Index

Aaiun-Tarfaya Basin, Cretaceous 399-401 Aptian, Early Abaco see Great Abaco Formation carbon accumulation 305 Abathomphalus sp. 68, 76 plankton 316 Abyssal plains Aptian, Site 534 Gambia 121 black shales 349 Madeira 131-42 Archaeocretacea zone 427, 439, 440 Porcupine 88 Archaeoglobigerina sp. 72, 73, 75, 76 Sierra Leone 120-1 Arctica islandica, amino acid analysis 146-7 Africa Arsenic, sea water 449-54 External Continental Margin 423 see also Rif Mountains Bacteria North-west Margin site 608 microbe biomass, hydrogen content 380 hiatuses 84-5 remineralization, organic matter 370-1,373-5 African plate, position 423-5 Baffin Bay, meltwater discharge rates 176-7 Agadir Basin, coastal, sediments 442 Bahloul Formation, Tunisia 404-6 Cretaceous 399-401 Bajocian, evolutionary event 315 Alabamina sp. 195 globigerinids 316 Albian, Ireland, continental margin 17, 20 Baltimore Albian, late Canyon Trough, Site 612 45, 48 carbon accumulation 305 Late succession 75 globigerinids 316 'Banc du Large' Formation 390 nannofossils, palaeowater depth and Barium upwelling 301, 303 diagenesis 454-6 preservation 302 sea water 449-54 Site 364 309 and Sulphur-34 456 Site 400 306 Barremian coccoliths 44 Site 466 310 Barremian, Ireland, continental margin 17 Albian, Site 547, organofacies types 380 Barremian, Late, Site 367, nannofossils, relative Albian, Site 603, black shale, analysis 335, 341 abundance 308, 316 Albian, Upper, Mauretanian, compositional Barremian, Site 603, organofacies 384-5 change 427-9 Bascocantabric Basin, Spain 398 Alboran Block 401-403 Bathonian, spread ofproto Atlantic 259 mid-Cretaceous 425, 427 Bay of Biscay margin model 441 Pataeocene-Eocene 27 Algae, evidence for 355, 359 Sites 400, 401 83-4 Alkanes 349-59 Beni Ider nappe 401 analysis 336-41 Benthic foraminifera see Foraminifera, benthic Alkanol, chainlength 336-41 Bering Sea, meltwater discharge 179 Allerod Interstadial 151 Bermuda Ridge 87 Aluminium Bermuda Rise Formation 256-9 diatomaceous sediments 452, 455 lithology 41 ratios V/A1, Mo/AI, S/A1 455-456 Site 534, Organic Carbon 382 sea water, ratios 452-4 Berriasian-Barremian, pelagic limestones 426 Ammonites Berriasian Site 603, organofacies 384-5 Mesozoic facies 314, 317 Berriasian Wealden, North-west Germany 364 Tethys/Atlantic/Pacific 286 Bigenerina sp. 214 Amino acid analysis, foraminifera 146-7 Biscutum sp. (map) 300-2, 306-10 Anglo Basin 361-71 Bismuth, sea water 450-54 site 530 342 Black Mesa, Arizona 391,414-16 summary section 368 Black shales Anomaline 214 basinal deposition 371-75 Anoxic events, late Cretaceous 67-76 Blake-Bahama Basin Site 534 347-56 see also Oxygen Blake-Bahama/Hatteras Formation Site 603 333- Antarctic Bottom Water 219-29 43 Antarctic Ice cap, expansion 29 Callovian Site 534 283-5 Appennines, Cenomanian-Turonian sediments 442 accumulation 290 Aptian-Albian, Cretaceous sedimentation 426 origins 294-6 Aptian-Barremian, East and West sub basins, Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event 389-422 Atlantic 14 Cretaceous, Angola Basin Site 530 361-71 Aptian, coccolith index 44 distal fan turbidites 361 463 464 Index

Cretaceous (cont.) Jurassic 312-18 Ghana, offshore 361-71 minimum abundance plots 303 Hatteras Formation Site 603 361-71 Neogene, correlations, with diatoms 247 metals 369 preservation, water mass structure 302-5 Wealden, North-west Germany 361-71 stratigraphy, Sites 610, 611 92 'Cretaceous warming' 325 Triassic 312-15 Hatteras Formation 256-9, 411-12 zonation, Miocene 210-11 Hatteras Rise, Site 603 347, 353-9 Calcispheres 442-3 major depositions 299 Carbonate Compensation Depth marine vs terrestrial organic matter 294 Calcium compensation Zone 304 metal enrichment, origins 458-60 Callovian 296 Toarcian 315 carbon and calcite cycles 272-3 Unit 7, West Atlantic 255, 257-9, 268 Cretaceous, North Atlantic 304 Blake-Bahama Basin Gibraltar Arch 443 black shales, Site 534 347-59 lowering, increased aridity 278 Callovian, Site 534 283-93 magnetic anomaly reversals 262, 267-8 organic carbon data, Site 534, Cretaceous 381 Mesozoic facies 304, 314 Jurassic 381 sea-level, correlation 268, 272 redeposited siliciclastics 279 variation with time 141 Blake-Bahama Formation Calcium