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Maguire, K and Hanrahan, J

Local Authority provision of Environmental Planning Guidelines for Event Management in Ireland http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/11358/

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Maguire, K and Hanrahan, J (2016) Local Authority provision of Environmental Planning Guidelines for Event Management in Ireland. European Journal of Tourism Research, 12. pp. 54-81. ISSN 1314-0817

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Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland

James Hanrahan1 and Kelly Maguire2*

Received: 25/04/2015 Accepted: 03/11/2015

1 School of Business and Social Sciences Department of Marketing, Tourism and Sport, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland 2 School of Business and Social Sciences, Department of Marketing, Tourism and Sport, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode road, Sligo, Ireland; phone: +353 879155226; e-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author

Abstract

This paper discusses the environmental impacts generated by hosting events. More specifically it focuses on the case study of assessing the provision of environmental planning guidelines by Local Authorities to manage the environmental impacts of events in Ireland. In order to determine which Local Authorities provided environmental planning guidelines, a quantitative methodology in the form of a content analysis approach was utilised to investigate every Local Authority in the Republic of Ireland. Analysis has revealed that few Local Authorities are providing planning guidelines for event management, which focus on environmental concerns. As such, the realization of the need to provide environmental planning guidelines to manage the environmental impacts of event management within Local Authorities has not been recognised nationwide. As a result the need for coherent guidelines and policies with sustainable indicators within Local Authorities is vital to further develop, grow and advance the event sector in Ireland. This paper concludes that while the low levels of environmental sustainability in Local Authorities for event management is worrying; it offers an opportunity to be improved by adopting and utilising best practice indicators in environmental policies and guidelines for event management.

© 2016 Varna University of Management. All rights reserved

Keywords: Event Planning, Event Management, Environmental Planning, Guidelines, Ireland, Local Authorities

Citation: Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81

Introduction paper reports on the environmental The event industry on a global scale can consequences of events at an international contribute both positively and negatively to the level while focusing also on the environmental economy, society and the environment. This consequences of this large-scale event study in

54 RESEARCH PAPER

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81

Ireland. It reports on the role Local Authorities In particular, it has been noted globally that the play in planning for the environmental complicated relationship between events and sustainability of events. The findings from this the environment (Shone & Parry, 2004; Jones, paper are discussed in the context of national 2010) has been initiated by the vast generation legislation to provide an insight on the of negative impacts produced by events (Raj & environmental sustainability of Local Authority Musgrave, 2009; Hamil et al, 2012; Case, planning provision for event management in the 2013). These impacts can impose a significant case of Ireland. Local Authorities play a crucial environmental cost for host localities, host role as policy makers in planning for event organisations and Local Authorities (Jones et licensing and providing event guidelines for a al, 2008; Omoregie, 2012). Notably, they are sustainable event industry. Planning for caused as a result of requiring great amounts environmental sustainability in event of resources such as water and energy management has become vital in determining (Shanka & Alamiyo, 2004; Grames & Vitcenda, and mitigating the negative consequences 2012). This effectively impacts the created by activities generated at events. As sustainability of the event. For this reason, the such, the use of sustainable planning tools is need to plan for event impacts is crucial and necessary now more than ever before since cannot be underestimated (Raj & Musgrave, events worldwide are growing at an expedient 2009). Consequently it has been noted rate (Janeczko, Mules & Ritchie, 2002; Getz, worldwide that not managing these negative 2008; Jones, 2008; Quinn, 2009; Raj & outcomes can result in excessive resource use, Musgrave, 2009; Bowdin, Allen, Harris, consumption, ecological degradation, pollution, McDonnell & O’Toole, 2012). As a result of this, waste generation, and traffic congestion, events are now a valuable counterpart of the (Jones, 2008; Omoregie, 2012) to mention a tourism industry. On a global scale there are 5- few. As a result, the requirement of planning for 6 million regularly occurring festivals and events and its associated environmental events held throughout the world each year. As impacts has become a focal point for Local such, the popularity of the event industry is Authority planners at a global scale in recent estimated to have an economic impact that years. Moreover the requirement of providing reaches more than $1 trillion (International environmental planning guidelines is a Festival and Event Association, 2009). For this necessity. However they are often unavailable reason, events have become an important within Local Authorities. Hence the need to motivator of tourism and now figure prominently identify the provision of Local Authority in the development and marketing plans of planning tools and guidelines used to assess most destinations (Getz, 1997; Getz, 2008; environmental priorities in Local Authorities for Cibinskiene, 2012; Quinn, 2013). However, event management, with a particular focus on experience has shown that events generate Local Authority planning provisions in Ireland. both positive and negative impacts on society, the economy and the environment (Janeczko et Local Authorities are central to the organisation al, 2002; Fredaline, et al, 2003; Gursoy et al, and authorisation of events on a global scale. 2004; Robinson et al, 2011; Wambach et al, They play a key role in the planning processes 2015). Specifically, the implications caused to of regulating events (Bowdin et al, 2006; Wood, the environment as a result of hosting an event 2009; Bowdin et al, 2012; Bladen, Kennell, cause long-term extensive damage and Abson & Wilde, 2012; IRO, 2013). On an degradation (Jones, 2008; Maguire, 2013) and international level, it is in the Local Authority are a significant cause for concern. In fact they remit to provide supporting conditions for cause inevitable modifications to the obtaining and operating temporary event environment (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). As a licenses within the Local Authority jurisdiction result the need for coherent guidelines and (Raj et al, 2009). As such, licensing events policies with sustainable indicators within Local seems to be a legal requirement of Local Authorities is vital to further develop, grow and Authorities to ensure that events are organised advance the event sector both nationally and and conducted in a manner that is safe for internationally. event audiences (Wood, 2006; Government of Western Australia, 2009; Van der Wagen & 55

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland.

White, 2010; NSW Government, 2011; discussions (Gossling & Hall, 2006; Kaval, Department of the Environment, Community 2011; Collins et al, 2009; Jones, 2012; Case, and Local Government, 2010), which include 2013; Yeoman et al, 2015; Holmes et al, 2015). event stakeholders, performers and event However little information has been attendees (Department of the Environment documented in relation to how host Community and Local Government, 2014). In organisations such as Local Authorities plan for conjunction with this, Local Authorities play a the environmental impacts of events. Similarly role in ensuring events are conducted in a way it has become visually evident from event that is environmentally sustainable, causing management that activities from hosting an minimal harm to the environment (Bowdin et al, event cause extreme consequences for the 2010; NSW Government, 2011; UNEP, 2012; environment (Getz, 1997; Fredaline et al, 2003; Department of the Environment, Community Kim et al, 2006; Gursoy & Kendall, 2006; and Local Government, 2014). However, the Collins et al, 2009; Jones, 2010; Case, 2012; generation of risks and unavoidable impacts Yeoman et al, 2015). Specifically the areas of especially to the environment are inevitable at waste, water, air, transport, food and energy all events (Jeong & Faulkner, 1996; Fredaline can effectively impact the use of resources, et al, 2003; Gursoy et al, 2004; O’Brien & cause pollution and land degradation, Gardiner, 2006) regardless of the event size or contribute to carbon emissions and drastically scale (Omoregie, 2012). It has been noted that affect the longevity and quality of the event (Raj in Ireland, at a national level, under Irish & Musgrave, 2009; David, 2009; Jones, 2010) legislation, obtaining and operating event as well as the quality and health of the licenses is determined purely by crowd size environment. Consequently, not managing whereby an audience comprises of 5000 such impacts of events can compromise people or more (HSE, 2014). In essence, it sustainability (Shipway & Fyall, 2012) on a seems Local Authority policy makers worldwide global scale. For this reason, there is a are in an ideal position to plan for and provide pressing need to manage the environmental more sustainable management tools such as impacts of events within a sustainability guidelines and policies to facilitate sustainable framework (Stone & Sharpley, 2011). As a environmental planning for event management. result, the need for an environmental planning approach to mitigate such impacts is essential This paper presents a contribution to in facilitating and regulating environmental knowledge as the case study provides a sustainability in event management worldwide. current state of environmental planning by Likewise an environmental planning approach Local Authorities for event management with a coordinated by Local Authorities can effectively particular focus on Ireland. It outlines the need facilitate the process of achievement for for development solutions to be provided by environmental sustainability in event Local Authorities at an international and management (Vernon et al, 2005; DECLG, national level to deal with the environmental 2011). Thus, giving Local Authorities the power impacts of event management. It is an up to to control and manage this planning process date assessment of Local Authority planning through the provision of sustainable provision for event management in Ireland, environmental planning policies and guidelines. which facilitates an opportunity for further This is turn can determine the degree of longitudinal study in the area. planning needed to mitigate environmental impacts of events. Literature Review The environmental impacts created as a result A further detailed investigation into event of hosting an event have been well impacts highlighted the importance of planning documented in event management research for environmental sustainability to manage worldwide (Hall, 1992; Fredaline, Jago & event impacts. Specifically, resource Deery, 2003; Jones, 2008; Collins et al, 2009; consumption taking into consideration energy Jones, 2010; Van der Wagen, 2010; Omoregie, and water consumption, water quality, 2012; UNEP, 2012; Dashper, 2015) and has wastewater and sewage treatment are been at the core of several theoretical essential aspects necessary in planning for 56

