December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 1

CLASS 44, FUEL AND RELATED COMPOSI­ class, it means a compound which fulfills the require­ TIONS ments of the Class 260 class definition, i.e., the mole­ cule is characterized by two carbons bonded together, SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or one atom of carbon bonded to This class includes most patents for: at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond. Certain compounds are exceptions to this rule, i.e., A liquid or solid composition designed primarily to HCN, CN-CN, HNCO, HNCS, cyanogen halides, cyan­ react chemically, usually with oxygen in air, to produce amide, fulminic acid and metal carbides. heat in controllable amounts, included are most compo­ sitions designed to produce both heat and a deoxygenat­ The rules for determining Class placement of the Origi­ ing effect in metallurgical and similar processes, nal Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions designated to be dispersed in air for explosive combus­ are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the tion in an engine and/or designed to produce illumina­ section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND tion light along with heat upon combustion. WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical A process for making such composition by adding sub- ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION stances, by removing components (using chemical or CLASSES. physico-chemical procedures) by shaping or reshaping or arranging fuel elements or object in a particular rela­ tion to each other, except where provided for in another SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER class. CLASSES

Apparatus specialized for use in an above process and SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: not provided for in a single other class. 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses for a process limited to An additive which imparts desire aesthetic, handling or a drying step for the removal of moisture or burning properties to a fuel, or a composition useful other liquid impurity from a solid fuel. only for scratching a match or removing soot from a 48, Gas: Heating and Illumination, appropriate combustion-related apparatus. subclasses especially subclasses 197+ for a fuel composition which is a mixture of gages Certain combinations of fuel with an igniting composi­ and a process for making such a composition tion, an incombustible carrier for the fuel, a wrapper of from solid and/or liquid material, e.g., coal, oil, bundling material or an additive as described above. water, etc., especially subclasses 209, 210 and 211 for a process for producing a gas as a A solid product of a Class 201 thermolytic distillation desired product from wood, coal and/ or oil, process not elsewhere classifiable. weather or not a liquid and/ or solid fuel is pro­ duced as a by-product or an additional desired A process for treating coal not elsewhere classifiable. product. 60, Power Plants, subclass 200.1 for a reaction motor which may contain a claimed fuel. SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINI­ 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Composi­ TION tions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Partic­ (1) Note. In this class a process for making a ulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses for a fuel product is classified with the product, method which produces a free metal from a except where specifically provided for else- metal compound, whether or not a fuel compo­ where. sition is also produced. 102, Ammunition and Explosives, appropriate sub- classes for incendiary bombs and projectiles, SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES and appropriate subclasses for an ammunition AND WITHIN THIS CLASS or explosive charge or device having a fuse for ignition mass or surface. When the expression “organic compound” is used in this

December 2000 Edition 44 - 2 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate elsewhere classifiable, is classified in this class subclasses for a coating or plastic composition (44). not useful primarily as a fuel, including a com­ 202, Distillation: Apparatus, appropriate sub- position which may be used as a binder for fuel classes for apparatus for carbonizing solid car­ particles for a coating for fuel. bonaceous material. 110, Furnaces, appropriate subclasses for industrial 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, apparatus for burning a solid fuel, which appa­ appropriate subclasses for a chemically reac­ ratus does not claim the fuel itself, or a process tive treatment of a fuel or related composition for burning or igniting solid fuel, including a by direct exposure to electrical or wave energy process wherein fuels are blended or mixed or where such treatment is performed either as a an additive is applied to a fuel within a solid- single step process or as the last step of a multi- fuel burner or apparatus ancillary thereto, such step process. as provided for in that class (110). 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used 118, Coating Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compo­ a device useful only for applying a coating sitions, for electrolytic production or treatment material to a substrate, e.g., a solid fuel. of a fuel or related composition where such 126, Stoves and Furnaces, appropriate subclasses production or treatment is performed either as a for a domestic apparatus and process along the single step process or as the last step of a multi- same lines as Class 110, above. step process. 131, Tobacco, subclass 329 and 349+ for tobacco- 206, Special Receptacle or Package, subclasses 85+ containing products intended to be burned. for a tobacco package with an igniter for the 137, Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses fora content, subclasses 96+ for a match packet, method or apparatus for transporting or allow­ container assemblage of diverse components ing the transporting or allowing the transport (i.e., a kit), one or more components of which of, a liquid or gaseous material, e.g, a fuel. may contain a fuel composition. 144, Woodworking, subclasses 50+ for match mak­ 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, sub- ing. classes 15+ for a liquid fuel which is entirely 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or mineral oil-derived, and appropriate other sub- Charges, appropriate subclasses for thermite­ classes for a process for producing such fuel type compositions, and those which include from a solid or liquid mineral material. Also, a sufficient oxidizer (such as a chlorate or a process for producing coke from mainly min­ nitrate) as a component thereof to provide at eral oil material is classified in class 208. least the major portion necessary for its com­ 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, bustion. Solid rocket-propellant fuels are clas­ appropriate subclasses, for a nonchemical sified in Class 149. Fuels which undergo method of removing an impurity from a solid combustion in air are classified in this class fuel composition, e.g., by magnetism, sleving, (44). See (2) Note and (3) Note in the class flotation, etc. definition of Class 149. 241, Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, 162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, for a pro­ appropriate subclasses for a process or appara­ cess or apparatus for the purification or recov­ tus for comminuting or breaking up solid fuel ery of cellulose or other fibrous material for substances, alone or combined with a proce­ use other than as fuel. dure for separating solids. 196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, appropriate sub- 252, Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a classes for dewaxing, solvent extraction, refin­ composition no classifiable elsewhere, espe­ ing, vaporizing, etc., apparatus. cially subclass 70 for composition which may 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropri­ release heat due to a readily-reversible chemi­ ate subclasses for a process of carbonizing cal reaction, subclass 373 for a gas composi­ coal, oil shale, wood or other solid carbon­ tion which may have fuel value but which is aceous material not otherwise provided for, intended for use as a chemical reactant and wherein a recoverable vapor or gas product is subclasses 502+ for an electrically conductive produced, whether or not a usable fuel compo­ or emissive composition, e.g., an electrode, sition is also produced. The solid product of a etc., containing elemental carbon. See also (1) Class 201 thermolytic distillation process, not Note, above.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 3

264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Articles Shaping or intended for use as an adsorbent or a method Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for for making such composition. plastic-shaping methods, e.g., subclass 5 for 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, sub- shaping or treating explosive or propellant classes 1+, especially subclass 14, for a fuel compositions, etc. composition which is is mixture of only hydro- 314, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Con­ carbons, and appropriate subclasses, especially sumable Electrodes, subclass 60 for a consum­ subclass 302, for methods of making such able electrode. compositions involving the synthesis of at least 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, one hydrocarbon component. Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, for an apparatus in general in which a chemical reac­ tion takes place. SECTION V - GLOSSARY 423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropri­ ate subclasses for an inorganic compound or The organic chemical structure terminology used in this element in a relatively pure state or a process class is consistent with that used in the Glossary for the for making such a material, especially sub- Class 532 - Organic Compounds-Part of the Class 532- classes 445+ for a method of producing pure 570 Series (Published May 22, 1984 in Addendum No. elemental carbon, including a shaped form 1 - Order No. 946), except as otherwise noted. thereof, and subclasses 511+ for the recovery of elemental sulfur, for example, from mineral BRIQUET materials such as coal. 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Com­ Defined as a fuel object, of a size suitable to be manipu­ positions, subclasses 40+ for a composition lated by a human hand, made, by consolidating, usually which in burnable to produce an odorizing or including pressing and shaping, smaller-sizes, loose, deodorizing effect upon the atmosphere to broken, comminuted or other divided carbonaceous other material, e.g., incense, etc. powder, particles, chunks, lumps, fibers, sheets, etc. 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Composi­ tions, and Products, subclasses 314+ for the HYDROCARBON application of a gaseous combustion product to a food or beverage. Used in this class, it means an organic compound which 431, Combustion, appropriate subclasses for a resid­ consists exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. ual combustion or combustion-starting method or device, especially subclass 289 for a candle SUBCLASSES device and subclass 288 for a candle or taper, per se, subclass 6 for a procedure for starting a 250 FLAMELESS OR GLOWLESS: fire, subclasses 72+ for the automatic control This subclass is indented under the class defini­ of an igniter and burner feed control, sub- tion. Compositions intended, when its ele­ classes 258+ for a burner not specialized to the ments are brought into contact with each other use of solid fuel having an electrical igniter, and/or with a suitable irreversible outside (and see the search notes to this subclass for a agent, to set up such chemical reaction as to statement of the classification of electrical generate heat without light. igniters) and subclass 267 for a residual fric­ tional, chemical or percussive-type igniter, and (1) Note. Processes for preparing such com­ see the search notes to this subclass for a state­ positions by mixing ingredients are ment of the classification of other igniters of included herein. this type. See the Search Class references in the class definitions of Class 431 to other (2) Note. Processes for producing heat by classes in which such methods or devices may merely mixing the ingredients of such be found. See particularly the reference to composition or by merely exposing the class 44 for a statement of the distribution of composition to an activating agent are the art between Classes 44 and 431. included herein. 502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent or Support Therefor: Product or Process of Making, subclasses 416+ (3) Note. Compositions included herein are for a composition containing free carbon often packaged, transported, and handled

December 2000 Edition 44 - 4 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

in such a way that less than all of the 156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscella­ ingredients are in admixture before the neous Chemical Manufacture, sub- start of the exothermic reaction; they are classes 583.1+ for a device containing classified herein, however, as if all of the a fuel, for pressing against a tube or ingredients are contained in a single hose to adhere a patch thereto by, for mixture. example, vulcanization. 228, Metal Fusion Bonding, subclass 198 SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- for a process of that class in which a CLASS: filler metal is supplied by an in situ 902, for a collection of patents which illus­ chemical reaction. Such reaction is trate the combination of a fuel of this usually an exothermic, thermic-type subclass with an article to be heated, reaction. e.g., a hair curler, a package of food, a 252, Compositions, subclass 70 for, among laminating press, etc. others, a composition which gives off heat in a readily reversible chemical SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: reaction, heat being applied to the 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, composition to reverse the reaction, Compositions for Use Therein, Con­ and subclass 188.1 for a composition solidated Metal Powder Composi­ comprised of chemically interactive tions, and Loose Metal Particulate ingredients, which does not produce a Mixtures, subclasses 252+ for a mass significant amount of usable heat in of loose metal particles. the reaction. 126, Stoves and Furnaces, subclasses 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, 263.01+ for a fuel composition in a Compositions, and Products, sub- container in which it is used, when the classes 113+ for a package of food proximate function of the claimed combined with means to heat the device is merely the production of food. heat. 132, Toilet, subclass 220 for a hair device 251 Activatable by or containing water: having a heat generating composition. This subclass is indented under subclass 250. 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions Subject matter in which the composition or Charges, for fuels combined with requires the presence of water (free or com­ an oxidizer for nonair combustion to bined as water of crystallization) in order to produce explosive force, propellant produce its exothermic effect. gases, and/or intense or glowing heat, whether or not accompanied by SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: flames or sparks, especially sub- 252, Compositions, subclass 157 for gas- classes 37+ and 108.2 for such com­ generating compositions, which may positions containing free metal. be exothermic, intended solely for Where the composition claimed in a cleaning, for example, drains, and a patent is similar to those of Class 149 process for cleaning which merely but the disclosure leaves doubt as to uses a composition suitable for this whether classification in this class subclass. (44) or Class 149 is proper, the doubt is resolved as follows: (1) Where a 252 Free metal-containing: significant amount of water is This subclass is indented under subclass 251. required for the exothermic reaction Subject matter which contains a metal in ele­ to take place, the patent is classified mental form, usually in finely divided condi­ here (class 44, subclasses 250+). (2) tion. Where the exothermic reaction takes place while in contact with a living 253 With organic or second elemental material: thing, it is classified here. (3) Where This subclass is indented under subclass 252. neither of these conditions is dis­ Subject matter containing a second metal in closed, classification is in Class 149. uncombined form (which may be alloyed with

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 5

the first elemental metal), a nonmetal in uous solid phase with discontinuous uncombined form, or an organic compound. liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ ulates) or agents for such systems or (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ making or stabilizing such systems or tion for the definition of “organic com­ agents, when generically claimed or pound”. when there is no hierarchically supe­ rior provision in the USPC for the 265 SOLIDIFIED LIQUID (E.G., GEL, ETC.): specifically claimed art. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ tion. Compositions wherein a normally liquid 267 With carbohydrate (e.g., cellulose com­ fuel is supplied in a solidified form. pound, cotton, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 266. (1) Note. The normally liquid fuel is often Compositions wherein a carbohydrate is a in the form of a gel. component of the solidified liquid fuel compo­ sition. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- CLASS: (1) Note. The carbohydrate is usually, but 280+, for dispersions of solid carbonaceous not always, present as a binder. fuels, such as coal, charcoal, peat, etc., in a liquid. (2) Note. See Class 536, the main class def­ 551+, for consolidated solid fuels which inition, for the meaning of the term car­ employ a binder that may be liquid. bohydrate.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontin­ systems of continuous or semicontin­ uous solid phase with discontinuous uous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ ulates) or agents for such systems or ulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically supe­ when there is no hierarchically supe­ rior provision in the USPC for the rior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. specifically claimed art.

266 Liquid alkanol base: 268 Liquid hydrocarbon base (e.g., gasoline, This subclass is indented under subclass 265. etc.): Compositions wherein an alkanol, or a mixture This subclass is indented under subclass 265. of alkanols, constitutes at least 50 percent of Compositions wherein a hydrocarbon, or a the normally liquid fuel. mixture of hydrocarbons, constitutes at least 50 percent of the normally liquid fuel. (1) Note. An alkanol is a compound wherein a single -OH group replaces a (1) Note. Examples of such normally liquid hydrogen on an alkane. fuels provided for herein are gasoline, kerosene, and naphtha. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; (2) Note. See (5) Note of the class defini­ Subcombinations Thereof; Processes tion for the definition of the term hydro- of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or carbon. Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontin­

December 2000 Edition 44 - 6 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 270 With organic nitrogen compound: 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; This subclass is indented under subclass 268. Subcombinations Thereof; Processes Compositions wherein an organic nitrogen of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or compound is a component of the solidified liq­ Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid uid fuel composition. systems of continuous or semicontin­ uous solid phase with discontinuous (1) Note. The organic nitrogen compound is liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ usually, but not always, present as a ulates) or agents for such systems or binder. making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or (2) Note. An organic nitrogen compound is when there is no hierarchically supe­ one which has nitrogen attached directly rior provision in the USPC for the or indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to specifically claimed art. carbon of an organic compound.

