Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health

ACTA SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2582-0931) Volume 3 Issue 9 September 2019 Review Article

Aanchal Walia1, Amit Kumar Gupta2* and Vatsala Sharma1 1Freelance Dietician, Also Worked as Personal Health Coach (Dietician) at HCL Healthcare India, Corporate Office, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Freelance Consultant (Public Health), Also Working as Trainer – Clinical Excellence at HCL Healthcare India, Corporate Office, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Amit Kumar Gupta, Freelance Consultant (Public Health), Also working as Trainer – Clinical Excellence at HCL

Received:Healthcare July India, 23, Corporate 2019; Published: Office, Noida, August Uttar 06, Pradesh,2019 India.

Abstract

Bioactive compounds are defined as components of food that have an impact on physiological or cellular activities in the humans or animals that consume such compounds. They include flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, betalains, carotenoids, plant sterols, and glucosinolates. They are mainly found in fruits and vegetables; have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects; and can be protective against various diseases and metabolic disorders. Such beneficial effects make them good candidates for development of new functional food with potential protective and preservative properties. Various fruits and vegetables provide a range of nutrients and different bioactive compounds including phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids). Most importantly, flavonoids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health benefits, positive effects on cardiovascular health, and anti-cancer properties. Anthocyanins have positive cardiovascular health effects, though it is needy of further evaluation. Carotenoids exert protective effects against several kinds of cancers, in addition to benefits to vision and skin. Glucosinolates have protective roles against cancers and dementia. However, there is a great variation in the literature on the role of different bioactive compounds in human health, whichKeywords: calls forAnthocyanins; further research Betalains; and better Bioactive understanding Compounds; in Carotenoids;order to maximize Flavonoids; potential Glucosinolates; health benefits. Plant Sterols; Tannins

Abbreviations

humans or animals that consume them. Several definitions attri- from foods (products, or present in food, or part of the food chain) AMD: Age-Related Macular Degeneration; CVD: Cardiovascular bute the term ‘bioactive compound’ directly to compounds derived Disease; LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein; UV: Ultraviolet. Introduction in such a way that it is presented as synonymous with ‘bioactive A bioactive compound is a compound having some biological food’, and even more specifically, limited to plants or food crops [1]. In plants, nutrients are generally not included in the term “plant activity. As the name suggests (Greek ‘bios’ means life and Latin produced as secondary metabolites that are not necessary for the (or substance) has its direct physiological or cellular effects on a bioactive compound”. Typically, bioactive compounds in plants are ‘activus’ means dynamic or full of energy), a bioactive compound daily functioning of the plant (such as growth); however, they play an important role in the competition, defense, attraction, and sig living organism. Such effects may be positive or negative depend- Accordingly, bioactive food components are components in foods - ing on the nature of the substance, its dose, and its bioavailability. metabolites eliciting pharmacological or toxicological effects in hu or dietary supplements, other than those necessary to meet the naling. These compounds can then be defined as secondary plant mans and animals basic nutritional needs, which can change the health status of the - [2].