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 environmental sustainability of event Similarly, sewage treatment is also a major management (Omer, 2008; Raj & Musgrave, concern, which consumes energy and 2009; Jones, 2010; Jones, 2014). Energy produces large quantities of emissions (Wale, consumption at festivals and events from Robinson & Dickson, 2010; Bowdin et al, 2012; electricity and heating demands generate Case, 2013). However energy in the form of increased energy emissions (Jones, 2010; electricity is needed for sewage treatments Saayman, 2012). Despite this, the use of therefore impacting the environment (Jones, energy at events is required to operate 2014). Likewise the mismanagement of accommodation facilities, cooking sewage to soil, natural habitats and water requirements, stage operations, transport and systems can create pollution if leakages occur travelling and operating entertainment devices as well as release toxins into the air (Raj & (Raj & Musgrave, 2009). All of which can have Musgrave, 2009; Wale, Robinson & Dickson, a negative co2 and greenhouse gas effect on 2010; Finkel, McGillivray & McPherson, 2013). populations (Jones, 2014) at a global and local However a water treatment station was scale. However adopting energy efficient implemented at the Rock Werchter festival in measures when hosting events such as Peats Belgium collecting sanitary and other waste Ridge Festival in Australia, where 100% during the festival, which is then filtered and renewable energy is utilised (Peats Ridge infiltrated (Rock Werchter, 2015). Thus Festival, 2014), can facilitate a transition adopting a wastewater and sewage treatment towards environmental energy conservation. management approach can contribute to the Subsequently water consumption on the other minimization of resource consumption and the hand is used in excess at events, which has prevention of pollution. Another environmental been noted to contribute to the ever-shrinking consequence of events is waste generation, freshwater resources (Raj & Musgrave, 2009; which is inevitable at events and produces both Gossling, Peeters, Hall, Ceron, Dubois, visual and physical impacts, which can be Lehmann & Scott, 2011). However water is an detrimental and irreversible (Raj & Musgrave, incremental provision at events as it is used for 2009; David, 2009). Crucially, it can damage personal hygiene, sanitation and food the geological environment with un-removed preparation (Jones, 2014). In fact, it is a rubbish releasing toxic materials into soil, prerequisite at festivals and events to provide vegetation and flora and fauna (Raj & drinking water stations for event attendees Musgrave, 2009). Also waste mismanagement (Jones, 2010). This in turn can contribute to from leftover food and beverage consumption excess resource consumption. As well as this, can deplete natural resources as well as the provision of drinking water stations requires contribute to air, water and soil pollution (Raj & water quality to be monitored and maintained Musgrave, 2009; Van der Wagen, 2010). (Robertson et al., 2003; EPA, 2012). As such, a Accordingly the abandoned tents left behind at water conservation management and festivals contribute to waste generation (A monitoring approach is essential to manage Greener Festival, 2012). This affects the over consumption (World Health Organisation, environmental landscape around the area of 2004; World Health Organisation, 2013). Thus, interference and disturbance of the natural implementing a water conservation approach habitat (Ali-Knight, Fyall, Robertson & Ladkin, similar to Boom Festival in Portugal, where in 2009). For example, in 2011, over 12,000 tents 2012, water consumption was reduced to 5.3m were left behind at the Isle of Wight festival, litres in comparison to 13.5m litres being UK, which contributed to extensive consumed in 2008, could aid the responsible environmental damage (Moore, 2014). management of water preservation. In However the development of tent management conjunction with this, the necessity of using initiatives can aid in the management of this water at events inevitably produces wastewater issue and promote sustainable solutions for (Jones, 2010). Consequently wastewater can tent management. Therefore the need to make its way back into groundwater therefore maximize the recycling of waste and minimise causing pollution of ecosystems (UNEP, 2011), landfill is critical in event management. which is a primary environmental concern and However adopting waste management best therefore warrants management. practice similar to Germany, where a ban on 57

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. non-treated wastes to landfill has been underestimated and requires solutions to implemented since 1993; a ban on combustible mitigate such impacts. However since the waste to landfill since 2011 and no landfilling environment is one of the most basic resources after 2015 (Fischer, 2013) can be beneficial to for tourism and a core element of tourism various countries if applied and implemented at products (Wall & Mathieson 2006), a balanced a global level. approach to policy and guideline planning decision making for environmental Correspondingly, overcrowding and congestion considerations is needed. This is fundamental at festivals and events is not only a health and in planning to avoid irreversible event safety issue (Goldblatt, 2010) as seen at the environmental damage. Love parade Germany 2010 where overcrowding caused 21 deaths and left over Additionally, as a result of the increasing 500 people injured (The Guardian, 2010; BBC attention commanded by environmental News, 2010). It also has environmental threats, impacts, Local Authorities around the such as a direct detrimental effect on land developed world have a legal responsibility to degradation (UNCCD, 2014), which was ensure events are conducted in a way that is highlighted by the Mendip District Council upon environmentally sustainable (NSW hosting Glastonbury Festival in the UK in 2002. Government, 2011; UNEP, 2012; DECLG, Additionally, transport greatly impacts the 2014). This is essential now more than ever environment, as it is the largest Co2 contributor before around the world, since the event sector for events since transport delivers people, worldwide has become an extremely valuable goods and operational equipment to events industry accounting for more than €1 trillion in (Davenport & Switalski, 2006; Sorupia, 2005; tourism revenue and attracting increased Raj & Musgrave, 2009). This releases toxic tourist arrivals around the globe on an annual emissions resulting in air pollution on a global basis (UNWTO, 2015). Therefore, due to the scale (EPA, 2014) and noise pollution unparalleled growth of events worldwide, there (Richards & Palmer, 2010; Yeoman, is now a growing recognition of the importance Robertson, Ali-Knight, Drummond, McMahon- of sustainability (Font & Harris, 2004; Murphy & Beattie, 2004; Carlsen, 2004; Small, Edwards Price, 2005; Weaver, 2006). On a national & Sheridan, 2005; Case, 2013) at a local level. level, in the case of Ireland, planning Similarly, catering stalls produce waste and sustainably for the environment is essential contribute to soil and water pollution (Jones, since Ireland’s beautiful scenery has been 2010; Jones, 2014). However by adopting identified as a key factor in a tourist’s decision principles similar to Roskilde festival in to visit Ireland (Tourism Ireland, 2010). As Denmark where organic and local food such, the protection and promotion of a high producers are sourced and eco friendly food quality environment is of great importance packaging is utilised, negative environmental (Damster & Tassiopoulos, 2005; Mallen & consequences can be minimised (Roskilde Adams, 2010, 2013; DECLG, 2012) and is Environmental Group, 2014). Furthermore fundamental for the sustainable development of pollution in air and water can be caused by events. For this reason, the importance of a events since they produce co2 emissions and holistic and consistent sustainable planning greenhouse gases from the mismanagement of approach for events with a strong focus on the transport, accommodation and catering environment is required and cannot be facilities, operating entertainment facilities, underestimated. It can be achieved with the sewage and sanitary facilities, and waste implementation of regulations for sustainable facilities (Roper, 2006; UNWTO & Ministry of environmental planning policies and guidelines Tourism and Environment, 2007; David, 2009; within Local Authorities worldwide and in the Raj & Musgrave, 2009; Getz, 2009; Robinson, case of Ireland, nationwide. These sustainable Wale & Dickson, 2010; Laing & Frost, 2010; environmental planning policies and guidelines Goldblatt, 2012). Therefore the need for the can act as a tool to aid environmental planning implementation of mechanisms to reduce in event management. It can also improve the consumption, avoid pollution and manage overall environmental quality of a destination, environmental impacts cannot be 58