269 With plant derivative of unknown composi­ (3) Note. See (4) Note of the class defini­ tion (except rosin or rosin derivatives) or tion for the definition of “organic com­ carbohydrate: pound”. This subclass is indented under subclass 268. Compositions wherein a plant derivative, SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: excluding rosin or a rosin derivative, of 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; unknown composition or a carbohydrate is a Subcombinations Thereof; Processes component of the solidified liquid fuel compo­ of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or sition. Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontin­ (1) Note. Each of the components specified uous solid phase with discontinuous is usually, but not always, present as a liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ binder. ulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or (2) Note. See Class 536, the main class def­ agents, when generically claimed or inition, for the meaning of the term car­ when there is no hierarchically supe­ bohydrate. rior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- CLASS: 271 With organic polymer polymerized through 272, for solidified liquid fuel compositions olefinic or acetylenic bond (e.g., methacrlate which contain rosin or a rosin deriva­ polymers, polypropylene, etc.): tive as a component. This subclass is indented under subclass 268. Compositions wherein an organic polymer SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: compound, which has been formed by the 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; polymerization of an olefinic or acetylenic Subcombinations Thereof; Processes bond in a monomer, is a component of the of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or solidified liquid fuel composition. Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontin­ (1) Note. The organic polymer is usually, uous solid phase with discontinuous but not always, present as a binder. liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ ulates) or agents for such systems or (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ making or stabilizing such systems or tion for the definition of “organic com­ agents, when generically claimed or pound”. when there is no hierarchically supe­ rior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 7

making or stabilizing such systems or SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: agents, when generically claimed or 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; when there is no hierarchically supe­ Subcombinations Thereof; Processes rior provision in the USPC for the of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or specifically claimed art. Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontin­ 275 CANDLE COMPOSITION: uous solid phase with discontinuous This subclass is indented under the class defini­ liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ tion. Compositions adapted and designed for ulates) or agents for such systems or use in making candles. making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: when there is no hierarchically supe­ 425, Plastic Article or Earthenware Shap­ rior provision in the USPC for the ing or Treating: Apparatus, subclass specifically claimed art. 803 for a collection of patents drawn to candle-shaping apparatus. 272 With organic -C(=X)X- compound, wherein 431, Combustion, subclasses 289+ for a the X’s are the same or diverse chalcogens device additional to the wick and fuel, (e.g., aluminum carboxylates, rosin salts, forming a part of a candle or taper or etc.): peculiarly adapted for use with a can­ This subclass is indented under subclass 268. dle or taper, and subclass 288 for a Compositions wherein the solidified liquid fuel candle or taper. composition contains as a component an organic-C(=X)X- compound, wherein the X’s 280 SOLID CARBONACEOUS FUEL DIS­ are the same or diverse chalcogens (i.e., oxy­ PERSED IN A LIQUID MEDIUM (E.G., gen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). DISPERSED COAL, COKE, CARBON POWDER, PEAT, ETC.): (1) Note. The organic -C(=X)X- compound This subclass is indented under the class defini­ is usually, but not always, present as a tion. Compositions wherein a liquid medium binder. acts as dispersant for a solid carbonaceous fuel.

(2) Note. An organic -C(=X)X- compound (1) Note. Asphalt and asphaltenes are con­ is one in which the carbon of the - sidered to be mineral oil substances, C(=X)X- group is, or is attached directly even if solid. Class 208, particularly or indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the subclasses 15+, provides for fuel compo­ carbon of an organic compound. sitions which are mixtures having min­ eral oil components only. (3) Note. See (4) Note of the class defini­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ (2) Note. Examples of compositions pro­ pound”. vided for herein are aqueous coal slurries to which has been added a surfactant. (4) Note. Rosin, the principal substituent of which is abietic acid, is also known as (3) Note. Included in the solid carbon­ colophony. aceous fuels encompassed are coal, char- coal, lignite, wood, coke, peat, carbon SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: black, carbon powder, shale, solid 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; asphalt, solid asphaltene, and solid bitu­ Subcombinations Thereof; Processes men. of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 98+ for colloid SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- systems of continuous or semicontin­ CLASS: uous solid phase with discontinuous 311, for fuel compositions which contain liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coag­ pitch, sludge, or tar. ulates) or agents for such systems or

December 2000 Edition 44 - 8 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

loid system of substantially pure SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: element Carbon; or agents for such 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; systems or making or stabilizing such Subcombinations Thereof; Processes systems or agents; in each instance, of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or when generically claimed or when Inhibiting, subclasses 31+ for colloid there is no hierarchically superior pro- systems of colloid-sized solid or semi- vision in the USPC for the specifically solid phase dispersed in primarily claimed art. organic continuous liquid phase, sub- classes 38+ for colloid systems of col­ 282 Liquid hydrocarbon, or liquid hydrocarbon loid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon and water, are the only components: phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ This subclass is indented under subclass 281. ous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for Compositions wherein the composition con­ colloid systems of colloid-sized solid sists of solid carbonaceous fuel and liquid phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ hydrocarbon or solid carbonaceous fuel, liquid ous liquid phase; subclass 901 for col­ hydrocarbon, and water. loid system of substantially pure element Carbon; or agents for such (1) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition systems or making or stabilizing such for the definition of hydrocarbon. systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: there is no hierarchically superior pro- 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; vision in the USPC for the specifically Subcombinations Thereof; Processes claimed art. of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 31+ for colloid 281 The liquid medium is, or contains, hydro- systems of colloid-sized solid or semi- carbon: solid phase dispersed in primarily This subclass is indented under subclass 280. organic continuous liquid phase, sub- Compositions wherein liquid hydrocarbon con­ classes 38+ for colloid systems of col­ stitutes all, or part of, the liquid medium. loid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ (1) Note. Examples of compositions pro­ ous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for vided for herein are gasoline-coal-water colloid systems of colloid-sized solid slurries having additives such as surfac­ phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ tants or stabilizers. ous liquid phase; subclass 901 for col­ loid system of substantially pure (2) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition element Carbon; or agents for such for the definition of hydrocarbon. systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: when generically claimed or when 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; there is no hierarchically superior pro- Subcombinations Thereof; Processes vision in the USPC for the specifically of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or claimed art. Inhibiting, subclasses 31+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid or semi- 300 LIQUID FUELS (EXCLUDING FUELS solid phase dispersed in primarily THAT ARE EXCLUSIVELY MIXTURES organic continuous liquid phase, sub- OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS): classes 38+ for colloid systems of col­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ loid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon tion. Compositions pertaining to liquid fuels phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ containing at least one nonhydrocarbon ingre­ ous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for dient or solid hydrocarbon polymer ingredient; colloid systems of colloid-sized solid the fuel itself may be hydrocarbonaceous, such phase dispersed in aqueous continu­ as gasoline, etc., or it may be a nonhydrocar­ ous liquid phase; subclass 901 for col­ bon fuel, such as alcohol, ether, etc.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 9

Classes 44 and 508 on the basis of their (1) Note. Since the lighter mineral oil frac­ being light or heavy mineral oil frac­ tions (naphtha, kerosene, gasoline, etc.) tions, respectively. are inherently fuels, this subclass and its indents provide for compositions of such (6) Note. Examples of liquid fuel composi­ fractions admixed with nonhydrocarbon tions provided for in this subclass are: or solid hydrocarbon polymer material (a) the mixture of a liquid hydrocarbon and not limited to a use or function pro­ fuel with diethyl selenide and (b) the vided for elsewhere; examples of such mixture of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel compositions are gasolines mixed with with n-butyl lithium. antioxidants, gum inhibitors, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: (2) Note. This subclass and its indents pro- 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Prod­ vide not only for compositions of liquid ucts, particularly subclasses 15+, for fuels, as supra, but also for compositions liquid fuels which are mineral oils or of additives intended for incorporation blends of two different mineral oils. into liquid fuels, the purpose of said The expression “mineral oil” additive compositions being to improve embraces natural petroleum, asphalt, the combustion characteristics of the fuel pitches, waxes, and tars which are pri­ characteristics, per se, of the liquid fuel. marily mixtures of hydrocarbons, as Examples of such additive compositions well as distillates of such tars of inde­ are antiknock compositions, cetane terminate composition. Included also improving compositions, carburetting are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that is, compositions, smoke reduction composi­ the liquid hydrocarbonaceous mix­ tions, etc. ture resulting from the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood tars, wood tar (3) Note. Since additives to liquid fuel com­ oils, and wood tar distillates which are positions may serve more than a single similar to coal tar in that they include function, the primary basis of classifica­ an unidentified mixture, including tion for this subclass and its indents is hydrocarbons. It embraces “coke” the chemical structure of the nonhydro­ and “resin” only if the “coke” or carbon ingredient(s) of the composition. “resin” results from a Class 208 pro­ cess performed on a mineral oil or a (4) Note. This subclass and its indents pro- mineral oil fraction. vide for processes under the class defini­ 252, Compositions, subclasses 380+ for tion not classified elsewhere, for the stabilizing compositions, per se, even production and treatment of the liquid though they may be intended for fuel compositions encompassed. incorporation into liquid fuels. 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Com­ (5) Note. Class 508, Solid Anti-Friction pounds, particularly subclass 14, for Devices, Materials Therefor, Lubricant liquid fuels which are mixtures of or Separant Compositions for Moving hydrocarbons, at least one of which is Solid Surfaces, and Miscellaneous Min­ a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon. eral Oil Compositions, subclasses 110+ is the generic residuum for heavy min­ 301 Emulsion fuel (e.g., water-gasoline emul­ eral oil fractions admixed with nonhy­ sions, etc.): drocarbon or solid hydrocarbon polymer This subclass is indented under subclass 300. additive. If such a composition is dis­ Compositions which are emulsions. closed solely as a fuel or as a fuel con­ taining a lubricant mixed therewith, (1) Note. To be placed in this subclass, the Class 44 controls; if it is disclosed solely liquid fuel composition must be as a lubricant, Class 508 controls. If described as an “emulsion” or “micro- there is no use or function limitation, emulsion” in either the claims or the such compositions are divided between specification.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 10 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(2) Note. Classified herein are emulsions of (1) Note. The reaction of carbon monoxide, water and hydrocarbonaceous fuels, usu­ olefin, and hydrogen is referred to as the ally with added surfactants. “oxo” reaction. Desired products are generally removed from this reaction (3) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition mixture by a distillation process. The for the definition of hydrocarbon. residue remaining in the still pot after distillation, a mixture of diverse com­ SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: pounds, is the material encompassed by 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; this subclass. Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or 304 Organic compound of indeterminate struc­ Inhibiting, for colloid systems (e.g., ture which is a reaction product of an emulsions) or agents for such systems organic compound with sulfur halide or ele­ or making or stabilizing such systems mental sulfur containing: or agents, especially subclass 20 for This subclass is indented under subclass 300. oil-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 21+ for Compositions which contain a compound of water-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 53+ indeterminate structure which has been pre- for oil-in-water emulsion; in each pared by the reaction of an organic compound instance, when generically claimed or with sulfur or with a sulfur halide. when there is no hierarchically supe­ rior provision in the USPC for the (1) Note. Included within this subclass are specifically claimed art. both (a) the reaction products, per se, of sulfur or sulfur halide with an organic 302 Alkanol component: compound and (b) such reaction prod­ This subclass is indented under subclass 301. ucts which have been themselves further Compositions in which an alkanol, i.e., ROH, reacted. wherein R is an alkyl group, is a component of the emulsified fuel. (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: pound”. 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes 305 Phosphosulfurized or phosphooxidized of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or organic compound of indeterminate struc­ Inhibiting, for colloid systems (e.g., ture containing (i.e., reaction products of emulsions) or agents for such systems organic compounds with phosphorus sul­ or making or stabilizing such systems fides or oxides): or agents, especially subclass 20 for This subclass is indented under subclass 300. oil-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 21+ for Compositions which contain a compound of water-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 53+ indeterminate structure which has been pre- for oil-in-water emulsion; in each pared by the reaction of an organic compound instance, when generically claimed or with phosphorus sulfides or phosphorus when there is no hierarchically supe­ oxides. rior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. (1) Note. Included within this subclass are both (a) the reaction products, per se, of 303 Oxo still bottoms containing (i.e., distillation phosphorus sulfide or phosphorus oxide residues from reaction product of carbon with an organic compound, and (b) such monoxide, hydrogen, and olefin): reaction products which have been them- This subclass is indented under subclass 300. selves further reacted. Compositions which contain still bottoms from the oxo reaction. (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 11

either (a) mixtures or (b) of indeterminate 306 Rosin, tall oil, or derivatives thereof contain­ structure. ing (except abietic acids or fatty acids derived therefrom): (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided This subclass is indented under subclass 300. for are extracts of slippery elm, alkanet, Compositions which contain tall oil, rosin or Irish moss, and onions. derivatives thereof, excluding fatty acids, per se, or abietic acids, per se, derived from tall oil 308 Containing triglycerides (e.g., castor oil, or rosin. corn oil, olive oil, lard, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 307. (1) Note. Tall oil is a by-product of the Compositions wherein the extract contains trig­ wood pulp industry and is usually recov­ lycerides. ered from pine wood “black liquor” of the sulfate or kraft paper processes. A (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided typical composition of tall oil includes for herein are linseed oil and coconut oil 50-60 percent fatty acids (e.g., oleic, extracts. linoleic, etc.), 34-40 percent rosin acids, and 5-10 percent unsaponifiable matter, (2) Note. Triglycerides are characterized by such as long chain alcohols and sterols. the structure below, wherein the R's may be the same or different fatty acid radi­ (2) Note. Rosin, also known as colophony, cals: is usually designated according to its source, e.g., gum rosin (from exudate of incisions on living trees); wood rosin (from Southern pine stumps); and tall oil rosin (from by-products of the wood pulp industry). The principal constitu­ ents isolated from rosin are carboxylic acids with a hydrophenanthrene nucleus, comprising abietic acid and its isomers, such as pimaric acid. The acids may exist in rosin as acid anhydrides. The mixed acids are known in the trade as rosin acids or resin acids, the two expres­ 309 Organic oxidate of indeterminate composi­ sions being used interchangeably. tion containing (e.g., paraffin wax oxidate or petroleum oxidate, etc.): (3) Note. Abietic acid has the following This subclass is indented under subclass 300. structure: Compositions which contain a compound of indeterminate structure which has been pre- pared by oxidation of an organic compound.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are naphthenic acid oxidates, petroleum lubricating oil oxidates, tri­ isobutylene oxidate, paraffin oxidates, and triglyceride oxidates.

