William Shakespeare Will Be Surprised at the Barrenness of the Re Su Lt S Herein Set Forth

T H E L IFE

WI L LIA M S HA KES P EA R E

E! PU RG AT E D

WI L L I AM L EA‘VITT STO D DA RD

HA RVARD )

“ No n c anjmu s su rdis.

BO STO N W A BU TTE RFI E L D . .

59 BRO M FI ELD STREET

P ROLOGUE

I t seems a kin d of respect du e to the memory o excellen t men es eciall o those o he f , p y f wh m t ir wit an d learn in have made amou r g f s, to delive some accou n t o themselves as well as o their f , f works to r For this r aso oste it . e how on d , p y n , f do we see some people of the great men of an ti u it their amilies the om on a id t o q y; f , c m cc en s f their lives an d even their ha e make an d , s p , , eatu r h b b t o r f es ave een the su jec f critical en qu i ies . How tri in soever this cu riosit ma seem to be ﬂ g y y , it is certain ly very n atu ral; an d w e are hardly satisﬁed with an accou n t of an y remarkable per son till we have heard him described to the very he w ar A or ha r la t clot s h e e s . s f w t e tes o men of letters the kn owled e o an au thor ma sometimes , g f y on du ce to the better u n derstan din o his book c g f , hakes eare ma an d thou gh the works of M r . S p y em to man n ot t o wan t a commen t et I an c se y , y f y some little accou n t of the man himself may n ot — ’ ro r m s s be thought imp pe . Fro Nichola Rowe

1 7 9 . Account of the Life of Shakespeare , 0

I have n ot sou ht I sa n or do I seek either g , ( y) ’ or e or sn are men s u d men ts bu t I lead to f c en j g , them to thin gs themselves an d the con cordan ces o thin s that the ma ee or themselves what f g , y y s f the have what the can dis u te what th e can y , y p , y And add an d con tribu te to the common stock .

or m sel i in an thin I have been either too f y f, f y g P rologu e

c edu lou s or too little aw ake an d atten tive or i r , f I have fallen 01? by the w ay an d left the in qu iry in com lete n everth eles s I so resen t these thin s p , p g n aked an d o en that m errors can b e marked p , y an d set aside b efore the mass of kn owledge be m ” fu rther infected by the . From Franci s ’ Bacon s P reface to the Great Instauration ’ d in (Spe d g s translation) . C NTENTS O .

P A GE P ROLO GUE

CONCERNING OTHER LI VE S O F SHAK E SPEARE

JOHN SHAK ESPEARE IN THE RE CORDS

WI LLI AM SHAK ESPEARE IN THE RECORDS

’ SHAK ESPEARE S WI LL

P OEMS ASCRIB ED TO SHAK ESPEARE O F STRAT

FORD

C T M ! A U S S ON E PORAR LL ION , REAL AND

S T WI LLI AM S K S PO ED , O HA E PEARE

EVIDENCES FROM THE P LA! S AND P OEMS

THE FIRST FOLIO

EPILO GU E

BIBLIO GRAPH!

INDE!

T H E L I F E O F

WI L L I A M S H A K E S P E A R E

E ! P U R G A T E D

P ONE CHA TER .

CONCERNING OTHER LIVES OF E E SHAK SP ARE .

L m m en m I ike ost of y generation , have never been ab l e from any one volume to obtain a * clear idea of Shakespeare : with the works bearing that name I could and did become s m s rea onably fa iliar and greatly plea ed , but of the m an who wrote them I w as for a long time

. I m ignorant Naturally , turned for infor ation - I to the biographies of the poet actor . But m w as m s . doo ed to a di appoint ent For there , s m m s in the welter of quoted , copied , and o eti e ” m s m s s photographed docu ent , a ong allu ion that alluded to Shakespeare and allusions h im all con fu that did not allude to at , in the sion of skilfully deployed adverbs implying various degrees of uncertainty in the m ind of “ ” “ ” as ss the biographer ( , doubtle , probably , “ ” t an le credibly , and their kind) , in the g of ar gumen t s supporting now one theory of author s I m s s hip and now another, felt y elf trangely l ost s s s , like a per on who earche in vain through