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 which is essential in sustaining a tourism Therefore, Local Authority involvement in the product. environmental planning and management of events is essential in the development, growth Furthermore the connection between Local and advancement of the industry. As such the Authorities and events is significant on a provision of environmental policies and universal scale. Local Authorities play a management procedures in Local Authorities noteworthy role in the planning process of worldwide can facilitate planning and events and are central figures to the development for a high quality environment organisation and authorisation of events (NSW which can contribute to a sustainably viable Government, 2011; Irish Regions Office, 2013). and responsible event industry (DEHLG, 2007). In terms of planning for the environment, Local Additionally there are a range of planning and Authorities internationally, around the management solutions and methods to the developed world and nationally, in Ireland, problems and issues associated with provide licensing conditions that must be environmental consequences. These regulatory complied with to ensure that facilities are instruments include an Environmental Impact designed, built and operated in ways that Assessment (EIA), a Strategic Environmental minimise environmental harm (Goldblatt, 2010; Assessment (SEA), the UNWTO 12 aims of NSW Government, 2011; DECLG, 2012). More sustainable tourism, indicator systems such as specifically a precondition for licensing events the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria, the requires the application process to include a European tourism indicator system and the DIT draft environmental monitoring programme for ACHIEV Model of sustainable tourism and before, during and after the proposed event event management as well as sustainable (Raj & Musgrave, 2009; DECLG, 2012; HSE, environmental guidelines and policies. The use 2014). Therefore Local Authorities have the of such regulatory policy instruments can be ability to enable sustainable development in used to achieve desired levels of environmental events through planning. Similarly the protection and sustainability for event incorporation of set environmental priorities for management around the globe. They can be event planning in legislative compulsory applied to tourism destinations and tourism development plans can facilitate the activities worldwide. Hence, the consideration environmental sustainability of events. More of these tools in relation to sustainable specifically, the responsibility of ensuring the environmental planning for event management environment is maintained to the highest by Local Authorities can facilitate successful quality through planning and development falls environmental planning for event management to a number of departments within Local and reduce or eliminate harmful environmental Authorities. This includes the fire department, consequences. The following subsections are planning department, building control and discussed in relation to Local Authority importantly the environmental services. These planning for event management. For the departments are responsible for a spectrum of purpose of this research, these management services, all of which have an association with tools were applied to the case of Ireland, where environmental planning for events the authors assessed compliance of Local (Government of Western Australia, 2009; Van Authority planning provisions with such tools. der Wagen & White, 2010; NSW Government, 2011; Department of the Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Community and Local Government, 2010). Environmental Impact assessments (EIA’s) Their services include planning, building have been carried out for years and adopted control, developing infrastructure, car parks, extensively worldwide (Li, 2008). In Ireland, the signage, roads, water supply and sewage, EIA directive was adopted over 25 years ago to waste management, agriculture, health, reflect changes in EU legislation and policy. welfare, recreation facilities and amenities and However this regulatory tool has recently been most importantly the environmental protection amended (2014/52/EU) and reentered into of an event location (DECLG, 2010). The force in 2014 to simplify rules for assessing the management of these services is detrimental to potential effects of activities on the the quality and health of the environment. environment. EIA’s have become a crucial 59

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. factor in determining the level of environmental positive returns for host organisations and can risk associated with events (OECD, 2003; contribute to the sustainable development of Tassiopoulous, 2005; Raj & Musgrave, 2009; events. In addition to this method, the strategic Mallen & Adams, 2013) and must be conducted environmental assessment can also enable prior to hosting an event. However, it has been environmental sustainability in planning for noted that an environmental impact events at a global scale. assessment should be conducted before, during and after an event (Ferdinand & Kitchin, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 2012; DECLG, 2013) to clearly illustrate the The Strategic Environmental Assessment transitional damage throughout the event. This (SEA) is similar to the EIA in that they share can effectively demonstrate the damage and the same objectives and solely relate to each environmental degradation caused as a result other with the same policy and planning of hosting an event (Ritchie, 1984; Ritchie & process (Lee & Walsh, 2012). This proactive Smith, 1991; Hugo, 1996; Raj & Musgrave, management approach has long been 2009; Xiao, 2014). Moreover it can improve the advocated in tourism planning since the 1990’s level of environmental protection with a view of (Lemos et al, 2012). Additionally both enabling more sustainability in event approaches are based on a principle where a management. As a result, the need to protect preventative approach is utilised to facilitate and provide a high quality environment is environmental protection (Partidario, 2003; crucial since the environment is one of the key Abaza et al, 2004; González et al, 2011; factors in a successful tourism industry (Griffin DECLG, 2013). Moreover the SEA has become & Carty, 2006; DTTAS, 2010; Tourism Ireland, a mandatory requirement under the Planning 2014). However tourism and its associated and Development Act regulations 2004 and is counterparts such as the event industry cannot now a legal requirement under Irish legislation be sustained if the environmental resource (DECLG, 2015). In addition to this, it is a legal base is degraded beyond its capacity (Green et requirement of member states in the EU under al, 1992; Griffin & Carty, 2006; Greenidge & the SEA Directive (2001/42EC) as set out by Greedidge, 2011). Therefore environmental the European Commission in 2001 (EC, 2015). impact assessments are of great importance The primary objective of the SEA is to provide not only to the environment but also to society. a high level of protection for the environment Thus, the need for Local Authorities to play a and to promote sustainable development by greater role in environmental protection for contributing to the integration of environmental events cannot be underestimated. considerations into the preparation and adoption of specified plans and programs (EC, In fact, it has been noted that governments 2005; Partadario, 2007; Spaziante & Murano, throughout the world are increasingly using 2008; DoEHLG, 2009). Furthermore policies, EIA’s as a means of preparing for plans and programs in the SEA Directive must environmental consequences that can be be prepared or adopted by an authority at caused by actions at events (Canter, 1999; national, regional or local level and be required Macintosh, 2010; Bisset, 2011; Evans, 2014). by legislative, regulatory or administrative This has resulted in the EIA becoming a widely provisions (European Commission, 2015). accepted tool in environmental management Therefore it is the role of local governments (Wathern, 2013). Subsequently, under the globally to develop and integrate these policies Planning and Development Act 2000 and 2010, into plans and strategies. For the case of guidelines and regulations outline the Ireland, such policies should be integrated in importance of ensuring the environmental what is known as County Development Plans quality of a destination. It also ensures that (CDP’s). County Development Plans are a balanced decision-making occurs. Therefore legal requirement in Ireland under the Planning decision makers involved in the development and Development Act, which outlines the and licensing of events must authorize the objectives of the county for a 6-year period. conduct of the EIA. Hence environmental Thus, like the tourism industry, the event management coordinated through Local industry should be taken into consideration in Authorities can play a pivotal role in generating these policies and plans. Furthermore a 60