(2) Note. The oxidates of this subclass are 307 Plant or animal extract mixtures or extracts generally complex mixtures. An indica­ of indeterminate structure containing: tion that the oxidate contains carboxylic This subclass is indented under subclass 300. acids is not sufficient to remove it from Compositions which contain extracts from this subclass. plant or animal matter, which extracts are

December 2000 Edition 44 - 12 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(3) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ 313 Carbohydrate containing: tion for the definition of “organic com­ This subclass is indented under subclass 300. pound”. Compositions which contain a carbohydrate compound. 310 Chemically reacted organic oxidate (e.g., esterified, etc.): (1) Note. See the Class 536 class definition This subclass is indented under subclass 309. for the definition of a carbohydrate. Compositions which contain an oxidate of indeterminate composition which has been 314 Boron containing: made to undergo a further reaction, after being This subclass is indented under subclass 300. oxidized. Compositions which contain elemental boron or a boron compound. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are oxidates which are (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ reduced to decrease active oxygen con- vided for herein is: tent, and oxidates which have been reacted to esterify the carboxylic acid content thereof.

311 Sludge, pitch, tar, or tar distillate contain­ ing: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain tar, tar distillate, pitch, or sludge. 315 Phosphorus attached directly or indirectly to the boron: (1) Note. Pitch, tar, and tar distillate are This subclass is indented under subclass 314. generally considered as mineral oils. Compositions wherein the compound contain­ ing boron also contains phosphorus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ especially subclasses 15+ for liquid vided for herein is: fuel compositions which are mixtures of mineral oil materials only.

312 Quinone or anthraquinone containing (e.g., quinhydrone, benzoquinones, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain quinone com­ pounds. 316 Three carbons or three fluorines bonded (1) Note. Quinone compounds have one of directly to the boron: the two following structures wherein This subclass is indented under subclass 314. substitution may be made for ring hydro- Compositions wherein the boron is bonded gens only: directly to three carbons or to three fluorines.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 13

319 Carbon, chalcogen, and boron in the same ring: 317 Nitrogen attached directly or indirectly to This subclass is indented under subclass 318. the boron: Compositions wherein the boron, carbon, and This subclass is indented under subclass 314. chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tel­ Compositions wherein the boron is attached lurium) are members of the same ring. directly or indirectly to nitrogen. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided vided for herein is: for herein are:

320 Silicon containing: and This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain elemental silicon or a silicon compound.

321 Free metal or alloy containing: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain an alloy or an ele­ mental metal.

(1) Note. Coated metals are included within 318 Three identical or diverse chalcogens the scope of this subclass. bonded directly to the boron: This subclass is indented under subclass 314. 322 Containing acyclic oxygen single bonded to Compositions wherein the boron is bonded acyclic oxygen (i.e., peroxy compounds): directly to three identical or diverse chalcogens This subclass is indented under subclass 300. (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). Compositions which contain a compound hav­ ing two acyclic oxygens bonded directly to (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided each other. for herein are boric acid, and:

December 2000 Edition 44 - 14 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided (1) Note. An organic nitrogen compound is for herein are: hydrogen peroxide, per­ one which has nitrogen attached directly oxycarboxylic acid esters, dialkyl perox­ or indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to ides, and alkyl hydroperoxides. carbon of an organic compound. See Glossary of the class definition for the 323 Containing -X-N(=X) or -X­ definition of “organic compound”. N(=X)(=X)bonded directly to carbon, wherein the X’s are the same or diverse 326 With organic nonnitrate chalcogen com­ chalcogens (e.g., thionitrite esteres, etc.): pound: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Compositions which contain a compound Compositions which contain, in addition to a wherein carbon is bonded directly to an -X­ nitrate or a thionitrate compound, an additional N(=X) group or to an -X-N(=X)(=X) group, compound which is an organic oxygen com­ wherein the X’s are the same or diverse chalco­ pound that does not contain an-X-N (=O)(=O) gens (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellu­ group. rium. (1) Note. An organic oxygen compound is (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided one which has oxygen attached, directly for herein are: or indirectly, by nonionic bonding to car- bon of an organic compound. See Glos­ sary of the class definition for the definition of “organic compound”.

327 Organic azide compound, or organic com­ pound having acyclic nitrogen double bonded to acyclic nitrogen (e.g., diazo com­ pounds, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain organic com­ 324 Nitrates or thionitrates (i.e., -X-N(=O) (=O) pounds having acyclic nitrogen double bonded bonded directly to carbon): to acyclic nitrogen or organic azide com­ This subclass is indented under subclass 323. pounds. Compositions which contain a compound wherein carbon is bonded directly to an -X­ (1) Note. The azide group has no single def­ N(=O)(=O) group, wherein X is oxygen or sul­ inite structure; it can be represented by fur. different resonance forms, such as:

(1) Note. Nitrate esters and thionitrate esters are the principal substances pro­ vided for herein.

(2) Note. The ingredients provided for by this subclass generally exhibit cetane­ improving properties in diesel fuels. The azide group is generally depicted as: 325 With organic nonnitrate nitrogen com­ pound: This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Compositions which contain, in addition to a nitrate or a thionitrate compound, an additional compound which is an organic nitrogen com­ (2) Note. Organic azide compounds have pound that does not contain an -X-N (=O)(=O) the azide group attached directly or indi­ group. rectly, by nonionic bonding, to carbon of

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 15

an organic compound. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided “organic compound”. for herein are heterocyclic ring com­ pounds wherein seven or more ring (3) Note. Similarly, organic compounds members are present in the hetero ring. having acyclic nitrogen double bonded to acyclic nitrogen must have the nitro- 330 Compound of indeterminate structure pre- gens attached directly or indirectly, by pared by reacting a heterocyclic compound nonionic bonding, to carbon of an of known structure: organic compound. This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Compositions which contain a compound of (4) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ indeterminate structure, resulting from the vided for herein is: reaction of a heterocyclic compound of known structure.

331 The heterocyclic compound reactant is a dicarboxylic acid anhydride (e.g., reaction product of succinic anhydride with a polyamine, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Compositions which contain a compound of 328 Azo compound (i.e., each of the nitrogens is indeterminate structure resulting from the reac­ single bonded to carbon): tion of a cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride. This subclass is indented under subclass 327. Compositions which contain an azo compound, 332 The heterocyclic compound reactant is an i.e., a compound wherein carbon is bonded oxirane (e.g., reaction product of epihalohy­ directly to each of two acyclic nitrogens that drin with amine, epoxide reactions, etc.): are double bonded directly to each other. This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Compositions which contain a compound of (1) Note. Azo compounds are often used to indeterminate structure resulting from the reac­ give a distinctive coloration to fuels. tion of a compound containing a three-mem­ bered hetero ring whose ring members are two (2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ carbons and one oxygen. vided for herein is: 333 The hetero ring contains six members including nitrogen and carbon: This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Compositions which contain a six-membered hetero ring compound with carbon and nitro­ gen ring members.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: 329 Heterocyclic carbon compound containing a hetero ring having chalcogen or nitrogen as the only ring hetero atoms: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain a compound hav­ ing a heterocyclic ring whose ring members are carbon and at least one hetero atom selected from nitrogen and chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sul­ fur, selenium, and tellurium).

December 2000 Edition 44 - 16 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

334 Chalcogen in the hetero ring: 337 Polymer or copolymer of a vinyl pyridine: This subclass is indented under subclass 333. This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Compositions wherein the six-membered het­ Compositions wherein the six-membered het­ ero ring has chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, ero ring compound results from polymerization selenium, or tellurium) as a ring member. or copolymerization of a vinyl pyridine.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ (1) Note. Polymerization or copolymeriza­ vided for herein is: tion normally occurs through the olefini­ cally unsaturated vinyl group.

(2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is a copolymer of vinyl pyridine and t-butyl styrene.

338 Acyclic chalcogen or acyclic nitrogen 335 Plural nitrogens in the hetero ring (e.g., pip­ bonded directly to ring carbon of the hetero erazines, etc.): ring: This subclass is indented under subclass 333. This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Compositions wherein the six-membered het­ Compositions wherein a ring carbon of the six- ero ring has plural nitrogen ring members. membered hetero ring is bonded directly to acyclic nitrogen or to acyclic chalcogen (i.e., (1) Note. Many of the ingredients provided oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). for herein are piperazine compounds. Piperazine, per se, has the structure: (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

336 Triazine or 1,3-diazine: This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Compositions wherein the six-membered het­ ero ring has three nitrogen ring members, or has two nitrogen ring members in the 1- and 3- positions of the ring.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: 339 The hetero ring is unsubstituted or hydro­ carbyl substituted only, or salts thereof (e.g., pyridyl salicylate salts, isoquinoline, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Compositions wherein the ring members of the six-membered hetero ring may be unsubsti­ tuted or hydrocarbyl-substituted only, or salts thereof.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 17

342 Plural nitrogens in the hetero ring (e.g., imi­ dazolines, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 340. Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ ero ring has plural nitrogen ring members.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

340 The hetero ring contains five members including nitrogen and carbon (e.g., pyrroli­ 343 At least three nitrogens in the hetero ring dones, porphines, etc.): (e.g., triazoles, tetrazoles, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 329. This subclass is indented under subclass 342. Compositions which contain a five-membered Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ hetero ring compound with carbon and nitro­ ero ring has three or four nitrogen ring mem­ gen ring members. bers. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: vided for herein is:

341 Chalcogen in the hetero ring: 344 Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen or This subclass is indented under subclass 340. NH, attached indirectly to the hetero ring by Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ nonionic bonding: ero ring has chalcogen (i.e. oxygen, sulfur, This subclass is indented under subclass 342. selenium, or tellurium) as a ring member. Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ ero ring is attached indirectly, by nonionic (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ bonding, to carbon of a -C(=X)- group, where vided for herein is: X is NH or chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium).

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

December 2000 Edition 44 - 18 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

345 Carboxylic acid salt of the hetero ring com­ 348 Substituent on the ring nitrogen contains an pound, or a free carboxylic acid is present: acyclic -C(=X)-) group, wherein X is chalco­ This subclass is indented under subclass 342. gen: Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ This subclass is indented under subclass 347. ero ring compound is salified with a carboxylic Compositions in which acyclic -C(=X)-, acid, or exists in mixture with a carboxylic wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, acid. selenium, or tellurium), is present in the ring nitrogen substituent. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

346 Polymeric or copolymeric compound having plural occurrences of the hetero ring (e.g., alpha-olefin maleimide copolymers, etc.): 349 The hetero ring contains six members This subclass is indented under subclass 340. including carbon and chalcogen (e.g., six- Compositions wherein the five-membered het­ membered sorbitans, ketone peroxides, ero ring is present plural times in a polymeric etc.): or copolymeric compound. This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Compositions which contain a six-membered (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ hetero ring compound with carbon and chalco­ vided for herein is the copolymer of N- gen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellu­ vinyl pyrrolidone with lauryl methacy­ rium) as the only ring members. late. 350 The hetero ring contains five members 347 Acyclic chalcogen bonded directly to each including carbon and chalcogen: carbon adjacent to the ring nitrogen (e.g., This subclass is indented under subclass 329. succinimides, etc.): Compositions which contain a five-membered This subclass is indented under subclass 340. hetero ring compound with carbon and chalco­ Compositions wherein each carbon adjacent to gen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellu­ the ring nitrogen of the five-membered hetero rium) as the only ring members. ring is bonded directly to acyclic chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 19

additional heavy metal, are excluded 351 Acyclic chalcogen bonded directly to ring from this subclass and its indents, and carbon of the hetero ring (e.g., five-mem­ placed in appropriate subclasses below. bered lactones, anhydrides, sorbitans, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 350. (4) Note. Examples of ingredients provided Compositions in which ring carbon of the five- for by this subclass are aluminum membered hetero ring is bonded directly to hydroxide, vanadium trichloride, silver acyclic chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, sele­ iodide, and ferrous oxide. nium, or tellurium). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ CLASS: vided for herein is the copolymer of eth­ 385, for lead acetate. ylene and maleic anhydride. 370+, for lead sulfonates, and other appro­ priate subclasses, for compounds con­ 352 Ring carbons of the hetero ring are unsub­ taining both lead and an additional stituted or hydrocarbyl substituted only: functional group. This subclass is indented under subclass 350. 454+, for tetrahydrocarbyl lead compounds. Compositions in which the ring carbons of the five-membered hetero ring may be unsubsti­ 355 Inorganic metal carbonyl compound (e.g., tuted or hydrocarbyl substituted only. iron carbonyl, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 354. (1) Note. Examples of an ingredient pro­ Compositions wherein carbon of carbon mon­ vided for herein are: oxide is bonded directly to metal. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are iron pentac­ arbonyl and:

356 With organic -C(=O)O- containing com­ 353 The hetero ring contains three or four mem­ pound (e.g., carboxylic acids, esters, etc.): bers: This subclass is indented under subclass 355. This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Compositions which contain, in addition to an Compositions which contain a hetero ring com­ inorganic metal carbonyl compound, an pound with three or four ring members. organic -C (=O) O- containing compound. 354 Aluminum or heavy metal, other than lead, (1) Note. An organic -C(=O)O- containing containing: compound is one in which the carbon of This subclass is indented under subclass 300. the -C (=O)O- group is, or is attached Compositions which contain an aluminum directly or indirectly by nonionic bond­ compound or a heavy metal, other than lead, ing to, the carbon of an organic com­ compound. pound. (1) Note. Arsenic is considered a heavy (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ metal. tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”. (2) Note. Heavy metals are considered to be those having a specific gravity greater (3) Note. Examples of ingredients provided than 4.0. for herein are oleic acid and isopropyl formate. (3) Note. Lead compounds, except those containing lead and aluminum or an

December 2000 Edition 44 - 20 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

357 Inorganic compound of Zr, Cr, Cu, Zn, or 361 Five-membered, unsaturated carbocycle Ni: bonded directly to the heavy metal or alumi­ This subclass is indented under subclass 354. num (e.g., ferrocene, etc.): Compositions which contain zirconium, chro­ This subclass is indented under subclass 358. mium, copper, zinc, or nickel inorganic com­ Compositions wherein heavy metal or alumi­ pounds. num is bonded directly to a five-membered unsaturated carbocycle. 358 Organic compound containing the heavy metal or aluminum: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ This subclass is indented under subclass 354. vided for herein is cyclopentadienyl Compositions wherein heavy metal or alumi­ nickel nitrosyl. num is bonded directly or indirectly to carbon of an organic compound. 362 Heavy metal or aluminum complex of com­ pounds having two -C(=X)- groups, wherein (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ X is chalcogen, bonded to the same carbon, tion for the definition of “organic com­ or enols thereof (e.g., iron acetylacetonate, pound”. etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 358. (2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided Compositions which contain complexes of for herein are dibutyl mercury and alu­ compounds having two -C(=X)- groups, minum triethyl etherate. wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium), bonded to the same 359 Metal carbonyl compound (e.g., cyclopenta­ carbon, or the enols thereof with heavy metal dienyl manganese tricarbonyl, etc.): of aluminum. This subclass is indented under subclass 358. Compositions wherein carbon of carbon mon­ (1) Note. An example of the keto-enol tau­ oxide is bonded directly to metal of the organo tomerism referred to above is either of metal compound. these two tautomer types, below, which can form complexes with heavy metal or (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ aluminum: vided for herein is benzene chromium tricarbonyl.

