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Home , Adamawa Plateau, Angola Basin, South Cameroon Plateau

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A Botucatu Formation, 259, 260, 262, 264 Adamawa Plateau, 274 Bouenza Formation, 44 Aeolian Dekese Formation, 262 Bouenza Subgroup, 51 AfricaArray East African Seismic Experiment (AAEASE), 7 Bukoban Supergroup of Tanzania, 48 AfricaArray Tanzania Basin Seismic Experiment (AATBSE), 7 Bunkeya Subgroup, 49 ’s bimodal topography, 318 Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method, 348 Akwokwo Tillite, 53 C Alolo dark , 376 Calonda Formation, 170 Alolo Formation, 252 highlands Alto-Chiloango Group, 44 Fongo-Tongo—Bamile`ke` Plateau, 286, 291 Alto Garcas Formation, 252 landforms, 286, 291 Amazonian , 248, 250 magmatism and planation surfaces, 286, 290 Amygdaloid basaltic pillow lavas, 60 South Cameroon Plateau, 286 Plateau, 271, 294–296, 303 volcanic rocks, 286 Antarctic Shield, 250 Cape-Karoo Basin (CKB). See also Regional correlations, Southwest Arac¸uai-West Congo Belt, 42 Gondwana Archean , 19–20, 248 Gondwana and Pangea Aruwimi Group amalgamation, 248, 249 age of, 374 break-up, 248, 250–252 Alolo dark shales, 376, 387 phanerozoic map, 250 Biano Groups, 375 tectonic subsidence analysis, 262, 263 Haute Lueki Group, 126 Upper Ecca and Beaufort Groups, 259 Inkisi Group, 375 Cape Supergroup, 247, 262–264 Neoproterozoic quartzitic sandstones, 118 CAR. See (CAR) Oubanguides Belt, 252 Carboniferous Itarare´ Group, 253 Pre-Mesozoic Sequences, 168 Carboniferous-Permian and Triassic sequences. See Karoo-like West Congo Belt, 374 Sequences Asande Rise (North Equatorial Plateau), 319 Carboniferous-Permian Lukuga Group, 253 Australian Shield, 250 CAS. See Shield (CAS) Average Organic matter analytical values, 384 Cassange Group, 112, 259, 264 Azanian , 248 Cenomanian Kwango Group, 375 Cenomanian-Turonian age, 138 Cenozoic events, CRS, 329 B Cenozoic Kalahari Group, 219, 247 Bairdestheria, 187 Cenozoic landscape evolution Bamile´ke´ Plateau, 286 Central CB deposits, 304 Banalia Formation, 252 Congo Cuvette (see Congo Cuvette landforms) Banalia Group, 44, 252 landforms evolution, 300–304 Bangui basin, 98, 106 Late : Pediment X, 303 Bas-Congo Kimpangu kimberlite field, 367–368 Late Miocene–Present-day: Pediments Y and Z, 303 Bate´ke´ Plateaus, 275, 279, 282, 286, 295, 300, 317 planation surfaces analysis, 274–275 Bauru Group, 247 sedimentary record, 274 , 259, 262, 264 sedimentary rocks, 275–283 Bembe Group, 344 topographic evolution and uplifts, 304–305 Biano Group, 252 Cental Africa (CA) Biano Plateau, 294 CAS and CS, 396, 399 Biano Subgroup, 50 CrNiPgeTi, 400 Bimbo sandstones, 46 CuZnPbBa, 400 Bokungu Group, 259, 262, 375 DRC, 394 Bomu Craton, 6 geological domains, 398 Bottom hole temperatures (BHT), 230 gold, 400

M.J. de Wit et al. (eds.), Geology and Resource Potential of the , Regional Geology Reviews, 407 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29482-2, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 408 Index

Cental Africa (CA) (cont.) Jurassic- sequences, 259 metallogenic fingerprints, 403 Late Cretaceous fluvial sedimentation, 259 mineral deposits, element groups, 396 location of, 163, 164 mineral potential, 404 Lukuga Group, 253, 256 SnSb, 400 Middle Cretaceous Loia and Bokungu Groups, 375 UTHREE, 400 Neoproterozoic-lower Paleozoic sequences Central African Atlantic Swell, 294–296 Fouroumbala-Bakouma and Bangui basins, 98, 106 Central African Republic (CAR) geological setting, 98–100 Fouroumbala-Bakouma Basin, 45, 46 gravity anomalies and modelling, 105–106 Lower Diamictite Formation, 53 Katangan and Zambian basins, 98, 100, 106 Sembe`-Ouesso Basin, 46 Mbuji-Mayi basin, 98, 100, 106 Ubangui Basin, 46 redbeds, 100–101 Central Africa Shield (CAS), 20, 248–250, 252, 253, 263 Rodinia supercontinent, break-up of, 98, 106 CA, 398 seismic refraction data, 102 CrNiPgeTi, 400 seismic-stratigraphic sequences, 102–104, 106–107 CS, 396, 401 Sembe´-Ouesso basin, 98 CuZnPbBa, 400 siliciclastic and carbonate sequences, 100, 106 eastern margins of, 33 tectonism, 104–105 fingerprints, 397–398 well data, 97, 102 formation of, 23, 24 West Congo basin, 98, 106 gold, 400 Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary mineral potential, 404 sequences, 371, 373 northern margin of, 30 north-east facing terrain, 317 basement, 25 Oubanguides Belt, 252 SnSb, 400 Pangea and Gondwana break-up, 248, 250–252 UTHREE, 400 systems, 388 Central Angola Mobile Belt (CAMB), 21 Precambrian mineral-rich basement terranes, 393 Central CB regional correlations, 253 age-dating, 304 regional geomorphological structure Mbandaka-1 borehole, 116 central zone, 323 Paleogene to Middle , 304 Cuvette Central, 319, 320 planation surface, 286 deep sea Congo Fan, 319 relative stratigraphy, 304 erosion-transport-deposition, 319 Samba borehole, 115 southern reaches, 320 infill, 304 topographic enhancement, EARS, 321 sedimentological analysis, 272 topography, 321 seismic refraction data, 118–120 TRM, 