Throu ghou t this book I have ado pted t h e la! y expedien t of s ellin a e a in a o I am aw a e a W am p g Sh k spe re this f shi n . r th t illi Shakespeare of Stratford is n o t kn ow n t o have employed this o o a an d I am aw a e a m an of t h e a an d oem s rth gr phy, r th t y pl ys p a ea e w t h e en a e n a u e w hi as far as I can pp r d ith hyph t d sig t r , ch , d sco e Wi iam Sha es ea e of S a o n e e em o e . I i v r, ll k p r tr tf rd v r pl y d t seem ed e all in all t o adhe e t o a s m e on en on . b st, , r i pl c v ti ‘ William S hakespeare

a volume for something which the title-page h as m s pro i ed to include , but which he cannot

. m I ﬁnd At the end of an ar ful of books w as , m m n if anything, farther away fro the a Shake s I peare than when began . W m s hat , for exa ple , did Shake peare do when w as ? W o s he a boy here did he g to chool , ” ss o not where did he doubtle g , but where ? Wh o h is ms h i really were chu , and later s friends ; and why no letters from h im to them? Wh s h is s y did he not publi h own play , or at least prevent wholesale piracy and the despair of modern editors ? How could a man be so careful about h is second-best bed and so care less about h is poetry ? I can never be certain whether the young man of the sonnets w as Mary — m . H . s Fitton or Mr W. there are argu ent — w as s for both or whether Mr . W. H . one who e ll in it ials s m s s W. H . a , as o e in i t , were not at , but out of quite another part of the alphabet .

In lieu of reconciling all the divergent and s s s vigorou ly debated opinion about Shake peare , it became my amusement to test each new biography of the poet on one subj ect : Did ? s Shakespeare poach Are we thi year , or are s ? On we not , to believe the tory the face of is m m it , it extre ely probable that a country an of twenty Odd years Should steal deer and be thrashed for it . But , on the face of it , again , it is extremely improbable that the greatest s and mo st learned poet in the language hould , m m m fall a arried an with a growing fa ily , into “ ” Other Lives of Shakespeare 3

? W a such ways . Still , who can tell hat h ve t h e biographers done with the story ? My experience is that the authenticity of t h e m yarn depends on the biography of the oment . m On e is reminded of a clever French an who , discussing certain phases of the Shakespeare s m Revu e des Deu x sonnet , re arked in the M on des

"‘ ’ n ﬁn ss s E M . Gerald Ma ey oulagea d un s s s désinfectan t grand poi la con cience Anglai e en , ’ ’ I i-m em l es s s c est u e qui S en vante , onnet de é é és Shakespeare . Le proc d de d infection con i ait m m a s m s st , tout Si ple ent divi er arbitraire ent r les sonnets en person n els et en d amatiqu es . ’ E s s s x es le taient per onnel tou ceu qui , d apr M m m . é code oral de Massey , taient co patibles é e r avec la dignit t la v e bu de Shakespeare . r Tous l es autres étaient d amatiqu es . Ainsi ’ ’ li i l én i m e m l s ex u a t s e s . p q g , ain i to bait candale Shakespeare était rendu blanc comme neige m ” ala pieuse ad iration d es Anglais . Very Similar is the case with the deer steal ” in h a g prank . It s always, strangely enough , ff been considered one o ence . The sources agree in giving the impression that it w as more than “ ”

s . m a one , if not everal It y be doubtless s w as true that Shake peare caught but once , is l if at all , but it equa ly clear that the word “ ” s m prank hould be ade plural . Let u s look s into the origin of the tory . Nicholas Rowe w as a play-writer of Queen ’ m 1 70 Anne s ti e . In 9 he published an account i m s . H of the life of Shake peare s infor ation , he 4 William S hakespeare s s m m m ay , ca e ainly fro the actor Betterton . About 1 690 (Shakespeare died in 1 6 1 6) Betterton went down to Warwickshire to learn s what he could about Shake peare . Now Rowe , who had obtained h is information from B et h is War terton , who in turn had obtained in w ick sh ire at a time when every one who had personally known Shakespeare w as either s - s eventy four year old , older , or dead , wrote as * follows : ( 1 ) “ m s mm He had , by a i fortune co on enough to l s l m young fel ow , fa len into ill co pany ; and m s m s m m a ong t the , o e that ade a frequent practice of deer-stealing engaged h im with them more than once in robbing a park belonging to m s Ch erlecot sic Sir Tho a Lucy of ! ], near Strat s w as s ford . For thi he per ecuted by that gentle man as s m s , he thought , o ewhat too everely ; ill s h and in order to revenge that u age , e i ” made a ballad upon h m . This story received what a more recent biographer calls an important because inde pendent corroboration in some notes written 1 690 1 708 s between and by Richard Davie , m F lman s s . W u a rector in Glouce ter hire illia , as m whoever he w , bequeathed to Davies so e m scraps of writing , little ore than the dates s of birth and death , about Shake peare The parson augmented these notes by adding (where he learned these items I do not know) : Much given to all unluckiness in stealing venison and