360 Substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadie­ nyl manganese tricarbonyl, with an organic compound having -C(=O)O-not bonded to heavy metal or aluminum: This subclass is indented under subclass 359. Compositions which contain an organic - C(=O)O- compound, that is not a heavy metal or aluminum carboxylic acid salt, and which also contain cyclopentadienyl manganese tri­ carbonyl which may be substituted. 363 Heavy metal or aluminum carboxylate salt (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ or complex: tion for the definition of “organic com­ This subclass is indented under subclass 358. pound”. Compositions which contain a carboxylic acid salt or carboxylic acid complex of a heavy metal or aluminum.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 21

364 The heavy metal is Cr, Zr, or a lanthanide: This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Compositions wherein the heavy metal that forms the salt or complex is chromium, zirco­ nium, or a lanthanide element.

(1) Note. The lanthanide elements are those of atomic numbers 57-61.

(2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is cerium naphthenate.

365 Heavy metal or aluminum sulfonate salt or complex: This subclass is indented under subclass 358. Compositions which contain a sulfonic acid salt or sulfonic acid complex heavy metal or aluminum. 368 Organic compound containing arsenic, anti­ mony, or bismuth: (1) Note. The general formula of a sulfonic This subclass is indented under subclass 358. acid wherein R is an organic radical is: Compositions wherein the heavy metal is arsenic, antimony, or bismuth.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

366 Heavy metal or aluminum salt of organic phosphorus acid: This subclass is indented under subclass 358. Compositions which contain a phosphorus acid salt of aluminum or heavy metal.

(1) Note. The phosphorus acids referred to 369 Containing -O-S(=O)(=O)O- or -O-S(=O)O­ herein are any organic phosphorus com­ attached directly or indirectly to carbon by pounds having-XH, wherein X is chalco­ nonionic bonding (e.g., sulfate esters, sulfite gen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or esters, etc.): tellurium), bonded directly to the phos­ This subclass is indented under subclass 300. phorus. Compositions which contain a compound hav­ ing carbon attached directly or indirectly to -O­ (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ S(=O) (=O)O- or to -O-S(=O)O- by nonionic tion for the definition of “organic com­ bonding. pound”. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided 367 Nitrogen bonded directly or indirectly to the for herein are: heavy metal or aluminum: This subclass is indented under subclass 358. Compositions wherein the heavy metal or alu­ minum is bonded directly or indirectly to nitro­ gen.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

December 2000 Edition 44 - 22 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

372 Hydrazine or organic nitrogen compound salts of sulfonic acids: This subclass is indented under subclass 370. Compositions which contain a sulfonic acid which has been salified with hydrazine or with an organic nitrogen compound.

(1) Note. A sulfonic acid has the general formula, below, wherein R is an organic radical:

370 Containing organic -S(=O)(=O)O- com­ pound (i.e., sulfonates): (2) Note. By organic nitrogen compound is This subclass is indented under subclass 300. meant a compound having nitrogen Compositions which contain a compound hav­ attached directly or indirectly, by non- ing an organic sulfonate, i.e., -S(=O)(=O)O-, ionic bonding, to carbon of an organic group. compound. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of “organic (1) Note. An organic sulfonate group is one compound”. wherein the -S(=O)(=O)O- group is attached directly or indirectly to carbon (3) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ of an organic compound by nonionic vided for herein is: bonding. See Glossary in the class defi­ nition for the definition of “organic com­ pound”.

(2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is an alkyl benzene sul­ fonic acid.

371 Nitrogen or -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalco­ 373 Overbased sulfonate or carbonated alkaline gen, attached indirectly to the sulfonate earth metal sulfonate: group by nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 370. This subclass is indented under subclass 370. Compositions which contain sulfonate com­ Compositions wherein the -S(=O)(=O)O- is pounds which are overbased or are carbonated. attached indirectly to nitrogen or to -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, (1) Note. An overbased sulfonate is one in selenium, or tellurium) by nonionic bonding. which an amount of alkaline metal (i.e., Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr) is present which is (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ greater than the stoichiometric amount vided for herein is: of metal which would be present if the parent sulfonic acid, R-S(=O) (=O)OH, were fully neutralized. The exact struc­ ture of this type compound has not been determined.

(2) Note. A carbonated alkaline earth metal sulfonate is the complex resulting from the reaction of carbon dioxide with alka­ line earth metal sulfonate.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 23

374 With organic -C(=O)O- compound (e.g., (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ carboxylic acids, esters, etc.): vided for herein is: This subclass is indented under subclass 370. Compositions which contain, in addition to an organic sulfonate compound, an organic - C(=O)O- group containing compound.

(1) Note. An organic -C(=O)O- containing compound is one in which the carbon of the-C(=O)O- group is, or is attached directly or indirectly by nonionic bond­ 377 Lecithin or indeterminate structure reaction ing to, the carbon of an organic com­ product thereof: pound. This subclass is indented under subclass 376. Compositions which contain a lecithin, or a (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ product of indeterminate structure formed by tion for the definition of “organic com­ reaction of a lecithin. pound”. (1) Note. Lecithins have the following 375 Containing compound having phosphorus structurewherein the R's are the same or bonded directly to chalcogen and directly or different, and are acyclic hydrocarbon indirectly to carbon by nonionic bonding radicals of at least seven carbon atoms (e.g., alkyl acid phosphates, etc.): chain length: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain phosphorous, bonded directly or indirectly to carbon by non- ionic bonding, and bonded directly to chalco­ gen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) by nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

378 Carbon bonded directly to the phosphorus: This subclass is indented under subclass 375. Compositions wherein the phosphorus is bonded directly to carbon.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

376 Nitrogen attached to the phosphorus directly or indirectly by acyclic nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 375. Compositions wherein the phosphorus is attached to nitrogen directly or indirectly by acyclic nonionic bonding.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 24 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

379 Chalcogen or halogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 375. Compositions wherein the phosphorus is attached indirectly to halogen or to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) by acyclic nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided 381 Chalcogen or additional nitrogen in the for herein are: organic nitrogen compound: This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Compositions wherein the organic nitrogen compound employed to salify the phosphorus acid contains chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) or plural nitrogens.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

380 Organic nitrogen compound salt of organic phosphorus acids: This subclass is indented under subclass 375. Compositions wherein an organic phosphorus acid is salified with an organic nitrogen com­ pound. 382 Phosphorus triester: This subclass is indented under subclass 375. (1) Note. By organic nitrogen compound is Compositions wherein phosphorus is bonded meant a compound having nitrogen directly to three chalcogens, each of which is attached directly or indirectly by non- bonded to carbon, which carbon is not multiple ionic bonding to carbon of an organic bonded to a hetero atom. compound. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of “organic (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ compound”. vided for herein is: (2) Note. by organic phosphorus acid is meant a compound having phosphorus attached directly or indirectly by non- ionic bonding to carbon of an organic compound, and having -XH, wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, sele­ nium, or tellurium), bonded directly to the phosphorus. 383 Containing organic -C(=X)X- compound, (3) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ wherein the X’s are the same or diverse vided for herein is: chalcogens, with at least one X being sulfur: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions wherein the carbon of -C(=X)X­ group, in which the X's are the same or diverse chalcogens (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 25

tellurium), at least one X being sulfur, is, or is attached directly or indirectly by nonionic 386 Compound of indeterminate structure pre- bonding to, carbon of an organic compound. pared by reacting an organic -C(=O)O-com­ pound: (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ This subclass is indented under subclass 385. tion for the definition of “organic com­ Compositions which contain a compound or pound”. compounds of indeterminate structure resulting from the reaction of an organic -C(=O)O- com­ (2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ pound. vided for herein is: 387 Nitrogen or oxygen bonded directly to the carbon of the -C(=O)O- group (e.g., car­ bamic and carbonic compounds, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Compositions wherein the carbon of the - C(=O)O- group is bonded directly to nitrogen or to oxygen. 384 Organic compound containing -NC or -CN group: (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided This subclass is indented under subclass 300. for herein are: Compositions which contain the cyano group, - CN, or the isocyano group, -NC, attached directly or indirectly to carbon of an organic compound by nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”.

(2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are olefin-heifenmethacryloni­ trile polymers and methyl isonitrile.

385 Containing organic -C(=O)O- compound (e.g., fatty acids, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 300. 388 The single bonded oxygen is bonded directly Compositions wherein the carbon of a - to an additional carbon, which carbon may C(=O)O- group is, or is attached directly or be single bonded to any element but may be indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the carbon multiple bonded only to carbon (i.e., carbox­ of an organic compound. ylic acid esters): This subclass is indented under subclass 385. (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ Compositions wherein an additional carbon is tion for the definition of “organic com­ bonded directly to the single bonded oxygen, pound”. which additional carbon may be single bonded to any element but may be multiple bonded (2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided only to carbon. for herein are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, naphthenic acid, and alkali (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ metal or ammonium salts of said fatty vided for herein is: acids or naphthenic acid.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 26 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

389 Plural -C(=O)O- groups attached to each other directly or indirectly by nonionic 392 Product polymerized through an olefinic bonding (e.g., polyesters, half ester-half acid double bond: compounds, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 391. This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Compositions in which the compound contain­ Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is ing the nitrogen and plural -C(=O)O- groups attached directly or indirectly to an additional - has been formed by polymerization of an ole­ (C=O)O- group by nonionic bonding. finic double bond.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ (1) Note. Olefinic double bonds are carbon vided for herein is: to carbon double bond between acyclic carbons or alicyclic carbons.

(2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is the tripolymer of sty­ rene, lauryl methacrylate, and N-(3­ dimethylaminopropyl) methacrylamide.

393 Copolymer of olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon monomer and additional 390 Halogen or sulfur attached indirectly to the - monomer (e.g., ethylene-vinyl acetate copol­ C(=O)O- by nonionic bonding: ymers, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 389. This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is Compositions which are copolymers of a attached indirectly to sulfur or to halogen by hydrocarbon monomer having an olefinic dou­ nonionic bonding. ble bond and of one or more additional mono­ mers. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are chlorinated copolymers of (1) Note. Olefinic double bonds are carbon ethylene and vinyl acetate, and: to carbon double bonds between acyclic carbons or alicyclic carbons.

394 With organic nitrogen compound: This subclass is indented under subclass 393. Compositions which contain, in addition to the compound having plural -C(=O)O- groups, an additional compound which is an organic nitro­ 391 Nitrogen attached indirectly to the - gen compound. C(=O)O- by nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 389. (1) Note. An organic nitrogen compound is Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is one which has nitrogen attached directly attached indirectly to nitrogen by nonionic or indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to bonding. carbon of an organic compound. See Glossary in the class definition for the (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ definition of “organic compound”. vided for herein is:

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 27

directly or through an acyclic or cyclic 395 With additional synthetic nonhydrocarbon chain of atoms. polymer: This subclass is indented under subclass 393. 399 Nitrogen attached indirectly to the - Compositions which contain, in addition to the C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding: compound having plural -C(=O)O- groups, an This subclass is indented under subclass 388. additional compound which is a synthetic poly­ Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is mer having elements other than carbon and attached indirectly to nitrogen by nonionic hydrogen. bonding.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient com­ (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ bination provided for herein is the com­ vided for herein is: bination of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer together with acylated poly- styrene.

396 One of the monomers contains a benzene ring (e.g., styrene, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 393. Compositions wherein a benzene ring is present in one of the monomers that forms the copolymer. 400 Chalcogen or halogen attached indirectly to (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided the -C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding: for herein are: a copolymer of ethylene This subclass is indented under subclass 388. and vinyl benzoate, and alkyl esters of Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. attached indirectly to halogen or to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) by 397 Polymer or copolymer or nonhydrocarbon nonionic bonding. olefinically unsaturated monomers polymer­ ized through an olefinic double bond (e.g., (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided trimer esters, etc.): for herein are: This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Compositions wherein the compound having plural -C(=O)O- groups is a polymer or a copolymer of nonhydrocarbon olefinically unsaturated monomer(s) polymerized through an olefinic double bond.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are: the homopolymer of lau­ ryl methacrylate, and the esterified copolymer of vinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride.

398 Mono-, di-, or polyester of polycarboxylic acids: 401 Alkyl ester of formic or alkanoic acids: This subclass is indented under subclass 389. This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Compositions which contain a polycarboxylic Compositions which contain formic or acid which is mono-, di-, or polyesterified. alkanoic acid alkyl esters.

(1) Note. By polycarboxylic acid is meant a (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided compound in which the carbons of plural for herein are amyl acetate and methyl -C(=O)O- groups are attached to each formate.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 28 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

402 With alkanol or dialkyl ether: 405 Nitrogen attached indirectly to the - This subclass is indented under subclass 401. C(=O)O- group by acyclic nonionic bond­ Compositions which contain, in addition to the ing: formic or alkanoic acid ester, an alkanol or a This subclass is indented under subclass 385. dialkyl ether; alkanols have the formula ROH Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is and dialkyl ethers have the formula ROR, with attached indirectly to nitrogen by acyclic non- R in each case being alkyl. ionic bonding.

