INDEX

Aaiun basin, 77, 80, 735, 779, 790, 808, 810 Aptian/Albian, global increase of subsidence rates, 811 deltaic continental to lagoonal facies, 782 Moroccan coastal basins, 811 Early Cretaceous deltaic complex from, 34 Arctic glaciation, 665 Late Cretaceous transgression, 783 late Pleistocene, 662 sedimentary sequence, 559 Arctic Ocean, early Pleistocene, constant conditions Aaiun-Tarfaya coastal basin, 19, 568, 811 in, 662 Mid-Cretaceous organic-rich shales, 804 Pleistocene ice conditions, diatom evidence, 479 subaerial deltaic muds, 78 Ash layers, burrowing in, 704 Acoustic horizons, 456 sideromelane shards, 711 Site 397, 448 Site 397, 703 velocity, Site 397, 41 composition, 707 African climatic history reconstructed from coarse frac- Atlantic deep-water, effects on benthic communities, 735 tion analysis, 662 circulation, Quaternary changes in, 419 African margin off Cape Bojador, sequence of events changes, surface-water regime changes correlated in Neogene history of, 36 with, 735 petroleum potential, 78 Atlas Mountains, 802 rapid base-of-slope-fill from, 611 chlorite source, 643 Agadir Basin, 261 source of smectite, 616 Agadir-Essaouira Region, correlated with offshore pro- tectonics, 663 delta facies, Site 397, 261 Attapulgite, 600 Age of sediments, Lower Cretaceous, 226 Authigenic phyllosilicates, 748 Canary Islands, volcanic apron at southeastern minerals, age relationship between, 748 foot, 794 silica, 751 Air-fall ash deposits from Gran Canaria Island, 32 Authorship, responsibilities for, 5 Air-Hoggar Mountains, 802 Autochthonous sequence, Site 397, Neogene sediments, Albian to Turonian transgression, 19 647 Albian to Upper Cretaceous sedimentation rate, 488 Background and objectives, Site 397, 19 Algal type organic matter, 506, 511 Bahama Basin and Bermuda Rise, metalloporphyrins, Alkalic microgabbros, 710 550 Alpine orogeny, High Atlas, 785 Baie du Levrier, sediments, 736 proximal flysch sequences, 792 Baltimore Canyon Trough, 810 Alps, Lower Cretaceous faunas, 582 geothermal gradient, 805 Alteration of volcaniclastic sediments, Site 397, 746 subsidence rates, 809 Alternating-field demagnetization, 464 Basalt, Canary Islands, shield building, 714 Amaurolithus primus Zone, 380 fragments, chemical analysis of, 700 Ammonites, 283 Bavarian Limestone Alps, foraminiferal genus, Favu- biostratigraphy, 68 sella, 273 macrofossils, 30, 34 Benthic foraminifers, biostratigraphy, 60, 422 neocomites, 283 Central North Pacific, 60 Analcime, 746 displacement, 422 Antarctic bottom water, 665, 790 Early Cretaceous, 63 convergence, 84 faunal fluctuations, Meteor cores, 731 glaciation, Eocene/Oligocene, 83 grain-by-grain transport, 422 late Miocene, 36 isotopic curves, Meteor cores, 731 effect on sediment transport, 661 Meteor cores, 731 ice cap, expansion of, 36 Neogene and Quaternary, 60 onset of glaciation, 785 oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy, 433 ice caps, deglaciation, 64 paleobathymetry, 62 ice sheet, Pliocene, reduction in size during Plio- Site 367, 60 cene, isotopic evidence, 443 369, 60 late Miocene extent, 664 397, 419 Antarctica, glacial expansion in Miocene, 455 Benthic/planktonic ratio, foraminifers, 653 Anti-Atlas Mountains, 80, 567 ratios, foraminifers, 666 Anti-Atlas/South Atlas Fault (Cape Juby), 77 Betancuria Massif, Fuerteventura Island, 713, 794

817 Biochronology, foraminifers, 327 California Borderland, flysch sequences from, 617 Biodegradation of organic matter, 503 Canary Current, 36, 381, 391, 643, 665, 797 Biogenic, methane, 531, 532 Canary Island Archipelago, 779 productivity effects, upwelling, 611 subaerial volcanic stage of, 811 sedimentation in region of Cape Bojador, 35 volcanic uplift, Neogene, 713 Biogenous volcanic sandstones of the Emperor Sea- area, heat flow anomaly in, 805 mounts, 748 channel, 807 Biological methane, 804 paleodepth, 785 Biostratigraphic evidence for submarine erosion, 57 turbidites in, 84 Biostratigraphy, ammonites, 68 turbidity currents, 715 and magnetostratigraphy, Site 397, 85 ridge, uplift of, 790 benthic foraminifers, 60, 422 shelf, source of sediments, Hole 397, 31 foraminifers, 67 volcanic debris, 613 Lower Cretaceous, Hole 397A, 581 volcanism, 801, 811 Site 397, 561 effects, thermal gradient, 70 magnetostratigraphic evidence, 68 evolution of, 794 nannofossils, 67 middle Miocene, 86, 87 sedimentological evidence, 68 Neogene evolution, 703 seismic evidence, 68 volcanoes, mid-Miocene uplift of, 792 Site 397, 51 Canary Islands, 775 foraminifers, 257 debris flows from, 35 Biotite diagenesis, 581 early evolution of, 715 Bioturbation, 35, 560, 607, 612, 781, 791 early to middle Miocene, uplift and shield stage, 794 effects on climatic record, 433 marine terraces, 66 structures, 28 potassium-argon age determinations of volcanic Black Sea, Hole 381, 537 samples from, 666 hydrocarbon migration, 535 shield building, basalt, 714 metalloporphyrins, 550 Site 138, west of the, 790 TV-methyl ketones, 542 uplift, contribution to smectite concentration at Sites 379-381, 531 Site 397, 600 Blake Plateau Basin, 810 uplift event, late-early to middle Miocene, 37 Blake-Bahama Basin, nannofossils, Leg 1, 227 volcanic apron at southeastern foot, age of sedi- Boron, concentration in sediments, optical emission ments, 794 spectography analyses, 553 volcanism, 701 geochemistry, Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 553 volcanic center, effect on geothermal gradients, in sediments, 553 Site 397, 508 Bou Reg Reg section of Morocco, 453 volcaniclastic flows from, 616 Boudinage-structure, siderite layers, 560 volcanism, Miocene, 615 Boudinage-type features, 779 Cape Bojador, 19, 221, 375, 419 Brunhes Normal Epoch, 472, 479 biogenic sedimentation in region, 35 paleomagnetic Epoch, 62, 69, 405, 422, 457, 464, continental margin, changes in interpretation, 19 470, 475, 672 deltaic sequence, 568 to Epoch 7, 86 Early Cretaceous paleoenvironment, sedimentary Brunhes/Matuyama boundary, 472 history, 559 Bulk physical properties, Site 397, 44 evolution of, 811 properties of sediments, Site 397, 45 Northwestern Africa, geologic history of, 773 Burrowing in ash layers, 704 paleobathymetry, Mesozoic/Cenozoic, 807 Calabria, Le Castella section of, Pliocene/Pleistocene subsidence, 568, 807, 809 boundary stratotype at, 456 continental shelf of, 779 Calcareous components, diagenetic potential of, 87 depositional sequences off, 485 Calcicalathina oblongata Zone, 66, 226 lower slope/upper rise region off, 67 Calcite, cementation by, 747 margin, Wealden sequence at the, 810 compensation depth, 487 marginal basin, 779, 804, 807 Calcium carbonate dissolution, 31, 32 removal of pre-Miocene sediment, 785 early Miocene, Equatorial oceans, 797 Neogene sediments in region of, 298 Quaternary, Site 397, 665 northwest African continental margin off, 615, upper Miocene, Site 369, 665 617, 785 397, 665 slope, seismic interpretation, 491

818 Cape Cod, Georges Bank Basin off, 811 overprinting, Sites 379 and 380, paleomagnetic Cape Juby, 779 measurements, 464 to Cape Blanc, continental margin, 783 Chlorins, 548 Cape Verde Basin, Site 367, 221 Chlorite, 643 Site 370, 221 source, Atlas Mountains, 643 Islands, Lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates and Chloroform extracts, 525 shales, 794 Chlorophyll, diagenesis of, 547 Rise, contourites, Site 368, 793 Site 397, 547 early Miocene uplift of, 37 Chondrites, 608 uplift of, 790 Circum-Antarctic bottom-water circulation, 83 Cape Verde-Madeira Abyssal Plain, 19 current, 785 Capo Rossello, 384 Clay fraction analysis, Site 397, 643 Carbon isotope fluctuations, Pleistocene, 443 mineralogy, Site 397, 595 Carbon preference indexes, 516 minerals, 560 Carbon-carbonate analyses, 13 X-ray diffraction results, 32 Carbon-isotope record, Meteor cores, 735 studies of, Site 397, 595 results, Meteor cores, foraminifers, 728 Clays, Lower Cretaceous, geochemistry of, 583 Carbon-13 values, forestation effects on, 398, 442 Climatic fluctuations, oxygen-isotopic record evidence, Methane, 533, 809 late Pleistocene, 797 Site 397, 86, 398, 508 change and desertification in Africa, deep sea rec- Methane, 804 ord of, 802 Carbon-14 record, northwestern Sahara Desert, cli- cycles identified with, oxygen-isotope data, 727 matic fluctuations, 736 fluctuations, carbon-14 record, northwestern Carbonate bomb measurements, 11 Sahara Desert, 736 cement, volcanic sandstones, 713 correspondence to North American glacial cycles, compensation depth, 34, 64, 671, 675 late Pleistocene, 797 content, Site 397, late Neogene, 671 Holocene, 727 curve, 680 late Pleistocene, 727, 733 curves, foraminifer, 679 history, late Neogene, 433 curves, stable isotopic ratios correlated with, 671 northwestern Sahara coastal margin, 737 diagenesis, 86 Clinoptilolite, 746, 748, 751 values, upper Miocene, Site 397, 672 Clinopyroxene, volcaniclastic sandstones, igneous com- Carbonification, katagenesis stage, 587 ponents, 710 Cariaco Trench, particulate organic matter concentra- Coarse fraction analyses, glauconite, Site 397, 658 tions in waters of, 504 late Miocene, Site 369, 663 Site 147, 531 Meteor cores, 734 Cementation by calcite, 747 pyrite, Site 397, 658 silica, 747 relict particles, Site 397, 658 smectite, 747 terrigenous material, Site 397, 658 zeolite, 747 volcanic material, Site 397, 658 Cenomanian to Turonian sedimentation rates, 568 analysis, phosphate grains, Site 397, 660 transgression, 568, 809 Quaternary/Pliocene boundary, 660 Cenozoic abundance, nannofossils, 296 Site 397, 641, 647 preservation, nannofossils, 296 volcanism, 666 Central North Pacific, benthic foraminifers, 60 results, summary of, Site 397, 30 Ceratolithus acutus Zone, 380 Coarse frosted-quartz evidence, dune formation, 32, 84 rugosus Zone, 380 Compaction, 768 tricorniculatus and Ceratolithus rugosus zones (NN physical properties, sediments, 761 12-13), 293 sedimentary basin, 761 tricorniculatus Zone (NN 12) to Discoaster brou- Computer modeling, Site 397, 765 weri Zone HNTN 18), 64 GRAPE measurements, physical properties com- Chabazite, 746 pared with, 766 Chalk diagenesis, Site 167, equatorial Pacific Ocean, 674 pore pressure, 765 Site 397, 674 thermodynamic parameters, 765 Change in /C5/«C5 ratio at stratigraphic hiatus, lower Continental climate and deep-sea record, Site 397, 802 Miocene/Hauterivian, 534 margin, Cape Juby to Cape Blanc, 783 Changes in interpretation of Cape Bojador continental cores, oxygen-isotope curves, 728 margin, 19 destruction, possible causes of, 785 Chemical analyses, Site 397, sediments, 49 of the eastern North Atlantic, terrigenous input analysis of basalt fragments, 700 to, 736