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

. 3.9 (2019): 25-33. Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health

26 Types of bioactive compounds present in plants

Bioactive compounds are primarily found in fruits and veg walls has also been shown in various experimental studies. Flavo- noids have a supportive effect on the nervous system. In addition, - they can control the action of certain enzymes and cell receptors. etables, and include flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, betalains, the brain, which may result in better cognitive function vegetables provide a range of nutrients and different bioactive Studies suggest that flavonoids can also help regulate blood flow in carotenoids, plant sterols, and glucosinolates. Various fruits and Anthocyanins [4,7]. carotenoids) which may exert their peculiar physiological and cel compounds including phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, and These compounds are present in cell sap and are soluble in wa - - lular effects. Flavonoids ter. They are responsible for the red, purple, and blue colours of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Structurally, an anthocyanin is a phe Flavonoids form the largest and a diverse group of bioactive • Chemical structure: compounds, known as phytonutrients or phytochemicals, which - are the major constituents of polyphenols and can be considered nolic molecule with 15 carbon atoms and seen as two benzene rings joined together with a three-carbon chain. The • Sources: Though anthocyanins can be found in many plants, presence of flavylium nucleus makes it highly reactive. more into flavanols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, anthocyani- they are mainly present in acai, blackcurrant, blueberry, bil [3] dins, flavanonols, and flavans (catechins and proanthocyanidins) - . Each subgroup and its type of flavonoids have a distinctive • Bountiful health benefits: Even though anthocyanins are berry, cherry, red grape, and purple corn. range of plant source, functions, and health benefits. This collec- important antioxidants in vitro, their real biological activ tion of plant bioactive compounds is known to possess benefits to ity is generally low because of their low stability and poor matory effects [4] - human health due to their identified antioxidant and anti-inflam- and along with carotenoids, they are responsible for their unique . Flavonoids exist in every fruit and vegetable, anthocyanins, which mainly focus on their positive effects absorption. Various studies have shown health benefits of colors. There are more than 6,000 different identified types of fla- on cardiovascular health, anti-cancer activity and anti-in- vonoids• Chemical which are structure:beneficial in Flavonoids human diet. are generally soluble flammatory properties [8]. Tannins in water and grow in cell vacuoles. Their basic molecular Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules structure is two benzene rings bonded to a three-carbon that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic • Sources: Flavonoids are ample in a range of fruits and veg chain that forms a closed pyran ring. - grapefruit, carrot, apple, onion, broccoli, cabbage, kale, to compounds• Chemical and macromolecules. structure: Tannins are complex mixtures of etables. Its major sources include berries, leeks, ginger, polymeric polyphenols, with the gallic acid as base unit (so, - chocolate, a range of spices, herbs and red wine are also mato, lemon, parsley, buckwheat, and legumes. Coffee, tea, also called as gallo-tannic acid). Gallnuts of oak trees con- • Bountiful health benefits: condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins; the former bursting with health-giving flavonoids. tain 50-70% tannin. Tannins are divided into two groups: group comprises of compounds in which the nuclei are held Many studies have revealed that a diet rich in phytonutrients is good for human health. ential antioxidants; they also neutralize free radicals and Flavonoids are beneficial in this regard as they act as influ- together by carbon- carbon or ether linkages whereas the limit damage to cells and other body tissues They also latter group comprises of ester-like compounds that are the [6] [5]. polymers of gallic acid and ellagic acid. The color of tannins Various studies have shown that there is a relation between possess anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties . ranges from colorless to yellow or brown. It leads to astrin- • Sources: Key sources of tannins are teas, coffee, pomegran certain polyphenols and their preventive effects on such dis gency of foods and enzymatic browning reactions. ates, persimmons, most berries (cranberries, strawberries, - - blueberries), grapes, red wine, chocolate (with cocoa con eases that can bring ‘oxidative stress’ (for example, cancers, cardiovascular disease [CVD], and neurodegenerative dis- - thyme) eases). Their ability to improve the quality of blood vessel tent 70% and higher), and spices (cinnamon, vanilla, cloves, [9].