403 Plural -C(=O)O- groups attached to each (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ other directly or indirectly by nonionic vided for herein is: bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O group is attached directly or indirectly to an additional - C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are: 406 The nitrogen is bonded directly to an addi­ tional -C(=O)- group: This subclass is indented under subclass 405. Compositions wherein an additional -C(=O)­ group is bonded directly to the nitrogen.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- CLASS: 407 Plural nitrogens or plural chalcogens 322, for ingredients containing the struc­ attached indirectly to the -C(=O)O- group tural group: by acyclic nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 406. Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is attached indirectly by acyclic nonionic bonding to plural nitrogens or to plural chalcogens (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium).

404 Carboxylic acid dimer, trimer, or homopoly­ (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ mer: vided for herein is: This subclass is indented under subclass 403. Compositions which contain dimers, trimers, or homopolymers of a carboxylic acid.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 29

408 Organic nitrogen compound salt of carboxy­ 411 With alkanol, ketone, or phenol: lic acids: This subclass is indented under subclass 385. This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Compositions which contain, in addition to the Compositions which contain a carboxylic acid -C(=0)0- compound, an alkanol, ketone, or which has been salified with an organic nitro­ phenol; alkanol has the formula ROH wherein gen compound. R is alkyl, phenol is characterized by having the -OH group bonded directly to a benzene (1) Note. By organic nitrogen compound is ring, and ketone is characterized by having a - meant a compound having nitrogen C(=O)- group bonded directly to two carbon attached directly or indirectly, by non- atoms. ionic bonding, to carbon of an organic compound. See Glossary in the class 412 Organic nitrogen compound containing: definition for the definition of “organic This subclass is indented under subclass 300. compound”. Compositions which contain nitrogen com­ pound, i.e., one in which an organic nitrogen is 409 Plural nitrogens in the organic nitrogen attached directly or indirectly, by nonionic compound (e.g., diamines, aminoamides, bonding, to carbon of an organic compound. guanidines, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 408. (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ Compositions wherein the organic nitrogen tion for the definition of “organic com­ compound salifying agent contains plural nitro- pound”. gens. (2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided 410 Nitrogen or chalcogen attached indirectly to for herein are alkyl monoamines, alkenyl the -C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding: monoamines, and alicyclic amines. This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Compositions wherein the -C(=O)O- group is 413 Nitro or nitroso bonded directly to carbon: attached indirectly by nonionic bonding to This subclass is indented under subclass 412. nitrogen or to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, Compositions wherein carbon is bonded selenium, or tellurium). directly to a nitro or nitroso group.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided (1) Note. The nitro group is depicted as: for herein are:

(2) Note. The nitroso group is depicted as:

and (3) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

December 2000 Edition 44 - 30 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

414 The carbon is acyclic or alicyclic: This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Compositions wherein the nitro or nitroso group is bonded directly to an acyclic or alicy­ clic carbon. 417 Plural nitrogens bonded directly to the same (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ -C(=X)- group, wherein X is chalcogen (e.g., vided for herein is: ureas, etc.). This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions wherein a -C(=X)- group, wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) is bonded directly to plural nitrogens.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

415 Compound of indeterminate structure pre- pared by reacting a phenol, an aldehyde, and ammonia or substituted ammonia: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions which contain a compound of indeterminate structure, resulting from the reaction of a phenol, an aldehyde, and ammo­ nia or substituted ammonia.

(1) Note. Many compounds which result from this type reaction are of known structure. In this class, subclasses 424+ provide for many compounds of this 418 Having -C(=X)- bonded directly to the nitro­ type. gen, wherein X is chalcogen: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. 416 The nitrogen is single bonded directly to Compositions wherein the nitrogen is bonded nitrogen: directly to a-C (=X)- group, wherein X is chal­ This subclass is indented under subclass 412. cogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellu­ Compositions wherein two nitrogens of the rium). organic nitrogen compound are single bonded directly to each other. (1) Note. Carboxylic acid amides and thio­ carboxylic acid amides are the principal (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided ingredients for which provision is made for herein are: herein.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 31

419 Additional nitrogen attached indirectly to the -C(=X)- group by acyclic nonionic bond­ ing: This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Compositions wherein the -C(=X)- group is attached indirectly to an additional nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

422 Quaternary ammonium salt or amine oxide: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions which contain amine oxide com­ 420 Carbon double bonded to the nitrogen: pounds or quaternary ammonium salts. This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions wherein the nitrogen is double (1) Note. An example of an amine oxide bonded to carbon. ingredient provided for herein is:

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

421 Plural nitrogens attached indirectly to each (2) Note. An example of a quaternary amine other by acyclic nonionic bonding: salt ingredient provided for herein is: This subclass is indented under subclass 420. Compositions wherein nitrogen is attached by acyclic nonionic bonding to a further nitrogen.

(1) Note. Neither of the nitrogens in the text of this definition has to be the nitrogen that is double bonded to carbon.

(2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

423 Chalcogen or phosphorus attached directly to the nitrogen by nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions wherein the nitrogen is attached directly to phosphorus or to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) by non- ionic bonding.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 32 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are:

426 Benzene ring bonded directly to the nitro­ gen: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions in which the nitrogen is bonded directly to a benzene ring.

(1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are aniline and the various and alkyl substituted anilines.

427 Chalcogen attached directly or indirectly to the benzene ring by nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 426. Compositions wherein the benzene ring is attached directly or indirectly by nonionic bonding to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, sele­ nium, or tellurium). 424 Benzene ring attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ This subclass is indented under subclass 412. vided for herein is: Compositions wherein the nitrogen is attached indirectly to a benzene ring by acyclic nonionic bonding.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

428 Acyclic carbon bonded directly to the nitro­ gen: This subclass is indented under subclass 427. 425 Additional nitrogen attached indirectly to Compositions wherein the nitrogen bonded to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding: the benzene ring is also bonded directly to acy­ This subclass is indented under subclass 424. clic carbon. Compositions wherein the nitrogen is attached indirectly to an additional nitrogen by acyclic (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ nonionic bonding. vided for herein is:

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 33

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

433 Chalcogen attached indirectly to one of the nitrogens by acyclic nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 432. 429 The benzene ring is part of a polycyclo ring Compositions wherein one of the nitrogens is system: attached indirectly by acyclic nonionic bonding This subclass is indented under subclass 426. to chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or Compositions wherein the nitrogen is bonded tellurium). directly to a benzene ring that is part of a poly­ cyclo ring system. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is alpha-naphthylamine.

430 Plural nitrogens bonded to the same ben­ zene: This subclass is indented under subclass 426. Compositions wherein the benzene ring is bonded directly to plural nitrogens. 434 Chalcogen or halogen attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ This subclass is indented under subclass 412. vided for herein is phenylene diamine. Compositions wherein the nitrogen is attached indirectly by acyclic nonionic bonding to halo­ 431 Plural rings bonded to the same nitrogen gen or chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, sele­ atom: nium, or tellurium). This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Compositions wherein a nitrogen is bonded (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided directly to plural rings. for herein are: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

432 Plural nitrogens attached indirectly to each other by acyclic nonionic bonding: This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Compositions in which an additional nitrogen is attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 34 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

435 Sulfur or phosphorus attached directly or 439 Acyclic ketone: indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to carbon of This subclass is indented under subclass 437. an organic compound: Compositions wherein the -C(=O)- compound This subclass is indented under subclass 300. is an acyclic ketone. Compositions wherein carbon of an organic compound is attached directly or indirectly, by (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ nonionic bonding, to phosphorus or sulfur. vided for herein is acetone.

(1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ 440 Plural benzene rings bonded directly to each tion, for the definition of “organic com­ other or to the same acyclic carbon: pound”. This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Compositions wherein an acyclic carbon is 436 Organic oxygen compound containing (e.g., bonded to plural benzene rings, or plural ben­ alicyclic alcohols, hypochlorites, etc.): zene rings are bonded directly to each other. This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions which contain an organic oxy­ (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided gen compound, i.e., a compound wherein oxy­ for herein are: gen is attached directly or indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to carbon of an organic compound.

(1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”.

(2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

437 The oxygen is part of a -C(=O)- group: This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Compositions wherein the organic compound has the oxygen present as a carbonyl group, - C(=O)-. 441 Oxygen bonded directly to a polycyclo car­ bocyclic ring system: (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided This subclass is indented under subclass 436. for herein are aldehydes, aromatic Compositions wherein a polycyclo carbocyclic ketones, and carboxylic acid halides. ring system is bonded directly to oxygen.

438 With alkanol or dialkyl ether: (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided This subclass is indented under subclass 437. for herein are alpha- and beta-naphthol. Compositions which contain, in addition to the -C(=O)- compound, an alkanol or a dialkyl 442 Plural oxygens bonded directly to the same ether; alkanol is ROH and dialkyl ether is monocyclic benzene ring: ROR, with R in all occurrences being alkyl. This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Compositions wherein a benzene ring is bonded directly to more than one oxygen.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 35

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ 446 Alkanol compound with dialkyl ether com­ vided for herein is: pound: This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Compositions which contain an alkanol com­ pound, ROH, in combination with a dialky ether compound, ROR; R, in each instance, is alkyl.

447 Ether: This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Compositions wherein an oxygen is bonded directly to two carbon atoms. 443 Plural oxygens attached indirectly to each other by acyclic nonionic bonding: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ This subclass is indented under subclass 436. vided for herein is: Compositions wherein plural oxygens are attached, by acyclic nonionic bonding, indi­ rectly to each other.

(1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

448 Dialkyl ether: This subclass is indented under subclass 447. Compositions wherein oxygen is bonded directly to two identical or different alkyl groups. 444 Plural oxygens bonded directly to the same acyclic or alicyclic carbon (e.g., acetals,etc.): 449 Tertiary carbon bonded directly to the ether This subclass is indented under subclass 443. oxygen: Compositions wherein an acyclic or alicyclic This subclass is indented under subclass 448. carbon is bonded to more than one oxygen. Compositions wherein the oxygen is bonded directly to a tertiary carbon atom. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is: (1) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ vided for herein is:

445 All the oxygens are present as -OH groups (e.g., glycols, triols, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 443. 450 Phenol or salt thereof: Compositions wherein the oxygens of the This subclass is indented under subclass 436. ingredient are present only as -OH groups. Compositions which contain the -OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring, and the salts (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided thereof. for herein are glycols and higher polyols. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are phenol, the various alkyl-

December 2000 Edition 44 - 36 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

substituted phenols, and the alkali metal salts of such compounds. 456 Halogen bonded directly to carbon: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. 451 Alkanol: Compositions which contain carbon bonded This subclass is indented under subclass 436. directly to halogen. Compositions wherein oxygen is present as an -OH group which is bonded directly to an alkyl (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided group. for herein are dichloroacetylene and ben­ zotrifluoride. 452 Mixture of alkanols: This subclass is indented under subclass 451. 457 Inorganic component (e.g., carbon dioxide, Compositions wherein at least two different etc.): alkanols are present. This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions in which an inorganic ingredient 453 Dehydration processes, and products is present. thereof: This subclass is indented under subclass 451. (1) Note. Water is provided for as an ingre­ Processes which are directed to removal of dient herein. water from alkanols, and the products of such processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- CLASS: (1) Note. An example of a process provided 301+, for liquid fuels which are aqueous for herein is the treatment of a gasoline­ emulsions. isopropanol-water mixture with a water coalescer to remove water. 458 Nitrogen or sulfur containing (e.g., carbon disulfide, etc.): 454 Lead-containing organic compound: This subclass is indented under subclass 457. This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compositions wherein the inorganic ingredient Compositions which contain compounds in contains nitrogen or sulfur. which lead is attached directly or indirectly to carbon of an organic compound. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are ammonia, sodium nitrate, (1) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ hydrazine, and hydrogen persulfides. tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”. 459 Solid hydrocarbon polymer containing: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. (2) Note. Examples of ingredients provided Compositions which contain polymeric ingre­ for herein are tetraethyl lead, tetraphenyl dients which are both solid and hydrocarbon­ lead, and tetramethyl lead. aceous.

(3) Note. Ingredients containing both a (1) Note. The polymers provided for herein functional group, previously provided can be homopolymeric or copolymeric. for, and lead in the same compound are classified with the functional group pre­ (2) Note. An example of an ingredient pro­ viously provided for. See the search vided for herein is solid polyisobutylene. notes in subclass 354. 490 PEAT: 455 With inorganic additive: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ This subclass is indented under subclass 454. tion. Composition including peat, which is Compositions which contain, in addition to an defined as partly decayed vegetable matter organolead compound, an ingredient which is accumulation in marshes, containing about 25 inorganic. percent water and about 50 percent wood fiber, and a method for preparing such composition.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 37

material fed to a process of that class SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- (201). CLASS: 605, for fuel compositions containing veg­ 501 Treated to reduce spontaneous ignition: etation. This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter in which the fuel product mass 491 Briquet: has a reduced tendency to burst into flame or This subclass is indented under subclass 490. otherwise burn without the application or Subject matter in the form of a fuel briquet, external energy. which form is described in the (2) Note to the class definition. 502 Solid particles containing liquid fuel: This subclass is indented under subclass 500. 492 Process including heat: Subject matter in which a fuel product particle This subclass is indented under subclass 490. has a normally-void portion or passageway Process specific to preparing peat for a fuel, which if filled or partly filled with a liquid fuel. which utilizes the wet carbonizing processes and related steps to dehydrate the material. 503 Mixed with particles of different size: This subclass is indented under subclass 500. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: Subject matter in which a fuel product particle 48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, sub- has normally-void portion or passageway classes 209 through 211 for processes which is filled or partly filled with a liquid fuel. of making gas from wood, coal, or oil. 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, (1) Note. The other particle may be a fuel subclass 25 for a process of ther­ particle or a nonfuel particle. molytic distillation of peat. 504 Mixed with particles of different composi­ 500 PARTICULATE (E.G., POWDERED, tion: ETC): This subclass is indented under subclass 500. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ Subject matter in which a fuel particle is mixed tion. Product or process comprising a mass of with another particle having a different chemi­ solid fuel particles, each particle of which gen­ cal make-up. erally is too small to be manipulated individu­ ally by a human hand. (1) Note. The other particle may be fuel particle or a nonfuel particle. (1) Note. A process for comminuting solid fuel to achieve a powdered state is 505 Process including removal of undesirable: included in this subclass when the com­ This subclass is indented under subclass 500. minution is the only step of the process, Subject matter drawn to a process for making a is the final step of a multi-step procedure particulate fuel in which, during the course of or is otherwise not merely incidental to the procedure, impurities are removed from the subsequent treatment step, e.g., purifica­ fuel. tion, etc., of a fuel substance. 506 COMBINED WITH FRICTION IGNIT­ SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- ING MASS OR SURFACE: CLASS: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 595, for a fuel consolidation process using tion. Product or process in which a fuel prod­ a specified comminuting condition or uct or object carries a surface or mass which, technique. upon frictional engagement with a suitable sur­ face, can burst into flame. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: subclass 42 for a collection of patents 53, Package Making, subclass 1 for appa­ concerned with the particle size of a ratus, and subclass 2 for a process, for making match-book packages.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 38 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

