Pour Une Géographie Du Hasina (Imerina, Madagascar) JEAN-PIERRE RAISON
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Evaluating the Effects of Colonialism on Deforestation in Madagascar: a Social and Environmental History
Evaluating the Effects of Colonialism on Deforestation in Madagascar: A Social and Environmental History Claudia Randrup Candidate for Honors in History Michael Fisher, Thesis Advisor Oberlin College Spring 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………… 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Methods and Historiography Chapter 1: Deforestation as an Environmental Issue.……………………………………… 20 The Geography of Madagascar Early Human Settlement Deforestation Chapter 2: Madagascar: The French Colony, the Forested Island…………………………. 28 Pre-Colonial Imperial History Becoming a French Colony Elements of a Colonial State Chapter 3: Appropriation and Exclusion…………………………………………………... 38 Resource Appropriation via Commercial Agriculture and Logging Concessions Rhetoric and Restriction: Madagascar’s First Protected Areas Chapter 4: Attitudes and Approaches to Forest Resources and Conservation…………….. 50 Tensions Mounting: Political Unrest Post-Colonial History and Environmental Trends Chapter 5: A New Era in Conservation?…………………………………………………... 59 The Legacy of Colonialism Cultural Conservation: The Case of Analafaly Looking Forward: Policy Recommendations Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. 67 Selected Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… 69 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper was made possible by a number of individuals and institutions. An Artz grant and a Jerome Davis grant through Oberlin College’s History department and a Doris Baron Student Research Fund award through the Environmental Studies department supported -
Les Savoirs Du Territoire En Imerina (Hautes Terres Centrales De Madagascar)
Le territoire, lien ou frontière ? Paris, 2-4 octobre 1995 Les savoirs du territoire en Imerina (Hautes terres centrales de Madagascar) Chantal BLANC-PAMARD CEA/CNRS Sur les Hautes Terres centrales de Madagascar, les Merina sont des gens de territoire. Imerina est un toponyme, Merina un parler et un ethnonyme. Selon les traditions historiques merina les plus répandues, le nom de Merina1 ne serait en usage que depuis le règne de Ralambo, à la fin du XVIème siècle. C'est à ce dernier que l'on attribue la définition de l'Imerina : "J'appelle ceci l'Imerina sous le jour (I Merina ambaniandro). Et je l'appelle l'Imerina parce que j'occupe tous les sommets; il n'y a rien qui ne soit à moi dans tout ce qui est sous la lumière du jour"2. Le toponyme ambaniandro caractérise la conception par rapport à l'axe vertical. Ce pays "sous la lumière que seul le soleil domine" est également caractérisé par le regard qu'on lui porte, à la fois ceux qui sont vus sur les hauteurs mais aussi ceux qui dominent les régions plus basses environnantes. Le rôle joué par le regard est très important pour le contrôle du territoire comme en témoignent les nombreux sites fortifiés qui coiffent les sommets des collines (Mille, 1970). Un roi merina disait lors de sa conquête : "A moi toutes ces hauteurs (manerinerina)"3. On notera également l'importance du terme maso qui signifie œil. Le soleil est masoandro l'œil du jour; la source est masondrano œil de l'eau4. -
Ambohimanga (Madagascar) Millennium BC)
the construction of rova or fortified royal enclosures (analogous to hillforts in western Europe during the 1st Ambohimanga (Madagascar) millennium BC). On the summits, woodland was kept for practical and spiritual reasons but the forest on No 950 lower ground was cleared to provide the economic base for such places to exist. Agricultural terraces were also constructed on the lower hill-slopes. In effect, the cultural landscape was in place by the 16th century. The only major change since then has been the removal of upland forest on the neighbouring heights to Ambohimanga during the French colonial period. Ambohimanga itself originated in at least the 15th Identification century and by the 18th century, particularly under Nomination The Royal Hill of Ambohimanga Andriantsimitoviaminandriana (1740–45), had developed into a capital with defences and seven gates. Location Municipality of Ambohimanga Outer defences and seven more gates were added, Rova, Province of Antananarivo probably before 1794 when the royal palace was moved Avaradrano to Antananarivo, leaving Ambohimanga as the royal burial place and religious capital. The existing defensive State Party Republic of Madagascar wall was built by Queen Ranavalona I (1828–61), with new gateways to north and south-west (c 1830). The Date 7 July 2000 palace Fandriampahalemana and the glass pavilion Tranofitaratra were added in 1871. In March 1897 the mortal remains of royalty were transferred to Antananarivo by the French colonial authorities in a failed attempt to erase the holiness of the site and the nationalistic legitimacy attached to it. The royal tombs were demolished and military buildings Justification by State Party erected in their stead for the garrison on the site. -