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

. 3.9 (2019): 25-33. Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health

27 • Bountiful health benefits: In experimental animals, tannins lated industries could pave the way to overcome current concerns have been described to decrease feed intake, growth rate, longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain the exact mechanism over the health risks of artificial colours [15]. Nevertheless, larger, of these bioactive compounds and their practical application in hu feed efficiency, net metabolize energy, and protein digest- ibility. So, foods rich in tannins are of low nutritional value. - may be because of a decreased effectiveness in translating However, recent studies have specified that their major effects man health. the absorbed nutrients to new body substances rather than Carotenoids due to an inhibition on food consumption or digestion Carotenoids – also known as carotenes – belong to the group of Of late, there is considerable interest in considering various [10]. tannins as bioactive substances because of their capability of lipid-soluble hydrocarbons; and their oxygenated derivatives are colour of carrots; but they are commonly distributed in various called xanthophylls. The name ‘carotenes” is derived from the red other plants also as they are found in green leaves, in most yellow producing beneficial effects in the body if they are ingested in of their antioxidant properties that protect the tissues from the diet for long periods of time. This is particularly because the action of free radicals due to the cellular aging and other and red fruits, and many roots. The colour of egg-yolk and some physiological processes Tannins have also been shown to fish• isChemical also due to structure: carotenoids. A carotenoid consists of eight isopren have other positive effects on health including acceleration of [11]. oid units jointed in such a manner that the arrangement of blood clotting, reduction in blood pressure, decrease in serum - lipid levels, and modulation of immune responses; the dosage isoprene units is reversed in the center of the molecule. Ca- and the kind of tannins are critical to these effects (violet to green light), which is directly linked to their struc rotenoids absorb wavelengths ranging 400–550 nanometers [12]. ture and causes the compounds to be deeply colored yellow, Betalains -

These pigments are red and yellow; and they resemble the an • Sources: Some of the rich sources of carotenoids are carrots, orange, or red. - plums, apricots, mangoes, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes, kale, thocyanins and flavonoids in appearance. However, unlike them, spinach, cilantro (coriander), collard greens, fresh thyme, the• betalainsChemical contains structure: nitrogen. • Bountiful health benefits: Carotenoids exert protective ef Betalains are indole-derived pigments turnip greens, and winter squash. yellow betaxanthins, with their colours ascribed by the be which can be divided into the red-violet betacyanins and the - - fects against several kinds of cancers, in addition to benefits in water and thus can get integrated into aqueous food sys sor of vitamin A which is needed for robust immune system, talain structures resonating double bonds. They are soluble to vision and skin. Importantly, the β-carotene is a precur- tem healthy skin and mucous membranes, and good eye health - • Sources: The edible sources of betalains are red and yellow [13,14]. • Several studies have shown that carotenoids are associated beetroot, coloured swiss chard, leafy or grainy amaranth, and vision. with a diminished risk for different kinds of cancer such as • Bountiful health benefits: Owing to their antioxidant, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and head and neck prickly pear, red pitahaya, and several cacti. cancers

anti-cancer, anti-lipidemic and antimicrobial activities, [16-19]. Consequently, it has been demonstrated that nontoxic and thus have potential application as functional betalains have progressive health effects. In diet, they are there is a relation between serum β-carotene levels and a foods and a promising alternative to supplement therapies diminished cancer risk (e.g. for lung cancer). However, most plement did not show any effects regarding the risk for can intervention trials with β-carotene as a component of a sup- ed diseases such as stenosis of the arteries, atherosclerosis, in oxidative stress-, inflammation-, and dyslipidemia-relat- - hypertension, and cancer, among others cer; interactions of β-carotene with other compounds, either toxicological safety, accessibility, low price, biodegradabili It has been suggested that among the biological conditions [13]. Due to their carotenoids or other dietary constituents, might play a role. ty, and potentially advantageous biological effects on health, - the incorporation of betalains in food manufacturing and re related to the risk, the prooxidant effects of β-carotene are - implicated in the development of lung cancer.

