University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2005 Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action Darrell Donaldson Hensley University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Hensley, Darrell Donaldson, "Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4337 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Darrell Donaldson Hensley entitled "Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors for its action." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Plants, Soils, and Insects. Carl E. Sams, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ernest Bernard, Bob Triagino, David L. Coffey, Dennis Deyton Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Darrell Donaldson Hensley entitled "Sinigrin content and ally I isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita and possible factors affecting its action." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in the partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Plant, Soils and Insects. ��� Carl E. Sams, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend it acceptance: Acceptance forthe Council: Graduate Studies " Sinigrin content andallyl isothiocyanateconcentration of whole ground mustardmeal andthe ability of allyl isothiocyanateto inhibit growth of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Meloidogyneincognita and possible factorsaffecting its action A Dissertation Presented forthe Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville DarrellDonaldson Hensley May 2005 AO-VET-MEO. tfies'is 11xx5b . HLfl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my spouse, Greta, my daughter,Kaitlin, andmy son, Samuel,for their encouragement, love and support. I would like to thank Dr. CharlesHadden forhis encouragement and suggesting that I pursue a higherdegree. I wish to thank all of those who assisted me in completion of a Doctor of Philosophy in the Plant Sciences Department. I would like to thank Dr. CarlSams for his guidance and his effortin assisting me in becoming familiarwith biofumigation. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. ErnestBernard, Dr. Bob Triagino, Dr. David Coffey, and Dr, Dennis Deyton fortheir suggestions andguidance. I thank Dr. Kim Gwinn, Dr. Bonnie Ownley, Dr. Mark Windham,Dr. Craig Charron, and Dr. Martin Lyons and others that assisted me with laboratoryand fieldtasks. I would like to thank those in both the Plant Sciences and Entomology and Plant Pathology departmentswho have contributed to my effortsin this work. Lastly, I would like to thank my familyand friends, whose suggestions and endless encouragement, made me pursue the task of continuing this effort, until its completion. 111 ABSTRACT Compoundshydrolyzed fromdecomposition of glucosinolates have the potential to reduce pest populations andpossibly controlmany soilbornediseases. Sinigrinis a glucosinolate commonly foundin Brassica species. Sinigrinconcentrations in whole groundoriental mustardseed meal (OMM) obtained from 12 differentlots rangedfrom 101 to 141 µM·g·1 ofOMM. Allyl isothiocyanate(AITC) concentrations evolving from 1 sinigrinin correspondingseed lots rangedfrom 17 to 33 µM·g- • Conversion efficiency of sinigrinto AITC fromthese 12 lots was approximately 19 percent. Water volume and soil coverings may affectconcentrations of AITCevolving fromOMM. Increased amountsof waterand use of polyethylene soil coverings negatively affectedAITC concentrations. The concentrations of commercially obtained AITCand AITC evolved from OMM needed to produce 50% and90% inhibition (IC50, IC90) of black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) were calculated. Inhibitory concentrations 1 (IC5o, IC90) of AITC were 0. 70 and1. 52 µM·L- , respectively. Inhibitoryconcentrations 1 ofIC50 andIC 90 of AITC fromOMM were 0.99 and 1.72 µM·L- , respectively. In a similarexperiment, the lethal concentrations (LCs) of commercially available AITC, OMM andOMM mixed with soil were determinedfor root-knot nematode, (Meloidogyne 1 incognita - RKN)eggs. The LC so andLC 90 forAITC were 0. 78 and1.94 µM'L- , 1 respectively. The LC50 andLC 90 forOMM were 0.44 and1.22 µM'L- and forOMM 1 mixed with soil they were 0.88 and1.99 µM'L- , respectively. V Field tests were conductedto determinethe effectof various rates of OMM and commercial fumigants (TeloneC-35 anddazomet) on vermiformnematode populations at two locations. Statistical analysissuggested that neither commercially available soil fumigant negatively influencedvermiform nematode populations in the Flethcher or Knoxville location during 2003 or 2004; however, non-significant reductions were observed in nematode populations in plots with Telone or 2,242 kg·ha·1 of OMM. Effects fromOMM treatments were highly variable and were not significantly different from the control. Research from multiple laboratory experiments indicated that AITC has the potential to reduce or inhibit growthof both black shank and eggs ofRKN. Results from treatments including OMM in fieldresearch, was highlyvariable and more research is needed to determinethe extent of efficacyof this material. Vl TABLEOF CONTENTS Part Page I Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 II Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 7 A History of Mustard........................................................................................... 9 Brassicaceae ....................................................................................................... 1 0 Biofumigation.................................................................................................... 12 Plasticulture ........................................................................................................ 13 Glucosinolates .................................................................................................... 15 Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ................................................................................ 16 Myrosinase ......................................................................................................... 19 Glucosinolate Degradation................................................................................. 20 Disease Control.................................................................................................. 21 Literature Cited .................................................................................................. 24 Appendix-II ........................................................................................................ 33 III Glucosinolate and Allyl Isothiocyanate Content of Oriental MustardMeal ............ 35 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 37 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 7 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 40 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................46 Literature Cited .................................................................................................. 49 Appendix-III ....................................................................................................... 5 3 N Effectof Allyl Isothiocyanate on Phytophthora ....................................................... 57 Abstract ...............................................................................................................59 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 59 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................