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 strategic environmental assessment should be Tanguay et al, 2011; Rajaonson & Tanguay, carried out for the event industry to contribute 2012). Thus having established that events are to the sustainable development of the country. an important sector of the Irish economy, it is important to improve its development in a However, some would argue that the SEA is a sustainable manner to ensure the long-term more legitimate and comprehensive tool for success of the industry. Therefore adopting environmental monitoring and management and utilising indicators in policy making for the than the EIA for a number of reasons. For development of plans and guidelines instance, a limitation of the EIA in contrast to worldwide, for event management can facilitate the SEA is that the SEA sets a framework for the environmental sustainability of events. future developments whereby under EU legislation, SEA member states must monitor In the context of sustainable tourism the significant environmental effects of the development, indicators are defined as implementation of plans and programs. Also “information sets, which are formally selected EIAs are site specific and normally involve one for regular use to measure changes in assets activity and are therefore not strategic (Thrieval and issues that are key for the tourism & Partidario, 1996; Thrieval, 2012). development and management of a given Furthermore EIA’s may occur too late in the destination” (UNWTO, 2004). Measuring and planning process while SEA’s can help to monitoring sustainable tourism development facilitate early consideration of the environment processes can enable stakeholders to (Wood & Dejoddour, 1992; Scott, 2008; benchmark their progress and performance in Cornish, 2013; Jones et al, 2013) therefore the future. As such sustainable tourism is now helping to alleviate negative impacts. As a being consolidated at an international level with result, SEA may make EIA redundant if impacts a focus on making all types of tourism more have been examined sufficiently at the planning environmentally beneficial (Lozano-Oyola et al, stage. Yet, both approaches can be adopted 2012), since the tourism sectors and utilised as a tool for facilitating and competitiveness is closely linked to its maximizing environmental sustainability for sustainability. For this reason, the impact of event planning by Local Authorities not only in tourism and its counterparts such as events Ireland but also at an international level. must be monitored closely because of its direct and indirect impacts on the environment. Thus Sustainable Indicators adequate planning is required to safeguard Sustainable indicators have become a popular against potential negative impacts. tool for measuring and monitoring the sustainable development of tourism related Additionally, managing the process of activities. The use of indicators for monitoring sustainable development is essential to create progress towards sustainability has been the right balance between the needs of tourists, advocated and discussed by tourism host communities and the environment (UNEP, researchers, policy makers and tourism 2005; Muhanna, 2006; Holden, 2008). Given organisations over many years (Miller, 2001; the negative impacts generated at events, Ceron and Dubois, 2003; UNWTO, 2004; Miller development must follow a path that is and Twining-Ward, 2005; Choi and Sirakaya, sustainable and maximises benefits while 2006; Hyde et al, 2007; Griffin, 2007; Mowforth minimising the impact on the physical and & Munt, 2009; Morrissey et al, 2010; EC, human environment (Tanguay, et al, 2011). 2013). In fact the United Nations World Also the UNWTO (2004) indicated that the Tourism Organisation has been promoting the sustainable development of tourism and its use of sustainable tourism indicators since the counterparts should promote the optimal use of early 1990’s as essential instruments for policy resources. Therefore managing event impacts making planning and management procedures in a sustainable manner can ensure that for destinations. As a result, indicators have capacities and limits to resource use is become the main recognised evaluation tool recognised, therefore ensuring environmental used to support sustainable tourism policy sustainability of the event industry. implementation (Choi & Sirakaya, 2006; 61

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland.

Furthermore, the usefulness of indicators for minimises the negative impacts on society, the measuring progress, can also stimulate a economy and the environment. Secondly it learning process to enhance the overall maximises tourism positive contributions to understanding of environmental and social local economies and the conservation of problems, facilitate community capacity natural and cultural heritage as well as the building and help in identifying sustainable quality of life of hosts and visitors. The Global development goals and suitable management Sustainable Tourism Criteria is a tool for strategies (Miller and Twining-Ward, 2005; managing sustainability in tourism. It strives to Reed et al, 2006). Therefore indicators have achieve best practice in sustainable tourism been promoted as useful, reliable and as an and fosters sustainable tourism through the easily comprehensible assessment and adoption of universal sustainable tourism communication tools for decision makers principles. The indicators from all these tools (OECD, 2003; UNWTO, 2004). For this reason, are guiding principles for measuring and the integration of sustainable indicators in monitoring sustainability, which offers an environmental polices for event management opportunity to reduce and mitigate negative by Local Authorities is needed. Hence, Local consequences, which may occur. The Authorities at an international level and at a European Tourism Indicator System also national level in Ireland can benefit from measures performance and monitors results adopting and utilising sustainable indicators in while enhancing sustainability performance identifying potential impacts event activities can (EC, 2014; EC, 2015). It can be beneficial to have on the environment. As such sustainable Local Authorities in getting improved data for indicators have been integrated into the content informed policy decision making and analysis tool to assess their adoption and establishing an intelligent approach to tourism integration within Local Authority environmental planning. It also identifies areas for planning guidelines and policies for event improvements and managing risks effectively. management in Ireland (Table 4). These The DIT ACHIEV model (a tool for sustainable indicator systems can be applied to assess event management) is a management system international and national environmental developed for an Irish context. This model planning guidelines and processes for event focuses on environmental integrated management. Notably, there are international management, which in the context of Event and national indicator sets available for management is significant in aiding contributing to the sustainable development of environmental sustainability. The DIT ACHIEV tourism and events. These include the DIT model recognises that the tourism industry and ACHIEV Model (2007), Global Sustainable its counterparts are an important source of Tourism Criteria (2013) and the European revenue, investment and employment Tourism Indicator System (2013). In addition to throughout Ireland. Therefore the use of this, there are also the 12 aims of sustainable sustainable aims and indicators applied in an tourism, which can be applied to tourism event management context is critical for the activities such as events. This tool is also sustainability of the event industry. Significantly incorporated within the content analysis tool to all four management systems offer an assess Local Authority compliance with this opportunity to measure, monitor and facilitate tool within planning processes and provisions. sustainability in tourism products and resources and can be applied to aid sustainability in event Sustainability is imperative in all of these management. management systems. The 12 aims of sustainable tourism are a set of aims used in Guidelines and Policies tourism planning, management and monitoring Having identified Irelands unspoilt environment processes which provide accurate results for as a key factor for consideration in choosing decision making (WTO & Ministry of Tourism Ireland as a destination (Fáilte Ireland, 2014), it and Environment, 2007). They can be is necessary to maintain and protect its quality formulated and used in frameworks to develop to ensure its longevity. To do this, it is policies for more sustainable tourism. These necessary that sustainable environmental aims are based around two principles. Firstly, it guidelines and policies be developed to 62