carbonate, mass spectrometer analysis 334 carbon-rich/carbon-poor 259 see also Carbonates geology 255-6, 258 California, Gulf of Outer Ridge formation 257 diatomaceous sediments 452~i0 physiography 256 productivity 447 seismic reflection profile 258 sea water, plankton chemistry 448-9 Site 603, black shales 333-43 upwelling sediments, samples 448-452 lithology 41 Callovian slump folds 43 North Atlantic, circulation 288 Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge 87 block diagram 289 Blake Plateau, Core V26-125 palaeogeography 259 biostratigraphy 237 Site 534, accumulation rates 285 comparison, DSDP, Site 552 237-40 black shales 294-5, 349, 353-6 Pliocene 237-40 calcite compensation depth 290 Blake Spur geological setting 283-4 damming effect 288 organofacies 381 interruption, seismic profiles 285 Oxfordian transition 295-6 magnetic anomaly 259 sediment, drifts 291-4 age 261 sources 288-90 Jurassic quiet zone 260 succession 285 Bolivina spp. 208, 212-14, 216 theoretical circulation 286-8 Boiling chronozone 150-1 Calpionellids 316 Bonarelli Horizon, Umbria 322, 408 Campanian Bonarelli 'Livello' layer, Umbrian Apennines 407 nannofossil distribution 300 BOUMA sequences 43,432, 435, 443 ocean ventilation 311 Broinsonia sp. 302 Canary Basin DSDP sites 132 Brunhes event 159, 162 Cape Hatteras see Hatteras Formation Bulimena sp. 196, 214 Cape Verde Basin, Site 367 342, 390-97, 456-60 Bulk sediment see Sediments Cape Verde Islands, Maio, Jurassic and Bunker Hill, Kansas 391,414-16 Cretaceous 390 Cape Verde Rise, regional setting 132 Cadmium, sea water 449-54 Carbon Calcareous nannofossils C/N ratios, Site 603 334-6 biogeography 299-302 continental margins 373, 374 Atlantic circulation 307-12 see also Black shales carbon shift 312-15 Carbon cycle 317-18 cyclic fluctuations 305-9 variations 269-70 discussion 315-18 Carbon dioxide evolutionary rates 299, 312-15 correlation, nannofossils 317 sea floor spreading rates 314 early Cretaceous 323-30 Callovian, black shales 290, 292 Carbon- 13 correlation of hiatuses 79-85 analysis, method 334 Cretaceous 312-18 fractionation, air-water interface 324, 327-9 Discoaster accumulation, Pliocene 231-41 fluxes, effect on ocean 329 dominant macerals 378 photosynthetic preference 326 Index 465

Carbonate Chalk see Carbonate Compensation Depth mid Mesozoic shift 312 Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone 88, 91-2 preservation, bioturbation, cessation 290-1 CHN analyser, Hewlett Packard 334 production, Cretaceous 324-30 Chondrites Site 534, bioturbation 285 dissolution, sediments 305 Chouamat Nappe 427 nannofossils 299 Chromium, sea water 449-54 see also Calcite Compensation Depth Cibicides sp. 147 Carbonate platform, development 270-1 Cibicidoides sp. 194--7, 208-11,213-16, 220 Caribbean Cicarinella sp., diversification 72 and Gulf of Mexico 178 Classopollis pollen, Callorian 295 open connection, Pacific 310 Claystones, carbonaceous Mesozoic 377-85 Carlo-Erba Mega Gas chromatograph 347-9 CLIMAP project 181, 188 Casamance Cretaceous Site 369 Climate, Jurassic/Cretaceous sediments 277-80 Maritime Wells 390-97 Coal deposits, middle Cretaceous 310 Cassidulina sp. 220 Coal sources, 'low sea-level' origins 268 Cat Gap Formation Cobalt (black shales) 367, 370-72 Site 534, organic carbon 38 sea water 449-54 west North Atlantic 255-9 Coniacian Site 603, organofacies 384-5 Celtic Margin see Ireland Coniacian-Santonian, foraminiferal diversity 67 Cenomanian Conifers, evidence, Site 534, geolipids 355 Black Band 311 Continental margin density stratification 311 non-turbidite conditions 372 foraminiferal diversity 67 turbidite conditions 374 Site 534, organofacies 383 Continental reconstruction Site 547, organofacies types 380 Callovian 259 Site 603, black shales 333-43, 349 Oxfordian 260 organofacies 385 Contourites Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event definition 292 and Anomaly 34 evidence 295 correlations, north-west Europe 70 Cordillera-Nevada orogeny 271 Gibraltar Arch, biostratigraphy 436-9 Core analysis, method 334-5 Continental margin 426-7 Core locations, CLIMAP database, core-top correlations 439-40 samples 188 deep sea fans and basin plains 427-32 Cretaceous