Land Rights Among Subsistence Farmers: an Examination of Madagascar’S Land Reform and Prevailing Systems of Land Tenure in Betafo Taylor Crowl SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2014 Land Rights Among Subsistence Farmers: An Examination of Madagascar’s Land Reform and Prevailing Systems of Land Tenure in Betafo Taylor Crowl SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Growth and Development Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Rural Sociology Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Crowl, Taylor, "Land Rights Among Subsistence Farmers: An Examination of Madagascar’s Land Reform and Prevailing Systems of Land Tenure in Betafo" (2014). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1896. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1896 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! Land Rights Among Subsistence Farmers: An Examination of Madagascar’s Land Reform and Prevailing Systems of Land Tenure in Betafo ! ! ! ! Taylor Crowl Academic Advisor: Reine Razafimahefa Academic Director: Roland Pritchett Fall 2014 ! Abstract In Madagascar, legal systems of land tenure have been inaccessible for the vast majority of the rural population. This has stranded millions of subsistence farmers in a sense of insecurity, as they lack legal rights for the property that they have farmed for generations. Madagascar’s land reform, launched in 2005, attempted to change these exclusionary tenure practices. -
Un Patrimoine Mondial De L'humanite (Cas D
UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DEPARTEMENT : FORMATION INITIALE LITTERAIRE C.E.R. Histoire-Géographie MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES POUR L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE (CAPEN) UN PATRIMOINE MONDIAL DE L’HUMANITE (CAS D’AMBOHIMANGA ROVA) Présenté par : RAMANITRAHARIZAKA Hobimanana Tsiriniainanjanahary Mémoire dirigé par : Mme RAHONINTSOA Elyane Maître de Conférences Année 2015 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DEPARTEMENT : FORMATION INITIALE LITTERAIRE C.E.R. Histoire-Géographie MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES POUR L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE (CAPEN) UN PATRIMOINE MONDIAL DE L’HUMANITE (CAS D’AMBOHIMANGA ROVA) RAMANITRAHARIZAKA Hobimanana Tsiriniainanjanahary Président : M. RAZAKAVOLOLONA Ando, Maître de Conférences Juge : M. RAZANAKOLONA Daniel, Assistant d’enseignement Rapporteur : Mme RAHONINTSOA Elyane, Maître de Conférences Date de soutenance : 16 Avril 2015 Année 2015 REMERCIEMENTS Remercions Dieu de ces cinq années de formation au sein du centre d’étude et de recherche en histoire géographie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure. Après avoir passé les examens théoriques et le stage pratique, notre cursus de formation s’achève par la rédaction d’un mémoire de fin d’étude. A la sortie de l’ENS, nous obtiendrons le diplôme CAPEN pour devenir professeur certifié. Au moment où nous achevons la rédaction de ce mémoire, nous reconnaissons que plusieurs personnes, de près ou de loin, nous ont soutenu d'une manière ou d'une autre tout au long de notre cursus à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure et nous tenons à leur manifester notre profonde gratitude. D’abord, à Monsieur RAZAKAVOLOLONA Ando, maître de conférences au centre d’étude et de recherche en histoire géographie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieur, qui malgré vos multiples occupations, vous nous faites l’honneur de présider ce mémoire, Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de notre profonde reconnaissance. -
The Culture History of Madagascar
Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1993 The Culture History of Madagascar Robert E. Dewar 1'3 and Henry T. Wright 2 Madagascar's culture is a unique fusion of elements drawn from the western, northern, and eastern shores of the Indian Ocean, and its past has fascinated man)' scholars, yet systematic archaeological research is relatively recent on the island. The oldest traces of visitors are from the first century AD. Coastal settlements, with clear evidence of ties to the western Indian Ocean trading network, were established in several places over the next millennium. Important environmental changes of both plant and animal communities are documented over this period, including the extinctions of almost all large animal species. Urban life in Madagascar began with the establishment of the entrepOt of Mahi- laka on the northwest coast of the island in the twelfth century. At about the same time, communities with ties to the trade network were established around the island's coasts. From the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, social hier- archies developed in several regions of the island. During the succeeding two centuries, Madagascar saw the development of state polities. KEY WORDS: Madagascar; prehistory; East Africa; Indian Ocean. INTRODUCTION Madagascar has long fascinated archaeologists. However, surprisingly little archaeological research has been undertaken until recently. Its culture history offers an important comparative case for many important issues--the role and process of migrations in prehistory, the origins of states, over exploitation and "overkill" by foragers, and human agricultural impact on environments, among ~Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269. -