n a en e e e e b a e t o t h e o Th e n u merals i p r th s s r f r, y ch pt rs, c rre a a h a f h spondin g n u merals in t h e Biblio gr phy t t e b ck o t e book . “ ” Other Lives of S h akespeare 5 r s m abbit , particularly fro Sir Lucy , who m m s m s had h im oft whipped and so eti e i pri oned , and at last made h im ﬂy h is native country h is m h is w as to great advance ent , but revenge * so great that he is h is Justice Clodpate and s h im m an s t o call a great , and that in allu ion h is name bore three louses rampant for h is ” m 2 s s ar s . ( ) Shake peare , Archdeacon Davie m s s . as I a add , died a papi t So far aware , thi s last statement h as not been widely per u Wh ? m s pet at ed . y It ight erve to explain

certain Romi sh passages in the plays . — But these are the documents and the onl y — known early documents bearing on the Lucy m it s s ? legend . How to deter ine truth or fal ity

Let u s see . On e m s s er gentle an , with pectacle and a p L lexed s D ou b t l ess s p brow , write , , ] thi tradi

tion m ay be dism issed as scarcely credible . Wh o m can conceive of the creator of Ha let , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ the author of Lear and Macbeth , the poet ‘ ’ s s C m of the onnet and y beline , albeit in s m so the ﬂu h and pri e of youth , far forgetting ” h is high destiny as and S O on to the demoli s m — -m tion of a re pectable outh to outh tradition .

s ss m s s Another hi torian , of a le oral turn , con ider “ ” as the poaching incident probably authentic , and warns h is readers not to j udge Shakespeare “ ” s s too ha tily for thi boyish escapade . We all

* ‘ “ Ju stice Clodpate w as a character in the co m edy of Epsom ” Wells .

Dou b e s F ee om ou b or u n ce a n u n d ou b ed in d u b i T tl s , r fr d t rt i ty, t , — a e . O en in a w a r t bl ft e ker sen se Oxf ord Di ction a y . 6 William S hakespeare

H m n u at times have felt like poaching . u a m s is est errare . I believe that thi the view “ held to- day by the consensus of scholarly opinion . “ The word play on luce in The Merry ” W s ss s m s e ive , the po ible i ilarity between Ju tic Shall ow in the same play and Sir Thomas s h as Lucy , the fact that Shake peare been credited with some scurrilous verses against n s i that k ight , and that the poaching tory s the only glimmer of light between the marriage of Shakespeare and h is appearance in London have done much to conﬁrm the orthodox m theory of the incident . Other infor ation m s derivable fro Rowe and Davie , not having s s h as a s uch upport , been ccepted or di carded m less elaborately , after the anner of Mr . m ss so . Gerald Ma ey , entioned a page or back On one occasion it w as di scovered that there ’ w as no deer park in Stratford in Shakespeare s i m m . 3 s s ti e ( ) Thi not a atter of conj ecture , but of fact and record . Since , then , there w as

s m r no enclo ure , deer ca e under the head of fe ae n atu rae m s , and ight be killed by who o willed s s i and could Shoot traight . Thi , again , s not m a atter of conj ecture , but of fact and record . Bu t — is s o , here the rea on (s I think) why this highly apo ch ryph al legend h as been retained s it s s s —if in pite of obviou fal ity , the Lucy in ciden t is s not true , how can the re t of Mr . ’ s s s Nichola Rowe biography be tru ted , and how ” account for the j oke in The Merry Wives unless on the assumption that any one might “ ” Other Lives of S hakespeare 7

