DOCSLIB.ORG

Part III GLUCOSINOLATE and ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE CONTENT OF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Part III GLUCOSINOLATE and ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE CONTENT OF University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2005 Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action Darrell Donaldson Hensley University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Hensley, Darrell Donaldson, "Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4337 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Darrell Donaldson Hensley entitled "Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Plants, Soils, and Insects. Carl E. Sams, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ernest Bernard, Bob Triagino, David L. Coffey, Dennis Deyton Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Darrell Donaldson Hensley entitled "Sinigrin content and ally I isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors affecting its action." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in the partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Plant, Soils and Insects. ��� Carl E. Sams, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend it acceptance: Acceptance forthe Council: Graduate Studies " Sinigrin content andallyl isothiocyanateconcentration of whole ground mustardmeal andthe ability of allyl isothiocyanateto inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyneincognita and possible factorsaffecting its action A Dissertation Presented forthe Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville DarrellDonaldson Hensley May 2005 AO-VET-MEO. tfies'is 11xx5b . HLfl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my spouse, Greta, my daughter,Kaitlin, andmy son, Samuel,for their encouragement, love and support. I would like to thank Dr. CharlesHadden forhis encouragement and suggesting that I pursue a higherdegree. I wish to thank all of those who assisted me in completion of a Doctor of Philosophy in the Plant Sciences Department. I would like to thank Dr. CarlSams for his guidance and his effortin assisting me in becoming familiarwith biofumigation. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. ErnestBernard, Dr. Bob Triagino, Dr. David Coffey, and Dr, Dennis Deyton fortheir suggestions andguidance. I thank Dr. Kim Gwinn, Dr. Bonnie Ownley, Dr. Mark Windham,Dr. Craig Charron, and Dr. Martin Lyons and others that assisted me with laboratoryand fieldtasks. I would like to thank those in both the Plant Sciences and Entomology and Plant Pathology departmentswho have contributed to my effortsin this work. Lastly, I would like to thank my familyand friends, whose suggestions and endless encouragement, made me pursue the task of continuing this effort, until its completion. 111 ABSTRACT Compoundshydrolyzed fromdecomposition of glucosinolates have the potential to reduce pest populations andpossibly controlmany soilbornediseases. Sinigrinis a glucosinolate commonly foundin Brassica species. Sinigrinconcentrations in whole groundoriental mustardseed meal (OMM) obtained from 12 differentlots rangedfrom 101 to 141 µM·g·1 ofOMM. Allyl isothiocyanate(AITC) concentrations evolving from 1 sinigrinin correspondingseed lots rangedfrom 17 to 33 µM·g- • Conversion efficiency of sinigrinto AITC fromthese 12 lots was approximately 19 percent. Water volume and soil coverings may affectconcentrations of AITCevolving fromOMM. Increased amountsof waterand use of polyethylene soil coverings negatively affectedAITC concentrations. The concentrations of commercially obtained AITCand AITC evolved from OMM needed to produce 50% and90% inhibition (IC50, IC90) of black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) were calculated. Inhibitory concentrations 1 (IC5o, IC90) of AITC were 0. 70 and1. 52 µM·L- , respectively. Inhibitoryconcentrations 1 ofIC50 andIC 90 of AITC fromOMM were 0.99 and 1.72 µM·L- , respectively. In a similarexperiment, the lethal concentrations (LCs) of commercially available AITC, OMM andOMM mixed with soil were determinedfor root-knot nematode, (Meloidogyne 1 incognita - RKN)eggs. The LC so andLC 90 forAITC were 0. 78 and1.94 µM'L- , 1 respectively. The LC50 andLC 90 forOMM were 0.44 and1.22 µM'L- and forOMM 1 mixed with soil they were 0.88 and1.99 µM'L- , respectively. V Field tests were conductedto determinethe effectof various rates of OMM and commercial fumigants (TeloneC-35 anddazomet) on vermiformnematode populations at two locations. Statistical analysissuggested that neither commercially available soil fumigant negatively influencedvermiform nematode populations in the Flethcher or Knoxville location during 2003 or 2004; however, non-significant reductions were observed in nematode populations in plots with Telone or 2,242 kg·ha·1 of OMM. Effects fromOMM treatments were highly variable and were not significantly different from the control. Research from multiple laboratory experiments indicated that AITC has the potential to reduce or inhibit growthof both black shank and eggs ofRKN. Results from treatments including OMM in fieldresearch, was highlyvariable and more research is needed to determinethe extent of efficacyof this material. Vl TABLEOF CONTENTS Part Page I Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 II Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 7 A History of Mustard........................................................................................... 9 Brassicaceae ....................................................................................................... 1 0 Biofumigation.................................................................................................... 12 Plasticulture ........................................................................................................ 13 Glucosinolates .................................................................................................... 15 Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ................................................................................ 16 Myrosinase ......................................................................................................... 