External Rif 425-6 absence of polar ice caps 322 geology 423-5 Ireland, continental margin 18-21 maps 405, 424, 425 nannofossils 312-18 microfossils 436-9 CO2peak 317 on shore deposits, faunistic characteristics 442 sea-level rises 324 palaeoenvironment 425 Cretaceous, Early reconstruction 430 carbon supply 323-4, 328-30 sedimentation 432-40 stable isotopes 326 summary 440--43 storage 324-30 Ireland, continental margin 21-4 circulation 322-3 map, North Atlantic and West Europe 24 East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 North Atlantic and Tethys, African (Casamance) productivity 322-3 margin 390-96 temperature 322-3 Hatteras formation 411-14 Cretaceous, Late location map 391 cooling, nutrient recycling 311 Moroccan margin 396-401 East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 North-East Atlantic 407-9 Cretaceous, Middle Rif Mountains 401-4 black shale cycles 312 summary 416-18 CCD 304 Tethys 404-7 coal deposits 310 Western Interior Basin 414-16 deep and intermediate circulation 304, 307-12 North Sea and England 67-71 increased carbon accumulation 305, 307 Cenozoic nannofossils 300, 302 sediment flux, North Atlantic 3-15 sea floor spreading 415 unconformities, North-east Atlantic and Greenland 'stagnation event' 311 Sea 79-85 surface currents 310 Central America see also Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event Mesozoic pelagic section 313 Cretaceous Site 603 seaway, North Atlantic glaciation 231,241 black shales, Blake-Bahama basin 333-43 sill 311 lithologies and ages 40 466 Index

Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Site 605 51 446 313 'Cretaceous warming', causes and results 325 464,465 303 Crinoids, Saccocoma sp. 312 466 303,307,310 Currents 502 238 current-drift deposits (contourites) 292-4 522 244 vs gravitational processes 292 530 339, 359, 362-70, 416 'Cushmani-zone' 440 531 303 533 292 D" layer, mantle 255 534 46,255, 258~53, 283-96, 313, 336,347-9, models, pulsation tectonics 265-7 377-85,417 Deep-Sea Drilling Project, initial reports, 544 81,103-5, 109-10, 115 standardization and revision 4~5 545 81 Deep-Sea Drilling Pr~ect, Sites 546 81 100 256, 260, 261,313 547 81,313, 377-85 101 256 548 21-9, 31, 69, 81 105 37, 260-1,313, 410-14, 418 549 17, 20-7, 31, 68-70, 81,409 112 250 550 18, 23-30, 68-9, 81, 84 114, 115 81 551 21, 23, 69-71,407 116 83, 181,219-24, 228 552 83, 155-7, 181-9, 191-201,219-24, 231-41, 117 83 243-9 118 81 553 83,191-201,243-9 119 81,219-28 554 83, 191-201,243-9 120 81 555 191-201,219-24, 243-9 135 84, 396, 398-400 558 81 136 84 585 416 137 302-3,396, 296-8 603 35-47, 59~i3, 279, 333-43,347-59,362-70, 138 396, 398-400 377-85,414, 418 141 103, 107, 109-10, 115 604 35,48-50, 52-5, 57,58~0 I44 416 605 35,48-51, 56 256 303 606, 607 81, 243-9 258,259 303 608 81, 84, 205-16, 210, 215, 243-49 267 313 609 81,219-28, 243-9 305, 306 303, 313 610 81, 87-96, 99, 205-16, 219-24, 243-9 327 303 611 81, 87-93, 97-101,219-28, 243-9 330 313 612, 613 55-9 332 243-9 Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites, maps 336 82, 250 Atlantic, Aptian-Albian 378 337 81 biogenic silica, comparison 248 338 82 Cenomanian/Turonian map 391,400, 411 341-352 81, 82 Cretaceous 46 356 303, 416, 418 depth limits 11 363 303 distribution 4 364 302-3, 307, 309, 416 Jurassic, Mid, Upper 284 366 103, 108-10,115 Madeira Abyssal Plain 132 367 261,302, 303,308, 313, 390-97, 454, 456-60 Mid Atlantic 207 369 6, 302, 303,457 North-east Atlantic 18, 80, 104, 192 370 46,84, 302,303,457 Rockall Plateau 182, 192 386 303 temporal coverage 5 387 261,313 US Atlantic margin 37 390 285 Western North Atlantic 334 391 46, 256, 279,336 Deep water 397 103, 106, 109-10, 115 circulation, major cooling events 109 398 81,84, 302,303,407-10 model 110-15 399 81 Miocene to recent, Antarctic Bottom Water 219 400 83, lql-201,219-28, 302, 303, 306 29 401 83 North Atlantic 219-29 402 81 North-East Atlantic 219-29 403-405 83, 250 temperatures I 11-12, 115 406 83,219-24, 228, 243-8 Deglaciation, marine 179 407 250 Deltas, coal deposits 272 408 243-9 Dendrograms, 4 sites, cluster analysis 370-72 410-415 81 Deoxygenation see Oxygen 416 46,81, 84 Diatomaceous sediments, Gulf of California, 418 303 comparison, black shales 448-60 Index 467