’ have made it , poacher in Lucy s domain or s not? And , without Rowe and Davie , Shake spearean life-writing is a strain on the imagina mm i s . tion . The dile a perfect Some one recently proposed the foll owing ’ s s w a solution . In Archdeacon Davie tory it s said that Shakespeare w as unlucky in stealing as s rabbits as well veni on , and particularly as frOm Sir Lucy . Now, a rule , the term “

s s . warren applie to rabbit , not to deer s ss s m Sidney Lee , in di cu ing thi very atter , says that Sir Thomas Lucy own ed a warren at s Charlecote . I do not que tion the truth of

this statement : I have not seen the evidence . m The explanation is si ple and logical . There

er o . w as no deer park , g no deer But there w as “

er o s . T am a warren , g rabbit The line in The ” “ in g of the Shrew , therefore , I knew a wench married in an afternoon as She went to the ” s s ff is garden for par ley to tu a rabbit , hence forth invested with the aroma of a personal ’ “ ’ s m reminiscence . And Moth re ark in Love s ’ “ Labor s Lost about your arm s crossed on ” your thin-belly doublet like a rabbit on a spit may well recall the more savory results of the s deed . In the ab ence of evidence to the con t rary such m ay be the true interpretation of m the little anecdote . My infor ant is Mr .

Joseph Butts .

I have been further puzzled in my readings of the biographies of our n ational poet to ﬁnd hat how mu ch is as out not w , but alleged known 8 William S hakespeare

s about the obj ect of our que t . In the absence h ff as s . of quality , quantity had to u ice Mr . m s s Fleay , hi elf a writer of note on Shake peare , once said of a collection of allusions to Shake s m m as s m peare , no inate and inno inate , o e one h as phrased it : “ They consist almost entirely of slight ref eren ces h is s s to publi hed work , and have no m h i s . bearing of i portance on career Nor, s m indeed , have we any exten ive aterial of any kind to aid u s in this investigation ; on e sou rce o in ormation which is abu n dan t r mo f f , f o st o his con tem oraries bein in his case en tirel f p , g y * as ss h i absen t . Neither addre ed to m by s h im s c other , nor by to other , do any om men dat o ry verses exist in connection with ’ any of h is or any other men s works pu b — lish ed h is m a in lifeti e notable fact , in what i m a ever way t y be explained . Nor can he be traced in any personal contact beyond a m m very li ited circle , although the fanciful ight have-b een s so largely indulged in by h is biog raph ers m ight at ﬁrst lead u s to an opposite ” conclusion . The second aspect of the matter is presented m s : by Sidney Lee , who re ark The scantiness ’ of contemporary records of Shakespeare s ca

m in reer h as been uch exaggerated . An v est igat ion extending over two centuries h as brought together a mass of detail which far exceeds that accessible in the case of any other contemporary writer . The fully

* M y italics .

1 0 William Shakespeare will be surprised at the barrenness of the re su lt s herein set forth . The allusions to and

s a . records of Shake peare being, s Mr Fleay s s s s m h as sugge ted, curiou ly par e , any co parison of the physical bulk of this volume with that of other lives of Shakespeare must be compli m mentary to e . Lately people have been questioning t h e W l m s identity of il ia Shake peare , the actor, of W m s Stratford , with illia Shake peare , the poet m and playwright . Argu ents of spelling have m had their force , and are not without i portance ; but from them we can expect little that is defi m s m um nite . Argu ent fro probability, h an and s m m s fictitiou , erging into argu ent of analogy , also lend their weight to the controversy . Even a riv al candidate in Lord Verulam h as i m s . s won any adherent It chiefly , however , to clarify the atmosphere that the device of h thi s book as been resorted to . Strictly m all speaking, I have prepared no argu ent at , s s but a tabular view of the a certained fact , “ ” the exi sting accepted facts concerning the W m s is two illia ; and , where there a chance

” I have been of t w o min ds w hether t o u se un expurgated or ” f h e e a u u a w o expurgated in t h e title o t is book . N ith r is s l rd for u h a u o e an d n e he who l e e e w ha I mean . I s c p rp s , it r l y xpr ss s t have presen ted t h e life o f Sh akespeare u n expurgated in so far as I have in clu ded matter commonly omitted (as in t h e case o f t h e No hum e an M an u hi he o o e o e as in t h e rt b rl d script) , t rt gl ss d v r ( a e of t h Man n n am o or omm on e e a e t o a oo c s e i gh st ry) , c ly r l g t d f t n Bu t in t h e n ote (as In t h e case of t h e epitaph on Ben Jon so ) . main I have presen ted t h e lif e o f Shakespeare expurgated of all t h e u e of u m e ou e oo an d o e e w i tiss s r is s, d bts, lik lih ds, th r t xt h ch ten ds t o obscure t h e vision o f o n e w h o is tryin g t o select for himself m n n n t h e kn own facts an d draw for hi self his ow co clu sio s . “ ” Other Lives of S hakespeare 1 1 that the one might be or h as been confounded with the other , I have tried to unravel t h e i mystery . I have believed that it s the prov m “ ” ince of the biographer not to i agine , portray , m or o it , but merely to present and occasionally to explain . A P T CH TER w o .