819 rise, defined for continental margin of northwest organic matter and hydrocarbon gases, 86 Africa, 447 pelagic carbonate sediments, 448 near Cape Bojador, 19 silica, 750 western African, 727 of chlorophyll, 547 shelf off Cape Bojador, 779 Diagenetic potential of calcareous components, 87 slope of northwestern Africa, lower and middle Mio- Diatom evidence, Pleistocene ice conditions, Arctic cene, sandy sediment, grain morphology, 683 Ocean, 479 grain-size, 683 Diatoms, Site 397, 653 Contourites, Site 138, 793 Diloma, new nannofossil genus, 228 Site 368, Cape Verde Rise, 793 platinum, new nannofossil species. 228 Contribution to smectite concentration at Site 397, primitiva, new nannofossil combination, 228 Canary Islands, uplift, 600 Discoaster asymmetricus Zone (NN 14), 294 Core disturbance, Leg 47A, 7 berggrenii Subzone, 380 Cretaceous black shales, 541 berggrenii Zone, 379 nannofossils, 52 brouweri Zone (NN 18), 51, 294, 381 sedimentation rates, 65 calcaris Zone (NN 10), 52, 293 (post Hauterivian), Site 369, sediments, 782 druggii Zone (NN 2), 64, 221, 289, 291 mollusks, 64 exilis Zone (NN 6), 52, 293 Cretaceous-Paleogene Carpathian flysch, 84 hamatus Zone (NN 9), 293, 377 Cretarhabdus loriei Zone, 226 to Discoaster quinqueramus Zone (NN 11), 64 Cruciellipsis cuvillieri Zone, 53 298 Crystalline basalt, volcaniclastic sandstones, igneous kugleri Zone (NN 7), 52, 293 rock fragments, 710 neohamatus Zone, 377 Cyclic sediment transport, lower and middle Miocene, 695 pentaradiatus Zone (NN 17), 51, 294, 381 Cycling of organic matter in the world's oceans, 503 quinqueramus Zone (NN 11), 293 Cl to C5 hydrocarbon analysis, Leg 42B, 47 surculus Zone, 51, 294, 381 hydrocarbon analysis, organic geochemistry, 47 tamalis Zone, 384 Cl to C7 hydrocarbons, 536 Dispersed organic matter (DOM), composition, 584 Site 397, 531 methods of study, 584, 594 C2 to C4 hydrocarbons diagnostic of petroleum forma- transformation, 584 tion, 531 Displacement, benthic foraminifers, 422 C2 to C5 hydrocarbons, 531, 534, 536 of Samlat Formation rocks by slumping, 20 C6 to C7 hydrocarbons, 536 Dissolution at depth, foraminifers, Site 397, 56 Debris flows, 606, 782 index, foraminifers, 672, 679 Quaternary, passive continental margin of northern measure, foraminifers, 672, 679 Africa, slumps, 614 ratio, 673 from Canary Islands, 35 Distal delta facies accumulation, Lower Cretaceous northwest African margin, 35 sediments, Site 397, 260 Decollement zones, sediment structures, 781 prodelta facies of Early Cretaceous prograding del- Deep-current erosion causing slope-rise destruction, 34 ta, 782 Deep-sea record of climatic change and desertification muds, 808 in Africa, 802 turbidites, 509, 794, 806 Deglaciation, Antarctic ice caps, 64 Downhole temperature, 505 Dehydroabietic acid, 542 Downhole temperature measurements, Site 397, 69 Deltaic continental to lagoonal facies, Aaiun Basin, 782 Downslope displacement, sediment transport, 737 sediments, Lower Cretaceous, source area in, 567 sedimentary processes, 55 sequence, Cape Bojador continental margin, 568 Drilling information, Sites 369, 491 Demerera Rise, Site 144, 566 operations, Hole 397, 21 Density, physical properties, fluids, 761 397A, 23 Depositional environment, Early Cretaceous sedimen- results, Seismic reflection profiles correlated with, 70 tary basin, 585 Drusbergschichten (Barremian) of Vorarlberg (western unstable salinity regime, 585 Austria), 273 Site 397, Lower Cretaceous foraminifers, 257 Dune formation, coarse frosted-quartz evidence, 32, 84 environments and processes, Site 397, 33 Dust-derived sediments, Sahel lateritic belt, Sahara sequences off Cape Bojador, 485 Desert, 803 Desert quartz number, 658 Early evolution of the Canary Islands, 715 numbers, 641, 659, 661, 662 Early to middle Miocene, initial sedimentation phase, 36 Diagenesis, biotite, 581 uplift and shield stage, Canary Islands, 794 Lower Cretaceous sediments, Site 397, 567 Early Cretaceous, benthic foraminifers, 60, 63 organic matter, 775 deltaic complex from Aaiun Basin, 34 siliceous organisms, 742 Hole 397A, mollusks, 283

820 New Foundland continental margin, 567 Explanatory notes, 6 Nova Scotian continental margin, 567 Extract quantity and type, 505 paleodepths, Site 397, 809 Facies migration, 568 paleoenvironment, 561 Faults, 779 sedimentary history, Cape Bojador continental Faunal fluctuations, Meteor cores, benthic foramini- margin, 559 fers, 731 paleomagnetic evidence, sedimentation rates, 475 Feldspar, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 prograding delta, distal prodelta facies of, 782 Ferriferous carbonate bands, sedimentation of, 586 sedimentary basin, depositional environment, 585 Fine-grained volcanic debris from Fuerteventura unstable salinity regime, depositional environ- shelf, 32 ment, 587 Fining-upward facies sequence, 568, 614, 809 sedimentation rates, 782 Fish debris, Site 397, 560, 653, 664 stratigraphic hiatus, 60 Flaser bedding, 560 subsidence rates, 809 Flow structures, 779 Wealden facies, 568 Fluid and heat flow, 761 Wealden-type delta foreset beds, 807 model, 764 Early Miocene, along African continental margin south Fluid flow, 761 of Canary Islands, upwelling, 798 Fluids, density, physical properties, 761 equatorial oceans, calcium carbonate dissolution, 797 thermal properties, 761 porcelaneous mudstones, 751 viscosity, physical properties, 761 sedimentation rate, 612, 764 Fluvial sediments offshore, Sequia El Hamra Wadi, 616 uplift of Cape Verde Rise, 37 Fluxoturbidites, 792 upwelling, 751 Flysch, 84 Early Neogene displaced sediment regime, 790 sedimentation, 78 Early Pleistocene, constant conditions in Arctic Ocean, sequence, 794 662 sequences, Alpine proximal, 792 Earthquake activity, Miocene, related to Paleogene- from California Borderland, 617 Neogene organic phases in Atlas Mountains, 615 Flyschoid section, 774 Earthquakes, 801 sediments, 804 Eastern boundary currents, 788 Fold structures, sedimentary structures, 612, 781 Eastern Antarctic ice cap, middle Miocene upwelling Foraminifers, benthic/planktonic ratio, 653, 666 with buildup of, 798 biochronology, 327 Echinoderms, Site 397, 653 biostratigraphy, 67 Electron microscopy studies, sediment diagenesis, 742 carbon-isotope results, Meteor cores, 728 Emiliania huxleyi Zone (NN 21), 51, 289, 296 carbonate curve, 679 Emperor Seamounts, biogenous volcanic sandstones dissolution index, 672, 679 of, 748 measure, 672, 679 Environmental evolution, late Neogene, 447 Early Cretaceous, 60 Eocene through Oligocene paleoclimates, 785 Favusella stiftia, new species, 276 Eocene/Paleocene, stratigraphic hiatus, 485 fragmentation of, 648, 658 seismic reflection profile evidence, 488 Genus, Favusella, 273 Eolian material, Site 397, 695 Bavarian Limestone Alps, 273 Eolian origin of lipids, 541, 543 Drusbergschichten (Barremian) of Vorarlberg (west- Eolian sand turbidites, Site 139, 793 ern Austria), 273 Site 397, 644 Scotian Shelf of Atlantic Canada, 273 Eolian transport of volcanic material, Site 369, 666 Site 105, 274 Equatorial oceans, calcium carbonate dissolution in Site 144, 274 early Miocene, 797 Site 97, 274 Equatorial Pacific Ocean, thermohaline bottom cur- Lower Cretaceous, biostratigraphy, Site 397, 257 rents, 783 depositional environment, Site 397, 257 chalk diagenesis, Site 167, 674 paleoecology, Site 397, 257 Erionite, zeolites, 747 Meteor cores, 731 Essaouria Basin, 261 Miocene, 59, 317 Euryhaline fauna from Paratethys, 455 stratigraphy, Site 372, 321 Eustatic sea-level rise, 261 Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 59, 318, 327, 341, 673 Euxinification of the Mediterranean Sea, 451 N.12/N.13 zonal boundary, 337 Even/odd carbon preference, organic matter, 542 N.13/N.14 zonal boundary, 321 Evolution of Canary Island volcanism, 794 N.15/N.16 zonal boundary, 57 Cape Bojador continental margin, 811 N.21/N.22 zonal boundary, 59 passive margins, 617 N.6/N.7 zonal boundary, 59 Expansion of Antarctic ice cap, 36 N.8/N.7 zonal boundary, 59