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

. 3.9 (2019): 25-33. Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health

28 • current carotenoid research supports the possible role of this rols to increase their sterol content As regards the carotenoids’ protective effects on vision, the als, soybean oil, and tall (pine) oil are fortified with plant ste- • [9]. the plant sterols can affect the cholesterol absorption in the group of compounds in the protection against age-related Bountiful health benefits: The cholesterol-like property of reversible blindness among the elderly worldwide, affecting macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a major cause for ir- occurs a preferential absorption of the plant sterols over the gut. When consumed in diet or as dietary supplement, there ula lutea is an important part of the retina, and the area of about 20% of the population above the age of 65. The mac- maximal visual acuity; the coloration of this tissue is due to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the ‘bad cholester- the carotenoid pigments lutein and zeaxanthin (other carot ol’), which can naturally reduce the level of the LDL cholesterol - in blood. Studies have shown that when consumed in recom- enoids such as lycopene, α-carotene or β-carotene are not mended amounts (e.g. 1.5-3 grams per day), plant sterols can enoid pattern of the entire retina but their concentration in found here). Lutein and zeaxanthin also dominate the carot- reduce the level of LDL cholesterol in blood by 7.5-12% [24]. the macula lutea is considerably higher than in the rest of the Glucosinolates retina [20] Glucosinolates are natural components of certain pungent shown to reduce symptoms of eyestrain (dry eye, headaches, . Moreover, a high-carotenoid diet has also been plants (such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish) and their sec and blurred vision) and improve night vision However, further research is needed to ascertain the exact role and - [21]. a plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged, its gluco ondary metabolites, which contain sulfur and nitrogen. When such sinolates produce mustard oils which give the peculiar pungency to • - mechanism of such protective effects of carotenoids. High-carotenoid diets have been shown to exert positive ef- these• plantsChemical and structure:products. Glucosinolates contain sulfur and ni fects skin’s texture, clarity, color, strength, and elasticity [22]. screens as their antioxidant properties have protective effects - Commercial β-carotene supplements are used as oral sun- ery glucosinolate contains a central carbon atom, which is trogen, and are derived from glucose and an amino acid. Ev- bound via a sulfur atom to the thioglucose group and via a on the skin from the sun and harmful ultraviolet (UV) radia- nitrogen atom to a sulfate group (making a sulfated aldox tion. Photo-oxidative damage due to UV-irradiation of skin logical processes may lead to erythema formation, premature - affects cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA; such pathophysio- different glucosinolates have different side groups, and it is aging of the skin, development of photo dermatoses, and even ime). In addition, the central carbon is bound to a side group; variation in the side group that is responsible for the varia tion in the biological activities of these plant compounds - skin cancer. Several studies in humans have shown that carotenoid levels in plasma and skin decrease upon UV-irradiation • Sources: The main rich sources of glucosinolate are crucifer [25]. [23]. ous vegetables, such as wasabi (Wasabia japonica), broccoli, Plant sterols -

form the key biologically active breakdown products of glu cabbage, kale, watercress, and garden cress. Isothiocyanates cosinolates; the cruciferous vegetables hold a variety of glu The naturally-occurring parts of all plants are called plant ste- - cosinolates, each of which makes a different isothiocyanate rols or phytosterols. Several such compounds have been consid- - ered• toChemical have bioactive structure: food properties. Plant sterols include phytosterols, • Bountiful health benefits: Studies have shown that several with its associated physiological or cellular properties. glucosinolates and their biologically active metabolites, par phytostanols, and their fatty acid esters. Chemically, they an analogous role to affect cholesterol absorption and me ticularly the isothiocyanates, have protective roles against are cholesterol-like substances; this property can be used in - cancer and dementia - • Sources substances which are not found in any other vegetable have tabolism in animal and humans. [26-29]. These unique biochemical also present in lesser amounts in nuts, legumes, grains, ce known to be very effective at killing various cancer cells : The main sources are vegetable oils and they are - products such as margarine, milk, yoghurt, breakfast cere reals, wood pulp and leaves. In several countries, some food without damaging normal cells. They lower the risk of de- - mentia and slow down the rate of cognitive decline in elderly.

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

. 3.9 (2019): 25-33. Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health

29 Effects of bioactive compounds on chronic diseases • Prostate cancer: Another important collection of data comes Various bioactive compounds have unique effects on different interference with unhealthy lifestyle of the individuals.