102, Ammunition and Explosives, sub- class 275.6, 275.11 and 380 for sub­ 508 Plural integral (e.g., string, etc.): ject matter of that class having an This subclass is indented under subclass 507. igniter. Subject matter in which a single object has a 144, Woodworking, subclasses 50+ for a plurality of ignition areas or surfaces, usually wood match-making process or appa­ designed for being torn apart to constitute indi­ ratus. vidual matches. 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, appropriate subclasses for (1) Note. In this subclass, the potentially a match-head composition, per se. individual matches are joined head-to- 206, Special Receptacle or Package, sub- toe. classes 85+ and 96+ for a match or matches with a holder, folder or case. 509 Parallel: 431, Combustion, subclasses 296+ for an This subclass is indented under subclass 508. igniting charge-holding and firing Subject matter in which the potentially individ­ means. ual matches are arranged side-by-side, i.e., head-to-head and/or toe-to-toe. 507 Hand manipulable (e.g., match, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 506. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: Subject matter designed to be held in the hand 53, Package Making, subclass 395 for of the user for ignition purposes. processes of making matchbook cov­ ers. (1) Note. Patents which claim a match head composition and also a claim to a base 510 With scratcher: having a single coating of the composi­ This subclass is indented under subclass 507. tion even though the composition of the Devices in which each match has on its stem or base is specified with no inclusion of otherwise individually associated with it a fric­ structure other than by name only, e.g., tion surface on which a match, usually another splint, stick, tape, card are classified as match, can be scratched. original in Class 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, and 511 MATCH SPLINT OR STICK: cross referenced to this class (44). A This subclass is indented under the class defini­ previously coated base to which the tion. Subject matter in which the composition match head composition is applied is comprises a hand-manipulable fuel object suit- considered structure for this class (44). able for bearing an ignition device or surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53, Package Making, subclasses 394+ for 431, Combustion, subclasses 288+ for a apparatus or a method for making a candle or taper. matchbook. 144, Woodworking, subclasses 50+ for a 512 Process of making: wood match-making process or appa­ This subclass is indented under subclass 511. ratus. Processes of handling or steps in manipulating 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions the splints or sticks in constructing them. or Charges, appropriate subclasses, for thermic compositions, per se, and SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: see (1) Note, above. 144, Woodworking, subclasses 50+ for a 206, Special Receptacle or Package, sub- wood match-making process or appa­ classes 96+ for a match or matches ratus. with a holder, folder, or case. 431, Combustion, subclasses 269+ for an 519 PROVIDED WITH WICK OR FUSE: igniting charge holding and firing This subclass is indented under the class defini­ means. tion. Product or process in which fuel product carries an elongated element which, upon igni-

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 39

tion, either (a) has capillarity sufficient to con­ whether light can pass through the pas­ vey a melted component of the fuel product sageway. from one part of the product to the point of ignition (flame), to be burned thereat or (b) 522 Single element having aperture: comprises a thermic or explosive composition This subclass is indented under subclass 520. which rapidly conveys the flame or ignition Subject matter in which an integral fuel ele­ point from one part to another or the fuel prod­ ment has one or more holes in it. uct. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Arti­ 102, Ammunition and Explosives, sub- cles, subclasses 131+ for an aper­ class 275.9 for a fuse, per se. tured sheet or web in general. 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, appropriate subclasses for 530 FUEL PRODUCT OF DEFINED SHAPE a fuse composition, per se. OR STRUCTURE: 431, Combustion, for a wicked product in This subclass is indented under the class defini­ which all of the fuel is meltable, e.g., tion. Subject matter in which the composition a candle. is described in geometrical terms, e.g., round, 502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent or Support hollow, tapered, etc., or in terms of the dimen­ Therefor: Product or Process of Mak­ sions of one portion relative to another portion, ing, subclasses 400+ for a wick com­ e.g., smaller, etc. position, per se. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 520 FUEL PRODUCT HAVING PASSAGE 102, Ammunition and Explosives, appro­ WAY FOR GAS: priate subclasses, especially sub- This subclass is indented under the class defini­ classes 283+ for shaped explosive, tion. Product or process having a void space pyrotechnic, and thermic composi­ which is specified as being suitable for the pas- tions. sage or gas or vapor. 131, Tobacco, subclasses 1+ for a tobacco product intended to be burned. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, subclasses 2+ for explo­ for Charges, subclasses 2+ for such sive or thermic compositions of a par­ subject matter under subclass 520 in ticular shape or structure. which the fuel product comprises one 431, Combustion, subclasses 288+ for a integral fuel element attached to candle or taper, i.e., a shaped fuel another element, the gas passageway block of a meltable material with an extends from one side all the way embedded wick. through to an opposite side of the product, and no material obstructs the 531 Composed of moveable (e.g., articulated, void. etc.) or readily-breakable sections: This subclass is indented under subclass 530. 521 Plural elements, with passageway unob­ Subject matter having weakened (e.g., perfo­ structed from side to opposite side: rated, thinned, etc.) into smaller pieces, or hav­ This subclass is indented under subclass 520. ing such pieces attached to each other in a Subject matter in which the fuel product com­ moveable fashion, usually to change the over- prises one integral fuel element attached to all dimensions of the product. another element, the gas passageway extends from one side all the way through to an oppo­ 532 Shaped or arranged for easier ignition: site side of the product, and no material This subclass is indented under subclass 530. obstructs the void. Subject matter having a fuel element so shaped or arranged with other elements that catching (1) Note. A criterion for considering a pas­ fire is made easier. sageway as being unobstructed is

December 2000 Edition 44 - 40 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

has separable elements which can be handled SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: together. 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, subclasses 2+ for explo­ (1) Note. The wrapping or bundling mate- sive compositions of particular shape rial is usually combustible. or structure. (2) Note. The wrapping or packaging may 533 And containing easier-igniting material: be for ease of selling or handling the This subclass is indented under subclass 532. fuel, for protection from the weather, etc. Subject matter containing a first material which catches fire at a lower temperature than a sec­ SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- ond material making up the product. CLASS: 602, for a fuel composition having an anti- 534 Material acts as at least part of a wrapper or dusting additive mixed therewith or packaging: coated thereon on individual fuel ele­ This subclass is indented under subclass 533. ments or pieces. Subject matter in which the first material encloses or ties up the second material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 206, Special Receptacle or Package, sub- SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- class 442 for a bale-tie package not CLASS: primarily intended for fuel use. 541, for a fuel product package or bundle 428, Stock Material or miscellaneous Arti­ in which the fuel elements are of cles, subclass 2 for a compacted trash undefined shape. or refuse bundle, and subclass 576 for a shaped metallic configuration or 535 Cylindrical, e.g., log, etc.: package suitable for melting. This subclass is indented under subclass 530. Subject matter in which the product is elon­ 542 COATED OR IMPREGNATED FOR EAS­ gated and has a roughly circular cross-section. IER IGNITION: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- tion. Product or process in which a first fuel CLASS: material is coated or impregnated with a sec­ 522, for a hollow log fuel product. ond material having a lower ignition tempera­ ture. 540 WITH INCOMBUSTIBLE CARRIER (E.G., TORCH ETC.): (1) Note. The first material often is a con­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ ventional piece of wood, lump or coal, or tion. Product or process in which the fuel com­ body occurring in nature, e.g., a corn- position is contained within or is handlable by cob, a pine-cone, etc. means of a nonburnable element. (2) Note. Where the lower-ignition material (1) Note. The carrier may be such that the is added to fuel particles before consoli­ burning fuel can be transported from dation and serves as a binder for the fuel place to place. particles, the composition is provided for below in subclasses 542+. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126, Stoves and Furnaces, subclass 59.5 SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- for a smudge pot. CLASS: 533, for a shaped body coated or impreg­ 541 BUNDLED, COVERED OR WRAPPED: nated with a combustion-aiding com­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ position. tion. Product or process on which a plurality of fuel elements of generally undefined shape is covered by or contained within a wrapper or

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 41

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 551 Containing specified binder: 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions This subclass is indented under subclass 550. for Charges, subclasses 3+ for a prod­ Subject matter wherein a material, described in uct of that class having a coated com­ terms of its chemical composition or chemical ponent. structure, is added to a solid fuel in order to 431, Combustion, subclass 327 for a achieve consolidation to a larger physical size. burner comprising a flame holding structure including an incombustible (1) Note. To be classified herein, a claim porous, capillary or permeable mem­ must recite a binding material character­ ber of the type charged with liquid ized in terms of its chemical nature, i.e., fuel by immersion. its composition or structure; use of func­ tional language, e.g., “agglomerating 543 Solid fiber or particle in coating (e.g., saw- binder”, etc., does not satisfy this crite­ dust, etc.): rion. This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Subject matter in which the second material (2) Note. A substance meeting the require­ envelops the first and includes particulate or ment of an indent under subclass 551 fibrous material. shall be presumed to serve a binding function, in the absence of a specific 544 With wax: statement to the contrary. If a material in Subject matter under sublass 542 in which the a consolidated fuel composition is stated second material is one which melts under the specifically to serve a purpose other than influence of combustion. binding, is not specified as a binder, and there is no specified binder in the claim, 545 With normally-liquid material: the composition shall be classified in This subclass is indented under subclass 542. another appropriate subclass under sub- Subject matter in which the second material is class 550. liquid under ambient conditions. (3) Note. Examples of binding substances SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- provided for herein as part of a consoli­ CLASS: dated solid fuel composition are: (1) 502, for a fuel particle containing a liquid hydrocarbon oils which are solid, (2) fly fuel. ash, and (3) liquid extract of cactus plants. 550 CONSOLIDATED SOLIDS (E.G., BRI­ QUET, ETC.): SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, tion. Product or process in which a processed appropriate subclasses, for a coating fuel comprises a larger object, particle, etc., or plastic composition which may be than existed in the natural or synthetic starting used as a binder for fuel particles or as fuel material. coating for fuel, but which is not, per se, useful as a fuel. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, 552 With sewage, animal blood, or animal subclass 42 for a collection of patents manure: dealing with the size of particles fed This subclass is indented under subclass 551. to a process of that class (201). Subject matter wherein sewage, animal blood, 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shap­ or animal manure is a component in a consoli­ ing or Treating: Processes, for mold­ dated solid fuel composition. ing processes in general. (1) Note. The sewage, animal blood, or ani­ mal manure will normally, but not neces­ sarily, serve a binding function.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 42 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

when claimed in admixture with a speci­ (2) Note. Such expressions as “town trash”, fied binder. “town garbage”, “refuse”, etc. will not be construed to include sewage, animal (3) Note. The vegetable flour and vegetable blood, or animal manure, unless such is meal will most often be described as specifically stated. Claims classifiable flour, flour paste, and meal; examples of on the basis of such substances as “town dairy products provided for herein are trash”, “town garbage”, and “refuse” are milk and cheese. classified in this class, subclass 551. 555 With glue or gelatin: 553 With synthetic organic polymer prepared by This subclass is indented under subclass 551. polymerizing specified monomer (e.g., poly­ Subject matter wherein glue or gelatin is a acrylonitrile, urea-formaldehyde resins, component in a consolidated solid fuel compo­ etc.): sition. This subclass is indented under subclass 551. Subject matter wherein a synthetic polymer or (1) Note. The glue or gelatin will normally, copolymer, prepared via polymerization of a but not necessarily, serve a binding func­ specified monomer or copolymerization of tion. specified monomers, is a component in a con­ solidated solid fuel composition. (2) Note. The term “gelatinized” often has no reference to gelatin, per se, but (1) Note. The polymers will normally, but instead refers to a modification of physi­ not necessarily, serve a binding function. cal state; the term, therefore, does not, per se, qualify for classification herein. (2) Note. This subclass does not provide for consolidated solid fuel compositions (3) Note. Gelatin is a protein; glue, without solely because of the presence of a natu­ further specification, is a naturally rally-occurring polymeric substance occurring animal product. which has been chemically modified. (4) Note. The term “glutinous” often refers SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- simply to the consistency of a substance, CLASS: and does not, per se, qualify for classifi­ 563, 573 and 579, for consolidated solid cation herein. fuel compositions containing “resin” as a component. 556 With nonproteinaceous organic nitrogen compound (e.g., hexamethyl enetetramine, 554 With vegetable flour, vegetable meal, or alkanolamine salts, etc.): dairy product: This subclass is indented under subclass 551. This subclass is indented under subclass 551. Subject matter wherein a nonproteinaceous Subject matter wherein vegetable flour, vegeta­ organic nitrogen compound is a component in a ble meal, or a dairy product is a component in a consolidated solid fuel composition. solid fuel composition. (1) Note. An organic nitrogen compound is (1) Note. The vegetable flour, vegetable one wherein nitrogen is attached directly meal, or dairy product will normally, but or indirectly by nonionic bonding to car- not necessarily, serve a binding function. bon of an organic compound.

(2) Note. Description of a substance as (2) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ “coal flour” does not qualify for inclu­ tion for the definition of “organic com­ sion in this subclass as a binder. Coal pound”. flour is generally considered as a solid fuel, per se, and, as such, may be classi­ (3) Note. The organic nitrogen compound fied in any of subclass 551 or its indents normally, but not necessarily, serves a binding function.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 43

557 With phosphorus- or boron-containing com­ 560 With nonfibrous carbohydrate (e.g., molas­ pound: ses, starch, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 551. This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Subject matter wherein a phosphorus-contain­ Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid ing compound or a boron-containing com­ fuel composition also contains a nonfibrous pound is a component in a consolidated solid carbohydrate as a component. fuel composition. (1) Note. The nonfibrous carbohydrate nor­ (1) Note. The phosphorus- or boron-con­ mally, but not necessarily, serves a bind­ taining compound normally, but not nec­ ing function. essarily, serves a binding function. (2) Note. For the definition of carbohydrate, 558 With oxidant (e.g., nitrates, chlorates, chro­ see the Class 536 class definition. mates, permanganates, black manganese oxide, etc.): (3) Note. The expression “nonfibrous” is This subclass is indented under subclass 551. intended to differentiate paper and raw, Subject matter wherein an oxygen-furnishing woody-type material, such as leaves, substance is a component in a consolidated sawdust, seaweed, bark, etc., from car­ solid fuel composition. bohydrate substances which, by virtue of processing, no longer retain fibrous char­ (1) Note. The oxygen-furnishing substance acter. may also serve a binding function. 561 With pitch, tar, tar oil, or bitumen: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: This subclass is indented under subclass 559. 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid or Charges, subclasses 17+, for solidi­ fuel composition also contains a pitch, tar, tar fied matrices which include an oxidiz­ oil, or bitumen as a component. ing agent, and which function as explosives or propellants as provided (1) Note. Bituminous coal is not a bitumen; by Class 149. asphalts and asphaltenes are bitumens.