821 Neogene, sedimentation rates based on, 64 N.9, 62, 318, 336 oxygen-isotope results, Meteor cores, 728 Zones N.10 to N.13, 55 paleotemperature curves based on, 735 N.ll to N.13, 55, 321 Pliocene, 58 N.12 to N.13, 55 Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 57 N.14, 84 Quaternary, 57 N.16, 60 Site 397, 53 N.13 and N.14, 55 dissolution at depth, 56 to N.19, 323 preservation, 57 to N.7, 326 solution index, 671 N.16, 84 Tortonian/Messinian boundary, 339 N.16/N.17, 327 Zonation, Globigerina nepenthes Zone, 58, 338, 339 N.17 to N.19, 62 nepenthes/Globorotalia siakensis Zone, to N.20, 323 (N.14), 59 N.17/N.18, 327 Globigerinatella insueta/Globigerinoides quadri- N.2toN.14, 55. lobatus thlobus Zone (N.7), 59 N.5 to N.13, 55 Globigerinoides elongatus Zone (M PI 5), 58 to N.6, 59, 62, 67, 782 sicanus/Globigerinatella insueta Zone (N.8), 59 N.6 to N.12, 55 Globorotalia acostaensis acostaensis/Globorota- to N.21, 323 lia merotumida Zone (N.16), 59 N.7 to N.13, 55 fohsi Zone (N.12), 59 N.8 to N.10, 55 inflata Zone (M PI 6), 58 P.18 to N.13, 55 margaritae/Globorotalia puncticulata concur- Forestation, effects on carbon-13 values, 398, 442 rent-range zone, 58, 339 Fragmentation of foraminifers, 648, 658 opima opima Zone (P.21), 67, 611, 782 Free-base porphyrins, 548 praefohsi Zone (N.I 1), 67, 611, 782 Fuerteventura volcanic debris flows, seismic reflection puncticulata Zone (M PI 2/M PI 3 zonal bound- profiles, middle Miocene, 795 ary), 317 shelf, fine-grained volcanic debris from, 32 truncatulinoides total range zone, 58 Island, 85, 493, 613, 704, 794, 795 Orbulina suturalis/Globorotalia peripheroronda Betancuria Massif, 713 Zone (N.9), 59 volcanic and sedimentary detritus from, 33 Sphaeroidinellopsis acme Zone, 455 components source, Site 397, 714 seminulina paenedehiscens Zone, 59, 339 Fusinite type organic matter, 514 subdehiscens partial range zone, 58 Gaada Formation, Late Cretaceous black shales, 804 subdehiscens/Globigerina druryi Zone (N.13), Gabon-Angola Basin, 804 59 Gas chromatography, 531, 541 Zone M PI 3, 55, 339 analyses, tetrapyrrole pigment content, 547 M PI 4, 55, 57, 456 Gauss Paleomagnetic Epoch, 69, 383, 443, 456, 457, M PI 4/M PI 5 boundary, 384 471, 479 M PI 5, 57, 384 Gauss/Matuyama boundary, 391, 443 M PI 6, 57 Generation of hydrocarbons, 585 N.10, 318, 321, 336, 339, 341 Geochemical measurements, 13 N.ll, 321, 336 Geochemistry, Miocene/Pliocene boundary, boron, 553 to N.14, 339 of Lower Cretaceous clays, 583 N.12, 62, 337 Site 397, 46 N.13, 55, 326, 337 Geologic history of Cape Bojador continental margin, N.13/N. 14 boundary, 337 773 N.14, 55, 318, 321, 337 history and evolution of passive continental margin N.15, 318, 323 in the eastern North Atlantic during the Mesozoic, N.16, 55, 318, 323, 327, 337, 339, 341 257 N.17, 59, 326 history of Northwestern African continental N.18, 341 margin, 775 N.18/N. 19 boundary, 327 Georges Bank Basin off Cape Cod, 811 N.19, 327 Geothermal gradient, 518, 805 to N.17, 327 Baltimore Canyon Trough, 805 N.6, 318, 327 Site 397, 508, 512 N.7, 317, 318, 321, 327, 339 gradients, 766 N.7/N.8 boundary, 318 Site 397, 764 to N.9, 339 heat flux, 761 N.8/N.9 boundary, 318 Gephyrocapsa oceanica Zone (NN 20), 51, 289, 296

822 Gilbert Paleomagnetic Epoch, 69, 384, 391 Heat flow, 761, 768 Epoch/Epoch 5 boundary, 69, 341 anomaly in Canary Island area, 805 Glacial expansion in Antarctica, Miocene, 455 measurements, 15 tills in, Iceland, 443 Helicopontosphaera ampliaperta Zone (NN 4), 52, 293, Glacioeustatic regression, Northern Hemisphere ice- 298, 296 sheet development, 85 sellii Zone, 295 Glass shards, constituents of volcaniclastic sand- Hierro Island, 794 stones, 699 High Atlas, Alpine orogeny, 785 Glauconite, Site 397, coarse fraction analyses, 658 Hoggar Mountains, 802 Global increase of subsidence rates, Aptian/Albian, 811 Hole 381, Black Sea, 537 Globigerina nepenthes Zone, 58, 338, 339 Hole 397, Canary Island shelf, source of sediments, 31 nepenthes/Globorotalia siakensis Zone (N.14), 59 drilling operations, 21 Globigerinatella insueta/Globigerinoides quadrilobatus Hole 397A, biostratigraphy, Lower Cretaceous, 581 trilobus Zone (N.7), 59 drilling operations, 23 Globigerinoides elongatus Zone (M PI 5), 58 hydrocarbon generation, 518 sicanus/Globigerinatella insueta Zone (N.8), 59 lithology, Lower Cretaceous, 579 Globorotalia acostaensis acostaensis/Globorotalia Lower Cretaceous, nannofossils, 221 merotumida Zone (N.16), 59 mineralogy, Lower Cretaceous, 579 fohsi Zone (N.12), 59 mollusks, Early Cretaceous, 283 inflata Zone (M PI 6), 58 nannofossil preservation, 34 margaritae/Globorotalia puncticulata concurrent- nannofossils, Miocene, 52 range zone, 58, 339 preservation, 227 opima opima Zone, 21, 67, 611, 782 sedimentation rate, 34 praefohsi Zone (N.ll), 59 siderite, 227 puncticulata Zone (M PI 2/M PI 3 zonal boundary), Holes 397 and 397A, correlation between, 29 317 Holocene, climatic fluctuations, 727 truncatulinoides total range zone, 58 oceanographic and climatic variables during, 727 Gmelinite, 747 Holococcoliths, 227 Grain morphology, sandy sediments, continental slope defined, 53 of northwestern Africa, lower and middle Mio- Holocrystalline pyroxene-plagioclase basalt fragments, cene, 683 constituents of volcaniclastic sands, 699 Grain-by-grain transport, benthic foraminifers, 422 Humic compounds, 524 Grain-size, curve, 680 Hyalobasalt fragments, constituents of volcaniclastic ratio, 673 sandstones, 699 sandy sediments, continental slope off northwestern Hyaloclastites, 780 Africa, lower and middle Miocene, 683 Hydrocarbon generation, Hole 397A, 518 Site 397, late Neogene, 671 migration, Black Sea, 535 Gran Canada and Fuerteventura islands, oceanic base- potential, 775 ment between, seismic reflection evidence, 497 source rocks, 522 Gran Canaria Island, 704, 779, 794, 809 traps, 806 air-fall ash deposits from, 32 Hydrocarbons, extraction of, 514 magma evolution, 796 generation of, 585 marine terraces on, 85 Ice-cap stratigraphy, North America, 731 middle Miocene volcanic apron of, 497 Northern Europe, 731 rhyolitic eruption on, 85 Ice-rafted material, North Atlantic, 443 submarine shield of, 796 Iceland, glacial tills in, 443 volcanic components source, Site 397, 714 Igneous components, Clinopyroxene, volcaniclastic Grand Banks, 810 sandstones, 710 GRAPE measurements, 15 feldspar, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 physical properties compared with, computer model- olivine, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 ing, Site 397, 766 titanomagnetite, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 Greenland, separation from Europe, 785 rock fragments, alkalic microgabbros, volcaniclastic Guadalupe delta, prodelta sediments, 564 sandstones, 710 Gulf of Mexico, isotopic curves, 735 crystalline basalt, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 Hauterivian, Site 397, sedimentation rate, 564 Incipient diagenesis in sediments of the lower Miocene mudstones, 603, 774 35 sediments, 86 Increased circulation along the Moroccan Continental shales, 523 Rise, 790 Hauterivian, oceanic circulation, 568 Inertinite type organic matter, 506, 511