studies support the idea that several carotenes, as well as chronic diseases such as cancers, diabetes mellitus, CVD, certain from the studies on prostate cancer. Many epidemiological of these bioactive compounds in select such diseases are discussed their rich sources, could help in reducing the risk of prostate neurological conditions etc. Key physiological and cellular actions cancer [17] here.• Cancer: Cancer is one of the most important and major . Among various carotenoids, lycopene is regarded The studies propose several ways of lycopene action, show as the most effective against the risk of this type of cancer. ing its importance in the enhancement of the oxidation stress - causes of death worldwide. It has been estimated that the [30] global cancer burden has risen to 18.1 million new cases and one in 6 women worldwide develop cancer during their defense system. Additional, evidence supporting this conclu- and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018 . One in 5 men vational studies on the role of tomato products and lycopene lifetime, and one in 8 men and one in 11 women die from the sion has been given by the recent meta-analysis of the obser-

intervention and clinical trials provided additional support to increase in cancer cases will continue over the next decade in the prevention of prostate cancer. Moreover, recent human disease. It has further been foreseen that the deaths due to this research • Other cancers: [23]. too. Hence, it is highly required that suitable steps are taken has been shown to play an important role in preventing the easiest ways to prevent and control the risk of cancer is In several research studies, β-carotene to control the risk of cancer development. Certainly, one of against cancers of breast, head, mouth, pharynx, and larynx to consume enough fruits and vegetables which are high in These studies have further suggested that con sumption of high fruits and vegetables in diet could reduce the [18,19,23]. - biologically activity. Several studies have shown that there is fruits and vegetables and decreased risk of cancer, particu positive relation between consumption of carotenoids-rich observational research data have also shown correlations be larly lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and head risk of head and neck cancers by as much as 50%. Similarly, - tween the consumption of fruits and vegetables and the inci and neck cancers - dence of esophageal, colon, and other gut cancers, as well as • Lung cancer: In the backdrop of risk assessment and con - [16-19,23]. an inverse relation between serum concentration of carotene trol of lung cancer, many studies have shown a fall in mor - and such cancer risk - [16] [23]. bidity due to β-carotene supplementation in subjects who Diabetes mellitus were done recently on diet of lung cancer patients who did were non-smoking adults . Moreover, the studies which protective effects, the bioactive compounds found in fruits and Owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno- not smoke confirmed an inverse relation between the car- vegetables can potentially defend against several diseases and met otene-rich diet (for example, α-carotene, lutein, lycopene, - β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene) and the risk of lung candidates for development of new functional foods, including those Prevention Trial showed higher incidence of lung cancer abolic disorders. Their positive health effects make them good cancer. Results of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer with potential protective and preventive properties for Type 1 and involving heavy cigarette smoking men, which indicated a Type 2 diabetes mellitus also

• Effects of flavonoids on[1]. beta cells of pancreas: Flavonoids significantly and total mortality in comparison to individu- These als obtaining the placebo, possibly due to a pro-oxidant ef- found in fruits and plants; and because of their abundance, fect of high-dose β-carotene supplementation [31]. and isoflavonoids are polyphenolic compounds commonly results were confirmed by the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Ef- ficacy Trial, as well as some others, in which a combination they make up a significant proportion of the human diet. among men and women at a high risk of developing lung of β-carotene and vitamin A supplementation was tested They are antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory and pro- cancer (asbestos workers and smokers) and in subjects who tective effects on metabolic diseases. Results from several consumed larger amounts of alcohol However, in the cohort studies and randomized trials suggest that flavonoids course of the latest detailed analysis, it turns out that the [32]. may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD; moreover, meta-analyses of randomized trials indicate that the strongest supplementation can be explained in terms of their strong ol, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity unexpected “cancerogenic” (pro-oxidant) effects of carotene evidences exist for their beneficial effects on LDL-cholester- [1,33,34].