Diatoms diversity vs abundance 208 Miocene zonation, 210-11 diversity vs sub-bottom depth 209-11 Neogene, biostratigraphic correlations 243-51 faunal events vs time 213 calcareous nannofossils 247 Miocene to Recent, North-east Atlantic 219-29 first and last appearances 245 Neogene, North Atlantic 191-202 Pliocene and Quaternary, Atlantic and Pacific 246 census matrix 193 Dicarinella 70, 76 clusters, dendrogram 198-9 first appearance 439, 440 principle components, time and space 201 Dinoflagellates, evidence 355 species, beginnings and ends of ranges 196 Turonian 407 Foraminifera, Cretaceous evolution Discoaster Cenomanian-Turonian event 67-73 accumulation fluctuations 231-41 England, Black Band, A. plenus Marl 67-71 abundance data 233 'European working group' 67 maximum entropy spectrum 236 high-spired species, model 74 Site 552 240 Late Campanian, vertical zonation 73 spectral characteristics 232, 235 Late Cretaceous, evolution 76 Diterpinoids 350-59 major anoxic events, major faunal changes 75 Dorsale Calcaine 424 ocean-shelf comparisons 73-4 Dryas chronozone 150-2 piano-convex, evolution 72 Santonian-Campanian, anoxia 74 East North Atlantic see Mazagan escarpment zonation, global 68 Eastern Atlantic, Equatorial sediments, Late Glacial Foraminifera, planktonic and Interglacial 119-29 amino acid analysis 146-7 Eastern basin, North Atlantic 9-15 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary event, bulk accumulation and hiatuses, accumulation changes 438, 439 rates 9, 13 correlation of hiatuses 79-85 correlation 14-15 and nannofossils, age/depth relationships 238 diatom tracers 250-1 origins, Jurassic 315-16 Eastern United States, Mesozoic-Cenozoic oxygen-18 values, last Glacial termination 177 environments, sites 603-605, 612-613 Pliocene, Late, to Recent, and temperatures 181- Cape Hatteras deep sea fan complex 46-7 9 Cretaceous deposition history 41-6 species diversity through time 187 Hatteras Outer Ridge, Neogene 59-62 water mass stratification 27 lower continental rise 36-41 Francesita sp. 214 New Jersey Transect 48-59 Fursenkoina sp. 208, 214 summaries 36, 62 Ehrenbergina sp. 196, 201-2, 214-15 Gaada Formation 399 Eilohedra sp. 214 Gambia Abyssal Plain 121 Elphidium sp. 146-7 Gardar Drift 880 93, 99-101 Emiliana sp. 157 Gas chromatographs(y) 347-8 England, foraminifera Carlo Elba 349 Black Band (A. plenus Marl) 67-71 geolipids 334-5 gammary log correlations 70 Hewlett Packard 335 and Goban Spur 71 Geolipids Eocene Site 547, organofacies types 380 analysis 334-5, 349-59 Equatorial East Atlantic see Eastern Atlantic plants, algae, bacteria 355 Epistominella 194-7, 210-11,220 GEOTROPEX 1983 cores 119 Euganean Hills 391,407 Germany, North-west Wealden Basin 361-70 Eustatic cycles see Pulsation tectonics Ghana Cretaceous, offshore 361-69 Falkland Plateau sediments, summary 366 Mid-Cretaceous 311 Gibbs Fracture Zone, Bay of Biscay 225 nannofossils 299-300 Gibraltar Arch 405, 422-42 Fatty acids, analysis 336-41 biostratigraphy 436-9 Filters, hiatus correlation 79-81 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event 432-6 Feni Drift 88-93, 99-101 correlation 439-42 Fernenes, Site 534 350-59 geology 423-5 evidence, Dinoflagellates 355 Iberian Continental Margin 426 Finnigan mass spectrometer 349 Mauretanian and Massylian flysch basin 427-32 Flysch domain, Cenomanian-Turonian 401 sedimentary environments 425 Flysch-like facies, Rif Mountains 424, 427-32 Gibraltar, Campo de 401-405, 427 microfauna 438 Gibraltar, palaeostrait reconstruction 425,430 Foraminifera, benthic Glacial, Late, East Equatorial Atlantic Miocene, Sites 608, 610, North Atlantic 205-16 sediments 119-29 468 Index