823 Initial sedimentation phase, early to middle Miocene, 36 Neogene, carbonate content, Site 397, 671 Intensification of thermohaline circulation in the Atlan- climatic history, 433 tic Ocean, 36 environmental evolution, 447 Intertropic Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Sahel grain-size, Site 397, 671 belt, 802 paleoenvironment, 391 Ionian Basin, Site 125, 457 Site 397, 671 Isomeric alkanes, 534 sedimentation rate, 391, 679, 811 Isoprenoids, 542 Site 397, 671 Isotopic and carbonate evidence of Pliocene paleotemp- Oligocene, regression, 83 eratures, 402 Site 369, sedimentation rates, 615 composition in benthic and planktonic foraminifers to early Miocene, sea-level fall, 785 at Site 132, 455 Pleistocene, Arctic glaciation, 662 curve, 680 Climatic fluctuations, oxygen-isotopic record evi- Gulf of Mexico, 735 dence, 797, 727, 733 Meteor cores, 735 correspondence to North American glacial benthic foraminifers, 731 cycles, 733 Niger Delta, 735 northwestern African continental rise, sedimenta- Panama Basin, 735 tion rates, 734 South Atlantic Ocean, 735 oceanographic and climatic variables during, 727 evidence, Antarctic ice sheet, Pliocene, reduction in oceanography and climate, 734 size during Pliocene, 443 sedimentation rate, 457 North Atlantic deep-water temperature variations, rates, 85, 737 late Miocene, 444 Late-early to middle Miocene Canary Islands uplift paleotemperatures, late Miocene, 453 event, 37 Isthmus of Panama, 785 Le Castella section, Calabria, 456 Jaramillo event, 57, 69, 472, 475, 479 Lebtaina Formation, 811 magnetic event, 443 Leg 1, Blake-Bahama Basin, nannofossils, 227 Jreibichat Formation, 497, 808, 811 Leg 42B,C1 to C5 hydrocarbon analysis, 47 Jurassic, Site 397, sedimentation rates, 808 Leg 47A, core disturbance, 7 Jurassic/Cretaceous sedimentation, Site 397, 782 sediment classification, 11 Kaolinite, 600 Lipid geochemistry, 541 Kapitean event of New Zealand, marine regression Lipids, Eolian origin of, 541, 543 associated with, 444 Site 397, 541 stage of New Zealand, late Miocene regression, 453 Liptinite type, organic matter, 506 Katagenesis stage, carbonification, 587 Lithology, Lower Cretaceous, Hole 397A, 579 Kerogen type, 513 Site 397, Lower Cretaceous, 560 Kerogen fraction, 524 Lithostratigraphy, Site 397, 25 Ketones, 541 Lithraphidites bollii to Calcicalathina oblongata zones, La Palma Island, 794 564 Labrador Sea, Site 112, 66 Lithraphidites bollii Zone, 66, 226 Lagoonal facies, 809 Lower Slope anticline, 493 Lanzarote Island, 493 structure, 491 Large-scale environmental fluctuations, effects on Lower and middle Miocene, cyclic sediment transport, speciation during the Pleistocene, 443 695 Late Cretaceous, transgression, Aaiun Basin, 783 grain morphology, sandy sediments, continental black shales, Gaada Formation, 804 slope of northwestern Africa, 683 Cretaceous-Paleogene subsidence history, Site 397, grain-size, sandy sediments, continental slope of 809 northwestern Africa, 683 Hauterivian, sedimentation rates, 80 Cretaceous, Hole 397A, lithology, 579 sediments, 782 slope/upper rise region off Cape Bojador, 67 Miocene, Antarctic glaciation, 36 to middle Miocene, submarine canyons, 792 dissolution event, 449 to Middle Cretaceous facies of Site 369, 560 effect on sediment transport, Antarctic glaciation, Site 416, 560 661 Lower Cretaceous biostratigraphy, Site 397, foramini- extent, Antarctic ice sheet, 664 fers, 257 isotopic evidence, North Atlantic deep-water depositional environment, Site 397, foraminifers, temperature variations, 444 257 regression, Kapitean stage of New Zealand, 453 faunas, Alps, 582 sedimentation rate, 449 North Causcasus, 582 Site 369, coarse fraction analyses, 663 geochemistry of clays, 583

824 Hole 397A, biostratigraphy, 581 Matuyama Paleomagnetic Epoch, 57, 69, 383, 386, 391, mineralogy, 579 405, 456, 471, 479 Lithology, Site 397, 560 Mauretanides, 80, 779 nannofossils, Hole 397A, 221 Mazagan Plateau, 808 northern Germany, sediments in, 566 Mean reflectance values bracketing stratigraphic hiatus paleoecology, Site 397, foraminifers, 257 lower Miocene/Hauterivian, 518 pelagic carbonates and shales, Cape Verde Islands, Mediterranean evaporite, volume of, 453 794 Messinian salinity crisis, 318, 449, 679 sedimentary structures, Site 397, 560 Miocene salinity crisis, 375 sedimentation rates, 487 salinity crisis, 455 sediments, 561 sapropelic sediments, 597 organic carbon values, 560 Sea, euxinification of, 451 plant fragments, 560 Melt-water-related peaks, oxygen-isotope results, 728 siderite, 566 Mesozoic/Cenozoic, Cape Bojador continental margin, Site 397, diagenesis of, 567 subsidence history, 807 distal delta facies accumulation, 260 margin paleobathymetry, 807 silty clays, X-ray diffraction studies, 579 Messinian clay sediments from Sicily, 553 Site 397, biostratigraphy, 561 Messinian salinity crisis, 85, 318, 442, 449, 679 slope sediments, escarpment, 491 Metadoga, new nannofossil genus, 229 Subsidence rates, 488 mercurius, new nannofossil species, 230 Lower Miocene shales, 523 Metalloporphyrins, Bahama Basin and Bermuda Rise, Lower Miocene/upper Hauterivian, stratigraphic hia- 550 tus, 78, 221, 782 Black Sea, 550 Lower Miocene/Hauterivian stratigraphic hiatus, 497, from the Norwegian Sea, 547 742, 782, 803, 805 from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, 548 stratigraphic hiatus, change in iC5/nC5 ratio at, 534 odd molecular weight, 550 stratigraphic hiatus, mean reflectance values bracket- Meteor cores, 727 ing, 518 benthic foraminifers, 731 stratigraphic hiatus, causes, 782 faunal fluctuations, 731 Lower Miocene/Oligocene, Site 369, stratigraphic hia- isotopic curves, 731 tus, 783 carbon-isotope record, 735 Luminescent-microscopic analysis, organic matter, 594 coarse fraction analyses, 734 Maceral types, 514 foraminifers, 731 Macrofossils, 29, 32, 36, 84 foraminifers, carbon-isotope results, 728 ammonites, 30, 34 Oxygen-isotope results, 728 pelecypods, 30, 34, 59, 659 isotopic curves, 735 preservation of, 78 oxygen-isotope stratigraphy, 734 Site 397, 260, 561, 653 sedimentary record, 734 Magma evolution, Gran Canaria Island, 796 Methane, 615, 806 Magnetic anomalies M-3 and M-5, 68 biogenic, 531, 532 anomalies M-0 to M-25, 66 biological, 804 evidence, paleocurrent directions, 481 carbon-13 values, 533 sediment transport, 481 Site 397, 804 fabric measurements, 481 Microfaulting, sediment structures, 781 polarity, paleomagnetics, 69 Microstaurus conus, new nannofossil combination, 230 reversal polarity stratigraphy in passive continental Mid-Cretaceous organic-rich shales, Aaiun-Tarfaya margin setting, 463 Basin, 804 stratigraphy, sediments, 68 Site 369, 805 evidence, sedimentation rates, 471 Mid-Miocene uplift of Canary Island volcanoes, 792 Site 397, 470 Middle to early Miocene, turbidite sandstone beds, Site susceptibility determinations, 464 397, 806 Magnetostratigraphic evidence, biostratigraphy, 68 lower Miocene, turbidites, 86 Mammoth and Kaena events, 456 Middle Cretaceous subsidence of offshore depositional Marine regression associated with Kapitean event of sites, 261 New Zealand, 444 transgression, 261, 811 terraces, Canary Islands, 66 Middle Miocene, Canary Island volcanism, 86, 87 on Gran Canaria Island, 85 environmental crisis, 64 Mass spectrometric analyses, 541 Fuerteventura volcanic debris flows, seismic reflec- tetrapyrrole pigment content, 547 tion profiles, 795 Maturation, organic matter, 805 petrochemistry of volcaniclastic sandstones, 699 Maturity of organic matter, Site 397, 596 petrography of volcaniclastic sandstones, 699

