179-186; of Tethys Organic-carbon-rich rocks: and anoxia, 2, 8,14,15; Ocean, 199,203; of Western Tethys Sea, 157-172 distribution of, 2, 8,14; geography of, 2-4; paleo Paleodepositional environments, organic geochem geography of, 3; and predicted upwelling, 11,12 istry of, 81-104 Organic-carbon-rich sediments, oxygen-minimum Paleoenvironmental aspects of source rocks, 213-231 model for deposition of, 25 Paleoenvironmental assessment, of Brazilian mar Organic facies, defined, 167 ginal basins deposition, 237-258 Organic geochemistry, of paleodepositional environ Paleogeographic changes, affecting distribution of ments, 81-104 organic carbons, 303,304 Organic matter: distribution of in deep sea environ Paleogeography: of a basin, reconstructing through ment, 220; distribution of in shelf and slope time, 151; effects of on carbonate sedimentation, environments, 220-221; effect of burial of, 51; 133-155; influence of on carbonate sedimenta factors controlling accumulation in pelagic envi tion, 150; of organic-carbon-rich rocks, 3; recon ronments, 214; preservation of, related to mor structing continental plates with, 134; phological factors, 191; role of hydrodynamic reconstruction of North America with, 134; of processes in content of, 294-297; role of sedi Tethys Ocean, 192-199 mentation rate in, 293-294; role of water depth Paleolatitude: of a basin, reconstructing through in, 287-293; in sequence stratigraphic frame time, 151; effects of on carbonate sedimentation, work, 287-297; sources of, 29; temporal and spa 133-155; predicting basin sedimentation pat tial distribution of, 220-221; terrigenous, 29-30; terns using, 133; of Tethys Ocean, 199,203 types of in paleodepositional environments, PALEOMAP software, 133-135 81-104 Paleontology: indicators of anoxia, 2; of modern Organic preservation, in lacustrine environments, upwelling zones, 13; of non-upwelling anoxic 66-69 deposits, 13 Organic-rich intervals, associated with maximum Paleoproductivity, benthic foraminifera as monitors flooding surfaces, 274 of, 221 Organic-rich lacustrine shales and carbonates, 176 Paleotopography: defining, 107; influence of, 159 Organic-rich lacustrine source rocks, 174 Panama Reef, 125 Organic-rich lacustrine systems, in Brazilian margin Pangea, 135,137,139,152,158 al basins, 237 Panthalassa Ocean, 157,159,169,178 Orinoco River, 24 Paradox basin, 329 Orkney Islands, 122 Para-Maranhao basin, 238,239,249 Orographic upwelling, 49 Paris basin, 193, 254, 329; application of Carbolog Orthokarstenia, 217 method to, 276-277,297; application of stacking Oslo Fjord, 13 pattern method to, 277-281; geological and geo Otway basin, 199 chemical setting of, 282-287; major structural Ouachita Mountains, 138 elements of, 275; source rock occurrence in Oued Bahloul, 254 sequence stratigraphic framework of, 273-301 Outflow-induced upwelling, 49 Pectinatites hudlestoni, 316 Oxford Clay, 10 Pectinatites wheatleyensis, 316 Oxygenation, oceanic, benthic foramifera as moni Pectinatitus pectinatus, 313 tors of, 221 Pelagic environments, factors controlling accumula Oxygen content, of water above sediments, 1 tion of organic matter in, 214 Oxygen-minimum zones, 22; development of source Pelagic shelf basins, boreal, 215-217 rocks related to, 193; in margins of ocean basins, Pematang Group, 82 25, 52; model, 25; nutrient recycling and, 35-36; Permian basin, 129; paleographic map of, 135; Oxygen versus organic carbon flux diagram, for regional geology of, 137-138 ocean systems, 323 Perriwinkle fields, 146 Ozona arch, regional geology of, 137-138 Perry Formation, 122 Persian Gulf, 149 Pacific Ocean, 25, 46 