323 stratigraphic wells, 102 western and eastern highlands, 319 Upper Cretaceous sequence, 158 western region, 321, 322 CKB. See Cape-Karoo Basin (CKB) sedimentation, 373 Clarens Formations, 259 seismic reflection profiles, 97 Conchostracans southeastern margin, 252 Congestheriella, 186–187 stratigraphic records, 245, 247 Euestheria sambaensis, 186 subcircular, 245 Paraleptestheria, 186 surface area of, 163 Pseudestherites, 185, 186 tectonic setting, 165, 167 Stanleyviella, 186 tectonic subsidence analysis, 262, 263 Congestheriella, 186–187 Triassic sequences, 259 Conglomerate, 170 U-Pb detrital zircons geochronology, 259 Congo Basin (CB). See also Regional correlations, Southwest Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group, 259 Gondwana Upper Kwango Group, 259 aeolian sequence, 259 Congo Cuvette landforms Carboniferous-Permian Lukuga Group, 253 Angolese Plateau, 287–288, 294–295 Cenozoic development, 318 Cameroon Highlands, 286–289, 291 Congo Shield (CS), 398, 399, 403 Cenozoic evolution, 271–272 crescent shaped CR, 316, 317 East African Dome, 291–292, 294, 297–298 depositional successions, 247 elevation of base, 271 development, 373 geomorphologic analyses, 271–273 drainage patterns (see Drainage patterns) incised valleys and channels, 284 DRC and eastern Lake region, 393 Kamina/Kasai/Lunde/Kwango Plateaus, 293, 294 first order geomorphology, 318 pediment system, 286 geological map, 163, 165, 246 piedmont, 284 geological structures, 167 planation surfaces, 284–285, 326 Gondwana and Pangea amalgamation, 248 regional chronology and dating, 296–298, 300 gravimetric and magneticfield surveys, 97 relative chronology, 286 ITCZ, 317 South Cameroon–North Gabon Plateau, 295–296 JNOC, 372 Ubangian Rise, 287–288, 291 Index 409

Congolese Cratons, 22 weathering profile, 281 Congolese surface (C), 286 Dekese Formation, 259, 264, 375 Central CB, 297 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) definition, 286, 303 Haute Lueki Group, 114, 115 erosion, 300 Itombwe basin, 46–47 etchplain, 284–285 Katanga Basin, 48–50 iron duricrusts, 285 Katanga Province (see Katanga Kundelungu kimberlite field) Paleogene, 298 kimberlites fields (see Kimberlites fields, DRC) pediplain, 284 Likki-Bembe` Basin, 46 Congo River System (CRS) Lindi Basin, 44, 45 Cenozoic events, 329 lower Kwango River geographical setting, 316 diamond-bearing gravels (see Diamond-bearing gravels, lower Neogene events, 330–332 Kwango River DRC) phylogenetic age estimates, geomorphic events, 332 geophysics (see Geophysics, lower Kwango River DRC) Congo Shield (CS), 20 Lukuga Group, 113–115 Congo Supergroup, 247 Malagarazi-Bukoban basin, 46–47 Continental Drift, 245, 248 Sangha-Comba-Lower-Congo basins, 42–44 Corumbataı´ Formation, 259 Sankuru-Mbuji-Mayi-Lomami-Lovoy Basin (See Sankuru-Mbuji- CRS. See Congo River System (CRS) Mayi-Lomami-Lovoy Basin (SMLL)) Cryogenian sequences, 30–31 Dendritic drainage patterns, 320 Cuango Shield, 344 Cuvette Central, 318, 325 Cuvette Centrale Northern Oubangui System, 318, 325 geological map of, 163, 165 Upper Malagarasi System, 318, 325 geological structures, 167 Devonian Parana´ Group, 247, 252 Kiri and Lonkonia highs, 167 Diamond-bearing gravels, lower Kwango River DRC location of, 164 alluvial , 341 oil and gas exploration programs, 164 catchment area, 342 stratigraphic sequences diamond, records, 341–342 diamonds and kimberlites, 170 geology Kalahari and younger sediments, 168, 170 conglomerates, planar and cross-bedded, 346 Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover sequences, 168 Cuango Shield, 344 pre-Mesozoic sequences, 167–168 and Proterozoic sediments, 346 Cuvette Craton, 20 kaolinite-iron oxyhydrate clay, 347 Kiongo Formation, 346 Kwango Group, 346 D Mid-Pleistocene hand axes, 347 De BeersGroup, 363 raised terrace deposits, 347 Dekese boreholes sands of Kalahari Group, or the ‘serie des sables ocre, 346 coarse-grained unit, 281 ‘schisto-calcaire’ meta-sediments, 344 fine-grained sandstones unit, 281 ‘Schisto-Gre`seux Series,’ 345 J–K sequences silcretes or ‘gre`s polymorphes, 346 aeolian facies successions, 143, 148 south-western DRC and northern Angola, 345 conglomerates facies, 143, 146 geomorphology fine-grained facies and shales, 143, 146 abandoned channel, 348 fluvial-delta facies succession, 143, 151 lower Kwango River, 350 paleosols, 143, 146 Palaeozoic fluvial-glacial sediments, 347 sandstone facies, 143, 146 trap site development, influence of river, 347–348 sequence-stratigraphic analysis, 143, 145, 146 Upper Kwango aeolian sediments, 348 shallow marine facies, 143, 147 geophysics (see Geophysics, lower Kwango River DRC) Karoo-like sequences locality map, 342 litho-and bio-stratigraphic correlations, 123–125 ‘Mission Kwango,’ 342–343 N–S seismic refraction profile, 118, 119 river gravels, 344 stratigraphic sections, 115–117 stratigraphic section, 346 U-Pb detrital zircons geochronology (see U-Pb detrital zircons Dibaya Complex, 60 geochronology) Digital Elevation Model, 275 multiphase Phanerozoic subsidence Dja Group, 46 eroded units, 218 Drainage patterns locations of, 213, 214 contorted paleo-elevation, 217–220 Lake Tanganyika/East African System, 329 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 Lower Congo, 328 sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 dendritic, 318, 320, 325 stratigraphic data, 218 evolution, 334–335 tectonoics and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 parallel type, 320 vertical movement, 215 areas, 326 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 Luangwe System, 327 regional correlations, 276 rectangular-angulate, 320 sedimentary record, 274 Lulwango system, 328 410 Index