825 sedimentary cycles, 693 Diloma, new genus, 228 sedimentation rate, 764 platinum, new species, 228 rates, 84, 613 primitiva, new combination, 228 stratigraphic hiatus, Zones NN 7 to NN 9, 296 Hole 397A, Lower Cretaceous, 221 to Quaternary, Sites 369 and 397, volcanism, 796 Holococcoliths, defined, 53 upwelling with buildup of eastern Antarctic ice cap, Leg 1, Blake-Bahama Basin, 227 798 Metadoga, new genus, 229 volcanic apron of, Gran Canaria Island, 497 mercurius, new species, 230 Middle/upper Eocene, Stratigraphic hiatus Site 369, 783 Microstaurus conus, new combination, 230 Migmatic texture of mudstones, 29, 780 Miocene, 52, 291 Miliolids, Site 397, 260 Hole 397A, 52 Mineral carbon content, Site 397, 523 Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 386 Mineralogy, Lower Cretaceous, Hole 397A, 579 Neogene sedimentation rates based on, 64 Site 141, sediments, 644 and Quaternary, 289 Miocene, glacial expansion in Antarctica, 455 NN 18/NN 19 boundary, 51 Canary Islands volcanism, 615 NN 19/NN 20 zonal boundary, 472 earthquake activity, Atlas Mountains, 615 Octopodorhabdus plethotretus, new species, 230 foraminiferal stratigraphy, Site 397, 317 Parhabdolithus swinnertonii, new combination, 231 Site 366, 341 Pleistocene, 51 foraminifers, 59, 317 Pliocene, 51 Hole 397A, nannofossils, 52 preservation, Hole 397A, 227 mollusks, 63 Quaternary, 295 nannofossils, 52, 291 reworked, 298 oxygen-minimum zone, North Atlantic, 520 Rhabdolekiskus parallelus, new species, 232 salinity crisis, Mediterranean, 375 Site 397, 51 stratigraphy, Site 372, foraminifers, 321 systematics, 228 Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 443 Trapezopentus, new genus, 232 boron geochemistry, 553 sarmatus, new species, 232 foraminifers, 59, 318, 327, 341, 673 Watznaueria fasciata, new species, 232 nannofossils, 386 Zonation, Anaurolithus primus Zone, 380 Site 397, 386 Calcicalathina oblongata zone, 66, 226 X-ray diffraction studies of sediments, 553 Ceratolithus acutus Zone, 380 ,n Mississagua Formation, prodelta mudstones, 567, 810 rugosus Zone, 380 Mississippi delta, prodelta sediments, 564 tricorniculatus and Ceratolithus rugosus zones modern prodelta sediments of, 260 (NN 12-13), 293 Modern near-shore and on-shore sedimentary environ- Zone (NN 12) to Discoaster brouweri (NN ments, northwestern Africa, 736 18), 64 prodelta sediments of the Mississippi Delta, 260 Cretarhabdus loriei Zone, 226 Mollusks, Cretaceous, 64 Cruciellipsis cuvillieri Zone, 53 Early Cretaceous, Hole 397A, 283 Discoaster asymmetricus Zone (NN 14), 294 Miocene, 63 berggrenii zone, 379 systematics, 284 Subzone, 380 Montmorillonite, 752 brouweri Zone, (NN 18), 51, 294, 381 Mordenite, zeolites, 747 calcaris Zone (NN 10), 52, 293 Moroccan coastal basins, Aptian/Albian, 811 druggii Zone (NN 2), 64, 221, 289, 291 Continental Rise, increased circulation along, 790 exilis Zone (NN 6), &, 293 Morocco Basin, 804 hamatus Zone, (NN 9) 293, 377 Mudstones, migmatic texture of, 29, 780 to Discoaster quinqueramus Zone (NN 11) Multichannel seismic profiles, 19, 87, 493 64, 298 N-alkane distribution, 508 kugleri Zone (NN 7), 52, 293 W-alkanes, 515, 526, 541 neohamatus Zone, 377 trends, 585 pentaradiatus Zone (NN 17), 51, 294, 381 N-fatty acids, 541 quinqueramus Zone (NN 11), 293 TV-methyl ketones, Black Sea, 542 surculus Zone, (NN 16), 51, 294, 381 Nannofossil preservation, Hole 397A, 34 tamalis Zone, 384 Nannofossils Emiliania huxleyi Zone (NN 21), 51, 289, 296 biostratigraphy, 67 Gephyrocapsa oceanica Zone (NN 20), 51, 289, Cenozoic, abundance, 296 296 preservation, 296 Helicopontosphaera ampliaperta Zone (NN 4), Cretaceous, 52 52, 293, 296, 298

826 sellii Zone, 295 rates, 64, 647 Lithraphidites bollii to Calcicalathina oblongata Subsidence, Site 397, 809 zones, 564 volcanic uplift of Canary Archipelago, 713 Lithraphidites bollii Zone, 66, 226 Neopentane, 534, 537 Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Zone (NN 19), 51, 295 Nepheloid layer, particulate matter suspended in, 504 to Emiliania huxleyi zone (NN 21), 64 layers, 564 Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica Zone (NN 15), New nannofossil combination, Diloma primitiva, 228 51, 294, 381, 386 Microstaurus conus, 230 pseudoumbilica/Discoaster surculus zonal Parhabdolithus swinnertonii, 231 boundary, 382 New nannofossil genus, Diloma, 228 Sphenolithus belemnos Zone (NN 3), 52, 291, 296 Metadoga, 229 to Helicopontosphaera ampliaperta Zone Trapezopentus, 232 (NN 4), 64 New radiometric age determinations of Pliocene/Pleis- distentus Zone (NP 24), 67 :ß tocene boundary, 457 heteromorphus Zone (NN 5), 52, 293 New foraminiferal species, Favusella stiftia, 276 to Discoaster kugleri Zone (NN 7), 64, 296 New nannofossil species, Diloma platinum, 228 Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Zone (NN 1), 291 Metadoga mercurius, 230 rugosus Zone, 380 Octopodorhabdus plethotretus, 230 Tubodiscus jurapelagicus Zone, 222 Rhabdolekiskus parallelus, 232 ZoneNN 11, 52, 380 Trapezopentus sarmatus, 232 NN 13, 341 Watznaueria fasciata, 232 NN 14, 64 Newfoundland continental margin, Early Cretaceous, NN 16, 381 567 NN 17, 381 Newfoundland shelf basin, 810 NN 2, 67, 782, 790 Nickel porphyrins, 548 NN 9, 52, 63 Niger delta, 804 NP 24, 782 isotopic curves, 735 Zones NN 11 to NN 14, 62 prodelta sediments, 561 NN 13 and NN 12, 52 North and South Atlantic Ocean, stratigraphic hiatus, NN 15 to NN 19, 62 Oligocene, 782 NN 2, 63 North African continental margin, sedimentation rate, NN 3 to NN 7, 63 448 NN 7 to NN 9, Stratigraphic hiatus, Middle Mio- North America, ice-cap stratigraphy, 731 cene, 296 North Atlantic, deep-water, 665 NN9andNN 10, 611 oxygen content, 422 NN 8, 52 Pliocene, oxygen isotopic composition, 443 NN8 toNN 11, 60 temperature variations, late Miocene, isotopic evi- Natural remanent magnetization (NRM), 86 dence, 444 Sediments, 68 ice-rafted material, 443 Site 397, 464 Miocene, oxygen-minimum zone, 520 Variation downhole, 475 North Causcasus, Lower Cretaceous faunas, 582 Neocomites, ammonites, 283 Northern guests, criterion of, ostracodes, 457 Neogene, autochthonous sequence, Site 397, sediments, Northern Europe, ice-cap stratigraphy, 731 647 Northern Germany, sediments in Lower Cretaceous, and Quaternary benthic foraminifers, 60 566 nannofossils, 289 Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet development, glacio- climates, reconstructed from clay fraction analysis, eustatic regression, 85 643 Northern Italy, Poe Plain, 398 reconstructed from coarse fraction analysis, 643 Northwest African continental margin off Cape Boja- climatic conditions, reconstructed from coarse frac- dor, 617 tion analysis, 662 margin, debris flows from, 35 evolution, Canary Island volcanism, 703 Site 397, 17 Paleobathymetry, Site 397, 809 passive margin, 603, 616 sedimentation rates, 296 Northwestern Africa, geologic history of Cape Bojador based on foraminifers, 64 continental margin, 773 nannofossils 64 modern near-shore and onshore sedimentary en- sediments, 774 vironments, 736 sediments in region of Cape Bojador, 298 African continental rise, sedimentation rates, late sequence, Site 369, 647 Pleistocene, 734 Site 397, sedimentation rate, 520 continental margin, geologic history of, 775

827 margin, submarine slides and slumps, Quaternary, luminescent-microscopic analysis, 594 792 marine derived, 508 Norwegian Sea, metalloporphyrins from, 547 maturation, 805 Norwegian-Greenland Sea, metalloporphyrins from, odd/even carbon preference, 516, 542 548 Site 397, maturity of, 596 Nova Scotian continental margin, Early Cretaceous, terrestrial derivation, 508, 518 567 types of, 506 shelf basin, 810 vitrinite type, 506, 511, 514 Nunivak and Cochiti events, 384 maturity, sediments, Site 397, 505 Oceanic circulation, Hautervian, 568 Time-temperature effects, 506 Oceanographic and climatic variables during the Holo- Vitrinite reflectance, 518, 522 cene, 727 petrography, Site 397, 49 the late Pleistocene, 727 productivity at Site 62.1, 448 Oceanography and climate, late Pleistocene, 734 Organic-rich shales, pyrolysis assay of, 524 Octopodorhabdus plethotretus, new nannofossil spe- Site 397, 523 cies, 230 Miocene sediments from the V^ring Plateau, 509 Odd molecular metalloporphyrin series, 551 Ostracodes, 455, 582 weight, metalloporphyrins, 550 Site 397, 260, 653 Odd/even carbon preference, organic matter, 516, 542 Ostracodes, Northern guests, criterion of, 457 Offshore depositional sites, Middle Cretaceous sub- Oued Draa River, 643 sidence of, 261 Oxidizing-reducing conditions, 587 wells, thermal gradient, 70 Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy, benthic fora- Olduvai event, 69, 456, 471, 479 minifers, 433 Oligocene content, North Atlantic deep-water, 422 climatic deterioration, 788 depletion, effect on litho- and biofacies, 565 sea-level regression, 785 isotopic composition, North Atlantic deep-water, sedimentation rates, 785 Pliocene, 443 North and South Atlantic Ocean, stratigraphic composition changes, Site 284, 443 hiatus, 782 Oxygen-isotope curves, continental margin cores, 728 Olivine, volcaniclastic sandstones, igneous components, data, climatic cycles identified with, 727 710 record effects, upwelling, 735 Onset of glaciation, Antarctic ice cap, 785 results, melt-water-related peaks, 728 Ooze/chalk transition at Site 167, 448 Meteor cores, foraminifers, 728 Opal-indicated upwelling maxima, 735 stratigraphy, Meteor cores, 734 Opal-A, 742 Oxygen-isotopic record evidence, late Pleistocene, Cli- Opal-CT, 87, 742, 745, 746, 747, 780, 797 matic fluctuations, 797 Open basin Tethyan environment, 284 Oxygen-isotope curve, surface-water, 735 Operations, Site 397, 21 Oxygen-minimum layers, 615 Optical emission spectography analyses, boron, concen- zone, North Atlantic, Miocene, 520 tration in sediments, 553 Oxygen-18 isotope curve, 419 Orbulina suturalis/Globorotalia peripheroronda Zone values, Site 397, 85, 393, 664 (N.9), 59 Paleobathymetric estimations, Site 397, 764 Organic and inorganic particles, settling rates for, 505 Paleobathymetry, benthic foraminifers, 62 carbon, value, 665 Mesozoic/Cenozoic, Cape Bojador continental analyses, Site 397, 47 margin, 807 content, Site 397, 524 Site 397, Neogene, 809 variability in determinations, 506 Paleoclimates, Eocene through Oligocene, 785 facies, 509 Sahara Desert, 802 geochemistry, Cl to C5 hydrocarbon analysis, 47 Paleoclimatic record, Site 397, 391 matter, algal type, 506, 511 Paleocurrent directions, magnetic evidence, 481 and hydrocarbon gases, diagenesis, 86 Paleodepth, Canary Island channel, 795 biodegradation of, 503 Paleodepths, Site 397, Early Cretaceous, 809 diagenesis of, 775 Paleoecology, Site 397, foraminifers, Lower Cretaceous even/odd carbon preference, 542 fusinite type, 514 257 inertinite type, 506, 511 Paleoenvironment, Early Cretaceous, 561 in deep ocean sediments, transport and deposi- evolution, Site 369, 77 tional mechanisms, 503 late Neogene, 391 in the world's oceans, cycling of, 503 sedimentary history, Cape Bojador continental mar- liptinite type, 506 gin, Early Cretaceous, 559