Télécharger La Version
Cahiers des sciences sociales, vol. 2, 2016 61 Le début de la consommation de zébu en Imerina, son utilisation sociale, économique et politique sous la royauté (XVIe –XIXe siècles) Prof. Jacqueline Ravelomanana Résumé: L’article veut nous montrer comment de simples aliments comme le riz et la viande de zébu sont devenus des instruments politiques et sociaux dès l’avènement du roi Ralambo au XVIe siècle. Le pouvoir royal a établi un ordre social, grâce à la reconnaissance officielle du rôle du riz et de la viande de zébu lors des rites officiels, renforçant ainsi l’ordre royal. Leur institutionnalisation va se déteindre, même sur l’ordre familial. Les notions d’aîné, zoky , et de cadet, zandry , sont imposées lors des repas et de ce fait facilitera les notions de « Grand » et de « Petit » au niveau de l’organisation sociale et politique. Mots-clés: aliments - viande de zébu - riz - sacré (Hasina) – institution Abstract: Rice and zebu meat became political and social tools, as soon as King Ralambo rose to power during the 16 th century. The King established social order, thanks to the official recognition of rice and zebu meat during official rites, thereby strengthening his royal order. Their institutionalization will extend even to familial rules. Notions of seniority based on age, zoky , elder, and zandry , younger, are imposed during meals and facilitate establishment of social and political rankings. Nous avons choisi de réfléchir sur l’Histoire de la viande de zébu: « le début de sa consommation en Imerina, son utilisation sociale, économique et politique sous la royauté (XVIe-XIXe siècles) ». -
Female Realm in the Nineteenth Century in Imerina Madagascar”
UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES DEPARTEMENT D’ETUDES ANGLOPHONES MENTION EPDLE CIVILISATION GENDERING MONARCHY: FEMALE REALM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN IMERINA MADAGASCAR Pour l’obtention du Diplôme de Master II Date de soutenance : 11 Avril 2019 FARANIRINA Zoée Brina Directeur de recherches : Professeur Claude FÉRAL 2017-2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the people who helped to bring this dissertation to fruition. I owe much to my supervisor, Professor Claude Féral, for the useful comments and remarks she provided to my work from the first draft to the latest version and my co-supervisor Mr Ramandimbilahatra Mox for his encouragement and guidance in the adoption of the historical approach of my research. I would like to thank as well Professor Casey Woodling for the helpful comments and suggestions he offered. I am so grateful to my parents who, despite the distances between us, kept careful watch over me and looked forward for seeing the completion of this work and my brothers who took the time to ask my progress. Finally, this dissertation would not have been possible without my friends, for their comments and encouragement. i ABSTRACT Giving an insight into female monarchy in Imerina “central highlands of Madagascar”, this dissertation shows how the succession of four women on the throne throughout the nineteenth century altered the political scene in Imerina; how gender was interrelated with the exercise of monarchical power. Case studies of the queens are provided alongside perspectives on female monarchy, evolving around the link between gender, marriage and succession in their queenly experiences. -
Knowledge, Education and Social Differentiation Amongst the Betsileo of Fisakana, Highland Madagascar
Knowledge, Education and Social Differentiation amongst the Betsileo of Fisakana, Highland Madagascar Luke Earle Freeman London School of Economics and Political Science Doctor of Philosophy 2001 0 Abstract This thesis is an ethnographic study of a village in Fisakana, an area of highland Madagascar where the institution of formal education has had great social, economic and cultural influence. Although the principal means of subsistence in Fisakana is wet rice cultivation, a severe shortage of good land has led to large-scale emigration. Schooling has provided opportunities for social and spatial mobility that have shaped the character of the region. Migration and movement are dominant themes in the ethnography of Madagascar. The thesis examines three different types of migration in Fisakana. Each entails a different type of relationship between the migrants and their ancestral land. These are discussed in the context of other literature dealing with this topic in the anthropology of Madagascar. The region is characterised by inequalities of wealth. People working in the professional sector have prospered economically in comparison to those dependent on agriculture. This thesis makes an original contribution to the literature on social and economic differentiation in the highlands by treating the subject from an ethnographic perspective. The role of formal education in widening socio-economic differentiation is explored in detail. Then the thesis studies how this differentiation is elaborated symbolically through the building of houses and tombs. It also points out the ambiguous nature of tomb ceremonies: whilst ostensibly symbolising social unity and cohesion, they also imply fissure and exclusion. The thesis then examines the Betsileo social construction of knowledge. -