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

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30 • Genistein: reduction in their serum lipid peroxides and the oxidative state of Genistein is the most considered isoflavone with anthocyanins) exhibited anti-oxidative effects such as a significant [39] respect to diabetes. Some of its good plant sources include lu- is viewed as a promising candidate for alternative or comple pine, fava beans, soybeans, and soybean products. Genistein their monocytes/macrophages by 56% and 28%, respectively . mentary approach to prevent and treat diabetes as various diabetic patients, which further suggests that it will be helpful if - These observations show a significant effect of anthocyanins on any functional food is made out of such anthocyanin extracts

cell-culture and animal-based studies have demonstrated its [1]. among postmenopausal women demonstrated that genistein Cardiovascular disease positive effects on β-cell function. A human study conducted

glucose and increase the glucose tolerance and the insulin given in a dose of 54 mg/day could help reduce the fasting Oxidative stress and inflammation have a key role in the pro- sensitivity tory, and metabolic properties of various bioactive compounds may gression of atherosclerosis and CVD. Anti-oxidative, anti-inflamma- • Lycopene: Lycopene is one of the powerful antioxidant carot be associated with their protective roles against atherosclerosis [35,36]. - enoid compounds. It is naturally present in tomatoes and pink and• CVD.Berries (Anthocyanins): Berries are good sources of poly grapefruit, and is well-known in promoting health through - In several studies, it has been shown that berries are associ prevention of such chronic diseases as cancer and CVD. While phenols, especially anthocyanins, micronutrients, and fiber. there are rare studies on its effect on diabetes (β-cells of - individual gradual doses of lycopene to hyperglycaemic rats studies were done using chokeberries, cranberries, blueber pancreas). In an animal study, exogenous administration of ated with improving heart health. Some of the intervention - caused a dose‐dependent decrease in glucose level, increase ries, and strawberries (either fresh, or as juice, or freeze- and an increased total antioxidant status with increased anti in insulin concentration, improvement in serum lipid profile, dried), or purified anthocyanin extracts, which demonstrated oxidant enzyme activities; this study has suggested that lyco tion, total plasma antioxidant capacity, dyslipidemia, and glu - significant improvements in LDL oxidation, lipid peroxida- pene acts as an antidiabetic agent, primarily through lower - - ing the free radical However, in humans, various studies - cose metabolism. Essential mechanisms for these kinds of investigating the effects of high consumption of lycopene on endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreased activities of car [37]. beneficial effects were supposed to include upregulation of reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes have yielded bohydrate digestive enzymes, decreased oxidative stress, and - equivocal results; therefore, further studies are needed in this

inhibition of inflammatory gene expression and foam cell for- • Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins: These compounds are mendation of berries as one of the essential fruit group in a regard. mation. Although inadequately, this data supports the recom- well known for imparting colours to fruits, vegetables, and [40] • Flavonoids: Several cohort studies and randomized trials heart-healthy diet . in vitro studies have shown that anthocyanins and anthocy flowers, many of which are used in the human diets. Various anidins stimulate insulin secretion and have pro¬tective ef - have suggested that flavonoids may lower the risk of CVD, lesterol, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity [33] - particularly by exerting their beneficial effects on LDL-cho- fects on β-cells of pancreas. In an animal study, the adminis- . A (an anthocyanin) reduced blood glucose levels and improved cohort studies has also suggested that dietary intakes of six tration of bayberry fruit extract rich in cyanidin-3-glucoside systematic review with meta-analyses of several prospective

betic mice impaired glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced dia- classes of flavonoids, namely flavonols, anthocyanidins, pro- [41] [38]. In a large study by Wedick., et al, a total anthocyanidins, flavones, flavanones and flavan-3-ols, sig- 3,645,585 women and men, who were free from diabetes, nificantly decrease the risk of CVD . In this regard, the and subsequently 12,611 cases of type 2 diabetes were found CVD, and cancer at the beginning of the study, were followed; content of flavonoid subclasses may be more important than that of total flavonoids in foods. Moreover, the inverse rela- blueber¬ries and apples or pears, was associated with a lower out; the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods, particularly tionship between the flavonoid intake and the risk of CVD is risk of type 2 diabetes in the study In another study, dia • However, there is a great variation in the literature due to the more evident among women than men. [34]. - heterogeneous nature of the randomized controlled trials betic patients who consumed pomegranate juice (384 mg/dL

Citation: Aanchal Walia., et al. “Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health" Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

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