19 Glucosinolate Degradation................................................................................. 20 Disease Control.................................................................................................. 21 Literature Cited .................................................................................................. 24 Appendix-II ........................................................................................................ 33 III Glucosinolate and Allyl Isothiocyanate Content of Oriental MustardMeal ............ 35 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 37 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 7 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 40 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................46 Literature Cited .................................................................................................. 49 Appendix-III ....................................................................................................... 5 3 N Effectof Allyl Isothiocyanate on Phytophthora ....................................................... 57 Abstract ...............................................................................................................59 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 59 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs During 2020–2024
    IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0) ................................................................................................. 3 Acrolein (CAS No. 107-02-8) ....................................................................................................... 4 Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) .................................................................................................... 5 Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) ................................................................................................ 6 Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2) .................................................................................................. 8 Air pollutants and underlying mechanisms for breast cancer ....................................................... 9 Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxins ............................................................................. 10 Alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) (CAS No. 15972-60-8) .................................................. 10 Aluminium (CAS No. 7429-90-5) .............................................................................................. 11
    [Show full text]
  • Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from Two Broccoli Sprout Beverages: Results of a Short-Term, Cross-Over Clinical Trial in Qidong, China
    Cancer Prevention Research Article Research Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from Two Broccoli Sprout Beverages: Results of a Short-term, Cross-over Clinical Trial in Qidong, China Patricia A. Egner1, Jian Guo Chen2, Jin Bing Wang2, Yan Wu2, Yan Sun2, Jian Hua Lu2, Jian Zhu2, Yong Hui Zhang2, Yong Sheng Chen2, Marlin D. Friesen1, Lisa P. Jacobson3, Alvaro Muñoz3, Derek Ng3, Geng Sun Qian2, Yuan Rong Zhu2, Tao Yang Chen2, Nigel P. Botting4, Qingzhi Zhang4, Jed W. Fahey5, Paul Talalay5, John D Groopman1, and Thomas W. Kensler1,5,6 Abstract One of several challenges in design of clinical chemoprevention trials is the selection of the dose, formulation, and dose schedule of the intervention agent. Therefore, a cross-over clinical trial was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and tolerability of sulforaphane from two of broccoli sprout–derived beverages: one glucoraphanin-rich (GRR) and the other sulforaphane-rich (SFR). Sulfor- aphane was generated from glucoraphanin contained in GRR by gut microflora or formed by treatment of GRR with myrosinase from daikon (Raphanus sativus) sprouts to provide SFR. Fifty healthy, eligible participants were requested to refrain from crucifer consumption and randomized into two treatment arms. The study design was as follows: 5-day run-in period, 7-day administration of beverages, 5-day washout period, and 7-day administration of the opposite intervention. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry was used to measure levels of glucoraphanin, sulforaphane, and sulforaphane thiol conjugates in urine samples collected daily throughout the study. Bioavailability, as measured by urinary excretion of sulforaphane and its metabolites (in approximately 12-hour collections after dosing), was substantially greater with the SFR (mean ¼ 70%) than with GRR (mean ¼ 5%) beverages.
    [Show full text]
  • TRP Mediation
    molecules Review Remedia Sternutatoria over the Centuries: TRP Mediation Lujain Aloum 1 , Eman Alefishat 1,2,3 , Janah Shaya 4 and Georg A. Petroianu 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.A.); Eman.alefi[email protected] (E.A.) 2 Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates 3 Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11941, Jordan 4 Pre-Medicine Bridge Program, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +971-50-413-4525 Abstract: Sneezing (sternutatio) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon. Sneezing has exerted a strange fascination on humans throughout history, and induced sneezing was widely used by physicians for therapeutic purposes, on the assumption that sneezing eliminates noxious factors from the body, mainly from the head. The present contribution examines the various mixtures used for inducing sneezes (remedia sternutatoria) over the centuries. The majority of the constituents of the sneeze-inducing remedies are modulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The TRP channel superfamily consists of large heterogeneous groups of channels that play numerous physiological roles such as thermosensation, chemosensation, osmosensation and mechanosensation. Sneezing is associated with the activation of the wasabi receptor, (TRPA1), typical ligand is allyl isothiocyanate and the hot chili pepper receptor, (TRPV1), typical agonist is capsaicin, in the vagal sensory nerve terminals, activated by noxious stimulants.