828 Site 397, 782 Phyllosilicates, authigenic, 748 late Neogene, 671 Sites 397 and 398, 741 Paleogene sedimentary rocks, fibrous clay source, 643 Physical and thermodynamic properties of sediments, Paleomagnetic Epoch 11, 69 temperature effects on, 766 5, 341, 384, 451, 679 Physical properties, 13 6, 386, 479 fluids, density, 761 7, 59, 69, 384 viscosity, 761 Epochs 16 through 19, 69 sediments, compaction, 761 5 and 6, 444 permeability, 761 9/10, 69 porosity, 761 measurements, chemical overprinting, Sites 379 and Site 397, 37 380, 464 compared with Site 397 GRAPE measurements, reversal record, Site 397, 479 766 studies, Site 397, 463 Physiographic setting, Site 397, 19 Paleomagnetics, magnetic polarity, 69 Phytane, 516, 520 Site 397, 68 Plant fragments, Lower Cretaceous, 560 volume susceptibility, 69 Site 397, 560 Paleopressures, sedimentary basin, 761, 768 Pleistocene, carbon isotope fluctuations, 443 Paleotemperature curves based on foraminifers, 735 ice conditions, Arctic Ocean, diatom evidence, 479 index 2, 733 large-scale environmental fluctuations, effects on Paleotemperatures, late Miocene, isotopic evidence, 453 speciation, 443 Pliocene, isotopic and carbonate evidence, 402 nannofossils, 51 sedimentary basin, 761, 768 sedimentation rate, 442 Paleowinds, Trade Winds in the Wheel-Round lati- Pliocene, foraminifers, 58 tudes, 737 isotopic and carbonate evidence, paleotemperatures, Panama, Isthmus of, 785 402 basin, isotopic curves, 735 nannofossils, 51 Paratethys, euryhaline fauna from, 455 oxygen isotopic composition, North Atlantic deep- Parhabdolithus swinnertonii, new nannofossil combina- water, 443 tion, 231 reduction in size during Pliocene, isotopic evidence Particle-by-particle displacement, sediment transport, Antarctic ice sheet, 443 737 Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 443, 456 Particulate matter suspended in nepheloid layer, 504 foraminifers, 57 organic matter concentrations in waters of the Cari- new radiometric age determinations of, 457 aco Trench, 506 stratotype at Calabria, 456 Passive continental margin, in the eastern North Atlan- Pliocene/Quaternary sedimentation rate, 764 tic during the Mesozoic, geologic history, 257 Poe Plain, Northern Italy, 398 of northern Africa, Quaternary, 614 Porcelaneous mudstones, early Miocene, 751 off northwest Africa, stratigraphy and evolution Pore pressure, computer modeling, Site 397, 765 of, 741 water analyses, Site 397, 49 setting, magnetic reversal polarity stratigraphy in, Porosity, physical properties, sediments, 761 463 Possible causes of continental margin destruction, 785 subsidence mechanisms, 810 Potassium-argon age determinations of volcanic sam- margins, stratigraphy and evolution of, 19 ples from the Canary Islands, 666 evolution of, 617 Pre-early Miocene sculpturing event, 611 Pelagic carbonate sediments, diagenesis, 448 Pre-late Oligocene or early Miocene sculpturing event, nannofossil marls, Site 369, Upper Cretaceous, 809 36 Pelecypods, macrofossils, 30, 34, 59, 659 Precambrian Anti-Atlas Uplift-South Atlas Fault, 779 Periodicity of sedimentogenesis, 692 Requibat High, 19 Permeability, physical properties, sediments, 761 Present influence of upwelling, Site 397, 665 Petrochemistry of volcaniclastic sandstones, middle Trade Wind belt off Cape Blanc, 665 Miocene, 699 Pristane, 516, 520 Petrography of volcaniclastic sandstone, 707 to phytane ratio, 542 sandstones, middle Miocene, 699 Prodelta, 596 Petroleum formation, C2 to C4 hydrocarbons diag- mud environment, Site 397, 809 nostic of, 531 muds, 794 generation, sediments, 86 mudstones, Mississagua Formation, 810 potential, African margin, 78 sediments, Guadalupe delta, 564 Phillipsite, 746, 748, 751 Mississippi delta, 564 Phosphate grains, Site 397, coarse fraction analysis, 660 Niger delta, 561 Phosphorite occurrences, upwelling, 664 setting, 509

829 Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Zone (NN 19), 51, 295 lateritic belt, Sahara Desert, dust-derived sediments, to Emiliania huxleyi Zone (NN 21), 69 803 Puerto Rico Trench, Recent, 84 zone, 737 Pull-apart structures, sediment structures, 781 Salinity fluctuations, 586 Pyrite, 781 Samlat Formation, 20, 811 Site 397, 648 Santerno section of northern Italy, 457 coarse fraction analyses, 658 Schlanger and Douglas diagenetic model, 448 nodules, Site 397, 553 Scotian Shelf, 810 noise, effect on grain-size data validity, 677 Subsidence rates, 809 Pyrolysis, 505 foraminiferal genus Favusella, 273 assay of organic-rich shales, 524 Sculpturing event, pre-early Miocene, 611 Pyrolysis-fluorescence techniques, Site 397, 48 pre-late Oligocene or early Miocene, p. 36 Quartz, volcaniclastic sandstones, 712 Sea-level fall, late Oligocene to early Miocene, 785 grains, tracers of arid climates, 641 regression, Oligocene, 785 Quartz, volcaniclastic sandstones, 712 Seaward transport of terrestrial organic matter, 503 grains, tracers of arid climates, 641 Sediment classification, Leg 47A, 11 Quartz-cherts, 751 diagenesis, electron microscopy studies, 742 Quaternary changes in Atlantic deep-water circulation, X-ray diffraction studies, 742 419 load, Senegal River, 736 climate, Senegal, 662 section, Site 369, 20 climates, reconstructed from coarse fraction anal- structures, decollement zones, 781 yses, 661 folds, 781 foraminifers, 57 microfaulting, 781 nannofossils, 295 pull-apart structures, 781 northwestern African margin, submarine slides and rip-up clasts, 781 slumps, 792 roll-up structures, 781 passive continental margin of northern Africa, transport, 85, 617, 644, 660, 692 slumps and debris flows, 614 by slumping, 509 Site 397, calcium carbonate dissolution, 665 turbidity currents, 509 Quaternary/Pliocene boundary, coarse fraction anal- downslope displacement, 737 ysis, 660 lower and middle Miocene, cyclic, 695 Radiolarian, Site 397, 653 magnetic evidence, 481 Recent, Puerto Rico Trench, 84 particle-by-particle displacement, 737 Niger prodelta, 80 Sedimentary rock fragments, volcaniclastic sandstones, Recycled organic matter, spores, 514 710 Reddish quartz, Senegal Delta, 736 basin, compaction, 761 Reflectivity, vitrinite-huminite, 511 depositional environment, Early Cretaceous, 585 Refraction velocities, 491 paleopressures, 761, 768 Refractive indexes of siliceous organisms, 742 paleotemperatures, 761, 768 Regression, Kapitean stage of New Zealand, late Mio- subsidence, 761 cene, 453 unstable salinity regime, depositional environ- late Oligocene, 83 ment, Early Cretaceous, 587 Relict particles, coarse fraction analyses, Site 397, 658 cycles, middle Miocene, 693 Requibat Massif, 80, 567, 779, 807 history, Cape Bojador continental margin, Early Uplift, 77 Cretaceous, 559 Reservoir Beds, potential, Site 397, 806 melange deposits, 35 Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica Zone (NN 15), 51, processes, downslope displacement, 55 294, 381, 386 reworking from older formations, 55 pseudoumbilica/Discoaster surculus zonal boun- Site 397, 782 dary, 382 record, Meteor cores, 734 Reunion event, 457 sequence, Aaiun Basin, 559 Rhabdolekiskusparallelus, new nannofossil species, 232 structures, 26, 27, 30 Rhyolitic ash layers, Sites 369 and 397, 811 fold structures, 612 eruption on Gran Canaria Island, 85 Site 397, Lower Cretaceous, 560 Rip-up clasts, sediment structures, 781 volcaniclastic sandstones, 28 Roll-up structures, sediment structures, 781 Sedimentation of ferriferous carbonate bands, 586 Sahara coastal margin, climatic history of, 737 rate, Albian to Upper Cretaceous, 488 Desert, 661 early Miocene, 764 climatic fluctuations, carbon-14 record, 736 Hauterivian, Site 397, 564 paleoclimates, 802 Hole 397A, 34 Sahel belt, intertropic Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the, late Miocene, 449 802 late Neogene, 391, 679