Glacial meltwaters, North Atlantic 175-9 Hedbergella sp. 70, 76 return of icesheet freshwater 175 Helicosphaera sp. 208 Globigerina sp. 182, 184 Helvetica-schneegansi zone 426, 427, 440 Globigerinelloides sp. 184 Hettangian nannofossils 316 Globigerinids Hewlett Packard First 316 CHN analyzer 334 Mesozoic facies 314, 317 FID gas chromatography 335 Globerigerinoides ruber 158, 177, 184 Hiatus formation Globocassidulina sp. 193-7, 220 chronostratigraphic definition 103 Globorotalia spp. 182, 184 sediment composition 109-10 Globotruncanella sp. 68, 76 Pliocene, Site 397 103 Glomar Challenger, seismic survey, Site 610 91, 94 Quaternary Site 397 103 Site 611 91, 97 recognition and filtering 79-85 GLORIA sonograph, sediment wave fields 89-93 sediment fluxes 3-15 Goban Spur, Site 550 18-31 map 8 Cenomanian Black shale 18 relationship 10-15 CTBE 21-4 temporal variability 6-10 Miocene hiatus 27-30 Holocene, subsidence, North Sea 151 reflection profile 21 Hopanes, hopenes 352-9 RockaU hiatuses 83 Horizons 255 summary 30-I D" layer, models 265-7 Graben formation 411 Horizon D, Callovian 288 Graben structures 364 Horst structures 364 Grand Banks, and Ireland, opening 30 Hydrogen index 378 Granitization 271 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary 396--7 Great Abaco Member, Site 534 256-9 organic matter 294 organic carbon 382 Great Meteor East bathymetry 133, 142 Great Stone Dome 45 Iberian Continental Margin 425-7 Greater Antilles Outer Ridge 87 Ice corer, increase, Jaramillo and Brunhes Greenhouse effect 325, 327 chrons 162 Greenland Ice rafting and Norway, spreading 27 Antarctic ice shelves 59 and Rockall, separation 25 calcium carbonate record 165 Greenland Sea, Sites 340-348 81-3 Ice Sheet, Laurentide 177 Gulf of California see California Ice Sheets, meltwaters, North Atlantic 175-9 Gulf of Mexico oxygen-18 depletion 175 ice sheet decay 175 Ice shelf stability 189 meltwater anomaly 176, 179 Ice volume, oxygen-18 variations 155-65 oxygen isotope profiles 175 Iceberg calving 179 Gulf Stream Iceland-Faroes Ridge, Pliocene hiatus 82-3 latitudinal migration 250 Indian Ocean North Atlantic Drift 231 Calcium Compensation Zone, Cretaceous 304 Gullfaks, North Sea, Late Weichselian transgression nannofossils 300 erosion and sedimentation 145-51 dissolution trend 303 Gyroidinoides sp. 193-7, 208-11 Indopacific, Mesozoic pelagic sections 313 Inertinite, organic macerals 378 Hartland Shale Member 416 Insolation, discussion 164-5 Hatteras Formation 256-9, 268 Ireland, continental margin, Mesozoic and Cenozoic hydrogen index 381-85 circulation 17-31 organic carbon Barremian, pelagic regime 17 Site 603 361-71,412, 414 Cenomanian-Turonian Anoxic Event 21-4 black shales 333-43 Cretaceous, cyclic stagnation 18-21 Jurassic and Cretaceous 362, 364-366, 370 Miocene 27-30 Neogene evolution 59~52 climate change 27-30 summary, sedimentation/erosion 62 Palaeocene 24-7 Palaeogene, sedimentation/erosion 62 -Eocene events 24-7 Palaeogene, Lower Continental Rise 36-47 summary 30-1 deep sea fan complex 46-7 Iron petroleum accumulation, possibility 47 Callorium, Site 534 296 'seismic reflectors' 36 in average shale,/potassium ratios, black Hauterivian Site 603, black shale, analysis 335, 341 shales 458-9 Hauterivian-Berriasian, East and West sub basins, Islandiella 197 Atlantic 14 Isoprenoid hydrocarbons, analysis 336-41 Index 469

Japan Sea, barite concentrations 456 vs geologic age 261 Jaramillo event 162 vs plate spreading rates 262 Jurassic Manganese East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 Callovian Site 534 296 nannofossils 312-18 nodules, Palaeocene 27 Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, opening of North sea water 449 Atlantic 277 Mantle, pulsation tectonics 264-7 Kane Gap region 121 Marginotruncana sp. 70, 76 sediment waves, scan 123 first appearance 439, 440 sound-velocities 126-7 Mass spectrometer, Finnigan 349 wet-bulk densities 126-7 Massylian nappes 402-5, 424, 427-32 Kaolinite comparisons, sediments 442 and aridity 277-8,288 lithostratigraphy 431 Callovian Site 534 296 microfauna 435 Kerogen, Types I-II 390 phthanites 432-45 Kimmeridgian-Tithonian anoxic event 318 radiolarites 432-3 Kings Trough Site 608 85 Mauretanian nappes 401-405, 424, 427-32 Mazagan escarpment 377-80 Labrador Sea 176-7, 179, 191-2 Mediterranean meltwater discharge 179 Laramide-Alpine orogeny 271 Mediterranean Outflow Water 115, 192 Laurentide Ice Sheet 177 Melonis sp. 193, 196-7, 210-15 Lead, sea water 449-54 Meloussa-type nappes 427 Ligurian Sea 259 Meltwater, North Atlantic Liptinite, organic macerals 380 discharge, map 178 Lithastrinus sp 44, 45 implications 178-9 map, Cretaceous 300 last Glacial termination 175-9 Site 400 306 