    [Show full text]
  • Transient Receptor Potential Channel Promiscuity Frustrates Constellation
    the sole sensor responsible for noxious cold responses in M+A+ LETTER neurons (1). However, TRPA1 is also activated by cooling and underlies at least part of the noxious cold responsiveness of Transient receptor potential channel AITC-sensitive neurons (3). Third, the authors used nicardipine 2+ promiscuity frustrates to selectively inhibit CaV1-type voltage-gated Ca channels (1). However, several dihydropyridines, including nicardipine, also constellation pharmacology act as TRPA1 agonists (4). These considerations led us to propose an alternative Sensory neurons from the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia molecular interpretation of the difference between M+A− (DRG) have nerve endings in the skin and mucosa, where they and M+A+ neurons, which is in much better agreement with detect environmental stimuli and convey this information to published work. In accord with the authors, we conclude that the central nervous system. Several members of the transient M+A− neurons express TRPM8 but lack expression of receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels act as TRPA1. In contrast to the authors, we propose that M+A+ prime molecular sensors for thermal and chemical stimuli in neurons express TRPA1 as the prime cold and menthol these sensory neurons. However, it is incompletely understood sensor (2, 3). This interpretation is consistent with published how TRP channel expression and modulation affect the stimulus observations that menthol responses in M+A− but not in sensitivities of distinct neuronal subtypes. M+A+ neurons are inhibited by TRPM8 antagonists (5) In a recent article, Teichert et al. (1) described a “constellation and that TRPA1-mediated responses to cold in neurons are pharmacology approach” to identify and characterize subtypes characterized by a higher (colder) threshold (3).
    [Show full text]
  • Glucosinolates and Their Important Biological and Anti Cancer Effects: a Review
    Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 11, No.1 2015 Glucosinolates and their Important Biological and Anti Cancer Effects: A Review V. Rameeh * ABSTRACT Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich plant metabolites of the family of Brassicace and other fifteen families of dicotyledonous angiosperms including a large number of edible species. At least 130 different glucosinolates have been identified. Following tissue damage, glucosinolates undergo hydrolysis catalysed by the enzyme myrosinase to produce a complex array of products which include volatile isothiocyanates and several compounds with goitrogenic and anti cancer activities. Glucosinolates are considered potential source of sulfur for other metabolic processes under low-sulfur conditions, therefore the breakdown of glucosinolates will be increased under sulfur deficiency. However, the pathway for sulfur mobilization from glucosinolates has not been determined.Glucosinolates and their breakdown products have long been recognized for their fungicidal, bacteriocidal, nematocidal and allelopathic properties and have recently attracted intense research interest because of their cancer chemoprotective attributes. Glucosinolate derivatives stop cancer via destroying cancer cells, and they also suppress genes that create new blood vessels, which support tumor growth and spread. These organic compounds also reduce the carcinogenic effects of many environmental toxins by boosting the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Keywords: Brassicace, dicotyledonous, mobilisation, myrosinase,sulfur. INTRODUCTION oxazolidinethiones and nitriles (Fenwick et al., 1983). Glucosinolates can be divided into three classes based on Glucosinolates are sulfur- and nitrogen-containing the structure of different amino acid precursors(Table 1): plant secondary metabolites common in the order 1. Aliphatic glucosinolates derived from methionine, Capparales, which comprises the Brassicaceae family isoleucine, leucine or valine, 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting Angiogenesis by Phytochemicals
    Arom & at al ic in P l ic a n d t Kadioglu et al., Med Aromat Plants 2013, 2:5 e s M Medicinal & Aromatic Plants DOI: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000134 ISSN: 2167-0412 ResearchReview Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Targeting Angiogenesis By Phytochemicals Onat Kadioglu, Ean Jeong Seo and Thomas Efferth* Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany Abstract Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and angiogenesis is critical in cancer progression. Development of new blood vessels and nutrition of tumor cells are heavily dependent on angiogenesis. Thus, angiogenesis inhibition might be a promising approach for anticancer therapy. Anti-angiogenic small molecule and phytochemicals as a cancer treatment approach are focused in these main points; modes of action, adverse effects, mechanisms of resistance and new developments. Treatment with anti-angiogenic compounds might be advantageous over conventional chemotherapy due to the fact that those compounds mainly act on endothelial cells, which are genetically more stable and homogenous compared to tumor cells and they show lower susceptibility to acquired drug resistance (ADR). Targeting the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) signalling pathway with synthetic small molecules inhibiting Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) in addition to antagonizing VEGF might be a promising approach. Moreover, beneficial effect of phytochemicals were proven on cancer-related pathways especially concerning anti-angiogenesis. Plant phenolics being an important category of prominent phytochemicals affect different pathways of angiogenesis. Green tea polyphenols (epigallocatechin gallate) and soy bean isoflavones (genistein) are two examples involving an anti-angiogenic effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Defence Mechanisms of Brassicaceae: Implications for Plant-Insect Interactions and Potential for Integrated Pest Management
    Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 311–348 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2009 www.agronomy-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/agro/2009025 for Sustainable Development Review article Defence mechanisms of Brassicaceae: implications for plant-insect interactions and potential for integrated pest management. A review Ishita Ahuja,JensRohloff, Atle Magnar Bones* Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway (Accepted 5 July 2009) Abstract – Brassica crops are grown worldwide for oil, food and feed purposes, and constitute a significant economic value due to their nutritional, medicinal, bioindustrial, biocontrol and crop rotation properties. Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in Brassica crop production every year, and are a threat to global agriculture. In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica species themselves use multiple defence mechanisms, which can be constitutive, inducible, induced, direct or indirect depending upon the insect or the degree of insect attack. Firstly, we give an overview of different Brassica species with the main focus on cultivated brassicas. Secondly, we describe insect pests that attack brassicas. Thirdly, we address multiple defence mechanisms, with the main focus on phytoalexins, sulphur, glucosinolates, the glucosinolate-myrosinase system and their breakdown products. In order to develop pest control strategies, it is important to study the chemical ecology, and insect behaviour. We review studies on oviposition regulation, multitrophic interactions involving feeding and host selection behaviour of parasitoids and predators of herbivores on brassicas. Regarding oviposition and trophic interactions, we outline insect oviposition behaviour, the importance of chemical stimulation, oviposition-deterring pheromones, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, and phytoalexins and their importance towards pest management.
    [Show full text]
  • Indole Carbinol: a Glucosinolate Derivative from Cruciferous
    Research Indole-3-carbinol: A glucosinolate derivative from cruciferous vegetables for prevention and complementary treatment of breast cancer Ben L. Pfeifer1, Theodor Fahrendorf2 Summary spect seem to be secondary plant sub- stances from cruciferous vegetables, Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women today. Despite such as indole 3-carbinol (I3C). This is a improved therapies, only every second woman with breast cancer can ex- glucosinolate derivative containing sul- pect cure. If cancer is metastatic at diagnosis, or recurs with metastases, phur whose metabolic products are then treatment is limited to palliative measures only, and cure is usually not widely known for their anti-cancer expected. Under these circumstances, quality of life as well as overall surviv- effects [34-36, 44, 46]. Detailed studies al of the patient is significantly reduced. It is therefore advisable for pa- have been carried out regarding their tients, their physicians, and the entire society at large, to search for more preventive and therapeutic effectiveness effective and less toxic treatment methods and develop better prevention in treating breast cancer and other types strategies that can reduce the burden of this cancer on the individual pa- tient and society as a whole. Indole-3-carbinol, a glucosinolate derivative of cancer [7, 12, 18, 30, 62, 79]. Labora- from cruciferous vegetables, seems to be a strong candidate to achieve tory tests on cell cultures and animal ex- these goals. It is abundantly available, well tolerated and non-toxic. Suffi- periments showed that I3C prevents the cient amounts for prevention of breast cancer can be taken up by daily con- development of cancer in various organs sumption of cruciferous vegetables.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Four – TRPA1 Channels: Chemical and Temperature Sensitivity