Perth basin, 1998 Paleobiological aspects of source rocks, 213-231 Peru: continental shelf, 14; margin, 6,29; upwelling Paleoceanography: of marine organic-carbon-rich zones in, 2 sediments, 21-59; of organic-carbon accumula Peru-Chile upwelling system, 45 tion, 29-49 Petroleum source rocks, lacustrine. See also Source Paleoclimate: controls on lithostratigraphy in north rocks; case study for development of, 71-74; fac ern Gondwana rift lakes, 173-189; effect on tors controlling development of, 61-79; locations source rock quality and location, 105-132 of, 62
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 344 Index
Phang Na Bay, 146 Red Sea, 248 Phosphate deposits, 10; lithologies of, 11 Reefs, extinction of: by cyclones, 169; in paleoclimat Phosphoria Formation, 6, 7 ic studies, 124; role of sea surface temperatures Phosphorite, in upwelling zones, 4 in, 125 Photosynthesis, light adequate for, 33 Rhizammina, 220 Pierre Shale, 10,11 Rhizammina indivisa, 216,224 Pindus-Olonos basin, 204 Rhodope Massif, 199 Pinnas, 308 Rift basins: lacustrine, 175; organic-carbon-rich Planktonic foraminifera, as biological proxy indica rocks in, 1; South American, 176 tors, 213 Rift lakes: East African, 66, 71; nature of, 176; north Plate tectonics, affecting distribution of organic car ern Gondwana, paleoclimatic controls on lithos- bons, 303, 304 tratigraphy in, 173-189 Platypleuroceras brevispina, 310, 312 Rift lake system, East African, 244 Playa lakes, 162 Rift stage, of Brazilian marginal basins, 237-244 Pleurostomella spp., 222 Rio Grande Rise, 173,175 Polish Trough, 129 Robin Hood's Bay, 306 Polymictic, lake water mixing type, 65 Rossby radius, 46 Polymorphites polymorphus, 306, 310, 312 Rotation rate of earth, as model parameter for paleo Porcupine trough, 198 climatic studies, 113 Posidonia Shale, 11,193 Runoff: freshwater balance and, 22; in northern Potiguar basin, 173, 238, 239, 245 Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic study, 183, Praebulimina, 217 185; as source of nutrients, 128-129; in Western Praebulimina elata, 222, 225 Tethys Sea paleoclimatic study, 162,164,169 Precipitation: in Devonian paleoclimatic study, 115, Russian Platform, distribution of Devonian source 118; freshwater balance and, 22; in northern rocks in ,109 Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic study, 181-182; in Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic Saanich Inlet, 13; anoxia in, 2 study, 161,162,169 Sabinas basin, 198 Precipitation minus evaporation: in Devonian Saccammina cf. placenta, 216, 224 paleoclimatic study, 115; in northern SACROC field, 138,140,143-145,152 Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic study, Sahara platform, 158 182-184; in Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic Saighan series, 193 study, 161, 162 St. Martin de Bossenay fault, 282, 285, 293 Pre-rift stage, of Brazilian marginal basins, 237 St. Paul-Romanche transform, 173,175 Preservational model, of source rock deposition, 111 Salawatei Basin, 258 Preservation efficiencies, controlled by biologic and Saline lake systems: productivity in, 66; shallow, in abiologic processes, 61 Brazilian marginal basins, 241-244 Preservation versus production controversy, 1-20 Salinity, in major water masses, 37 Prevailing winds, influence of on carbonate sedi Salinity-density-temperature diagram, mixing sur mentation, 150 face waters, 49 Pricaspian basin, 109,129 Salinity stratification, stable anoxia and, 126-127 Prinos basin, 248 San Andres Formation, 149 Pripyat basin, 109,126,128,129 San Andres Limestone, 151 Production versus preservation controversy, 