Ulindi system, 328 Paleozoic limestones and dolostones, 78 rectangular drainage, 320, 328 physical minerals disintegration, 77 sub-dendritic type, 320 protein fungal sequence analysis, 78 Cuvette Central, 325 secondary mineral phases, formation of, 77 Lindi System, 325 surface roughing, 77 Luvua System, 325–326 zygomycetes fungal forms, 78 Western Congolian wetlands, 325 Furnas Formation, 252, 256 sub-parallel type, 320, 327 trellis, 320 Kwango Valley, 327 G Lufupa System, 327 Galamboge Formation, 252 Mid-Congo River, 328 Geophysics, lower Kwango River DRC Sembe-Ouesso, 327 airborne survey Southern Bate´ke´ Plateau System, 327 airborne EM over Block 10, 353 DRC. See Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) conductivity of a rock or sediment, 352 , 114, 253, 256, 262, 264 electromagnetic method, 352 locations, 352 Majimba hole,terrace deposits, 354 E VTEM geophysical survey, 351 Early Permian Irati Formation, 259 diamonds System (EARS), 252, 319 alluvial digging, survey, 355 Eburnian orogenic belt/suture zone, 21 colours and shapes, 356 Ecca Groups, 114 Group 1, downstream deposits, 355 Eliot Formation, 259, 262, 264 Group 2, central areas, 355 Enon Formation, 262 Group 3, most upstream areas, 355 Eocene Paleogeography, 282–283 ‘head’ of a diamond trail, 357 Espitalie HI-Tmax diagram, 386 Midamines area, 357 Etchplains, 284–285 number and weights, 356 Ethiopian LIP formation, 250, 252 percentage diamond weight per sieve class, 357 Etjo Formation, 259, 264 populations, comparison, 357 Euestheria sambaensis, 186 size frequency distribution plots, 356 typical diamonds, ‘international’ Kwango, 358 variations, diamond population, 355 F drilling and pitting Fischer plots, 59, 63, 65, 72 gravel samples, 354, 355 Fishwick model, 6 kimberlitic grains, 355 Fluvial-marine Stanleyville Group, 262 manual pitting, 354 Fouroumbala-Bakouma basin, 45, 46, 98, 106 overburden thickness, 354 Fungi pitting/drill holes, examples, 355 carbonate alteration features, 77–78 Super Rock 100 (SR100) drilling, 354 desert varnish, 77 economic modelling fossilized fungal communities, 78 break-even grade, 358, 359 hyphae, 77 calculation of a ‘back of the envelope,’, 359 mineral dissolution, 77 diamond grades, 358 mycogenic rock fabrics, formation of, 77, 78 diamond size frequency distribution, 358 Neoproterozoic stromatolites, South Gabon Diamond Values, 358 crinkled fenestral laminar dolostone, 81, 82 negative impact, diamond size distribution, 359 cyanobacterial greyish dolomudstones, 79, 81 overburden and gravel thickness measurements, 358 diagenetic alteration, 84, 85 ground geophysics dolomicrosparitized mudstone, 81, 82 airborne electromagnetic (EM) method, 348 domal stromatolites, 79, 81, 82 geophysical areas, 351 elevated mineral “collar” formation, 84, 87–89, 91 / bedrock, 349 fungal sporangia and sporangiophores, 84–87 longitudinal profile, Tembo area, 349 geological map, 79 survey areas, 348 honeycomb dissolution pattern, 86–88 GHGeochem laboratories, 389 implications, 93, 94 Gilson wells, 274, 276, 281, 282, 304 lithology and sedimentary structures, 79, 80 bio-stratigraphic correlations, 123, 125 medium-bedded homogeneous dolomudstones, 79, 81 eroded units, 218 Mouila city, location of, 79 lithostratigraphic sections, 115–117 Neoproterozoic-aged colonization and weathering, 88–90 locations of, 213, 214 nesting of minerals, 84, 88, 89 paleo-elevation, 217–220 Nyanga synclinorium, 78 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 paleoenvironmental interpretation, 82–84 sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 pits, colonization of, 88–92 Stanleyville Group, 138 Schisto-Calcaire Subgroup, 78–79 stratigraphic data, 218 smooth flat laminated dolostone, 81, 82 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 Index 411