830 late Pleistocene, 457 of West Saharan continental margin between middle Miocene, 764 Cape Bojador and Cape Blanc, 20 Neogene, Site 397, 520 reflectors, 71 North African continental margin, 448 stratigraphic correlation of, 73, 87 Pleistocene, 442 sequences, Site 397, 485 Pliocene/Quaternary, 764 Selection of Site 397, 20 Site 397, late Neogene, 671 Senegal, Quaternary climate, 662 Tertiary, Site 397, 518 Basin, 804 upper Miocene, 764 Delta, Reddish quartz in, 736 rates based on foraminifers, Neogene, 64 River, 802 nannofossils, Neogene, 64 sediment load, 736 Cenomanian to Turonian, 568 Sepiolite, 600 Cretaceous, 65 Sequence of events in Neogene history of, African Early Cretaceous, 782 margin off Cape Bojador, 36 paleomagnetic evidence, 475 Sequia el Hamra dry river, 497 Miocene, 612 Serpentine, 713 Jurassic, Site 397, 808 Serpulidae, 660 late Hauterivian, 80 Site 397, 653 Neogene, 811 Settling rates for organic and inorganic particles, 505 Oligocene, Site 369, 615 Shallow water particles, Site 369 sediments, 661 Pleistocene, 85, 737 sediment supply, Site 397, 659 northwestern African continental rise, 734 Shallow-water sediment sequences, Tarfaya Basin, 794 Lower Cretaceous, 487 Shear strength, Site 397, 45 magnetic stratigraphy evidence, 471 Shield building, Canary Island, basalt, 714 middle Miocene, 84, 613 Sicily, Messinian clay sediments from, 553 Neogene, 296 Siderite, 34, 581 Site 397, 64, 647 Hole 397A, 227 Oligocene, 785 Lower Cretaceous, sediments, 566 Upper Neogene, 751 layers, 603, 774 Sedimentogenesis, periodicity of, 692 Boudinage-structure, 560 Sediments, Baie du Levrier, 736 nodules, 561 chemical analyses, Site 397, 49 in near-shore Holocene muds, Strait of Ma- compaction, physical properties, 761 lakka, 566 Cretaceous (post Hauterivian), Site 369, 782 Sideromelane shards, ash layers, 711 late Hauterivian, 782 Silica, authigenic, 751 Lower Cretaceous, 561 cementation by, 747 age of, 226 diagenesis, 87, 750, 751 magnetic stratigraphy, 68 Sites 397 and 398, 741 mineralogy, Site 141, 644 Siliceous organisms, diagenesis of, 742 Miocene/Pliocene boundary X-ray diffraction stu- preservation of, 742 dies of, 553 refractive indexes of, 742 natural remanent magnetization (NRM), 68 transformation to opal-CT quartz, 742 Neogene, 774 Silty clays, X-ray diffraction studies, Lower Cre- autochthonous sequence, Site 397, 647 taceous, 579 organic carbon values, Lower Cretaceous, 560 Site 105, foraminiferal, genus, Favusella, 21A permeability, physical properties, 761 112, Labrador Sea, 66 petroleum generation, 86 125, Ionian Basin, 457 plant fragments, Lower Cretaceous, 560 132, Isotopic composition in benthic and plank- porosity, physical properties, 761 tonic foraminifers at, 455 shallow water particles, Site 369, 661 Tyrrhenian Basin, 457 siderite, Lower Cretaceous, 566 138, Contourites, 793 Site 369, 487 West of the Canary Islands, 790 397, diagenesis of, 567 139, Eolian sand turbidites, 793 organic maturity, 505 141, Sediments, mineralogy, 644 terrigenous components, Site 397, 641 144, Demerera Rise, 566 thermal properties, 761 foraminiferal genus, Favusella, 21A Seismic interpretation, Cape Bojador slope, 491 HI, Cariaco Trench, 531 reflection profiles, Fuerteventura volcanic debris 167, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, chalk diagenesis, 674 flow, Middle Miocene, 795 ooze/chalk transition at, 448 correlated with drilling results, 70 284, oxygen isotopic composition changes, 443

831 366, Miocene foraminiferal stratigraphy, 341 depositional environments and processes, 33 367, Benthic foraminifers, 60 diagenesis of Lower Cretaceous, sediments, 567 Cape Verde Basin, 221 diatoms, 653 368, Cape Verde Rise, contourites, 793 dissolution at depth, foraminifers, 56 369, benthic foraminifers, 60 distal delta facies accumulation, Lower Cretaceous calcium carbonate dissolution, upper Miocene, sediments, 260 665 downhole temperature measurements, 69 coarse fraction analyses, late Miocene, 663 Early Cretaceous, paleodepths, 809 Lower to Middle Cretaceous facies of, 560 echinoderms, 653 Mid-Cretaceous organic-rich shales, 805 eolian material, 695 Neogene sequence, 647 sand turbidites, 644 paleoenvironment evolution, 77 fish debris, 560, 653 sediment section, 20 foraminifers, 53 sedimentation rates, late Oligocene, 615 Lower Cretaceous, biostratigraphy, 257 sediments, 487 depositional environment, 257 Cretaceous (post Hauterivian), 782 paleoecology, 257 shallow water particles, 661 Fuerteventura Island, volcanic components source, Stratigraphic hiatus, Lower Miocene/Oligocene, 714 783 geochemistry, 46 middle/upper Eocene, 783 geothermal gradient, 508, 512, 764 submarine canyon closest to, 792 Gran Canaria Island, volcanic components source, Upper Cretaceous pelagic nannofossil marls, 809 714 and Paleogene sediments, 221 GRAPE mesurements, physical properties compared volcanic material, eolian transport of, 666 with, computer modeling, 756 370, Cape Verde Basin, 221 Jurassic/Cretaceous sedimentation, 782 372, foraminifers, Miocene stratigraphy, 321 Late Cretaceous-Paleogene subsidence history, 809 Site 397, acoustic horizons, 448 Neogene, carbonate content, 671 acoustic velocity, 41 grain-size, 671 Agadir-Essaouira Region, correlated with offshore paleoenvironment, 671 prodelta facies, 261 sedimentation rate, 671 ash layers, 703 lipids, 541 background and objectives, 19 lithostratigraphy, 25 benthic foraminifers, 419 Lower Cretaceous, Lithology, 560 biostratigraphy, 51 Sedimentary structures, 560 and magnetostratigraphy, 85 macrofossils, 260, 561, 653 Lower Cretaceous, 561 magnetic stratigraphy, 470 bulk physical properties, 44 maturity of organic matter, 596 properties of sediments, 45 methane, carbon-13 values, 804 calcium carbonate dissolution, Quaternary, 665 middle to early Miocene turbidite sandstone beds, upper Miocene, 665 806 Canary Islands volcanic center, effect on geothermal miliolids, 260 gradients, 508 mineral carbon, content, 523 carbon-13 values, 86, 398, 508 miocene foraminiferal stratigraphy, 317 carbonate values, upper Miocene, 672 Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 386 chalk diagenesis, 674 nannofossils, 51 chlorophyll diagenesis, 547 natural remanent magnetization (NRM) measure- clay fraction analysis, 643 ments, 464 mineralogy, 595 Neogene, paleobathymetry, 809 minerals, x-ray diffraction studies of, 595 subsidence, 809 coarse fraction analyses, glauconite, 658 northwest African margin, 17 pyrite, 658 operations, 21 relict particles, 658 organic carbon, content, 524 terrigenous material, 658 analyses, 47 volcanic material, 658 maturity, sediments, 505 analysis, 641, 647 petrography, 49 phosphate grains, 660 organic-rich shales, 523 results, summary of, 30 ostracodes, 260, 653 composition of ash layers, 707 oxygen-18 values, 85, 393, 664 computer modeling, 765 paleobathymetry estimates, 764 continental climate and deep-sea record, 802 paleoclimatic record, 391 Cl to C7 hydrocarbons, 531 paleoenvironment, 782