1-20 Santos basin, 173,175,238, 239, 245,250 Productivity: biologic, 1; in euphotic zone, 51; high, 5, Sao Paulo Plateau, 245 10,12,26-29; in lacustrine systems, 61, 64-66; Sapropels, 28, 29 oceanic, 225; and sedimentation of organic car Saxony Basin, 222 bon, 1; and upwelling, correlation between in Schistes Carton, 193, 273, 274,279, 282, 285-287, 292, World Ocean, 157; versus anoxia, 12,322-324; in 298 waters overlying site of organic-carbon-rich Sciponoceras gracile, 222 deposits, 21 Scotian shelf, 167,198 Productivity model, of source rock deposition, 111 Scurry Reef field, 138. See also SACROC field Pseudotissotia, 224 Sea of Japan, 50 Pycnocline, 38-39 Sea level changes, glacial eustatic controls on, 137 Sea level pressure, in Devonian paleoclimatic Qing Hai Lake, 69 study, 113 Querencual Formation, 199, 250, 254 Sea of Marmara, 24 Sea of Okhotsk, 30 R. cushmani, 216 Seasonal dysoxia-anoxia model, 324 Rasenia cymodoce, 313 Sea surface temperatures: computing, 112; and Reconcavo basin, 175 cyclone genesis control, 167,168; as model para "Redfield Ratio," 35 meter for paleoclimatic studies, 113; role of in
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Index 345
biotic extinctions, 123,124; role of in reef extinc Source rocks. See also Petroleum source rocks; caus tion, 125; in Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic es of widespread deposition of during short study, 160,169 time intervals, 192; competing models of depo Sedimentary basin, petroleum potential and distrib sition of, 111; correlation with oil in Brazilian ution of source rocks in, 274 marginal basins, 260-262; development of relat Sedimentary features, and conditions in water col ed to oxygen-minimum zone, 193; development umn, 1-2 of related to stagnant water density stratifica Sedimentary indicators of anoxia, 2 tion, 193; Devonian, 107-111; distribution of, Sedimentary processes, hierarchy of scales for, and petroleum potential of a sedimentary basin, 304-306, 328 274; effects of paleoclimate on quality and loca Sedimentation patterns, in basins, predicting using tion of, 105-132; epeiric sea, 125,129-130; exam paleolatitude, 133 ple of occurrence in sequence stratigraphic Sedimentation rate, role of, 293-294 framework, 273-301; lacustrine, 122,124,126, Sedimentation versus subsidence, in lacustrine 174; marine, 124; in Midland basin, 151; model deposits, 64 for formation and distribution of, 225; multi Sedimentological features: of high biologic produc variate data analysis of, 258-262; and organic tivity, 4-7; of modern upwelling zones, 13; of carbon accumulations, distinction between, 324; non-upwelling anoxic deposits, 13 paleobiological and paleonenvironmental Sediments, role in preservation of organic matter, 29 aspects of, 213-231; predicting through climatic Seine River, 294 modeling, 130; relationships between climatic Seine-Sennely fault, 282 factors and, 123; in the Tethys Ocean, location Senegal basin, 199 and characteristics of, 194-197,199-205; Sequence stratigraphic framework: example of upwellings and, 127-129 source rock occurrence in, 273-301; organic mat South America: distribution of Devonian source rocks ter in, 287-297 in, 107; margin, 45; rift lakes on margin of, 176 Sequence stratigraphy, and basin scale, 305 South American plate, 199, 234,238 Sergipe-Alagoas basin, 173,175,176,183,186,238, South American rift basins, 176 239, 242,245,249 South China basins, 123 Sergipe basin, 222-224 South Florida basin, 250 Serpentinus, 286 South Sumatra basin, 71-73 Serpiano Shale, 250 Spatial distribution, of organic-matter accumulation, Shales, organic-rich