559 With gypsum or silicon-containing material (2) Note. Pitch, tar, and tar oil must be iden­ (e.g., clay, portland cement, water glass, tified as such in order to be classified etc.): herein; pitch, tar, and tar oil from any This subclass is indented under subclass 551. source are classified herein. Subject matter wherein gypsum or a silicon- containing material is a component in a con­ 562 With paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, or wax solidated solid fuel composition. hydrocarbon: This subclass is indented under subclass 559. (1) Note. The gypsum or silicon-containing Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid material normally, but not necessarily, fuel composition also contains paraffin, a liq­ serves a binding function. uid hydrocarbon, or a hydrocarbon wax as a component. (2) Note. Gypsum, calcium sulfate, is also known as plaster of paris. (1) Note. The paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, and hydrocarbon wax normally, but not (3) Note. Cement, without further specifica­ necessarily, serve a binding function. tion, shall be considered a silicon-con­ taining material; there do exist, however, (2) Note. Hydrocarbon oils shall be consid­ nonsiliceous cements, and such cements ered to be liquid hydrocarbon oils, unless specified as being nonsiliceous shall be otherwise specified. classified commensurate with their spec­ ified nature.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 44 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(3) Note. Hydrocarbon residuums and 564 Tar, pitch, or tar oil: petroleum residuums shall be considered This subclass is indented under subclass 551. liquid, unless otherwise specified. Subject matter wherein tar, pitch, or tar oil is a component in a consolidated solid fuel compo­ (4) Note. Wax, without further specifica­ sition. tion, shall be considered hydrocarbon wax. (1) Note. The tar, pitch, or tar oil normally, but not necessarily, serves a binding (5) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ function. tion for the definition of hydrocarbon. (2) Note. Tar, pitch, or tar oil must be iden­ 563 With fibrous vegetable material, resin, or tified as such in order to be classified organic -C(=O)O- compound (e.g., rosin, tall herein; tar, pitch, and tar oil from any oil, tallow, pine resin, etc.): source are classified herein. This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid 565 With nonfibrous carbohydrate (e.g., molas­ fuel composition also contains fibrous vegeta­ ses, starch, etc.): ble material, resin, or an organic -C(=O)O­ This subclass is indented under subclass 564. compound. Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid fuel composition also contains a nonfibrous (1) Note. Fibrous vegetable material is veg­ carbohydrate as a component. etable material whose fibrous nature has not been destroy by processing; exam­ (1) Note. The nonfibrous carbohydrate nor­ ples of fibrous vegetable materials are mally, but not necessarily, serves a bind­ paper, cellulose, wood, bark, and saw- ing function. dust. (2) Note. For the definition of carbohydrate, (2) Note. The term “resin” is intended to see the Class 536 class definition. include all material identified as unspec­ ified resin, all natural resins, and syn­ (3) Note. The expression “nonfibrous” is thetic resins not prepared by intended to differentiate paper and raw, polymerization or copolymerization of a woody-type material, such as leaves, specified monomer or specified mono­ sawdust, seaweed, bark, etc. from carbo­ mers. hydrate substances which, by virtue of processing, no longer retain fibrous char­ (3) Note. An organic -C(=O)O- compound acter. is one in which the carbon of the - C(=O)O- group is, or is attached directly 566 With elemental metal, metal oxide, lime- or indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the stone, or inorganic metal salt (e.g., lime, carbon of an organic compound. etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 564. (4) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid tion of the definition of “organic com­ fuel composition also contains elemental pound”. metal, metal oxide, limestone, or an inorganic metal salt. (5) Note. The components of the consoli­ dated solid fuel compositions specified (1) Note. The metal, metal oxide, lime- in this subclass normally, but not neces­ stone, or inorganic metal salt normally, sarily, serve a binding function. but not necessarily, serves a binding function.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 45

567 With fibrous vegetable material (e.g., cellu­ (1) Note. The metal, metal oxide, lime- lose, wood, paper, sawdust, etc.): stone, or inorganic metal salt normally, This subclass is indented under subclass 564. but not necessarily, serves a binding Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid function. fuel composition also contains fibrous vegeta­ ble material. 571 With paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, or wax hydrocarbon: (1) Note. The fibrous vegetable material This subclass is indented under subclass 569. normally, but not necessarily, serves a Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid binding function. fuel composition also contains paraffin, a liq­ uid hydrocarbon, or a wax hydrocarbon as a (2) Note. Fibrous vegetable material is veg­ component. etable material whose fibrous nature has not been destroyed by processing; exam­ (1) Note. The paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, ples of fibrous vegetable materials are and hydrocarbon wax normally, but not paper, cellulose, wood, bark and saw- necessarily, serve a binding function. dust. (2) Note. Hydrocarbon oils shall be consid­ 568 Solid fuel, or solid fuel and water, are the ered to be liquid hydrocarbon oils, unless only other components of the composition: otherwise specified. This subclass is indented under subclass 564. Subject matter wherein, besides the tar, pitch, (3) Note. Hydrocarbon residuums and or tar oil, the only additional components of the petroleum residuums shall be considered consolidated solid fuel composition are solid liquid, unless otherwise specified. fuel, or a mixture of water and solid fuel. (4) Note. Wax, without further specifica­ 569 With bitumen or asphaltic material: tion, shall be considered hydrocarbon This subclass is indented under subclass 551. wax. Subject matter wherein a bitumen or asphaltic material is a component in a consolidated solid (5) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ fuel composition. tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”. (1) Note. The bitumen or asphaltic material normally, but not necessarily, serves a 572 With paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, or wax binding function. hydrocarbon: This subclass is indented under subclass 551. (2) Note. Bituminous coal is not considered Subject matter wherein a paraffin, liquid a bitumen. hydrocarbon, or a wax hydrocarbon is a com­ ponent in a consolidated solid fuel composi­ (3) Note. Asphalt, asphaltum, and asphalt­ tion. ene are the asphaltic materials intended to be classified herein. (1) Note. The paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, or wax hydrocarbon normally, but not 570 With elemental metal, metal oxide, lime- necessarily, serves a binding function. stone or inorganic metal salt (e.g., lime, etc.): (2) Note. Hydrocarbon oils shall be consid­ This subclass is indented under subclass 569. ered to be liquid hydrocarbon oils, unless Subject matter where the consolidated solid otherwise specified. fuel composition also contains elemental metal, metal oxide, limestone, or inorganic (3) Note. Hydrocarbon residuums and metal salt. petroleum residuums shall be considered liquid, unless otherwise specified.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 46 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(4) Note. Wax, without further specifica­ 575 With elemental metal, metal oxide, lime- tion, shall be considered hydrocarbon stone, or inorganic metal salt (e.g., lime, wax. etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 572. (5) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid tion for the definition of “organic com­ fuel composition also contains elemental pound”. metal, metal oxide, limestone, or an inorganic metal salt. 573 With resin or organic -C(=O)O- compound (e.g., rosin, tall oil, tallow, pine resin, car­ (1) Note. The elemental metal, metal oxide, boxylic acid esters, etc.): limestone, or inorganic metal salt nor­ This subclass is indented under subclass 572. mally, but not necessarily, serves a bind­ Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid ing function. fuel composition also contains a resin or an organic -C(=O)O- compound as a component. 576 With fibrous vegetable material (e.g., cellu­ lose, wood, paper, sawdust, etc.): (1) Note. The resin or organic-C(=O)O­ This subclass is indented under subclass 572. compound normally, but not necessarily, Subject matter wherein the consolidated solid serves a binding function. fuel composition also contains a fibrous vege­ table material as a component. (2) Note. The term “resin” is intended to include all material identified as unspec­ (1) Note. The fibrous vegetable material ified resin, all natural resins, and syn­ normally, but not necessarily, serves a thetic resins not prepared by binding function. polymerization or copolymerization of a specified monomer or specified mono­ (2) Note. Fibrous vegetable material is veg­ mers. etable material whose fibrous nature has not been destroyed by processing; exam­ (3) Note. An organic -C(=O)O- compound ples of fibrous vegetable materials are is one in which the carbon of the - paper, cellulose, wood, bark and saw- C(=O)O- group is, or is attached directly dust. or indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the carbon of an organic compound. 577 With nonfibrous carbohydrate (e.g., molas­ ses, starch, etc.): (4) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ This subclass is indented under subclass 551. tion for the definition of “organic com­ Subject matter wherein a nonfibrous carbohy­ pound”. drate is a component in a consolidated solid fuel composition. 574 With preliminary purification of coal (e.g., oil agglomerates of desulfurized or deashed (1) Note. The nonfibrous carbohydrate nor­ coal, etc.): mally, but not necessarily, serves a bind­ This subclass is indented under subclass 572. ing function. Subject matter wherein the solid fuel to be con­ solidated is coal and, prior to consolidation (2) Note. For the definition of carbohydrate, with paraffin, liquid hydrocarbon, or wax see the Class 536 class definition. hydrocarbon, the coal is subjected to a purifica­ tion process. (3) Note. The expression “nonfibrous” is intended to differentiate paper and raw, (1) Note. Most often, the preliminary purifi­ woody-type material, such as leaves, cation process concludes with a water sawdust, seaweed, bark, etc., from car­ washing, after which the coal is subject bohydrate substances which, by virtue of to, e.g., agglomeration with oil. processing, no longer retain fibrous char­ acter.

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 47

specified monomer or of specified 578 With lignin, lignin derivative, or sulfite monomers. liquor (e.g., lignones, lignosulfonates, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 551. (3) Note. An organic -C(=O)O- compound Subject matter wherein a lignin, lignin deriva­ is one in which the carbon of the - tive, or sulfite liquor is a component in a con­ C(=O)O- group is, or is attached directly solidated solid fuel composition. or indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the carbon of an organic compound. (1) Note. The lignin, lignin derivative, or sulfite liquor normally, but not necessar­ (4) Note. See Glossary in the class defini­ ily, serves a binding function. tion for the definition of “organic com­ pound”. (2) Note. Lignin is an amorphous product of indeterminate structure that forms the 580 With limestone, elemental metal, elemental lamella of many plant fibers, and sulfur, or inorganic compound (except cements the plant fibers together. water): This subclass is indented under subclass 551. (3) Note. For purposes of this subclass, to Subject matter wherein limestone, elemental be a lignin derivative, a substance must metal, elemental sulfur, or an inorganic com­ be identified as such; the prefix “ligno” pound is a component in a consolidated fuel is taken as prima facie indication of lig­ composition, excluding those compositions nin derivation. wherein water is the sole inorganic compound present. (4) Note. Sulfite liquor is the waste liquor from the pulping of wood by the sulfite (1) Note. The limestone, elemental metal, process; lignosulfonates, ash, calcium elemental sulfur, or inorganic compound compounds, free sulfur dioxide, etc. are will normally, but not necessarily, serve components thereof. a binding function.

(5) Note. Lignite is not considered as a lig­ SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- nin derivative for purposes of this sub- CLASS: class; rather, it is considered as a solid 551, for consolidated solid fuel composi­ fuel and, as such, may be classified in tions with specified binders that con­ any of subclass 551 or its indents when tain undifferentiated inorganic or claimed in admixture with a specified inorganic-organic materials such as binder. earth, loam, etc.

579 With rubber, resin, or organic -C(=O)O­ 589 Vegetation or refuse: compound (e.g., rosin, tall oil, tallow, pine This subclass is indented under subclass 550. resin, carboxylic acids, etc.): Subject matter in which the starting material is This subclass is indented under subclass 551. derived from a plant or a material which would Subject matter wherein a rubber, resin, or ordinarily be thrown away if it were not sal­ organic -C(=O)O- compound is a component in vaged for its fuel value. a solid fuel composition. (1) Note. “Refuse” includes the ordinarily (1) Note. The rubber, resin, or organic - waste product is of combustion or fuel C(=O)O- compound normally, but not processing, e.g., cinders, fly-ash, soot, necessarily, serves a binding function. coal fines, etc., as well as municipal waste, industrial waste, sewage products, (2) Note. The term “resin” is intended to etc. include all material identified as unspec­ ified resin, all natural resins, and syn­ thetic resins not prepared by polymerization or copolymerization of a

December 2000 Edition 44 - 48 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

lar apparatus, material transportation method, SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: etc. 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Arti­ cles, subclass 2 for a compacted trash 594 Predrying or moistening: or refuse bundle not intended prima­ This subclass is indented under subclass 593. rily for use as a fuel. Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ nique described has the function or wetting a 590 Wood, sawdust or paper: material or drying a material before the consol­ This subclass is indented under subclass 589. idation step or steps. Subject matter in which the vegetation or refuse is a solid derived from the trunk or 595 Comminuting (e.g., grinding, etc.): branches of trees or bushes, or from manufac­ This subclass is indented under subclass 593. tured cellulosic sheet materials. Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ nique described is one for making pieces of 591 Carbonized material (e.g., coke, etc.): fuel smaller. This subclass is indented under subclass 550. Subject matter in which the starting fuel mate- SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- rial is one containing free carbon, usually pro­ CLASS: duced by a thermolytic distillation process, or 500, for a comminuting process in which a in which a product is claimed which results particulate fuel is the desired final from the conversion of a carbon compound to product. free carbon. 596 Pressing: SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- This subclass is indented under subclass 593. CLASS: Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ 599, for a process of making a consoli­ nique described is one involving the applica­ dated-solids fuel composition in tion of pressure to the furl composition. which carbonization conditions or a carbonization technique is specified. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic article Shap­ SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: ing or Treating: Processes, appropri­ 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, ate subclasses for a molding process, appropriate subclasses for a process of per se. complete carbonization with recovery of volatile materials. 597 With applied heat: This subclass is indented under subclass 596. 592 “Low-rank” coal (e.g., lignite, etc.): Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ This subclass is indented under subclass 550. nique is one for removing moisture form the Subject matter in which a starting material is consolidated product or subjecting the product coal of lesser heat value that bituminous coal, to a temperature considerably above ambient including brown coal, lignite, etc. temperature.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- 598 Baking or drying of formed product: CLASS: This subclass is indented under subclass 593. 491, for a fuel briquet having peat as a Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ starting material. nique is one for removing moisture form the consolidated product or subjecting the product 593 Consolidation process using specified condi­ to a temperature considerably above ambient tion or technique: temperature. This subclass is indented under subclass 550. Process which includes a step which takes place under a described condition, e.g., a desig­ nated temperature, etc., or is descried in more than merely nominal term, e.g., using a particu­