832 paleomagnetic reversal record, 479 Slope-rise destruction, deep-current erosion causing, 34 studies, 463 Slump deposit, 614 paleomagnetics, 68 structures, 34, 561, 579, 779 physical properties, 37 Slumped zones, 781 physiographic setting, 19 Slumping, 55, 64, 84, 318, 381, 560, 606, 611, 612, plant fragments, 560 615, 765, 785 pore, pressure, computer modeling, 765 continental along near Cape Bojador, 19 water analyses, 49 displacement of Samlat Formation rocks, 20 present influence, upwelling, 665 episodes, 28 preservation, foraminifers, 57 sediment transport by, 509 prodelta mud environment of, 809 zones, 27 pyrite, 648 Slumps, 782 nodules, 553 debris flows, Quaternary, 614 pyrolysis-fluorescence techniques, 48 Smectite, 84, 643, 713, 780 radiolarians, 653 Atlas Mountains source, 616 reservoir beds, potential, 806 cementation by, 747 sedimentry processes, 782 Site 397, 599 sedimentation rate, Hauterivian, 564 Solution index, foraminifers, 671 Neogene, 520 South Atlantic Basin, Sites 360 and 361, 531 Tertiary, 518 Ocean, isotopic curves, 735 rates, Jurassic, 808 South Canary Basin, 615 Neogene, 64, 647 Island Channel, 611, 707 sediments, chemical analyses, 49 Sphaeroidinellopsis acme Zone, 455 Neogene, autochthonous sequence, 647 seminulina paenedehiscense Zone, 59, 339 terrigenous components, 641: subdehiscens partial range Zone, 58 seismic sequences, 485 subdehiscens/Globigerina druryi Zone (N.I3), 59 selection of, 20 Sphenolithus belemnos Zone (NN 3), 52, 291, 296 Serpulidae, 653 to Helicopontosphaera ampliaperta Zone shallow-water sediment supply, 659 (NN 4), 64 shear strength, 45 distentus Zone (NP 24), 67 smectite, 599 heteromorphus Zone (NN 5), 52, 293 stratigraphic hiatuses, 66 to Discoaster kugleri Zone (NN 7), 64, 296 summary and conclusions, 77 Spores, recycled organic matter, 514 Tarfaya-Aauin Region, correlated with offshore Stable isotopic ratios correlated with carbonate prodelta facies, 260 curves, 671 thermodynamic parameters, computer modeling, 765 Stagnant basin conditions, 586 Tortonian/Messinian boundary, 386 Stained-quartz fractions, source of, 31 upper Quaternary influence, upwelling, 665 Sterenes, 526 variation downhole, natural remanent magnetiza- Steroid hydrocarbons, 516, 521, 542 tion (NRM), 475 Strait of Malakka, siderite nodules in near-shore volcanic debris, clastic origin of, 714 Holocene muds, 566 material, submarine transport of, 666 Stratigraphic correlation of seismic reflectors, 73, 87 volcaniclastic sandstones, 703 hiatus, Early Cretaceous, 60 Zanclean/Pizcenzian boundary, 387 Eocene/Paleocene, 485 Site 398, Lower Cretaceous sediments, 596 seismic reflection profile evidence, 488 416, Lower to Middle Cretaceous facies of, 560 lower Miocene/upper Hauterivian, 78, 221 62.1, organic productivity at, 448 lower Miocene/Hauterivian, 742, 782, 803, 805 97, foraminiferal genus, Favusella, 21A causes, 782 Sites 379 and 380, paleomagnetic measurements, chemi- change in iC5/nC5 ratio at, 534 cal overprinting, 464 mean reflectance values bracketing, 518 360 and 361, South Atlantic Basin, 531 lower Miocene/Oligocene, Site 369, 783 369, drilling information, 491 middle Miocene, nannofossil, zones NN 7 to 369 and 397, rhyolitic ash layers, 811 NN 9, 296 volcanism, middle Miocene to Quaternary, 796 middle/upper Eocene, Site 369, 783 379-381, Black Sea, 531 Oligocene, North and South Atlantic Ocean, 782 397 and 398, phyllosilicates, 741 hiatuses, Site 397, 66 silica, 741 Stratigraphy and evolution of the passive continen- zeolites, 741 ental margin off northwest Africa, 741 Slope anticline, 19, 83, 487, 309, 810 evolution of passive continental margins, 19 lower, 491, 493 Subaerial deltaic muds, Aaiun/Tarfaya Basin, 78

833 volcanic stage of the Canary Island Archipelago, Thermohaline bottom currents, equatorial Pacific, 783 811 circulation in the Atlantic Ocean, intensification Submarine canyon closest to Site 369, 792 of, 36 canyons, 611, 615 Thin-layer chromatography, 541 lower to middle Miocene, 792 Time-temperature effects, organic maturity, 506 erosion, biostratigraphic evidence for, 57 Titanomagnetite, volcaniclastic sandstones, 710 shield of Gran Canaria Island, 796 Tortonian/Messinian boundary, formaminifers, 339 slides and slumps, Quaternary, northwestern Af- Site 397, 386 rican margin, 792 Tracers of arid climates, quartz grains, 641 transport of Site 397 volcanic material, 666 Trade Wind belt off Cape Blanc, present influence Subsidence, Cape Bojador continental margin, 809 of upwelling, 665 history, Mesozoic/Cenozoic, Cape Bojador con- Trade Winds in the Wheel-Round latitudes, paleo- tinental margin, 807 winds, 737 mechanisms, passive continental margin, 810 Transformation of dispersed organic matter (DOM), of Cape Bojador continental margin, 568 584 rates, Baltimore Canyon Trough, 809 to opal-CT quartz, siliceous organisms, 742 Early Cretaceous, 809 Transgression, Aaiun Basin, Late Cretaceous, 783 Lower Cretaceous, 488 Albian to Turonian, 19 Scotian Shelf, 809 Transgressions, Middle Cretaceous, 811 sedimentary basin, 761 Transport and depositional mechanisms, organic mat- Site 397, Neogene, 809 ter in deep ocean sediments, 503 Summary and conclusions, Site 397, 77 Transverse debris flows, 84 Surface-water, oxygen-isotope curve, 735 Trapezopentus, new nannofossil genus, 232 regime changes correlated with Atlantic deep-water sarmatus, new nannofossil species, 232 circulation changes, 735 Trends, w-alkanes, 585 Systematics, mollusks, 284 Tripoli diatomites, 451 nannofossils, 228 Formation, 341 Tachylite, volcaniclastic rock fragments, 710 Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Zone (NN 1), 291 Tarfaya Basin, 283, 284 rugosus Zone, 380 shallow-water sediment sequences, 794 Triterpenes, 526 Tarfaya-Aauin Region, correlated with offshore pro- Triterpenoid hydrocarbons, 516, 521, 542 delta facies, Site 397, 260 Trubi Formation at Capa Rossello, 341, 386 Tectonics, Atlas Mountains, 663 of Sicily, 398 Temperature effects on physical and thermodynamic Tubodiscus jurapelagicus Zone, 222 properties of sediments, 766 Turbid layer transport, 564 Tenerife Island, 794 Turbidite sandstone beds, Site 397, middle to early volcanic eruption on, 85 Miocene, 806 Terpenes, 537 Turbidites, 36, 606, 610, 612, 616, 783, 797, 801 Terrestrial biomass, effect on carbon-13 values, 442 in Canary Island Channel, 84 derivation, organic matter, 508, 518 middle to lower Miocene, 86 organic matter, seaward transport of, 503 Turbidity currents, 608, 611, 704 Terrigenous input to continental margin of the eastern Canary Island Channel, 715 North Atlantic, 736 sediment transport by, 509 components, Site 397, sediments, 641 Tyrrhenian Basin, Site 132, 457 material, Site 397, coarse fraction analyses, 658 Sea, 382 Tertiary, Site 397, sedimentation rate, 518 Unconformities, 491 Tethyan environment, open basin, 284 Unstable salinity regime, 585 Tethys, 810 Uplift and shield stage, Canary Islands, early to middle Tetrapyrrole geochemistry, 547 Miocene of Canary Island Ridge, 790 pigment content, gas-chromatography analyses, 547 of Cape Verde Rise, 790 mass-spectrometric analyses, 547 Upper Cretaceous pelagic nannofossil marls, Site 369, pigments, distribution with depth of burial, 547 809 Thermal gradient, 87 and Paleogene sediments, Site 369, 221 Canary Island volcanism effects, 70 Miocene, sedimentation rate, 764 offshore wells, 70 Site 369, calcium carbonate dissolution 665 properties, fluids, 761 Site 397, calcium carbonate dissolution, 665 sediments, 761 carbonate values, 672 Thermodynamic parameters, computer modeling, Site Neogene sedimentation rates, 751 397, 765 Quaternary influence, upwelling, Site 397, 665

834 Upwelling, biogenic productivity effects, 611 igneous rock fragments, alkalic microgabbros, 710 Early Miocene, 751 crystalline basalt, 710 along African continental margin south of middle Miocene, petrochemistry of, 699 Canary Islands, 798 petrography of, 699 fish debris enrichment, 664 non-volcanic components, Crystalline rock frag- influence on sediments, 664 ments, 710 oxygen-isotope record effects, 735 quartz, 712 phosphorite occurrences, 664 sedimentary rock fragments, 710 Site 397, present influence, 665 sedimentary structures, 28 upper Quaternary influence, 665 Site 397, 703 Trade Wind belt off Cape Blanc, present influence, zeolite cement, 713 665 sediments, Site 397, alteration of, 746 conditions, effect on biogenic productivity, 614 Volcanism, Canary Islands, 701 maxima, opal-indicated, 735 coarse fraction analysis, 666 Variability in determinations of organic carbon, 506 middle Miocene to Quaternary, Sites 369 and 397, Variation downhole of natural remanent magnetization 796 (NRM), Site 397, 475 Volume of Mediterranean evaporite, 453 Viscosity, physical properties of fluids, 761 Volume susceptibility, paleomagnetics, 69 Vitrinite reflectance, 505, 512, 805 V^ring Plateau, organic-rich Miocene sediments from, organic maturity, 518, 522 509 values, 508 Watznaueria fasciata, new nannofossil species, 232 type, organic matter, 506, 511, 514 Wealden facies, 19 Vitrinite-huminite, reflectivity, 511 Early Cretaceous, 568 Volcanic and sedimentry detritus from Fuerteventura sequence at the Cape Bojador margin, 810 Island, 33 Wealden-like terrigenous sedimentation, 283 apron at southeastern foot, age of sediments, Wealden-type delta foreset beds, Early Cretaceous, 807 Canary Islands, 794 deltaic systems, 568, 810 ash layers, 781 prograding delta system, 80 components source, Site 397, Fuerteventura Island Tan-Tan delta, 497 714 West Saharan continental margin between Cape Boja- Gran Canaria Island, 714 dor and Cape Blanc, Seismic reflection profiles debris, Canary Island, 613 of, 20 clastic origin of, Site 397, 714 margin, 21, 77 eruption on Tenerife Island, 85 Western African, continental rise, 727 glass, 746 craton, 596 material, eolian transport of, Site 369, 666 Western Boundary counter cur rents, 788 Site 397, coarse fraction analyses, 658 X-ray diffraction studies, Lower Cretaceous silty submarine transport of, Site 397, 666 clays, 579 sandstones, carbonate cement, 713 diffraction studies of sediments, Miocene/Pliocene of the Emperor Seamounts, 748 boundary, 553 uplift of Canary Archipelago, Neogene, 713 results, clay minerals, 32 Volcaniclastic debris flows, 704 studies, sediment diagenesis, 742 flows from, Canary Islands, 616 of, Site 397 clay minerals, 595 rock fragments, tachylite, 710 Zanclean/Piacenzian boundary, Site 397, 387 sandstone, petrography of, 707 Zeolite cement, volcaniclastic sandstones, 713 sandstones, 32, 603, 610, 746, 775, 780 Zeolites, 745, 746, 751 igneous components, clinopyroxene, 710 cementation by, 747 feldspar, 720 erionite, 747 olivine, 710 formation of, 87 titanomagnetite, 710 mordenite, 747 Sites 397 and 398, 741

835