total subsidence curves, 219, 221 Isotropic shear wave velocity model, 6 total vertical movement, 215 Itarare´ Group, 247, 264 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 Itombwe Plateau, 297 Gombela Subgroup, 49 Itombwe Supergroup, 47 GOndwana–GEOscientific Indexing Database (GO–GEOID) Ituri Group chemical elements, 395 Lindi-Aruwimi region, 373–374 geochemical affinities, 395 Penge arkoses, 373 geologic time domains, 394–395 geology layer, 394 Metallogenic fingerprint analysis, 395 J thematic layers, 394 Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) Grand Conglomerat Formation, 49, 100 average organic matter analytical values, 384 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), 5 Kananga region, 385 ‘Gre`so-Pe`litique,’ 51 oil exploration-phase, 372 "Gre`s Polymorphes" Formation, 375 organic matter analytical data, 377 Eocene paleogeography, 283 Rock-Eval results, 376 Eocene to Oligo-Miocene age, 273 Stanleyville samples, 385 fossils, 273 Jurassic-Cretaceous Kwango Group, 115 groundwater silicifications, 275 Jurassic–Cretaceous (J–K) sequences iron duricrust, 297 Dekese boreholes (see Dekese boreholes, J–K sequences) outcropping, 282 geological map of, 135, 136 paleogeographic map, 282–283 Kwango Valley pebbles, occurrence, 282 aeolian stratification, 141, 143 sedimentological characteristics, 278 cross-bedded red sandstones, Swamasangu, 141, 143 Stanley-Pool Fm, 275 fieldwork, 139, 141 for surface data, 274 in-situ calcrete concretions, 141, 143 thickness, 282, 300 Meniscate burrow, 141, 143 types of facies, 275, 276 outcrops, 140, 141 U-Pb single grain dating, 283 stratigraphic section, 141 Guata´ Group, 247 litho-and bio-stratigraphy Bokungu Group, 138 Kwango Groups, 138–139 H Loia Group, 138 Haute Lueki Group, 129–131, 168, 217, 259, 264 Stanleyville Group, 136–138 Haut-Shiloango Subgroup, 44 regional synthesis Highstand systems tract (HST), 69 Kwango Group, 158 Himalaya Plateau, 250 Loia and Bokungu Groups, 158 HRT Petroleum, 373 Stanleyville Group, 157, 158 Samba borehole (see Samba borehole, J–K sequences) sequence-stratigraphic analysis I Loia Group 8.14, 149, 151–152 Iapo Formation, 252 Stanleyville Group, 147–148 IASP91 model, 8 U-Pb detrital zircons dates and source Indian Shield, 250 Archean age, 154 Inkisi Formation, 44 Cambrian to late Neoproterozoic, 156 Inkisi Group, 252 D470 and D600 sample, 154, 155 Inkisi SubGroup, 44 Early Neoproterozoic to late Mesoproterozoic, 156 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 317 Mid-Phanerozoic, 157 Intracratonic Congo Basin Paleoproterozoic, 154 location of, 229, 230 WP19 sample, 154, 155 thermal regime and evolution bottom hole temperature measurements, 230 burial/erosion stage, 237–239 K isostasy, 240–241 Kabele and Kabenga Conglomerates, 48 lithosphere physical properties, 240 Kalahari Basin, 271, 274 lithospheric instabilities, 241–242 , 41 mantle heat-flow, 229–230 Kalahari Group, 168, 170, 259, 346 1D heat equation, 240 African Surface, 193 radiogenic heat sources, distribution of, 229 Cenozoic sediments and duricrusts of, 193, 194 Ro values, 236–239, 242 Congo fan, off-shore sedimentation, 206–208 subsidence anomalies, 233–236 isopach map of, 194, 195 surface heat-flow, variations of, 229–230 Kalahari hard-cap, formation and collapse of, 204–206 tectonic subsidence, 231–233 location of, 193, 194 temperature-depth profiles, 231 Ngamiland region, northwest Botswana Inzia Formation, 138 Kalahari drilling project, location map of, 196, 197 Irati Formation, 256 Ngami-2 borehole, 197–198, 200, 201 412 Index

Nxau-Nxau Calcrete Formation, 196, 198, 199 Kibara Plateau, 294 Tsodilo Hills, 197, 200 Kibara Supergroup, 60 northernmost extension of, 198, 202 Kimberlites fields, DRC silcrete and calcrete (polymorph sandstones) Bakwanga (Mbuji Mayi) cluster, 361 central Congo Basin, 203–205 Bas-Congo Kimpangu, 361, 367–368 Kwango river terraces, 198–203 Cretaceous sequences, 368 Kalahari Plateau, 259, 319, 320, 327 diamonds, 361 Kalahari Shield, 248–250, 253, 263 Kasai Oriental Kabinda, 363 Kamina-Kasai-Lunde-Kwango Plateaus, 271, 294, 297, 300, 303, 315 Kasai region, 361 Karagwe-Ankole Belt, 33, 48 Katanga Kundelungu, 361–363 Karoo-like sequences Mbuji Mayi Kimberlite Cluster, 363–366 Dekese (see Dekese boreholes, Karoo-like sequences) TCL, 361 field observations, 115, 116 Tshibwe Kimberlite Cluster, 366–367 geological map, 111–112 UMHK, 361 Gilson-1 borehole, 116, 117, 123, 124 Kimmeridgian fish fauna, 138 Haute Lueki Group, 114, 115 Kiongo Formation, 346 Kiri and Lokonia Highs, 120 Kipala black shales, 376 Lukuga Group, 113–115 Kirilabombwe Subgroup, 48 Mbandaka borehole (see Mbandaka borehole) Kundelungu Group, 49 Neoproterozoic , 120 Kundelungu Plateau, 294, 317, 321, 322, 326 Pan African mobile belts, 112 Kwango Group, 259, 344, 346, 347, 356, 359 Samba borehole (see Samba borehole) Kwango Valley, 201–203 seismic-, litho-and bio-stratigraphic analyses Jurassic–Cretaceous (J–K) sequences Lukuga Group, 125–126 aeolian stratification, 141, 143 Triassic Haute Lueki Group, 123–126 cross-bedded red sandstones, Swamasangu, 141, 143 , 247, 347 fieldwork, 139, 141 Kasai cover sequences in-situ calcrete concretions, 141, 143 facies associations (FA) Meniscate burrow, 141, 143 aeolian dune environments, 173, 178 outcrops, 140, 141 alluvial fan environments, 172, 176, 177 stratigraphic section, 141 ephemeral lake environments, 174, 178 trellis drainage patterns, 327 fluvial environments, 176, 178 Kyandamu Formation, 50 glaciolacustrine environments, 175, 176 lithofacies (LF) conglomeratic lithofacies, 171, 172 L fine-grained lithofacies, 