Fokon'olona Et Collectivités Rurales En Imerina
enex: z Fokon'olona :; c::;) c z Q ~ et collectivités rurales e;, ~ 1:' CI ~ c:.::I en Imerina • ! FÜKÜN'üLüNA EN IMERINA DU M:ËME AUTEUR Nous avons mangé la forêt (Paris, Mercure de France, 1957). Traduit en italien, Milan, Baldini & Castoldi, 1960. « Ethnologie et Bibliographie ethnographique de l'Indochine II in Ethnologie de l'Union Française Tome II. Asie, Océanie, Amé rique par A. Leroi-Gourhan et J. Poirier (Paris, Presses Univer sitaires de France, 1953). Sous PRESSE : Sar Louk (Paris, Plon, Collection « Terre Humaine ll). L'HOMME D'OUTRE-MER Collection publiée par le Conseil supérieur des Recherches sociologiques outre-mer et par l'Office de la Recherche scientifique et technique Outre-Mer Nouvelle Série, N° )1" Georges CONDOMINAS Maître de recherches à l'ORSTOM et collectivités rurales EN IMERINA Préface du gouverneur Hubert DESCHAMPS Directeur des Sciences humaines d l'ORSTOM Avec 2 croquis ÉDITIONS BERGER·LEVRA ULT 5, rue Auguste-Comte - PARIS (VIe) 1960 © by Éditions Berger-Levrault, 1960 Tous droits de traduction, reproduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays. PRÉFACE Un des reproches les plus justes que l'on peut faire à l'ancienne politique coloniale française est d'avoir négligé les institutions de base traditionnelles au profit d'un système d'administration directe. On ne trouvait rien de comparable outre-mer (au moins dans les textes) à l'autonomie de nos communes et de nos départements. En fait, dans l'Afrique conti nentale, de larges pans des anciens édifices politiques s,ubsistaient: lignages, tribus, associations, chefferies, Etats, qui maintenaient, en sous-ordre, une vie insti tutionnelle non négligeable, avec des habitudes de commandement, d'équilibre et de discussion. -
Why Not Marry Them?
Why not marry them? History, essentialism and the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo (Madagascar) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Denis A. P. Regnier January 2012 Department of Anthropology LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,457 words. 2 Abstract The thesis investigates the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar. Unlike previous research, which has focused on the dependency of those slave descendants who stayed as share-croppers on their former masters’ land and on the discrimination against slave descent migrants, the present study focuses on a group of slave descendants, the Berosaiña, who own their land and have acquired autonomy and wealth. Based on fieldwork in a rural area south of Ambalavao, the thesis presents an ethnographic study of the ambivalent relations between the Berosaiña and their neighbours of free descent. -
How to Read a Folktale: the 'Ibonia' Epic from Madagascar
To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/109 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. A Merina performer of the highlands. Photo by Lee Haring (1975). World Oral Literature Series: Volume 4 How to Read a Folktale: The Ibonia Epic from Madagascar Translation and Reader’s Guide by Lee Haring http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2013 Lee Haring; Foreword © 2013 Mark Turin This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC-BY 3.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work. The work must be attributed to the respective authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Lee Haring, How to Read a Folktale: The Ibonia Epic from Madagascar. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2013. DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0034 Further copyright and licensing details are available at: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781909254053 This is the fourth volume in the World Oral Literature Series, published in association with the World Oral Literature Project. World Oral Literature Series: ISSN: 2050-7933 As with all Open Book Publishers titles, digital material and resources associated with this volume are available from our website at: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781909254053 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-909254-06-0 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-909254-05-3 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-909254-07-7 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-909254-08-4 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-909254-09-1 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0034 Cover image: Couple (Hazomanga?), sculpture in wood and pigment.