JOHN SHAKESPEARE IN THE

RECORDS .

In thi s chapter I have selected only those records of John Shakespeare of Stratford which afford either vital statistics or any mention

m m in W s . s of illia Shake peare Very nu erou , m s deed , are the ite concerning John Shake s s as peare in the local archive , but , little can be learned from them except the facts and dates oﬂices of the holding of town , loaning and owing m so s m oney , and on , it did not ee worth while m i im . s to reprint the in full Moreover , it possible to be certain that they all refer to the s m m an -P s h a a e . Mr . Halliwell hillipp s pub lish ed m m 1 an approxi ately co plete list . ( )

1 1 s Sn it t erﬁeld 55 John Shake peare left , h is birthplace .

1 556 . John Shakespeare bought two free m in hold tene ents Stratford . 1 5 57 John Shakespeare married Mary

Arden .

1 8 . w a 5 5 John Shakespeare s baptized .

1 62 . s w as 5 Margaret Shake peare baptized .

1 6 . s w a 5 3 Margaret Shake peare s buried .

1 6 . W m s w as 5 4 illia Shake peare baptized .

1 66 . s w as 5 Gilbert Shake peare baptized .

1 6 . s s 5 9 Joan Shake peare w a baptized . John S hakespeare 1 3

1 1 . s w as 5 7 Anna Shake peare baptized .

- 1 . s w as 5 73 4 Richard Shake peare baptized .

1 . s w as 579 Anna Shake peare buried .

1 0 . 58 Edmund Shakespeare w as baptized .

—- 1 596 . The draft of a coat o f arms for John m 2 Shakespeare w as ade . ( )

- — 1 599 . The coat of arm s w as drafted . (3)

s as . 1 60 1 . John Shake peare w buried (No h is n will as been found , and there no k own record of his grave . ) CHAP TER THREE .

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE IN THE

RECORDS .

For the sake of convenience I have made this ” arbitrary di stinction between records and “ ” s s s allusions . I call record all tho e fact s s which have been found in parish regi ter , s s s ss s ofﬁcial archive , and uch bu ine corre pond ence as relates directly to the affairs of Shake “ ” s s s speare . The word allu ion in thi book covers practically everything else naming Shake “ x m speare , e cept the aterial in the chapter Evi ” den ces from the P lays and P oems . Owing to the commonness of the nam e “ m s Shakespeare in Elizabethan ti e , the poet h as been more than once credited with achieve ments which rightly belonged to one or other of h is numerous contemporaries who were is m ss identically It i po ible , at this m m distance of ti e , to aintain that all the records in this chapter refer to the same William Shakespeare ; and it is equally inadvisable to h im guess which refer to and which do not .

1 2 W l am s w 564 , April 6 . il i Shake peare as 1 baptized at Stratford . ( ) 2 h 1 82 7 . t e s 5 , Nov . An entry in regi ter of s W s ss se the Bi hop of orce ter , i uing a licen

* ” Le L e o f am S a e ea e 1909 . 2 . Sidn ey e, A if Willi h k sp r , , p I n the Records 1 5 au thorizing the marriage of William Shake speare and Anne Whatley of Temple Graf 2 ton . ( ) 2 w a 1 82 . s s 5 , Nov 8 . A deed ﬁled in the regi try of the Bishop of Worcester in which two husbandmen of Stratford went bond that no “ ” impediment by reason of precontract ex ist ed in the way of the marriage of William

Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway of Shottery . (3) m 1 8 26 . s W 5 3 , May Su anna , daughter of illia 4 s w as . Shake peare , baptized ( ) 2 m 1 585 , Feb . . Ha net and Judith Shake 5 speare were baptized . ( ) ’ 1 5 89 . William Shakespeare s name w as men t io n ed in a bill of complaint brought by John Shakespeare against John Lambert of Strat s an s Wilrn eco t e ford re pecting e tate at , near 6 Stratford . ( ) 1 - W m m W m 5 94 5 , March . illia Ke pe , illia s Shake peare , and Richard Burbage were paid in all twenty pounds as members of the Lord ’ C m s m b e ha berlain co pany , which had acted

fore the Queen . (7)

Before 1 5 9 5 . Anne Shakespeare borrowed Un forty Shillings from Thomas Withington . in 1 1 8 paid 60 . ( )