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 safeguard the viability of the environment Criteria (2013), the European Tourism Indicator against degradation and damage created by System (2013) and the DIT ACHIEV Model of negative tourism activities such as events. sustainable event management (2007). It also Environmental guidelines and policies can incorporated guidelines as set out by the facilitate responsibility in planning processes Department for the Environment, Food and taking into consideration environmental Rural Affairs, UK (2007) and Failte Ireland (the concerns. This in turn creates good practice in National Tourism Development Authority of environmental sustainability, which is crucial for Ireland) best practice guidelines (2007) and event planning and management. In the guidelines for environmental good practice context of planning for event management, (2012). The implementation of such numerous guidelines have been developed by environmental guidelines and environmental experts to aid planners in developing policies within Local Authorities for event environmentally sustainable tourism planning and management is key to its (McLaughlin & Hanrahan, 2015). However sustainable development and the longevity of a more guidelines exist for aiding environmental responsible and sustainable event industry. sustainability in tourism in contrast to events. This cannot be underestimated having Though, it is important to note that no identified the environmental impacts caused as legislative guidelines for ensuring a result of events. As such, the need for the environmental responsibility in event development and implementation of Local management have been produced in Ireland. Authority sustainable environmental planning Conversely on further examination, limited policies and guidelines for event management environmental planning guidelines exist is needed within relevant legislation to ensure a internationally within local governments sustainable event planning process. In specifically for event management. Yet the particular the provision of environmental New South Wales Government in Australia planning guidelines (below) and policies for (NSW Government, 2011) produced guidelines environmental considerations of event to assist councils in developing event management is critical to manage the crucial management policies. Nevertheless, there aspects of resource consumption, litter and appears to be a lack of specific environmental waste, crowding and congestion, transport, event planning guidelines. This calls for biodiversity, catering and food, water, air and improvements in the development of more noise pollution, sanitary facilities and environmentally sustainable planning environmental clean up which assess the processes for event management worldwide. overall environmental damage. However, at a national level, in the case of Ireland, the The authors of this paper have produced basic provision of environmental planning guidelines environmental planning guidelines, which may had traditionally been a non-mandatory be adopted, implemented, and utilised by Local requirement of Local Authorities while the Authorities at a global or national level, in provision of policies are legally required under Ireland, to manage the environmental impacts the planning and development act 2000 and of festivals and events. These guidelines can 2010. However incorporating environmental be viewed below in Table 1. development strategies for event management in Local Authority policies is not a requirement Considering Local Authorities have an in Local Authorities in Ireland. Nevertheless it important role to play as environmental would be beneficial for Local Authorities both in protection authorities and agents for Ireland and also internationally to integrate sustainable development, the adoption of such environmental guidelines and policies within guidelines can aid the transition towards Local Authority planning processes for event environmental sustainable development. management. This would be key in facilitating a Importantly these guidelines are devised from transition towards environmental sustainability international literature and are compliant with awareness in Local Authorities and event international best practice standards such as organisers. The provision of planning the UNWTO/UNEP 12 aims of sustainable guidelines and policies for event management tourism (2005), the Global Sustainable Tourism can provide valuable guidance on how to 63

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. achieve environmental sustainability for event planning of event management. planning and management. Therefore an international and national events policy, with Methodology strategies and guidelines, which provides a This up to date assessment involved extensive good foundation for sustainability in the sector, data collection and investigation into may be a necessity for future environmental environmental event impacts and Local

Table 1. Environmental Planning Guidelines for Festival and Event Management Guidelines for Energy Conservation and Guidelines for Water Conservation and Management Management Reduce reliance on Fossil fuels Reduce water consumption by implementing water Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions management techniques- conservation & recycling Use bio diesel Monitor water quality and service Rely on natural energy flows Implement low flow taps/dual flush toilets and Implement actions to reduce pollution of Co2 waterless urinals emissions and greenhouse gases Protect usability of recycled water Guidelines for Waste Management Guidelines for Catering and Food Stall Provide adequate waste separation methods Management Monitor bin use Source fresh local produce Reduce reuse recycle recover Source fair trade products No landfilling policy Limitation of food packaging Incentives for disposing of rubbish and separating No sale of plastic bottles waste Sign up meal programme to reduce waste Eliminate the concept of waste through education Reduce food miles and awareness Biodegradable and reusable supplies Guidelines for Transport Management Guidelines for Managing People Promote attendance by sustainable travel-cycling, Educate event attendees of environmental event car sharing, walking principles and communicate environmental Provide joint travel and ticket package awareness Provide environmentally friendly shuttle bus Ensure public safety Limit car parking spaces Avoid overcrowding through ticketing Use low emission vehicles Host event close to public transport

Guidelines for Pollution Prevention (Light, Noise, Guidelines for Waste Water and Sewage Air, Water) Treatment Reduce Toxic waste and chemicals Avoid chemicals for washing and hygiene Avoid over consumption of resources Implement alternative measures of sewage Use renewable energy treatment Monitor air and water quality Avoid the use of trucks to dispose of sewage Implement transport management measures Ensure disposal of sewage waste is treated Implement energy, water and waste management Implement wastewater treatment system to infiltrate measures back into soil Guidelines for Sanitary Facilities Guidelines for Biodiversity and Landscape Provide adequate portable/compost toilets protection and preservation Provide waterless urinals Protect biodiversity and sensitive environments Use environmentally friendly soaps Preservation and protection of natural ecosystems Use rain water for showers (Weather permitted) and heritage sites Use filtered wastewater for sanitary facilities Protect the quality of landscapes Implement measures to reduce pollution and Environmental Clean up environmental degradation Assess environmental conditions before, during and Promote environmental clean up programme after event Rehabilitation and restoration of damaged Organise and environmental management team landscapes programme

Source: Adapted and modified from; (UNEP/UNWTO, 2005; Fáilte Ireland, 2007; DEFRA, 2007; Griffin et al, 2007; Raj & Musgrave, 2009; Jones, 2010; Fáilte Ireland, 2012; GSTC, 2013; EC, 2013) 64

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Authority planning provision for event provided in Ireland. management with a particular focus on Ireland as a case study. In particular the purpose of Method this current study was to assess the levels of To assess the degree of environmental planning provided for environmental impacts of planning for event management by Local events at a local level in Ireland. Local Authorities, a content analysis approach was Authorities in Ireland have a legal remit under utilised. The content analysis approach was the the planning and development act 2000 and primary quantitative analysis tool as it 2010 to plan for the economic, socio-cultural represents quantification on a limited scale and and most importantly environmental is still anchored in the quantitative research development in their respective regions paradigm. This approach may be considered a (DECLG, 2001; 2010). For this reason, a kind of reliability of the measures and a nationwide study of Local Authority planning validation of eventual findings (Sellitz et al, and their relationship with environmental 1967). Therefore quantification in content sustainability in event management was the analysis tends to emphasise the procedures of primary focus of this study. Specifically the analysis (Berg, 2007). This approach was findings provided a valuable insight into the considered ideal in examining the level of Local provision of environmental planning guidelines Authority planning provision for event and policies for event management by Local management in Ireland as it allowed for a Authorities. In order to conduct an examination valuable cross representation of results in into the level of sustainable environmental relation to the provision of environmental planning for event management in Ireland, an planning for event management by Local assessment framework “Local Authority Authorities. In order to facilitate a constant provision of environmental planning guidelines” comparison through the research process and was developed. This framework incorporated to highlight variations between Local the principle guidelines, tools and indicators Authorities, data was inputted into a content from theory and international best practice, analysis tool. The data from each category was which enabled an assessment and examination then analysed and discussed in light of of the specific level of Local Authority planning international literature. This particular approach