Metals, trace Loop Current system 178 in black shales 367, 369 Loukkos Zone 426, 428-9 dendrograms 370-72 microfauna 438 'Meteor' sites, cores, sediment waves 123 sediment comparisons 442 Milankovitch cycles 41,277-80, 299 Miocene Maastrichtian Early, Site 608, 610, benthic foraminifera 205-16 nannofossil distribution 300, 316 East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 regression 311 Ireland, continental margin 27-30 and 'terminal Cretaceous effect' 67 Middle, Site 608, 610, benthic foraminifera 205- Maastrichtian-Coniacian, East and West sub basins, 16 Atlantic 14 to Recent, bottom water masses, North-east Maastrichtian-Eocene Site 605 49 Atlantic 219-29 Macoma sp, amino acid analysis 147 shaping of sediments 191 Madeira Abyssal Plain, origins and turbidite Mississippi fan, slump folds 43 deposition 131-42 Molybdenum biostratigraphy 134 correlation with organic carbon and sulphur 460 carbonate compensation depth, variation with diagenesis 452-6 time 141 sea water 449-54 dating 139-41 Moroccan continental margin, Cretaceous 396-400 regional setting 132, 133 Aaiun-Tarfaya Basin 399 turbidites 134-9 Agadir Basin 399 accumulation 136-8 DSDP Sites 135, 137, 138 399-400 initiation 138 Morocco, RifMountains, Cretaceous 401-404 seismic evidence 138-9 stratigraphy 136 Nannoconus sp. 44, 45, 302, 307-8 Madeira-Tore Rise 132 Nannofossits see Calcareous nannofossils Maghrebinian Orogenic Belt 400, 440 Neocomian, carbon accumulation 305 Magnetic energy output, thermal energy output 267 Neogene Magnetic field, variations, pulse tectonics 264, 268, diatoms, biostratigraphic correlations 243-51 273 first and last appearance 245 Magnetic quiet zone cycles 260-3 East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 Magnetic reversals Late, North-East Atlantic continental margin, causes 264-5 erosion events 103-17 continental reconstruction, mid Oxfordian 260 North-East Atlantic, benthic foraminifera, frequency 272-3 tracers, 191-202 pulsation, tectonic cycles 263,265 sedimentation rate 99 47o Index

Neogloboquadrina 155-9 pyrolysis yields 380 cold-indicator role 165 black shales, Chondrites burrowing 295 K708-7, new data 168-72 oxygen minimum zone 294-6 oxygen isotope curve 156 carbonate dissolution 305 Neogloboquadrina atlantica 182, 184-6 mid Cretaceous stagnation event 311 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 185 Cretaceous, middle, anoxia and preservation 417 Neotethys, opening 277 increase, cooler ocean 270 Neritic conditions, indicators 302 microbial populations 361 Nevadan, Cordillera orogeny 271 minimum zone 448 New Jersey Transect Sites 604, 605 Turonian transgression 440, 441 Maastrichtian-Eocene 49-52 organic matter preservation 321-3 Miocene erosion 52-5 preservation, organic sediments 342-3 original profiles 56-8 reduction, secondary sources 375 Site 605, lithology 51 secondary sources 375 Sites 612, 613 55-7 stagnant basin model (contra-indication), Gibraltar stratigraphy 48, 50 Arch 443 summary 57-9 Oxygen- 18 isotope data Nickel 361,367, 370-72 correlations, foraminiferal, abundance curves 186 sea water 449-54 diversity 184-5 North Atlantic Drift/Gulf Stream 231 deglacial meltwater discharge 177 North East Atlantic mapping, foraminifera 175 Celtic margin 407-10 sea-surface temperature 170, 173 Cenomanian-Turonian 407-9 Cenozoic unconformities 79-85 Pacific Continental margin, Late Neogene erosion dissolution gradient 305 events 103-17 Gulf of California see California model, deep water circulation 11 0-15 Pacific-Atlantic connection 310 stratigraphy 105-10 Palaeobathymetric change 272-3 Deep Water palaeotemperature 111-12, 115 Palaeocene Miocene to Recent, benthic foraminifera 219-29 East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 Neogene, benthic foraminifera, tracers 191-202 foraminifera, turbidites 27 sediment drifts 88 Palaeocene-Eocene, Ireland, continental margin 24-7 North Sea Palaeogene, East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 Black Band (A. plenus Marl) 67-71 map 8 gammary log correlations 70 Pangaea breakup 267-8 and Goban Spur 71 Parrelloides sp. 194-6 Late Weichselian transgression, erosion and Pelagian Sea 404 sedimentation, Gullfaks, 145-51 Pendragon Escarpment