lacustrine, 176 220-221 Shark Bay, 248 Spiroplectinata, 222 Sharon Springs Member, 10,11 Spiti Shales Formation, 198 Shelf basins: boreal pelagic, 215-217; tropical, 215 Stacking pattern method, to obtain geometries of Shelf environment, distribution of organic-matter depositional sequences, 277-281 accumulation in, 220-221 Stagnant basins, 23-25,52; model, 22-24 Shelves, mid-latitude, organic-carbon-rich rocks in, Stagnant water density stratification, development 1 of source rocks related to, 193 Shemshak Formation, 193 Statfjord Formation, 82 Shublik Formation, 7,11 Stellare, 286 Siberia: distribution of Devonian source rocks in, Storm tracks: influence of paleotopography on, 159; 109-110; paleogeography of, 107,108 in northern Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic Siberian basin, 109,123 study, 183-185; in Western Tethys Sea paleocli Siliceous rock, biogenic, in upwelling zones, 4 matic study, 168 Silled basins, 22; anoxic, 322 Straits of Gibraltar, 39 Slope environment, distribution of organic-matter Stratified water columns, climatic features protect accumulation in, 220-221 ing, 126 Smackover Formation, 167 Structural evolution, of Tethys Ocean, 204 Snowcover: in climate circulation model, 112; in Subaerial exposure, in lee of Horseshoe atoll, 146 Devonian paleoclimatic study, 115,118,119 Subsidence versus sedimentation, in lacustrine Software: MEPSITOPOMP, 135; Mobil Surface deposits, 64 Analysis System, 135; PALEOMAP, 133-135; Sulfate levels, in lake bodies, 69 TERRAMOBILIS, 133; UPWELL, 165 Sumatra, 83-89,92, 94,95,100-102; geological set Soil moisture: in climate circulation model, 112; in ting of, 82 northern Gondwana rift lakes paleoclimatic Sumatra basin, 63, 71-73 study, 182-183,184; in Western Tethys Sea pale Sunniland Formation, 250 oclimatic study, 162,163,169 Surface circulation, in Devonian paleoclimatic study, Solar luminosity, as model parameter for paleocli 118-119 matic studies, 113 Surface mixed layer, of ocean, 38 Solimoes basin, 110 Surface temperatures: influence of paleotopography Sortehat Member, 82 on, 159; in Devonian paleoclimatic study, 113,
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 346 Index
114; in northern Gondwana rift lakes paleocli Tubiphytes, 139 matic study, 179-180 Turbidity, effect on lacustrine productivity, 64-65 Surface upwelling, 41 Tuva Depression, 128 Surface water circulation, 225-226 Tyro basin, 248 Surface winds in paleoclimatic studies: Devonian, 115,117; northern Gondwana rift lakes, 184,186; Uinta basin, 244 Western Tethys Sea, 164-166 Ulzama basin, 223 Upper Lahat Formation, 82 Tadla basin, 110,123,129 Uptonia jamesoni, 306-312 Talang Akar Formation, 82, 90,91, 94,101 Upwelling: anoxic layers under, 322; bathymetry- Taman Formation, 167,204 driven, 48-49; coastal, 21; current-induced, 49; in Tampico basin, 167 Devonian paleoclimatic study, 118-121,123; dri Tampico-Tuxpan basin, 204 ven by factors other than direct influence of Tampico-Tuxpan Formation, 198 wind, 46-49; and high productivity, correlation Tappanina laciniosa, 216, 222, 225 between in World Ocean, 157; high productivity Tarfaya coastal basin, 215,218-220,222, 225,226 in response to, 26; modeling using Fujita Tarragona basin, 248 method, 122-123; ocean margin, 44-46; as Tasmanites, 125 oceanographic condition, 21; open ocean, 41-44; Tatarskiy Strait, 50 orographic, 49; outflow-induced, 49; perennial, Tectonic lakes, 62 127; predicted, and organic-carbon-rich rocks, Temperate lakes, annual productivity levels in, 65 3-4; and source rocks, 127-129; surface, 41; in Temperature. See also Sea surface temperatures; Western