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Glucosinolate-Containing Seed Meal As a Soil Amendment to Control Plant Pests

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Glucosinolate-Containing Seed Meal As a Soil Amendment to Control Plant Pests A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Glucosinolate-Containing Seed Subcontract Report NREL/SR-510-35254 Meal as a Soil Amendment to July 2005 Control Plant Pests 2000-2002 J. Brown, M.J. Morra University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Glucosinolate-Containing Seed Subcontract Report NREL/SR-510-35254 Meal as a Soil Amendment to July 2005 Control Plant Pests 2000-2002 J. Brown, M.J. Morra University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho NREL Technical Monitor: K. Shaine Tyson Prepared under Subcontract No. XC0-929095-01 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm This publication received minimal editorial review at NREL Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Contents I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 II. Glucosinolates ................................................................................................................... 4 A. Structure .......................................................................................................................................................4 B. Occurrence....................................................................................................................................................4 C. Hydrolysis Reactions .....................................................................................................................................5 D. Hydrolysis Products......................................................................................................................................6 III. Pesticidal Activity of Glucosinolate Hyrolysis Products .............................................. 8 A. Herbicidal Activity ........................................................................................................................................8 B. Fungicidal and Bactericidal Activities.........................................................................................................12 C. Allelochemical Effects on Insects and Other Invertebrates ........................................................................17 IV. Management Considerations........................................................................................ 19 A. Product Formation......................................................................................................................................19 B. Product Activity and Fate ...........................................................................................................................20 1. Lifetimes..................................................................................................................................................20 2. Volatilization ...........................................................................................................................................21 3. Organic Matter ........................................................................................................................................21 4. Temperature.............................................................................................................................................22 5. Water .......................................................................................................................................................22 6. Soil Texture .............................................................................................................................................23 7. pH............................................................................................................................................................23 8. Microbial Activity ...................................................................................................................................24 C. Additional Allelochemicals ........................................................................................................................25 D. Glucosinolate Concentrations.....................................................................................................................26 E. Timing.........................................................................................................................................................27 F. Additional Benefits .....................................................................................................................................28 V. Crushing and Extraction Technology ........................................................................... 29 VI. Allergenic Reactions...................................................................................................... 30 VII. Registration .................................................................................................................. 33 VII. Genetics and Interspecific Hybridization.................................................................. 34 A. Taxonomy, Genomic Constitutions, and Relationships..............................................................................34 B. Oil and Seed Meal Characteristics and Inheritance ....................................................................................34 C. Interspecific and Intergeneric Crosses in Brassicaceae ..............................................................................36 IX. Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 38 X. Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 39 1 Tables Table 1. Naturally Occurring Glucosinolates................................................................................................72 Table 2. Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Glucosinolate-Containing Tissues on Other Plants ..........83 Table 3. Influence of Naturally Occurring Isothiocyanates on Microorganisms ......................................85 Table 4. EPA Registrations for Various Isothiocyanates............................................................................92 Figures Figure 1. Generalized structure of glucosinolates .......................................................................................93 Figure 2. Glucosinolate degradation pathway. Enzymatic hydrolysis results in production of glucose - followed by HSO4 . At least seven other products have been observed. Oxazolidinethione and SCN- are thought to be formed from unstable R-N=C=S intermediates...........................................94 Figure 3. Relationship between Brassica species as described by U (1935) .........................................95 2 Glucosinolate-Containing Seed Meal as a Soil Amendment to Control Plant Pests I. Introduction Plants may produce compounds that directly or indirectly affect their biological environment. These compounds fall within a broad category of compounds called allelochemicals, and are exclusive of food that influences growth, health, or behavior of other organisms (Whittaker and Feeney 1971). One reason for interest in allelochemicals is their potential for use in alternative pest management systems. Using plant-produced allelochemicals in agricultural and horticultural practices could minimize synthetic pesticide use, reduce the associated potential for environmental contamination, and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. Glucosinolates, compounds that occur in agronomically important crops, may represent a viable source of allelochemic control for various
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