Site 549, Barremian 17 North West Africa see Africa Penibetic Zone 426, 428 Norwegian Coastal current 178-9 microfauna 435, 438 Norwegian, Greenland Sea; Sites 338-346, Perkin Elmer CHN analyser 348 hiatuses 81-3 Phosphorus Norwegian Trench 145, 146 fluvial supply 326 ocean recycling 321,324 Ocean ventilation cycles, Cretaceous 311-12 phosphate, sea water 449-54 Oceanic anoxic events 315-18 Photosynthesis, C-13 vs C-12 326 OECD/NEA Seabed Working Group Drilling Phthanite, Masylian 432-3 Sites 131-41 Plankton chemistry Oil sources, 'high sea-level' origins 268 metal concentrations, sea water and see also Black shales: Kerogens plankton 448-52 Oligocene, East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 black shales 456-60 Ophthalmidium sp. 214 diagenesis Ba, Mo, V 453-6 Organic carbon see Black shales: Carbonate upwelling sediments 452-3 compensation depth: Carbon dioxide: Oil see also Foraminifera Oridorsalis sp. 193~5, 208-11,220 Plantagenet Formation 256-9 Orsangularia sp. 193, 194-7, 220-1 calcite compensation 272 Oxfordian Cenomanian-Turonian 407 nannofossils 316 lithology 41 palaeogeography 260 Site 534 382 transition, Callovian 295-6 Site 603 333 Oxygen Planulina sp. 220 anoxic/oxic transitions 361 Plate spreading rates see Sea floor spreading rates anoxic sediments, black shales 271,279-80 Plenus Marl Formation 409, 410 preservation 417 Pleurostomella 196 Index 47I

Pliocene section 424 hiatuses 103, 117 Rif-Tell orogenic belt 424 Late, Discoaster accumulation 231-41 Rifting, North Atlantic 283 Late to Recent, foraminifera and Rio Grande-Walvis Ridge, mid Cretaceous 311 temperatures 181-9 Rockall Plumes see Thermal plumes rifting and doming 27, 30 Ponca State Park Nebraska 39I, 415-16 separation from Greenland 25 Porcupine Abyssal Plain 88 Rockall-Goban Spur 83-5 Bank 88 late Eocene hiatus 84 Porcupine Seabight 17, 19, 24 upper hiatus boundaries 83 abyssal plain, profile 30 Rockall Plateau 88-9, 182 Palaeocene-Eocene 27 Miocene, diatoms 243-51 Portuguese Margin, Site 608 84-5 Rockall Trough 88-90, 191 Potassium Rosita sp. 76 ratios, other metals 457-9 Rotalipora spp. 68-76 comparison, black/non-black shales 458 bathypelagic extinction 436, 439, 440 sea water and plankton concentrations 448-52 disappearance, South-west England 70 Praeglobotruncana sp. 68, 76 Late Cenomanian, oxygen depletion 72 marker, first appearance 439, 440 Rugoglobigerina spp. 73, 76 Primary production, ratio, to fossilized 321 Rugotruncana spp. 76 Pseudoemiliana sp. 157 Pseudolinneiana sp. 76 Saccocoma sp. 312 Pueblo Colorado 391,413-16 Saharan Rise, sidescan records 122 Pullenia sp. 194, 196-7, 208 Salinity, Cretaceous oceans 304-5 Pulsation tectonics estuarine circulation 311 control, palaeoenvironment 267-73 polar oceans 311 high sea level 271-3 Santonian Site 603, organofacies 384-5 low sea level 269-71 Saxony, Lower 361-71 definition 273 summary section 364 discussion 264-7 Scaglia Formation 407 models 265-6 Scaglia facies, microfossils 435 plate spreading rate 260-3 Schizosphaerella sp. 313 correlations 262 SEA BEAM seismic data 120-6 sea level cycles 263-4 Sea floor spreading rates 314, 317 West North Atlantic 255-60 Cretaceous, middle 417 Pycnoclines 373, 375 global cycles 260-3 Pyrite framboids 375 sea level cycles 263-4 Sea level Quaternary Cenomanian-Turonian rise 416 hiatuses 103, 117 eustatic cycles 263-4, 267-73 Late, sedimentation rate 99 correlative phenomena 272 North Sea, Gullfaks 145-51 Sea-surface temperatures Quinqueloculina sp. 214 new data, faunal 168-9, 171-2 oxygen isotope I70 Radiolarians plot-to-time 173 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event 436-9 North Atlantic Site 552 155-65 biogenic silica 439 and Pliocene-Recent foraminifera 181-9 comparisons, Gibraltar area 442 Sea water metal concentrations 451,459 and foraminiferal stratigraphy 436 see also Metals: Trace metals high fertility indicators 278, 280, 290 Sediment drifts, Sites 610, 611, mid-ocean 87-101 Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages 220 Feni Drift 88-93, 99-101 Redshale deposition 270 Gardar Drift 88-93, 99-101 black shale cycles 273 map 88 Redox cycles 361 Sediment fluxes, North Atlantic Redox sensitive trace metals, anoxic accumulation, bulk 3-15 environment 459 and hiatus formation 3-15 Reefs 270-1 relationship 10-15 Reykjanes Ridge 88, 92 temporal variability 6-10 Rhagodiscus sp. 44 Sediment waves 119-'29 Rides Pr6rifaines 425-6, 443 amplitudes and wavelength frequencies 99 Rif Mountains correlation 124 Cretaceous 401-404 definition 119-22 External Rif 425-6 standing 125, 126-9 Morocco 401-404 wave fields 89-101 472 Index