1 59 5 . William Shakespeare w as held liable ’ s s s for a subsidy assessed in St . Helen Bi hop

gate . (9) 1 m ef 59 6 . Me orandum by Alleyn to the feet that Shakespeare w as lodging near the bear garden in Southwark ( 10) 1 6 William S hakespeare

1 Au 1 1 m 596 , g . . Ha net Shakespeare w as 1 1 buried in Stratford . ( )

1 . m 5 96 , October Willia Shakespeare w as re ’ as a turned defaulter for a tax in St . Helen s . ( 1 2) ’ 1 5 9 7 . Again taxed in St . Helen s . ( 1 3) 4 1 . m 5 9 7 , May Willia Shakespeare bought P s New lace in Stratford for ixty pounds . A w as s m m 14 ﬁne levied at the a e ti e . ( ) 4 1 . m 59 7 8 , Feb . Willia Shakespeare w as as s C on record a hou eholder in hapel Street , as Stratford , and the owner of ten quarters of m 1 5 co . ( ) m 1 5 98, October . Willia Shakespeare w as ’ 1 s . again taxed in St . Helen ( 6) ’ “ 1 598 . Acted in Ben Jonson s Every Man h i m 1 7 in s Hu or . ( )

1 5 9 8 . Bought stone to repair h is house in Stratford ( 18) 1 —8 24 m r . t u le 5 9 7 , Jan . Abraha S y of Strat in h is -in - ford , a letter to brother law , Richard “ : s Quiney , in London , wrote Thi one Special ’ rem emb eran ce m s m fro our father otion . It m h im m s . ee eth by that our country an , Mr Shakespeare is willing to disburse some money upon som e odd yardland or other at Shottery or near about u s ; he thinketh it a very ﬁt h im m pattern to move in the atter of our tithes . s s h im By the in truction you can give thereof, s m and by the friend he can ake therefor, we think it a fair mark for h im to Shoot at and ” 1 9 would do u s much good . ( ) 8 2 1 5 9 , O ct . 5 . Richard Quiney wrote t o

1 8 William S hakespeare

m . s m W . Shak would procure u oney, which l as I wil like of, I Shall hear when , and where , ” an d 2 1 how . ( ) 1 8 1 m 59 , 599 Adrian Quiney , writing fro h i n h Stratford to s so Richard Quiney , at t e l “ Bel in Carter Lane , said , If you bargain with m m W . Sha or receive oney therefore , bring your money home that you m ay ; and see how ” 22 knit stockings be sold . ( ) ’ 1 599 William Shakespeare s name ap peared in an heraldic manuscript book as one who had received arms under false pretences . (23) 1 0 m s r 60 , March . Willia Shake peare ecov ered in London a debt of seven pounds from 24 John Clayton . ( )

Before 1 60 2 . P lanted a fruit orchard in 2 Stratford . ( 5) 1 60 2 1 m s , May . Willia ! Shake peare bought m ss a hundred and seven acres , ore or le , of arable land in Old Stratford for three hundred 2 and twenty pounds . ( 6) 1 2 2 60 . m s , Sept 8 . Willia Shake peare bought 27 a cottage and garden in Chapel Lane . ( ) 1 60 W m s a s 3 , May . illia Shake peare w s li ted ’ with some of the actors of Lord Chamberlain s m 28 co pany who were licensed by the King . ( ) 1 0 6 3 . William Shakespeare acted in Ben ’ “ s s s 29 Jon on Sej anu . ( ) 1 60 - 1 m 3 4 , March 5 . Willia Shakespeare and eight other actors walked in a procession from m 30 the Tower to West inster . ( ) 1 P 60 4 . William Shakespeare sued hillip I n the Records 1 9

s m Roger for alt worth nearly two pounds, 3 1 and for a loan . ( )

1 60 4 . William Shakespeare w as listed as 2 holding a cottage and garden at Stratford . (3 )

1 60 . P s 5 Augustine hillip , an actor , died , “ ” leaving to h is fellow William Shakespeare