Tethys Sea paleoclimatic study, Surface temperatures; in major water masses, 37 165-167,169 Temperature-salinity-density diagram, mixing sur Upwelling zones: in continental shelf areas, 2; distri face waters, 49 bution of, 2; in Gulf of California, 14; models of, Temporal distribution, of organic-matter accumula 8-9; in Oman margin, 14; organic-carbon-rich tion, 220-221 rocks in, 1, 7,11,12; predicting, 8,11,12; sedi TERRAMOBILIS software, 133 mentological and paleontological features of Terrigenous organic matter, 29-30; diterpenoid bio modern, 13; types of sediments in modern, 4 markers and, 97, 99,100; in paleodepositional UPWELL software, 165 environments, 81-104; tetracyclics and, 96, 99, Uralian Ocean, 110 100 Uralian Seaway, 111 Tethys Ocean: 157,158,162,165,167,169. See also Urmia, 69 Western Tethys Sea; basin morphology in, 204; depositional controls on source rocks in, Vardekloft Formation, 82 199-205; location and characteristics of source Vascoceras spp., 222 rocks and organic-rich facies in, 194-197, Venezuelan Basin, 24 200-202; margins, 191, 203; oceanic seaways in, Vertical trend, in cyclicity of organic carbon distribu 203-204; paleoclimatic study of, 199,203; paleo- tion, 324-326 latitude of, 199,203; structural evolution of, 204; Vienna basin, 198 water ventilation in, 203-204 Vocontian basin, 223 Tetracyclics, terrigenous organic matter and, 96,99, Vocontian trough, 199 100 Volgo-Ural basin, 109,123,129 Textularia sp., 224 Thermocline domes, 48; upwelling associated with, 21 Walker circulation, 45 Thermocline mixing, in ocean, 36 Walvis Ridge, 39,173,175, 245 Timan-Pechora basin, 109,123,126,127; upwellings Washakie basin, 90 in, 129 Water chemistry, effect on lacustrine productivity, 66 Toolebuc Formation, 250 Water column: dysaerobic or anoxic conditions in, Topographic changes, affecting distribution of 51; sedimentary features and conditions in, 1-2; organic carbons, 303,304 stratification, in lakes, 67-68; stratified, climatic Tower karst terranes, in Horseshoe atoll, 146 features protecting, 126 Trade winds: in Devonian paleoclimatic study, 115, Water depth: relation to organic carbon survival, 116; direction of related to latitude, 136 112; role of in organic matter, 287-293 Trans-Sahara Seaway, 224 Water ventilation, in Tethys Ocean, 203-204 Trento Plateau, 254 Watinoceras coloradoense, 222 Troms-Finnmark Platform, 82 Watinoceras spp., 224 Tropical cyclones, in Western Tethys Sea paleocli Weddell Sea, 47 matic study, 167 Wessex basin, 329 Tropical lakes, annual productivity levels in, 65 Western Canada basin, 329 Tropical shelf basins, 215 Western Interior Seaway, 10,14,51,165,330; dia Tsushima Strait, 50 gram of caballing in, 50
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Index 347
Western Tethys Sea: lithostratigraphy and source World Ocean: correlation between upwelling and rock quality of, 157-172; location of, 158; paleo high productivity in, 157; development of reefs climatic study of, 157-172; paleogeography of, limited by coastal upwelling in, 169 158 Yaqui block, 159 West Siberian basin, upwellings in, 129 Yorkshire, cyclicity of organic carbon distribution in, Whiteinella archaeocretacea, 216,219,222 306-308, 311 Wichita Mountains, 138 Yucatan block, 159 Widyan graben, 110 Williston basin, 111, 115,123,126,129 Zonal wind belts, influence of paleotopography on, Witton Sandstone Formation, 198 159
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 978089181048390000
780891 810483
Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3837178/9781629810874_backmatter.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021