171–174 Lake Ngami, 197–198, 200, 201 glacial lithofacies, 173, 175, 176 Landforms. See also Congo Cuvette sandstone lithofacies, 171, 173 age model, 346 Kasai Craton, 6, 28, 248, 294 dating of Kasai Oriental Kabinda kimberlite field Congolese Surface (C), 298 clusters, 363 correlations, 298 Kasendou cluster, 363, 364 Pediments X and Y, 298 Lukashi cluster, 363, 364 sediments and planation surfaces, age model, 298–300 Mbuji Mayi Supergroup, 363 silicicliclastic sediment supply, 298–299 micro-and macro-diamonds, 363 Upper planation surfaces 1 (u1), 298 Katanga Kundelungu kimberlite field evolution, model, 300 crater sediments, 363 Early Miocene, 303 crustal zircons, 363 Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene, 300, 301 eastern and western group, 361 Middle Eocene–Late , 302, 303 Eocene crater sediments, 363 Middle Miocene, 303 frogs, 363 Paleocene–Middle Eocene, 300 gastropod, 363 incised valleys and channels, 284 Kundelungu Plateau, 361, 362 pediment system, 286 magmatic and volcaniclastic, 361 planation surfaces, 284–285, 326 ostracod-rich matrix, 363 regional chronology, 300 Palaeoproterozoic, 363 Congolese Surface (C), 297 SIMKAT, 361 lower planation surface (l), 297 south-east of DRC, 361, 362 pediments, 297–298 Katanga Plateaus, 271, 294 upper planation surface, 296–297 Katanga Supergroup, 48, 363 relative chronology, 346 Kembe conglomerates, 46 East, 291, 294 Kembe`-Nakando sands, 46 North, 291 Kibaran and Karangwe-Ankole belts, 47 Northwest, 286, 291 Kibaran Belt, 48, 60 South-Central, 294 Kibaran orogen, 41 Southwest, 294–295 Kibaran Shield, 21 West, 295–296 Index 413

restorations, 300, 302 size, grade and revenue data, 366 types, 346 Upper Cretaceous sandstone, 366 Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), 251 Late Cretaceous ages, 368 Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic basin, 163 Meso-and Neoproterozoic Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup, 373 ‘Lime Fine,’ 138 SMLL (see Sankuru-Mbuji-Mayi-Lomami-Lovoy Basin (SMLL)) Lindian Supergroup, 252, 373 Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup, 48, 49 Lindi Supergroup, 44 Meso-and Paleo-Proterozoic mobile belts, 19 LIPs. See Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) Mesoproterozioc sedimentary sequences, 20 Lithostratigraphy, 374 Mesozoic cover sequences, Kasai region Loia Formation, 239 De Beers exploration, location of, 164, 166 Loia Group, 259, 262 detrital zircon geochronology, 183–185 lacustrine black shales, 376 exploration drill hole localities, 170 Middle Cretaceous, 372, 375, 377 facies associations and Stanleyville, 375, 385, 389 aeolian dune environments, 173, 178 Lokoma Group, 376 alluvial fan environments, 172, 176, 177 Lower , 262 ephemeral lake environments, 174, 178 Lower Kwango Group, 259 fluvial environments, 176, 178 Lower Lukuga Group, 253, 264 glaciolacustrine environments, 175, 176 Luflian fold-and-thrust belts, 112 field-based investigations, 170 Lukuga Formation, 239, 256 geological map of, 163, 165 Lukuga Group, 127–129, 131, 256, 374–375, 386, 387, 389 Kabinda area, 182–183 Lukuga peri-glacial grey-shales, 376 Kananga and Mbuji-Mayi areas, 181–182 Lupemban stone tools, 203 lithofacies Lusele Formation, 50 Conglomeratic lithofacies, 171, 172 Lutoe Group, 112 fine-grained lithofacies, 171–174 glacial lithofacies, 173, 175, 176 sandstone lithofacies, 171, 173 M outcrop exposures, 170 Mabouine` and Mayumba complexes, 44 paleontology Magmatic rocks, 286 conchostracans, 185–187 Malagarazi Supergroup, 47, 48 mollusks, 187 Malebo formation, 325 ostracodes, 185 Mamungi greyshales, 376 vertebrates, 187 Mantled etchplains, 284 sedimentary features, 170 Marungu Plateau, 294, 296 stratigraphy, 168, 169, 178–179 Mbandaka borehole Tshikapa cores, 179–181 drill core, 118 Mesozoic plateau, 272 eroded unit in, 219 Metallogenic fingerprints locations of, 213, 214 CA, 402–404 paleo-elevation, 217–220 Central Africa Shield, 397–398, 402–404 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 Congo shield, 397 petroleum wells, 274, 276, 281, 282, 304 Eburnean-age Francevillian sequences, 393 seismic reflection data, 120–125 GO–GEOID (see GOndwana–GEOscientific Indexing Database sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 (GO–GEOID)) stratigraphic data, 116, 117, 219 methods, 395–396 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 Mineral Endowment Beneath, 398–402 total subsidence curves, 219, 221 Neoproterozoic areas, 402 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 positive and negative, 397 Mboumou Craton, 248 sedimentary sequences and kimberlites, 393 Mbuji-Mayi basin, 167 spatial coefficients, 396 Mbuji Mayi Supergroup tin and tungsten deposits, 393 Kasai Oriental Province, 363 uranium and zinc, 393 kimberlite cluster Middle Cretaceous Loia and Bokungu Groups, 375 alluvial deposits, 366 Middle Cretaceous Loia and Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Groups, 372 ‘champagne glass-shaped’ intrusions, 363 Mintom Formation, 46 detrital deposits, 366 Mollusks, 187 in East Kasai, 363, 365 Molteno Formations, 259 “epiclastic,” 366 Mosso Group, 48 eruptive phases, 363–364 M’Pioka Formation, 44 E-W trend, 363 Mpioka Subgroup, 44 interconnection and superimposition, 364 Mporokoso Plateau, 294 “Massifs,” 363, 364 Multiphase Phanerozoic subsidence MIBA mining operations, 366 Dekese borehole “Polygon,” 363 eroded units, 218 pre-deposition karst features, 366 locations of, 213, 214 pyroclastic kimberlites, 363 paleo-elevation, 217–220 resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlites, 363 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 414 Index

sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 fungal sporangia and sporangiophores, 84–87 stratigraphic data, 218 geological map, 79 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 honeycomb dissolution pattern, 86–88 total subsidence curves, 219, 221 implications, 93, 94 total vertical movement, 215 lithology and sedimentary structures, 79, 80 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 medium-bedded homogeneous dolomudstones, 79, 81 Gilson well/core data Mouila city, location of, 79 eroded units, 218 Neoproterozoic-aged colonization and weathering, 88–90 locations of, 213, 214 nesting of minerals, 84, 88, 89 paleo-elevation, 217–220 Nyanga synclinorium, 78 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 paleoenvironmental interpretation, 82–84 sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 pits, colonization of, 88–92 stratigraphic data, 218 Schisto-Calcaire Subgroup, 78–79 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 smooth flat laminated dolostone, 81, 82 total subsidence curves, 219, 221 Ngamiland region, northwest Botswana total vertical movement, 215 Kalahari drilling project, location map of, 196, 197 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 Ngami-2 borehole, 197–198, 200, 201 Mbandaka well/core data (see Mbandaka borehole) Nxau-Nxau Calcrete Formation, 196, 198, 199 Samba well/core data Tsodilo Hills, 197, 200 eroded units, 217 Ngaounde´re´ Plateau, 286 locations of, 213, 214 Ngule Subgroup, 50 overburden units, 217 Nola Group, 46 paleo-elevation, 217–220 Non-marine phyllopods, 138 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 North African Shield, 248–250, 252 sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 Northeastern , 20 stratigraphic data, 217 Northern Bate´ke´ Plateau System, 327 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 North of the Congo River, 295–296 total subsidence curves, 219, 221 Nsele Formation, 138 total vertical movement, 215 Ntem Complex, Cameroon, 46 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 Ntem Craton, 6, 11, 248 tectono-stratigraphic synthesis, 221, 223–225 Nxau-Nxau Calcrete Formation Muombe Subgroup, 49 calcrete cores, 196, 198 Musindozi Group, 48 facies descriptions and microfacies, 196, 199 Mwale Formation, 49 Nyaganza , 48 Mycogenic rock fabrics, 77, 78

O N Ogooue` River (Gabon), 295–296 NE Angolan Craton, 248 Oolites, 44 Neogene events, CRS, 330–332 Ordovician-Silurian Rio Ivaı´ Group, 247, 252, 253 Neoproterozoic Biano Subgroup, 363 Organic matter analytical data Neoproterozoic-lower Paleozoic Lindian Supergroup, 247 JNOC samples, 377 Neoproterozoic sedimentary RMCA samples, 378–383 depositional settings, 50–51 Ornithocheirus, 187 eastern margin Ostracodes, 185 Itombwe Basin, 47 Ouadda Plateau, 291 Malagarazi-Bukoban Basin, 47–48 northern margin Fouroumbala-Bakouma Basin, 44–46 P Likki-Bembe´ Basin, 46 Paleoproterozic Shield in Eburnian times, 20 Lindi Basin, 44–46 Palermo Formation, 256 Sembe`-Ouesso Basin, 46 Pan-African orogen, 47 Ubangui Basin, 44, 46 Pangea and Gondwana regional correlation, 51–53 amalgamation Snow-ball Earth hypothesis, 41 Central African Shield, 248 southern margin glaciation, 248 Katanga Supergroup, 48–50 mobile belts, 248 Sankuru-Mbuji-Mayi-Lomami-Lovoy Basin, 48 northern hemisphere, 248 tectonic framework, 41–42 precambrian basement map, West Gondwana, 248, 249 West Congo Supergroup (see West Congo Supergroup) regional Phanerozoic map, 248, 250 Neoproterozoic stromatolites, South Gabon break-up crinkled fenestral laminar dolostone, 81, 82 Antarctica from Africa separation, 250 cyanobacterial greyish dolomudstones, 79, 81 EARS, 252 diagenetic alteration, 84, 85 LIPs, 251 dolomicrosparitized mudstone, 81, 82 magmatic activity, 250 domal stromatolites, 79, 81, 82 Parana´ LIP eruption, 250 elevated mineral “collar” formation, 84, 87–89, 91 sequences, 251 Index 415