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 49

vent undesired clumping of fuel portions under 599 With chemical reaction (e.g., carbonizing, the influence of cold temperatures. etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 593. 602 WITH ANTIDUSTING ADDITIVE: Subject matter in which the condition or tech­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ nique involves a chemical reaction to produce a tion. Product or process in which the fuel compound or a material in elemental form not product contains a material which prevents for­ present in the composition before the reaction, mation of dust in handling the fuel or prevents for example, reducing a carbon compound to fuel dust from being dispersed into the atmo­ elemental carbon. sphere or a combustion zone.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 201, Distillation: Process, Thermolytic, 252, Compositions, subclass 88.1 for a appropriate subclasses for the high- dust or particle-adherent composi­ temperature treatment of carbon­ tion, per se. aceous materials to produce coke or charcoal along with recoverable gases 603 WITH COMBUSTION IMPROVER: or vapors. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Prod­ tion. Product or process in which the fuel is ucts, subclasses 50+ for a plural-con- combined with a material which imparts version mineral-oil treating process improved characteristics to the fuel which it is which includes coking. being burned. 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shap­ ing or Treating: Processes, subclasses SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- 29.1+ for a process of that class which CLASS: includes carbonizing to form an arti­ 502, or 542, for a fuel particle or product, cle. respectively, having combustion prop­ erties improved by containing a more 600 WITH APPEARANCE MODIFYING readily ignitable coating or impreg­ ADDITIVE OR TREATMENT: nant This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 520, for a fuel product having combustion tion. Product or process in which the fuel is characteristics improved by holes treated or material is added to a fuel to result in therein. a changed vidual effect, e.g., dyeing or mark­ 532, for a fuel product having combustion ing the fuel, polishing it, etc. characteristics improved by its shape.

(1) Note. It is the appearance of the cold 604 Sulfur bindant: fuel, before or after burning, which is This subclass is indented under subclass 603. modified. Subject matter in which the additive improves burning by retarding sulfur-containing material SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- form passing off with the combustion gases. CLASS: 642, for a colorant composition for burning 605 FROM VEGETATION OR REFUSE: flames. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ tion. Product or process in which the starting SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: material is plant materia or a material which 40, Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for would ordinarily be thrown away if it were not fluid-carried indicia, per se. salvaged for its fuel value.

601 WITH ANTIFREEZING ADDITIVE OR (1) Note. “Refuse” Includes the ordinarily TREATMENT: waste products of combustion or of fuel This subclass is indented under the class defini­ processing, e.g., cinders, fly-ash, soot, tion. Product or process in which fuel is coal fines, etc., as well as municipal treated or material is added to the fuel to pre-

December 2000 Edition 44 - 50 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

waste, industrial waste, sewage products, claimed, see (1) Note of the class defini­ etc. tion.

606 Wood, sawdust or paper: SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- This subclass is indented under subclass 604. CLASS: Subject matter in which the vegetation or 490, and 608, for the treatment of peat and refuse is a solid derived from the trunk or subbituminous coal, respectively. branches of trees for bushes, or from manufac­ 500, for a treatment process designed to tured cellulosic sheet materials. result in a particulate coal product.

607 CARBONIZED COMPONENT (E.G., SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: COKE, ETC.): 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, This subclass is indented under the class defini­ appropriate subclasses especially sub- tion. Product or process in which the product class 6 and 8 for shaping or commi­ contains for is derived from the product of a nuting coal, respectively, prior to thermolytic distillation or other chemical reac­ charging it to a carbonizing zone. tion which produces free carbon from a carbon 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Prod­ compound. ucts, subclasses 400+ for a coal lique­ faction process, especially subclass (1) Note. See the references under 403 for a chemical modification of SEARCH CLASS in subclass 559. coal before hydrogenation. 423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 608 “LOW-RANK” COAL (E.G., LIGNITE, subclass 461 for the recovery of pure ETC.): elemental carbon from coal. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Com­ tion. Product or process in which a starting pounds, subclass 943 for a collection material is coal of less heat value than bitumi­ of patents concerned with production nous coal, including brown coal, lignite, etc. of a relatively pure hydrocarbon from coal. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- CLASS: 621 Removal of undesirable: 490, for fuel made of peat. Subject matter under subclasses 620 wherein the coal is purified. 620 COAL TREATING PROCESS OR PROD­ UCT THEREOF: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, tion. Process in which a solid mineral hydro- subclass 17 for such a process which carbonaceous material is treated by a chemical includes refining the resulting char. or physico-chemical procedure to improve its value as a fuel, or a product resulting from such 622 Sulfur: a process. This subclass is indented under subclass 621. Subject matter wherein sulfur is removed from (1) Note. Where a patent claims a process coal. only, and the process yields other recov­ erable products than treated coal, see the SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- search notes to the main class definition CLASS: for the proper placement of such patent. 604, for a process wherein a material is added to coal to retard escape of sul­ (2) Note. Where a treated coal solid product fur-containing materials with combus­ is the only product claimed, the patent is tion gases, or the product of such a placed here (Class 44) regardless of any process. process claimed for its manufacture; however, where other products are also

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 51

623 Using a transition metal-containing mate- 628 MISCELLANEOUS FUEL COMPOSI­ rial: TION: This subclass is indented under subclass 622. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ Subject matter wherein a process includes the tion. Fuel composition not provided for above, use of a free metal or metal compound in which or a process for making such a composition. the metal has an inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, partially filled. (1) Note. The composition usually has a main component a synthetically pro­ (1) Note. In the periodic table this class of duced solid carbonaceous material. metals includes elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48 SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through CLASS: 80 (lanthanum through mercury) and 589, and 605, for a fuel product made from 80+ (actinium through the transuranium industrial or municipal waste, e.g., elements). ordinarily unusable resin or rubber compositions, etc. 624 Using liquid aqueous material: This subclass is indented under subclass 622. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: Subject matter wherein the process includes the 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions use of a liquid material and requires the pres­ or Charges, subclasses 120+ for a col­ ence of liquid water. lection of patents drawn to “high- energy” fuel compounds useful in SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- rocket propellant compositions. CLASS: 623, for a process wherein the liquid mate- 629 APPARATUS FOR MAKING OR TREAT­ rial contains a compound of a transi­ ING FUEL COMPOSITION: tion metal. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ tion. Apparatus for performing a process of 625 And treatment with gas: this class. This subclass is indented under subclass 624. Subject matter in which the coal is treated also (1) Note. A patent for apparatus performing with a gaseous material, prior, subsequent to or only one operation or function, and or concurrently with, the liquid aqueous material. general character or utility, but which may be used in fuel-making, such as stir- 626 Water (e.g., drying, etc.): ring, sawing, sifting, pressing, etc., is This subclass is indented under subclass 621. usually classed with a patent in the more Subject matter in which free or combined water general class, unless specifically limited is removed form coal. to the making of fuel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: CLASS: 100, Presses, subclasses 70+ for presses 594, and 598, for a drying procedure combined with means to additionally involved in the manufacture of fuel treat the material. briquets. 144, Woodworking, subclasses 50+ for a wood match-making process or appa­ 627 Ash or ash-former: ratus. This subclass is indented under subclass 621. 202, Distillation: Apparatus. Subject matter wherein incombustible materi­ 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assort­ als are removed from coal, generally noncar­ ing Solids. bonaceous, earthy, materials. 241, Solid Material Comminution or Disin­ tegration, appropriate subclasses for comminution combined with prior shaping operations.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 52 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

366, Agitation, appropriate subclasses for agitation devices absent molding SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: means. 241, Solid Material Comminution or Disin­ 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Dis­ tegration, for comminution of solid infecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or material, per se. Sterilizing. 366, Agitating, for machines for mixing by agitation. 630 Peat: This subclass is indented under subclass 629. 634 Briquetting: Apparatus specialized for working with peat in This subclass is indented under subclass 629. its preparation for fuel. Subject matter specially adapted for use in manufacturing a fuel briquet. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100, Presses, appropriate subclasses, for 635 Plural operations: presses not elsewhere provided for. This subclass is indented under subclass 634. Apparatus which performs more than one oper­ 631 Plural operations: ation in the preparation of the fuel for briquet­ This subclass is indented under subclass 630. ting. Apparatus special to the working of peat which performs more than one operation on the mate- SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: rial. 100, Presses, subclass 102, for presses not elsewhere provided for, combined SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: with other features. 100, Presses, subclass 102, for presses not elsewhere provided for combined 636 With molding: with other features. This subclass is indented under subclass 635. Apparatus which performs more than one oper­ 632 With molding: ation in the making of briquets, and includes in This subclass is indented under subclass 631. such operations the final one of briquetting the Apparatus specialized for working peat by per- material. forming more than one operation and including the final molding of the peat into briquets. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100, Presses, subclasses 70+, for presses SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: combined with means to additionally 100, Presses, subclasses 70+ for presses treat the material, not elsewhere pro­ combined with means to additionally vided for, especially subclasses 316+ treat the material, not otherwise pro­ for a piston and box type press having vided for, especially subclasses 316+ heating, cooling, or drying means. for a piston and box type press having 241, Solid Material Comminution or Disin­ heating, cooling, or drying means. tegration, appropriate subclasses, for 425, Plastic Article or Earthenware Shap­ comminution combined with shaping ing or Treating: Apparatus, see the operations. reference in the class definition of 366, Agitating, appropriate subclasses. Class 44. 639 Liquid: 633 Disintegrating: This subclass is indented under subclass 629. This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Subject matter specialized for use in the com­ Apparatus specially designed to disintegrate pounding of a liquid fuel. peat, generally to separate the coarser roots, stones, etc., from the finer material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 137, Fluid Handling, appropriate sub- classes for process and apparatus for mixing, transporting and regulating

December 2000 Edition December 2000 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 44 - 53

the flow of liquids and gases in gen­ produced without the additive, or a process for eral. making such a composition.

640 WALL DEPOSIT PREVENTING OR SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: REMOVING COMPOSITION (E.G., 431, Combustion, subclass 126 for a com­ SOOT REMOVAL, ETC.): bustion process wherein a flame col­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ oring additive is used. tion. Composition designed to be added to a fuel or a combustion apparatus so that in the 643 MATCH SCRATCHER COMPOSITION combustion of the fuel carbonaceous deposits OR STRUCTURE: will be removed from the combustion and asso­ This subclass is indented under the class defini­ ciated apparatus, or prevented from being tion. Composition or device carrying friction- deposited thereon, or a process for making surface on which matches may be scratched. such a composition. (1) Note. The devices are frequently formed SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- on articles having some other function. CLASS: Some are to be fastened on the wall, 603, for a solid fuel composition contain­ some to clothing; some are carried in the ing a soot preventing or removing pocket. component. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 51, Abrasive Tool Making Process, Mate- 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With rial, or Composition, for an abrasive Solids, appropriate subclasses fora composition or configuration. cleaning process in general. 131, Tobacco, subclass 351, for match- 252, Compositions, subclasses 175+ for scratching surfaces combined with scale preventing compositions. cigars and cigarettes, and subclasses 510, Cleaning Compositions for Solid Sur­ 185, 234, and 249, for match-scratch­ faces, Auxiliary Compositions There- ing surfaces combined with tobacco for, or Processes of Preparing the users’ appliances. Compositions, for cleaning composi­ 206, Special Receptacle or Package, sub- tions, including detergents, and sub- classes 98+, 108+ 112+, and 137+ for classes 245+ for scale removing com­ a match packet, container or holder positions. including scratcher means. 221, Article Dispensing, subclasses 137+, 641 SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION IMPROV­ for article-dispensing devices includ­ ING COMPOSITION: ing match striking means. This subclass is indented under the class defini­ 431, Combustion, subclass 250, for a tion. Composition which in itself is not a fuel, burner having a flame enclosure with designed to be added to a solid fuel while it is a match scratching surface within the being burned, or a process for making such a enclosure; and subclasses 269+ for a composition. residual igniting device holding and firing a charge type igniting unit, e.g., SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUB- match, etc. CLASS: 603, for a fuel product containing a com­ CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS bustion improver. 901 FUEL COMBINED WITH MATERIAL TO 642 FLAME COLORANT COMPOSITION: BE HEATED: This subclass is indented under the class defini­ Collection of patents under the definition of tion. Composition designed to be added to a this class or of Class 149 which show a heating solid fuel so that during burning of the fuel a means combined with a material or object to be flame will have a color different from the color heated.

December 2000 Edition 44 - 54 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS December 2000

(1) Note. The purpose of this subclass is not completeness, but rather to show a vari­ ety of materials or objects, usually hand- manipulable material or objects, com­ bined with means to heat them.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126, Stoves and Furnaces, for heating devices, per se, especially subclasses 263.01+ for the combination of a fuel with a container in which it is used, and the defintions thereto for a direc­ tory of similar subject matter.

902 Flameless or glowless, e.g., hair curler, etc.: This subclass is indented under subclass 901. Patents having a flameless or glowless fuel of the type provided for in subclasses 250+ of this class.

903 METHOD INCLUDING MEASURING, TESTING OR AUTOMATIC CONTROL: Collection of patents drawn to the manufactur­ ing process of a fuel composition which pro­ cess includes a step which is automatically controlled, or a step of measuring or testing a quality or quantity of a component, the result­ ing composition or a process variable.

904 METHOD INVOLVING ELECTRIC OR WAVE ENERGY: Collection of patents drawn to the manufactur­ ing process of a fuel composition which pro­ cess includes a step wherein electricity or wave energy, including conic energy, is directly applied to a starting, intermediate or final material in a process.

905 METHOD INVOLVING ADDED CATA­ LYST: Collection of patents drawn to the manufactur­ ing process of a fuel composition which pro­ cess includes a step wherein a material described as a catalyst, reaction accelerator or acceleration retarder is added to a starting, intermediate or final material in the process.

END

December 2000 Edition