Table 2. Criteria for assessing LA provision of environmental planning guidelines and policies for Event Management Local Authority generic planning guidelines for Guidelines for pollution event management provided Guidelines for reducing pollution Local Authority environmental planning guidelines Guidelines for air pollution for event management provided Guidelines for noise Local Authority policy provision in County Guidelines for sanitary facilities Development Plan (CDP) Guidelines for environmental clean-up and remedial Guidelines for resource consumption works Guidelines for energy consumption Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines Guidelines for energy conservation provided Guidelines for water consumption Strategic Environmental Assessment guidelines Guidelines for water conservation provided Guidelines for water quality Sustainable Tourism Indicators Guidelines for drinking water Environmental planning guidelines complaint with Guidelines for waste water UNWTO 12 aims of sustainable tourism 2005 Guidelines for sewage treatment Environmental planning guidelines complaint with Guidelines for litter and water management DIT-ACHIEV Model of sustainable tourism Guidelines for catering and food safety management 2007 Guidelines for managing people Environmental planning guidelines complaint with Guidelines for transport management GSTC 2013 Guidelines for biodiversity conservation Environmental planning guidelines complaint with Guidelines for disposal of food waste ETIS 2013 Source: adapted from (UNEP/UNWTO, 2005; GSTC, 2013; EC, 2013; Griffin et al, 2007) 65

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. enriched the research in technical The current system of Local Government in the communication by identifying the frequency of republic of Ireland comprises of 31 Local themes and patterns. It can be applied to all Authorities. There are 26 Local Authorities who kinds of written texts (Rose, Spinks & Canhoto, are responsible for Local Government in 2015) therefore it was particularly useful in twenty-four geographical Counties including the examining Local Authority planning processes, County of Dublin. County Dublin has 3 Local guidelines and policies. The variables Authorities – South Dublin County Council, Dun assessed within the content analysis tool are Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council and shown below in Table 2 above. Fingal County Council. There are 2 City and County Councils. They are responsible for Utilising the content analysis investigative tool Local Government in Limerick (Limerick City to assess the above variables was a fitting way and County Council) and Waterford (Waterford to accumulate data. The empirical assessment City and County Council). Also there are three framework developed can enhance the City Councils and they are responsible for reliability and validity of the findings (Boettger & Local Government in the cities of Dublin, Cork Palmer, 2010). The framework was informed and Galway. A map of Local Authorities in the and developed using principles from Republic of Ireland is shown below to illustrate international best practice. The analysis the Local Authorities, which were assessed for centered on 31 criteria based on existing the purpose of this study. theory. The above criteria are incremental aspects of implementation, which ideally should be integrated within Local Authority planning processes for event management worldwide. In fact the environmental assessment planning criteria for event management can be applied to various countries. Yet, for the purpose of this study, the above criteria were used to assess the planning provisions of Local Authorities nationwide, in the Republic of Ireland. These variables are included and assessed within the content analysis tool to examine the environmental planning priorities in Local Authority planning processes (Table 4) and results are discussed in light of relevant literature.

Sample In order to achieve nationwide perspectives on the levels of environmental planning for event management by Local Authorities, the authors identified and analysed 32 Local Authorities and City Councils in the Republic of Ireland Figure 1. Map of Ireland using the above criteria. Local Authorities in Source: Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI, 2010) Ireland are multi purpose bodies responsible for an extensive range of services in their respective regions. Each Local Authority This study focuses on the 31 Local Authorities, exercises functions to varying degrees. For however, one Local Authority “Tipperary” is example, environmental protection is a key separated into “Tipperary North” and “Tipperary function, which incorporates waste collection, South” Local Authorities. Therefore 32 Local disposal and management, planning, litter Authorities are assessed in total giving a prevention, air and water pollution control, complete population of Local Authorities in the building safety, water and sewerage planning Republic of Ireland. and development and noise pollution control. 66

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Data Analysis Results and Analysis To facilitate the constant comparison of results The popularity of the festival and event industry throughout the research process and to in Ireland has increased at an expedient rate in highlight the variations and gaps between Local previous years. It is now worth €450m in Authorities, data was inputted into the content tourism revenue to the Irish economy and analysis tool. This procedure allowed the attracts over 300,000 overseas holidaymakers authors to identify the level of environmental to Ireland each year (Ring, 2012; Fáilte Ireland, sustainability provided by Local Authorities for 2014). As well as this, the tourism industry in event management in Ireland. It also allowed Ireland employs 180,000 people with 11,000 the authors to investigate the relationship people in paid employment in festivals alone. between environmental sustainability and While this has substantial economic benefits to effective policy and guideline implementation host regions it also has negative consequences within Local Authorities. Considering Local for the environment. Therefore requires Authorities have a legal remit under the solutions and a management approach to deal Planning and Development Act 2000 and 2010 with and mitigate the environmental impacts of to plan for environmental developments, festival and event management. environmental planning provision within Local Authorities cannot be underestimated. This The focus of this study was to provide a structured approach to analyse data facilitated nationwide perspective on the levels of the simplification of identifying the variation of environmental planning for event management results. This flexible and unobtrusive research in Ireland. Under the Planning and approach was also used to determine the Development Act 2000, 2001 and 2010 Local degree of recurring data throughout the Authorities in Ireland are legally obliged and research analysis process. As such, the required to license events and provide analysis centered on a range of criteria based supporting materials to ensure events are on existing theory and incorporated various planned and organised in a way that is safe for models, tools and indicators developed by event audiences and minimises environmental industry such as the UNWTO 12 Aims of harm (DECLG, 2007; DECLG, 2014; Health sustainable tourism (2005), the DIT-ACHIEV Service Executive, 2014). In addition to this, model (2008), the ETIS (2013) and the GSTC national legislation requires planning to avoid, (2013), as discussed previously. The prevent and reduce negative harmful comparison of results is discussed in the environmental impacts. However, to achieve context of Irish legislation and current theory of environmental sustainability in planning for international best practice. An example matrix event management commands planning that of the content analysis framework is outlined considers environmental issues. This is below. necessary for the event industry in Ireland to be sustained into the future. As such, the provision As can be seen below, the first and last letter of and implementation of guidelines and policies the County they represent abbreviates the by Local Authorities are needed at national and Local Authorities displayed in the matrix. For local level to manage this process and to example, “LK” abbreviates the first and last facilitate environmental sustainability. To letter of County Limerick. Table 3 clearly determine the level of environmental planning highlights how Local Authorities varied on the for event management by Local Authorities, categories assessed. For example, County every Local Authority in the Republic of Ireland Limerick had 58 events funded by Local was assessed using the criteria outlined in Authorities in 2013 and had provided generic table 2. This determined which Local planning guidelines. Furthermore these Authorities provided guidelines for guidelines incorporated environmental planning environmental sustainability in event guidelines also, yet it had no policy provision management. The results are illustrated in within the County Development Plan for event Table 4, below. management. The further comparison of results is discussed further in detail in the subsequent Analysis has highlighted the variation of results section. from Local Authority environmental planning 67

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. provision under the many categories assessed. Therefore it seems that the Local Authority Analysis has clearly revealed an overall low provision of environmental planning guidelines level of planning provision for event for event management have not fully been management by Local Authorities in Ireland. embraced by Local Authorities in Ireland.