Paraleptestheria, 186 CAMB, 20 Parana´ Basin (PB). See also Regional correlations, Southwest Central African Shield, 20 Gondwana cratons and shields, 19–23 depositional sequences (supersequences), 247 Eastern Central Africa description, 247 Kibaran Belt, 32 Early Permian Irati Formation, 259 Lufilian Arc, 32 geological map, 246 Mozambique Belt, 33 Gondwana and Pangea Tanzanian Craton (TC), 31–32 amalgamation, 248, 249 geological map of, 20, 21 break-up, 248, 250–252 Northern Central Africa Late Permian-Triassic sedimentation, 259 Mboumou-Uganda Craton, 30 lower Paleozoic sequences, 252 Oubanguides Belt, 30–31 Mesozoic sequences, 247–248 Precambrian Central African Shield, 25–27 oldest preserved sediments, 252 regional geology and geochronology, 23–25 Ordovician-Silurian Rio Ivaı´ Group, 252, 253 Saharan Shield, 20 Permian Guata´ and Passa Dois Groups, 256 Southern African Shield, 20 Permo-Carboniferous air-fall tuffs, 259 Southern Central Africa regional correlations, 253 Cuango Craton, 27, 29 stratigraphic sequences, 247 Kasai Craton, 27, 28 tectonic subsidence analysis, 262 West African Shield, 20 Triassic sequences, 259 Western Central Africa Parana´ Group, 252 Ntem Craton, 29 Passa Dois Group, 247, 256, 264 West Congo Belt, 29–30 PB. See Parana´ Basin (PB) Proterozoic mobile belt, 3 Pediment system Proterozoic Shields, 249 definition, 284, 286 Proto-Zambezi orogen, 41 landforms, 286 Pseudestherites, 185, 186 pedi-valleys, 284 piedmont pediments, 284 restoration, 300 Q topographic restoration, 300 Queguay Formation, 259 Permian Guata´ Group, 256 Permo-Carboniferous sediments, 377 Petit Conglomerat, 50, 100 R Petroleum potential Rayleigh wave group velocity Alolo shales analyze, 389 checkerboard test, 8, 12 Democratic Republic of Congo, 371 conjugate gradient method, 8 geochemical data, academic and industrial sources, 371 damping, 8 history, 371–373 multiple filter method, 7 hydrocarbon systems, 389 smoothing vs. travel time, 8, 11 Lukuga Group, 389 velocity measurement, 7, 10 Neoproterozoic, 371 Regional correlations, Southwest Gondwana oil seeps and resource, 387–389 geological map, 245, 246 Phanerozoic development, 371 Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic source rocks, 376–386 Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentation, 259, 262 tectono-stratigraphic evolution, 373–376 Late Jurassic-Cretaceous, 259–261 thermal maturation, 386–387 Late Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Yambuya section, 389 end Precambrian-Cambrian, 252–254 PGplot Surface Wave Multiple Filter Analysis (PGSWMFA) Ordovician-Silurian and Devonian, 252, 255 program, 7 Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Phanerozoic basins Carboniferous-Early Permian, 252–253, 256, 257 Congo Basin, 245 Late Permian-Triassic, 256, 258 Parana´ Basin, 245 and Pangea (see Pangea and Gondwana) Phanerozoic carbonate rocks, 59 stratigraphic framework Phylogenetic age estimates, CRS, 332, 333 Precambrian basement, 245, 246 Piramboia Formation, 259, 264 subcircular CB, 245 Planation surfaces analysis tectonic subsidence analysis, 262, 263 Congolese (see Congolese surface (C)) Resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlites (RVK), 363 Digital Elevation Model, 275 Rhipis moorseli, 187 etchplains and pediplains, 274 Rio Bonito Formation, 256 pediments (see Pediment system) Rio de la Plata Shields, 248, 249 type (1) iron duricrusts, 285 Rio do Rastro Formation, 259 , 273 Rio Ivaı´ Group, 252, 263–264 Polymetamorphic Kimezian basement, 42 ‘Roche Argilo-Talqueuse Subgroup, 48 Ponta Grossa Formation, 252 Rock-Eval data Precambrian crystalline basement characterization, kerogen maturation, 386 416 Index

Rock-Eval data (cont.) Sabkha environments, 68 JNOC, 376 paleodepth, 72–73 organic matter analytical data, 377–383 paleoenvironmental reconstruction, 67, 69 Rock-Eval Tmax parameter, 386 fluctuations, 69, 71, 72 Tmax values, 387 sequence stratigraphy Van-Krevelen equivalent diagram, 376 vs. carbon isotope curve, 73–74 Rock-Eval instruments (RRI), 376 Fischer plots 4.6, 63, 65 Rodinia framework, 20 parasequence thicknesse, 65, 67 Rodinia supercontinent, 41 Sansikwa Subgroup, 44, 51 Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), 61, 62, 371 Santa Maria Group, 247, 259, 264 Rukwa Plateau, 326 Sa˜o Bento Group, 247 Sao Francisco Craton, 247 Sao Francisco Shield, 20, 248 S Schisto-Calcaire Group, 44 “Sables des Plateaux”—Plateaus Sands. See Salonga Formations Schisto-Calcaire Subgroup, 44, 46 “Sables Ocres” Formation (Fm) Sea level fluctuations, 69, 71, 72 age and environmental setting, 278 Sedimentary records Central Cuvette, 278 CB evolution, 282 facies description, 277–278, 282 regional correlations, 282 iron concretions, 275, 277 sedimentological characteristics, 278 model of intense weathering, 278 for subsurface data, 274 outcropping, 274 for surface data, 274 sedimentological characteristics, 278 Sedimentary rocks for surface data, 274 boreholes and wells thickness, 282 Gilson 1 and Mbandaka 1, 281 Saharan Shield, 20 Samba and Dekese, 277, 279, 281 Salonga Formations, 280, 282 Eocene Paleogeography, 282–283 Samba borehole outcrops Cenozoic deposits, 279 “Gre`s Polymorphes” Formation (Fm), 275 coarse-grained sandstones unit, 281 “Sables Ocres” Formation (Fm), 275, 277–278 eroded units, 217 Yangambi and Salonga Formations, 281–282 J–K sequences Seismic tomography models, 5 conglomerates facies, 139, 147 Sembe´-Ouesso basin, 98 fine-grained facies and shales, 143, 146 Sergi Formation, 259 paleosols, 143, 146 Serra Alta Formation, 