Sedimentation Trace metals 447-50 anoxia, black shales 271-2 compilation, reliable data 450 climate, Jurassic/Cretaceous 277-80 concentrations, reliable data 450 see also Black shales concentration-depth profiles 449 starvation, red shales 269-70 deep-surface ratios 450, 451 Sedimentation and erosion in plankton, correlation 451 Gullfaks, North Sea 145-51 see also specific names North-East Atlantic Continental margin 103-17 Triassic nannofossils 312-15 Seismic stratigraphy Triloculina sp. 197 Goban Spur 28-30 Triterpenoids 352-9 pulsation tectonics 273 Tunisian Atlas, Tethys 404, 406 sea level cycles 263 Turbidites Selenium, sea water 450-54 formation, mechanism, Mesozoic 361-75 Senegal Basin 390-1 origin, Madeira Abyssal Plain 131-42 Seribiscutum map 299, 300 Turonian Sicily, alpine nappes 424 Site 603, black shales 349 Sierra Leone Basin 120, 121 organofacies 384-5 Sigmoilopsis sp. 214 oxygen minimum zone 440, 441 Silicon, sea water 449-54 sediments 426 Siphotextularia sp. 194, 197 see also Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event Smectite and volcanism 277 Turonian-Albian, East and West sub basins, Sodium, comparison black/non-black shales 458-9 Atlantic 14 Somar, longrange sidescan mapping 89-99 Tuscan Nappe 407 South Atlantic Calcium Compensation Zone, Cretaceous 304 Umbrian Apennines 391,407, 409 Soxhlet extraction, geolipids 334-45 Unit 7, West North Atlantic, Site 534 255-60 Spain, Iberian Continental Margin 425-7 United States East Coast Continental Rise, Site 603, Penibetic Zone 426, 428, 438 black shales 347, 353-9 Subbetic Zone 426-7 Urgonian facies 427, 430 SPECMAP, oxygen- 18 'stack' 163-4 Uvigerina sp. 197, 210-14 Spectral analysis primary insolation 164 Valanginian Site 534 sea surface temperatures 159-6 1 black shales 349 Sphalterite, presence of zinc 459 organofacies 383-5 Steranes, sterenes 353-9 Valanginian Site 603, organofacies 384-5 Steroidal hydrocarbons, unsaturated, black Vanadium 361,367, 370-72 shales 358 correlation with organic carbon and sulphur 460 Stilostomella sp. 193-7 diagenesis 452-6 sea water 449-54 Tarfaya Coastal Basin 391,396, 399 Vitrinite, organic macerals 380 comparisons, sediments 442 Volcanism Tellurium, sea water 450-54 local hotspots 265 Temperatures see Deep water: Sea-surface variation 269-70 Tertiary, East and West sub basins, Atlantic 14 Tethys Sea 259 Wautzaueria sp. 301,303, 310 Cenomanian 404-7 coccolith preservation 305 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event 423 Wealden Basin, North-west Germany 361-70 Gibraltar, palaeostrait 425 Wealden Beds, Eastern Tethyan 46-7 Mesozoic pelagic section 313 'Wealden' deposits 277, 279 Tethys-Atlantic seaway Weichselian, Late, Gullifaks, North Sea 145-51 circulation patterns 286-7 West North Atlantic 255-60 opening to Pacific 286 sedimentary facies 255-8 Textularia sp. 197 changes 259-60 Thermal energy output, magnetic energy output 267 Site 603, Cretaceous black shales, Blake-Bahama Thermal plumes, cyclic eruption 255, 264-7 Formation 333-43 see also Mantle geolipid composition 336-41 Ticinella sp. 76 palaeoceanography 341-3 Tin, sea water 449-50 see also Blake-Bahama basin: Hatteras formation Tisirene nappe 427 Western Basin, North Atlantic Mauretanian 400 bulk accumulation and hiatuses 10-15 Tithonian accumulation rates 10, 12 carbonate shift 317 correlation 14-15 nannofossils 316 distribution 11 Toarcian 316 diatom tracers 250-1 Index 473

Western Betic Cordillera 426 marker, first appearance 439, 440 Western Interior Basin sections, map 391 Black Mesa, Arizona 414 Zinc 361,367, 370-71 Bunker Hill, Kansas 414 correlation with organic carbon and sulphur 460 Ponea State Park, Nebraska 415 sea water 449-54 Pueblo, Colorado 414 Zygodiscus map 300, 302 Whiteinella sp. 68, 75~i black shale 306-10