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However, environmental protection at events Subsequently, planning for the environment is should be given priority in national legislative given priority in national legislation through the planning for event management given the development, provision and implementation of economic significance of the event industry in County Development Plans. CDP’s are Ireland. intended to provide a strategic framework and policy context for all planning decisions Initially the research set out to examine how (Department of the Environment, Heritage and many, if any Local Authorities provided generic Local Government, 2007). The plans set out an planning guidelines for event management. overall strategy for the proper planning and Generic planning guidelines outline the vast sustainable development of the planning and significant areas, which require planning authorities region through the objectives for event management. Research shows that included in the plan for a period of six years. just 4 out of 32 Local Authorities assessed They cover specific industries such as the provided generic planning guidelines for event tourism industry. However events are not a management. More specifically the research priority in any CDP in Ireland with the exception set out to examine how many, if any Local of Kilkenny who provides policies for events Authorities provided environmental planning within the tourism policies. Therefore the guidelines for event management. The significance and potential of the event sector development of environmental planning has not been realised by Local Authorities in guidelines can provide event organisers and Ireland. Yet environmental planning policies planners with practical advice and suggestions and guidelines in national plans should be for sustainably planning events (NSW adopted and utilised by Local Authorities for Government, 2011; DECLG, 2013). Likewise, event management in Ireland now that the they can encourage the incorporation of event sector is an increasingly growing sustainability practices, which can contribute industry. positively to the local economy and environmental preservation and generate many Upon analysing the provision of guidelines advantages (Muhanna, 2006; DEHLG, 2007). within Local Authorities and the provision of These advantages include cost savings, policies within CDP’s, the environmental promoting positive reputations, raising priorities provided within the guidelines for awareness of environmental issues, influencing event management was assessed. This decision making and creating a competitive included indicators such as resource edge (UNEP, 2012). Environmental planning consumption, energy consumption, energy guidelines take into consideration the important conservation, water consumption and water sustainable principles and practices for conservation. It has been noted that many ensuring minimal impact are caused to the resources are over used at events and cause environment. Such guidelines include elements resource depletion and toxicity endorsing of energy conservation, water conservation, unsafe environments and events (Berl & De water consumption, litter and waste Meer, 2011). This mindless consumption of management, managing people, transport energy and water can produce undesirable management, catering and food safety, amounts of co2 and greenhouse gases (Jones, disposal of waste, pollution and noise to 2009), which raises concern. Therefore mention a few. Interestingly 3 Local Authorities planning for the management of resource provided guidelines for environmental planning consumption at events is a significant area in within the generic planning guidelines. This low need of development since results revealed level of environmental guideline provision that no Local Authority provided guidelines for within Local Authorities was an interesting these specific areas. Yet it has been noted that observation considering Local Authorities have resource efficiency is a key consideration in a legal obligation to ensure events are demonstrating awareness of sustainability in organised causing minimal harm to the planning (DECLG, 2011; Jones, 2014). For this environment. reason, these areas are substantial areas necessary in achieving sustainability in event management and are the areas where usage 69

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland. can be limited most. Moreover Tourism and planning for waste generation in all areas of events are major contributors to carbon events is critical for event sustainability. emissions (McKercher, Prideaux & Pang, Moreover waste management is effective in 2003). Therefore managing the areas of energy helping planners and policy makers consider and water can facilitate optimum resource options from waste avoidance or reduction recovery and minimal environmental through planning. In fact, waste management degradation. This is necessary for the event has been the responsibility of state lifecycle to effectively be sustained. governments and local government authorities for years (Giurco et al, 2015). Therefore the In addition to this, the provision of guidelines provision of policies and a sustainable and for water quality and drinking water was adaptive approach for waste management at assessed. Hosting an event requires the events is essential. As such policy makers provision of water in many areas such as have embraced the adoption of a zero waste sanitary facilities, food stalls and drinking concept because it stimulates sustainable points. For this reason, it is critical that the production and consumption and optimum quality of water in drinking water, bathing water recycling and resource recovery (Zaman, and ground water is maintained and monitored 2015), thus minimising negative consequences at events to sustain the quality and health of produced by waste and contributing towards the environment while also protecting public sustainability in event management. health. Having analysed the provision of water quality and drinking water guidelines, results The event industry in Ireland attracts over revealed that just 2 Local Authorities provided 300,000 overseas holidaymakers each year guidelines for ensuring water quality while 3 (Ring, 2012; Fáilte Ireland, 2014). As a result of Local Authorities provided guidelines for these crowds at events, impacts are generated, drinking water at events. The provision of which has implications on the environment. For drinking water at events is essential for reasons this reason planning for crowd congestion is a of public health (DWI & HPA, 2009). Therefore critical factor in sustainably planning for event the importance of managing water at events is management (Jones, 2014; Still, 2014). increasingly vital (Raj & Musgrave, 2009; Case, Additionally crowd control and crowd safety are 2012; Jones, 2014). In fact planning for water significant factors to consider in planning for management at events is a critical element in events. Therefore results were surprising in sustainably planning for event management. that only 3 Local Authorities provided Similarly, monitoring water quality is largely guidelines for managing people at events. As driven in legislation under the EU water such the need for crowd control measures are framework directive (2000/60/EC). As such essential in ensuring that event audiences are efforts for a water system free from kept safe throughout the conduct of the event contamination and pollution should be a key as outlined in national legislation (Planning and consideration in planning for event Development Act 2000). Moreover crowd management. Moreover the responsibility of control can be achieved through effective managing water quality falls at events falls to management of human behaviour. Therefore environmental health officers, Irish Water and crowd control should be a priority in Local Local Authority planners. Authority planning nationwide for event management. Furthermore, this paper examined which Local Authorities provided guidelines for litter and Consequently, dealing with large crowds of waste management. The three Local people at events has a direct association with Authorities that recognised the importance of large-scale vehicle movement. Transport plays supplying environmental planning guidelines an important role in event management but has recognised the important of prioritizing litter and a huge impact on the environment (Harris waste management guidelines. The 2003; Bowdin et al, 2012; Jones, 2014). Local accumulation of waste at events is inevitable at Authorities have a key responsibility in all events regardless of event size and scale transport management at events. They play a (Malfas et al, 2004; Stettler, 2011). Therefore role in facilitating diversion routes, road 70

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 closures and traffic signals (Callanan & (Harssel et al, 2014). Pollution can affect public Keogan, 2003). Therefore the provision of health therefore an area where pollution occurs guidelines for transport management in requires monitoring and regulation by national legislation for event management is environmental health officers (Mcgranahan & essential. Additionally transport planning is an Murray, 2012). Moreover local government also integral part of traffic management therefore has a role in managing pollution in certain traffic planning is critical for success. However areas as outlined in the water pollution act only 3 Local Authorities provide environmental 1977. Furthermore guidelines for reducing planning guidelines for transport management. pollution were examined and revealed no Local Authority provided guidelines for reducing Due to the unparalleled growth of events and pollution. However guidelines for noise the increased crowds of people attending pollution were provided by 3 LA. Noise pollution events as well as traffic activities can critically has become an inevitable part of modern affect biodiversity. As such, the need for civilization (Singh & Deepak, 2013). Noise is an guidelines for the protection of biodiversity incremental element at events, which can conservation cannot be underestimated. impact the wider community; adversely impact However no Local Authority provided general health and cause hostility toward the guidelines for biodiversity conservation event therefore requires management. Under therefore environmental planning within local environmental noise regulations 2006 (SI NO government planning processes is not fully 140) local government must ensure noise integrated to achieve sustainable planning for levels are kept at reasonable noise decibels. event management. Also, guidelines for sanitary facilities and Additionally environmental planning guidelines environmental clean up were assessed. were assessed to determine which Local Results revealed that three LA provided Authorities provided guidelines for catering and guidelines for these elements. Sanitary facilities food safety. Results revealed that just one are crucial at events but must be monitored Local Authority provided catering and food and maintained. In fact their maintenance and safety guidelines. This is surprising since supervision has been identified as of nearly all events occurring throughout Ireland paramount importance therefore planning for provide catering and food services (Jepson & sanitary facilities in every Local Authority Clarke, 2015). In fact LA grant casual trading should be a priority for events. Moreover the licenses to facilitate catering and food services environmental clean up after the event has at events (DECLG, 2007; Macken et al, 2013). ended is vital for the environment and the Therefore it is astounding that just one Local quality of the event. Authority has prioritized catering and food safety into their planning guidelines. In addition Further to this, guidelines were also assessed to this, guidelines for the disposal of food waste to establish which Local Authorities provided were assessed. The disposal of food waste is guidelines for wastewater, sewage treatment, essential and if not managed correctly can reducing pollution and air pollution. cause significant health and pollution Interestingly no Local Authority provided consequences for the environment. Results guidelines for any of these event management illustrated that two Local Authorities provided elements. However the provision of guidelines guidelines for the disposal of food waste. for wastewater is critical for event management. In fact, part of national legislation Subsequently, guidelines for pollution were outlines the construction or erection of pumping examined which revealed two Local Authorities stations; treatment works, holding tanks or provided guidelines for pollution. Pollution can outfall facilities for wastewater is essential. be generated almost everywhere at events and Therefore outlining the importance of can cause physical and visual degradation to wastewater treatment plans. Additionally, the environment (Elcome, 1999). Pollution can national legislation require a plan for sewage occur and be caused by not managing water, discharge therefore guidelines should inevitably air, waste, food, sanitary facilities and vehicles be provided for sewage treatment at events. 71

Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland.