    CHAPTER FOUR TRPA1 Channels: Chemical and Temperature Sensitivity Willem J. Laursen1,2, Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev1,* and Elena O. Gracheva1,2,* 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 2Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 90 2. Activation and Regulation of TRPA1 by Chemical Compounds 91 2.1 Chemical activation of TRPA1 by covalent modification 91 2.2 Noncovalent activation of TRPA1 97 2.3 Receptor-operated activation of TRPA1 99 3. Temperature Sensitivity of TRPA1 101 3.1 TRPA1 in mammals 101 3.2 TRPA1 in insects and worms 103 3.3 TRPA1 in fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians 103 3.4 TRPA1: Molecular mechanism of temperature sensitivity 104 Acknowledgments 107 References 107 Abstract Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal excitatory ion channel found in sensory neurons of different organisms, ranging from worms to humans. Since its discovery as an uncharacterized transmembrane protein in human fibroblasts, TRPA1 has become one of the most intensively studied ion channels. Its function has been linked to regulation of heat and cold perception, mechanosensitivity, hearing, inflam- mation, pain, circadian rhythms, chemoreception, and other processes. Some of these proposed functions remain controversial, while others have gathered considerable experimental support. A truly polymodal ion channel, TRPA1 is activated by various stimuli, including electrophilic chemicals, oxygen, temperature, and mechanical force, yet the molecular mechanism of TRPA1 gating remains obscure. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TRPA1 physiology, pharmacology, and molecular function.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 73 Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Kidney Or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances
    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS VOLUME 73 SOME CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE TUMOURS OF THE KIDNEY OR URINARY BLADDER IN RODENTS AND SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES 1999 IARC LYON FRANCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances VOLUME 73 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 13–20 October 1998 1999 IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on Internet: http://www.iarc.fr/.
    [Show full text]
  • Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Haematological Malignancies: an Update
    biomolecules Review Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Haematological Malignancies: An Update Federica Maggi 1,2 , Maria Beatrice Morelli 2 , Massimo Nabissi 2 , Oliviero Marinelli 2 , Laura Zeppa 2, Cristina Aguzzi 2, Giorgio Santoni 2 and Consuelo Amantini 3,* 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 2 Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.M.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (O.M.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (G.S.) 3 Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-0737403312 Abstract: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are improving their importance in differ- ent cancers, becoming suitable as promising candidates for precision medicine. Their important contribution in calcium trafficking inside and outside cells is coming to light from many papers published so far. Encouraging results on the correlation between TRP and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in cancer patients are available, and there are as many promising data from in vitro studies. For what concerns haematological malignancy, the role of TRPs is still not elucidated, and data regarding TRP channel expression have demonstrated great variability throughout blood cancer so far. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the most recent findings Citation: Maggi, F.; Morelli, M.B.; on TRP channels in leukaemia and lymphoma, demonstrating their important contribution in the Nabissi, M.; Marinelli, O.; Zeppa, L.; perspective of personalised therapies.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure 1. Metabolism of Glucoraphanin and Glucobrassicin to Biologically Active Metabolites
    Legend to Figures: Figure 1. Metabolism of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin to biologically active metabolites. (A) Sulforaphane is released from glucoraphanin by the plant enzyme myrosinase. Red dashed arrow marks the reactive carbon atom subject to glutathione conjugation. (B) Sulforaphane is metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway into active metabolites. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) first conjugates a GSH molecule (Glu-Cys-Gly) to the reactive carbon on sulforaphane. Glutamate is then removed by γ- glutamyltranspeptidase (GTP), followed by removal of the glycine residue by cysteinylglycinase (CGase). Cysteine is then acetylated by an acetyltransferase (AT) to sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine, which is excreted in the urine. (C) Indole-3-carbinol is released from the glucosinolate glucobrassicin by myrosinase and undergoes spontaneous condensation in the acidic environment of the gut. Diindolylmethane (DIM) is the most abundant post-absorption acid condensation product. Acid condensation products can be modified further post-absorption. LTr1: Linear trimer 1. LTr2: Linear trimer 2. Structures from PubChem at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Figure 2. Selected non-epigenetic effects of sulforaphane and I3C/DIM on prostate cancer cells. Sulforaphane (SFN) and I3C/DIM inhibit the Akt signaling axis, a signaling pathway often hyperactive in prostate cancer. Inhibition of this pathway decreases pro-survival signaling by mTOR, Akt, and NFkB. Sulforaphane and I3C/DIM treatment also lead to changes in gene expression (blue arrow) that trigger growth arrest and apoptosis. The expression of proteins controlling the cell cycle (e.g. p21, p27, CDK6) are altered to effect growth arrest, and apoptosis is finally induced through the mitochondrial pathway. Abbreviations: AR – Androgen Receptor, CDK6 – cyclin dependant kinase 6, IAP – inhibitors of apoptosis.
    [Show full text]