Practice parameter Food allergy: a practice parameter Chief Editors: Jean A. Chapman, MD; I. Leonard Bernstein, MD; Rufus E. Lee, MD; John Oppenheimer, MD; Associate Editors: Richard A. Nicklas, MD; Jay M. Portnoy, MD; Scott H. Sicherer, MD; Diane E. Schuller, MD; Sheldon L. Spector, MD; David Khan, MD; David Lang, MD; Ronald A. Simon, MD; Stephen A. Tilles, MD; Joann Blessing-Moore, MD; Dana Wallace, MD; and Suzanne S. Teuber, MD TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Preface.................................................................................................................................................................................S1 II. Glossary...............................................................................................................................................................................S2 III. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................S3 IV. Summary Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................S6 V. Classification of Major Food Allergens and Clinical Implications ................................................................................S11 VI. Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Foods..............................................................................................................S12 VII. The Clinical Spectrum of Food Allergy ..........................................................................................................................S15 VIII. Algorithm and Annotations ..............................................................................................................................................S18 IX. Prevalence and Epidemiology ..........................................................................................................................................S21 X. Natural History of Food Allergy......................................................................................................................................S22 XI. Risk Factors and Prevention of Food Allergy.................................................................................................................S23 XII. Cross-reactivity of Food Allergens ..................................................................................................................................S24 XIII. Adverse Reactions to Food Additives..............................................................................................................................S30 XIV. Genetically Modified Foods .............................................................................................................................................S32 XV. Diagnosis of Food Allergy ...............................................................................................................................................S33 XVI. Food-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis .............................................................................................................S39 XVII. Differential Diagnosis of Adverse Reactions to Foods...................................................................................................S40 XVIII. General Management of Food Allergy ............................................................................................................................S44 XIX. Management in Special Settings and Circumstances ......................................................................................................S45 XX. Future Directions ..............................................................................................................................................................S47 XXI. Appendix: Suggested Oral Challenge Methods...............................................................................................................S48 XXII. Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................................................S49 XXIII. References .........................................................................................................................................................................S50 PREFACE portant new scientific information, its evaluation and manage- ment have changed substantially in recent years. Food allergy, as defined for the purposes of this document, is a The prevalence of potentially life-threatening food allergy condition caused by an IgE-mediated reaction to a food sub- to peanuts and tree nuts is increasing. This has resulted in an stance. Adverse reactions to foods may also occur due to non– increased awareness among the general public, leading to IgE-mediated immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms. policy changes in schools, eating establishments, and the Representing an important subset of all adverse food reactions, airline industry. At the same time, diagnostic evaluation in food allergy is often misunderstood. However, because of im- patients suspected of having food allergy has become both Received and accepted for publication August 30, 2005. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) and parameters by the AAAAI or the ACAAI should be directed to the the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) have Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of jointly accepted responsibility for establishing Food Allergy: A Practice Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. These parameters were developed by Parameter. This is a complete and comprehensive document at the the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American current time. These clinical guidelines are designed to assist clinicians by Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of providing a framework for the evaluation and treatment of patients and Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, are not intended to replace a clinician’s judgment or establish a protocol Asthma and Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by for all patients. The medical environment is a changing environment and pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. This parameter was edited not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this by Dr Nicklas in his private capacity and not in his capacity as a medical document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, officer with the Food and Drug Administration. No official support or including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide endorsement by the Food and Drug Administration is intended or should an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. be inferred. VOLUME 96, MARCH, 2006 S1 more sophisticated and more challenging. The objective of Table 1. Classification of Evidence and Recommendations* Food Allergy: A Practice Parameter is to improve the care of Category of evidence patients by providing the practicing physician with an evi- Ia Evidence from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials dence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of Ib Evidence from at least 1 randomized controlled trial IgE-mediated (allergic) food reactions. The Task Force rec- IIa Evidence from at least 1 controlled study without ognizes the importance of non–IgE-mediated immunologic randomization and nonimmunologic food reactions and the role of the aller- IIb Evidence from at least 1 other type of quasi-experimental gist-immunologist in their identification and management. study III Evidence from nonexperimental descriptive studies, such as These conditions are discussed in the context of differential comparative studies, correlation studies, and case-controlled diagnosis. studies This guideline was developed by the Joint Task Force on IV Evidence from expert committee reports or opinions or clinical Practice Parameters, which has published 20 practice param- experience of respected authorities, or both eters for the field of allergy-immunology (see list of publi- LB Evidence from laboratory-based studies† cations in the “Acknowledgments” section). The 3 national Strength of recommendation allergy and immunology societies—the American College of A Directly based on category I evidence Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI), the American B Directly based on category II evidence or extrapolated from Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI), category I evidence and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology C Directly based on category III evidence or extrapolated from category I or II evidence (JCAAI)—have given the Joint Task Force the responsibility D Directly based on category IV evidence or extrapolated from for both creating new parameters and updating existing pa- category I, II or III evidence rameters. Although several previous parameters have ad- E Directly based on category LB evidence† dressed the diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis, this F Based on consensus of the Joint Task Force on Practice document is the first parameter that focuses on such reactions Parameters† with respect to foods. It was written and reviewed by spe- * Adapted from Shekelle PG, Woolf SH, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clin- cialists in the field of allergy and immunology and