Also, reducing pollution at events is a crucial level of environmental planning for event step in facilitating sustainability in event management in terms of planning policies and management. In particular the areas of water, guidelines. Therefore Local Authority planning air, noise are vital areas where pollution and provision for the environmental impacts of toxicity can occur therefore require event management has not been recognised in management solutions to minimise the impacts. Ireland. As such, it seems Local Authorities are not taking adequate steps towards regulating Finally, this paper assessed which Local and managing environmental impacts in their Authorities utilised the environmental impact respective region. As a result of this, the assessment or the strategic environmental complicated relationship between events and assessment in the guidelines for event the environment now commands a planning management. Again results revealed that no and management approach initiated and Local Authority utilised either assessment implemented by Local Authorities. In fact, techniques. This is surprising having already without an environmental planning approach, established the significance of these Local Authorities and event organisers may find environmental assessment tools as it difficult to prevent inevitable and irreversible measurements for improvements. Additionally, environmental impacts events may bring. compliance with best practice standards such as the UNWTO 12 aims of sustainable tourism, In terms of the provision of guidelines and the GSTC, the ETIS and the DIT-Achiev model policies within Local Authorities, guidelines and were also assessed. Results exposed no Local policies were found not to reflect or be Authority were compliant with any indicators of compliant with sustainable tools such as the these tools. However the adoption and UNWTO/UNEP 12 aims of sustainable tourism. utilization of best practice standards in planning This is surprising considering the UNWTO policies and guidelines would be beneficial in together with the UNEP formulated a list of implementing sustainability in event specific aims for sustainability in tourism management in Ireland while also mitigating (UNWTO/UNEP, 2005), to deliver a baseline negative environmental consequences. for planning sustainably for tourism. In addition Moreover it can be a cost effective means of to this, guidelines and polices were found not to preventing irreversible impacts. Overall this reflect or be compliant with sustainable study has found that national environmental indicators such as the DIT ACHIEV model, the planning provision of guidelines for event GSTC, or the ETIS. In particular, even more management has a low adoption rate in local surprising is the fact that no Local Authority authorities in Ireland. Therefore the potential of reflected indicators from the DIT ACHIEV environment planning in event management model, which was developed directly to apply has not been realised. As a result, adequate to the case of Ireland for initiating sustainability planning provision towards regulating and in tourism and event management (Griffin et al, managing environmental impacts at events is 2008). Similarly the GSTC, which is a widely needed. accepted tool, developed based on already recognised criteria and approaches can be Conclusion and Discussion adopted to become more environmentally This paper has discussed from an international sustainable. However has not been integrated perspective the complex relationship between or incorporated in Local Authority provisions for events and the environment and has explored event management. Considering the European the impacts and consequences created as a Tourism Indicator system assists destinations result of hosting an event. It has examined in to measure and monitor sustainability the case study nationally, the extent of planning management processes, which enables them provided nationwide by Local Authorities in the to benchmark progress and performance in the Republic of Ireland for the environmental future (EC, 2013), it is startling to discover that impacts of event management. To investigate indicators from this tool have not been applied the environmental planning provision by Local to Local Authority event management Authorities, a content analysis approach was processes. The application of indicators has employed. The results revealed an overall low been noted to act as an early warning system 72

Hanrahan, J., K. Maguire (2016) / European Journal of Tourism Research 12, pp. 54-81 to initiate improved plans and management advanced. In conclusion, there has been an strategies (Griffin et al, 2012). As such it may overall lack of adoption and utilization of be beneficial to facilitate sustainability in event environmental policies in CDP’s or event management worldwide and in particular planning guidelines developed by local Ireland. Further to this, Local Authorities authorities. It is clear that more priority should provided no guidelines for the use of regulatory be given to event planning and management at tools for event management such as the EIA or local level nationwide. This paper facilitates an the SEA. In addition, no policies existed in opportunity for further research to investigate county development plans solely relating to the absence of environmental planning event management. As such it may be guidelines for event management, which beneficial for guidelines and policies to reflect enables a longitudinal study. international best practice standards when planning for environmental sustainability in References event management. However adopting and Abaza, H., Bisset, R., & Sadler, B. (2004) utilising such best practice criteria can act as a Environmental Impact Assessment and guide to being more environmentally Strategic Environmental Assessment: sustainable. Thus the development of Toward an integrated approach. proactive, comprehensive and robust planning Economics and trade brunch, UNEP. tools such as guidelines and policies with the Geneva. incorporation of sustainable indicators can A Greener Festival (2012) Festival stats show effectively and efficiently facilitate steady progress on green issues but a rise environmental sustainability at events. in abandoned tents worries event organisers. Available from: Moreover the growth of the event sector in www.agreenerfestival.com (accessed 22 Ireland (Ring, 2013; Fáilte Ireland, 2014) and July 2015). the impacts this growth generates on the Ali-Knight, J., Robertson, M., Fyall, A., & environment (Raj & Musgrave, 2009; Case, Ladkin, A. (2008) International 2013; Jones, 2014) calls for nationwide perspectives of festivals and events: improvements in relation to planning Paradigms of Analysis. Elsevier, London. sustainably for event management. As such, BBC News (2010) Stampede at German Love monitoring and measuring environmental Parade festival kills 19. Available from: impacts is crucial for the quality of the www.bbc.com/news/world-Europe- environment and the quality of an already 10751899 (accessed 12 July 2015). successful event industry. This is essential for Berg, Bruce L. (2007) Qualitative Research the event sector to be further developed and Methods for the Social Sciences. 6th Ed. sustained. As a result the development of Allen & Bacon, Boston, MA. environmental policies and guidelines with Berl, A., & De Meer, H. (2011) An Energy sustainable indicators within legislative Consumption Model for Energy Efficient regulations within Local Authorities can act as a Office Environments. Future Generation mechanism to facilitate environmental Computer Systems, 27(8), 1047-1055. sustainability in event management. Thus Bisset, R. (2011) Environmental Impact advancing and sustaining the event sector and Assessments. Available from http://www growing its potential in a sustainable and .ilo.org/iloenc/part-vii/environmental- responsible way. Therefore to maximise policy/item/745-environmental-impact- environmental sustainability and minimise assessments?tmpl=component&print=1 environmental impacts require a careful (accessed 1 April 2015). planning and management approach. Bladen, C., Kennell, J., Abson, E., & Wilde, N. Essentially, the achievement of environmental (2012) Events Management: An sustainability for event management relies Introduction. London: Routledge. upon government policies and guidelines Bowdin, G., O’Toole, W., Allen, J., Harris, R., & reflecting a commitment to environmental McDonnell, I. (2006) Events Management. quality and health. This will be crucial if the 2nd Edition. London: Routledge. event sector is to be sustained, developed or 73

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