259 sandstone facies, 143, 146 Serra Geral Formation, 259, 260 sequence-stratigraphic analysis, 143, 145, 146 Shear wave velocity model, 8–9, 15 shallow marine facies, 143, 147 Sierra de la Ventana-Cape Fold Belts formation, 248 litho-and bio-stratigraphic correlations, 123–125 Snow-ball Earth hypothesis, 41 locations of, 213, 214 Socie´te´ Belge Industrielle et Minie´re du Katanga (SIMKAT), 361 N–S seismic refraction profile, 118, 119 South American and south-central African Shields, 248 overburden units, 217 South Cameroon Plateau, 286 paleo-elevation, 217–220 Southern African Shield, 20 paleoenvironmental data, 215, 216 Southern Bate´ke´ Plateau System, 327 sandy claystones unit, 281 South of the Congo River, 294–295 sedimentary rocks, 277, 279, 281 Southwester Craton, 20 sequence stratigraphic correlations, 215, 216 Southwestern Congo Shield (SWCS), 21 Stanleyville Group, 138 Stanley-Pool Fm, 275 stratigraphic data, 217 Stanleyviella, 186 stratigraphic sections, 115, 117 Stanleyville Group, 168, 375–377, 386 tectonic and total subsidence variations, 219, 221, 222 Stripped etchplains, 284 total subsidence curves, 219, 221 Stromatolites, 44, 67, 167 total vertical movement, 215 Sub-dendritic drainage patterns, CB U-Pb detrital zircons geochronology (see U-Pb detrital zircons Cuvette Central, 325 geochronology) Lindi System, 325 water and sediment loadings, 215, 217 Luvua System, 325–326 weathering profile, 279, 281 Western Congolian wetlands, 325 Sanga do Cabral Formations, 259 Sankuru-Mbuji-Mayi-Lomami-Lovoy Basin (SMLL), 48 drillcores samples, 60–63 T geochronology, 60, 61 Tanganyika Concessions Limited (TCL), 361 geological setting, 60, 61 Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi (TRM) Rift, 323 microfacies analysis Tanzania-Bangweulu-Kalahari cratons, 41 carbonate, 62, 70–71 Tanzanian Cratons, 248, 252 marine and lacustrine environments, 63, 66 Tanzanian Plateau, 329 marine basinal environment, 63, 64 Tappania,78 Index 417

Tectonic subsidence analysis Upemba/Kamalondo Depression, 294 backstripped, basement of CKB, 263 Upper Cape Supergroup, South Africa, 252 Carboniferous to Triassic, 262 Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group, 259 late Jurassic to early Cretaceous phase, 262 Upper Cretaceous Kipala black shales, 377 mid-to late Cretaceous subsidence, 262 Upper Diamictite formations, 44 Ordovician to Devonian phase, 262 Upper Ecca Group, 262 Teresina Formation, 259 Upper Jurassic Stanley ville Group, 259 Terreiro Group, 44 Upper Kwango Group, 259, 262 Tibet Plateau, 250 Upper Lindian Supergroup, 263 Tmax temperature and vitrinite reflectance values, 387 Upper mantle seismic velocity structure Tolo and Ilanga-Kole seeps, 430 geological setting, 4–5 Tonalitic to granodioritic gneisses (TTG), 27 geophysical techniques, 5–6 Topographic evolution and uplifts, 304–305 lithospheric mantle depths, 3 Transgressive systems tract (TST), 69 Rayleigh wave group (see Rayleigh wave group velocity) Transitional Formation, 114 seismic stations, 7 Trellis drainage patterns shear wave velocity model, 8–9, 15 Kwango Valley, 327 topographic map of, 3, 4 Lufupa System, 327 Upper Nama Group, 252, 263 Mid-Congo River, 328 Upper Tilloid Formation, 44 Sembe-Ouesso, 327 Southern Bate´ke´ Plateau System, 327 Tshibwe kimberlite cluster V drilling program by MIBA, 366–367 Vadose or meteoric cements, 69 Katsha-Kabonji-Tshibua area, 366 Van Krevelen-equivalent HI–OI diagram, 385 Katsha tributary, 367 Versatile Time Domain Electromagnetic (VTEM) geophysical sub-outcrop range, 367 survey, 351 volcaniclastic kimberlite, 367 Victor Bay Formation, 67 Tsodilo Hills, 197, 200 Vila Maria Formation, 252 Twyfelfontein Formation, 259 Vr–Tmax diagram, 386–387

U W Ubangian rise West African Shield, 20, 250 landforms, 291 West Congo Belt of Gabon, 22 pediments, 303 West Congo Supergroup regional chronology, 298 Angola Basin, 44 relative chronology, 291 Nyanga-Niari Basin, 44 sedimentary record, 274 Sangha-Comba basins Ubendian Belt, 47 DRC, 42–44 Ufipa Plateau, 323, 326, 329 Republic of the Congo, 44 Union Minie`re du Haut Katanga (UMHK), 361 Western Limb of the East African Dome Unmetamorphosed internal domain, 44 landforms, 291 U-Pb detrital zircons geochronology volcanic rocks, 294 D1400 and D1595 samples Whitehill Formation, 256 Early Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic dates, 129–131 Early Paleoproterozoic to Archean dates, 127, 130 Mid-Paleoproterozoic, 128, 130 Jurassic-Cretaceous (J–K) sequences X Archean age, 154 Xisto-Calcario Group, 44 Cambrian to late Neoproterozoic, 156 Xisto-Gresoso Group, 44 D470 and D600 sample, 154, 155 Early Neoproterozoic to late Mesoproterozoic, 156 Mid-Phanerozoic, 157 Y Paleoproterozoic, 154 Yangambi Formations WP19 sample, 154, 155 Cenozoic sediments, 280, 281 S1605 and S2035 samples facies, description, 281 Cambrian to late Neoproterozoic dates, 130, 131 incised channels, 281 Early Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic dates, 129–131 iron duricrust and weathering, 281–282