- a thirty Shilling piece of gold . (33) 60 4 m s 1 2 . W 5 , July illia Shake peare bought , s m for four hundred and forty pound , a oiety s Old Wel of the tithe of Stratford , Stratford , m 4 s . 3 co be , and Bi hopton ( ) ’ 1 m l 60 5 . Shakespeare s na e as a trained so dier w as recorded in the certiﬁcate of the m s - u ter roll for Rowington , in the county of 5 Warwick . (3 ) 1 60 6 W m s w as , August . illia Shake peare listed in a survey of Stratford as owner of a copyhold estate . (36) 1 60 m 7 , June 5 . Susanna Shakespeare arried 37 John Hall at Stratford . ( ) 1 1 60 . m 7 , Dec . 3 Ed und Shakespeare , actor , w 38 as buried in Southwark . ( ) 1 6 8 s w as 0 , Sept . 9 . Mary Shake peare buried 3 in Stratford . ( 9) 1 1 m s 60 8 . s , Oct 6 . Willia Shake peare tood godfather at Stratford to the so n of William W 40 alker . ( ) 1 6 — 0 8 9 . William Shakespeare w as at law in Stratford with John Adden b rok e for the re cov er 41 y of a debt . ( ) ’ 1 6 1 0 . Shakespeare s estate (bought from C m s 42 the o be ) w as ﬁned . ( ) ’ 1 1 1 6 . Shakespeare s name appears in some 20 William S hakespeare

m m papers involved in a lawsuit . Fro the we ’ learn a little about Shakespeare s ﬁnancial f s a fair , but nothing about the identity of the 43 poet and the actor . ( ) ’ 1 1 2 6 . Shakespeare s name appeared in a bill of complaint respecting the Stratford 4 tithes . (4 ) 1 6 1 2 - 1 m 0 . W s 3 , March illia Shake peare , to W m s s gether with illia John on , John Jack on , mm s s and John He ing , bought a hou e and ground 4 near the Blackfriars Theatre . ( 5) - m 1 6 1 2 1 1 . W s 3 , March illia Shake peare , to W m s s gether with illia John on , John Jack on , mm m and John He ing, ortgaged the Black s W m m friar property to Henry alker , fro who 46 they had bought it . ( )

1 6 1 1 . s 3 , March 3 . Mr Shake peare received forty-four shillings from the steward of the Earl “ ’ ” of Rutland about my Lord s Impreso . s m (Richard Burbage , on the a e day , received “ the same su m for painting and making it in (47) 1 m 6 1 . C 4 , July John o be of Stratford died , bequeathing to William Shakespeare ﬁve 4 pounds . ( 8) 1 1 2 m s 6 4 , O ct . 8 . Willia Shake peare and Thom as Greene of Stratford obtained a deed indemnifying them against any inj ury from the s mm enclo ing of the co on lands in Stratford . (49) ’ 1 6 1 1 E m s 4, Nov . 7 . ntry in Tho a Greene s diary (Greene w as town-clerk of Stratford) My cousin Shakespeare coming yesterday to I n the Records 2 1

w see h im to ne , I went to how he did . He told me that they assured h im they meant to

s Go s ell s o inclo e no further than to p Bu h , and s up straight (leaving out part of the Dingles C to the Field) to the Gate in lopton hedge , ’ s s and take in Sali bury piece , and that they m s ean in April to urvey the land , and then to s s give ati faction , and not before ; and he and sa Mr . Hall y they think there will be nothing ” done at all . (50)

1 6 1 . 2 . m m 4, Dec 3 Fro the sa e : A hall . s Letter written one to Mr . Mannering, another m m . s s co to Mr Shake peare , with al o t all the ’ n m pa y s hands to either . I also wrote of y self to my cousin Shakespeare the copies of s s in on all our act , and then al o a note of the c i ” v en en ces would happen by the enclo sure s . (50) - m m 1 1 s : . e 6 4 5 , Jan . Fro the a e Mr R p h m ri l n a 2 Oc b s . y g , 8 t o , article with Mr Shake ”

w as u t . s . speare , and then I p in by T Luca (50) - m m : . 1 1 1 . s 1 6 4 5 , Jan . Fro the a e Mr Mannering and h is agreement for me with my ” cousin Shakespeare . (50) m m s : . 1 6 1 5 , Sept . Fro the a e Mr Shake as speare telling J . Greene I w not able to bear m ” 50 the enclosing of Welco be . ( ) ’ (The notes from Greene s diary have been m s dee ed worth printing in full , becau e they are the most intimate and personal contemporary records of William Shakespeare known . ) m s w as 1 6 1 5 , April 26 . Willia Shake peare 22 William Shakespeare one of six petitioners to Lord Chancellor Eger ton praying h im to compel Matthew Bacon to deliver u p papers concerning their title to various houses and lands within the precinct 1 s of Blackfriars . (May 5 . An wer of Mat 2 2 . O thew Bacon . May rder of the court di rect in g the surrender of the papers to the pe i i n r 5 1 t t o e s . ) ( ) m 1 1 6 1 0 . s 6 , Feb . Judith Shake peare arried 2 Th . Quiney . (5 ) ’

1 6 1 6 2 . , March 5 Date of Shakespeare s will . (53) 1 m s 1 6 6 , April 23 . Willia Shake peare w as 54 buried . ( )

It will be observed that not on e of the records printed in this chapter evidences any connection between William Shakespeare of Stratford and the William Shakespeare of i m the great plays . It s true that Willia Shake speare of Stratford acted in some of the plays bearing the name William Shakespeare or

- - i Shake speare on the title page . But it s not true that this Similarity and at times identity of names h as left any trace in any kn own su r v iv in g contemporary record to the effect that any one supposed the Stratford Shakespeare to m an ff be other than an actor or a of a airs . It may be that documents will some time Show s that such a connection exi ted . Till they do , m m w e cannot ake it for the . CHAP TER FOUR .

’ SHAKESPEARE S WILL .

’ It seemed interesting to print Shakespeare s s s : s is ex will , for two rea on ﬁr t , it the only tant autographed document which m ay be m s s assumed to have been co po ed by , or phra ed W m s under the direction of , illia Shake peare ; s s m s and , econd , becau e it ight rea onably be ex pect ed that the identity of the actor with the dramati st would in it be disclosed or at least s s m s indicated . A careful peru al of thi co po i f tion , however, will a ford no clew .

im Vices o quinto die Martu , anno regni

An lie &c . domini nostri Jacobi , nunc regis g , ! m e xl an n o u e m deci o quarto , t Scotie ix q Do ini , 1 1 6 6 .

mi —I n m W . s e T . Shake pear the na e of God , W m s amen ! I illia Shake peare , of Stratford - t W . upon Avon in the county of arr gen , in m m s perfect health and e ory , God be prai ed , do make and ordain this my last will and testa m m m is ent in anner and for following, that sa s mm m s s to y , Fir t , I co end y oul into the hand m ss b e of God y Creator , hoping and a uredly n m s s s lievi g, through the only erit of Je u C s m m of hri t , y Saviour, to be ade partaker s m life everla ting , and y body to the earth 24 William S hakespeare

i m s m . whereof it ade Ite , I give and bequeath unto my daughter Judith one hundred and s En lish m fifty pound of lawful g oney , to be o m m paid unt her in anner and for following, is sa s s that to y , one hundred pound in di charge of her marriage portion within one year after m s s y decea e , with con ideration after the rate of two Shillings in the pound for so long tim e as t h e same shall be unpaid unto her after my de c s s s ea e , and the fifty pound re idue thereof u s s pon her urrendering of , or giving of uch s ufficient security as the overseers of this my s will Shall like of to urrender or grant , all her estate and right that shall descend or come m s unto her after y decea e , or that She now m hath , of , in or to , one copyhold tene ent with the appurtenances lying and being in Strat ford-upon-Avon aforesaid in the said county of W n m ar , being parcel or holding of the anor of R m s owington , unto y daughter Su anna Hall m s . and heir forever Ite , I give and bequeath u nto my said daughter Judith one hundred an d s m ss fifty pound ore , if She or any i ue of h er body be living at the end of three years next s s m en uing the day of the date of thi y will , during which time my executors to pay her con sideration from my decease according to the rate aforesaid ; and if sh e die within the said m ss m ter without i ue of her body , then y will is , and I do give and bequeath one hundred m pounds thereof to y niece Elizabeth Hall , and the fifty pounds to be set forth by my e x s m s s ecutor during the life of y i ter Joan Hart ,

26 William S hakespeare

sh e wherein dwelleth , for her natural life , under m the yearly rent of twelve pence . Ite , I give s s W m and bequeath unto her three on , illia Hart , s Hart, and Michael Hart , five pound apiece , m to be paid within one year after y decease . m Ite , I give and bequeath unto the said Eliza beth Hall all my plate except my broad silver and gilt bowl , that I now have at the date of m s m . thi y will Ite , I give and bequeath unto the poor of Stratford aforesaid ten pounds ; to m s C m m m Mr . Tho a o be y sword ; to Tho as ss s s Ru ell e quire five pound , and to Francis C s ollin of the borough of Warr . in the county i W . . s S x s s of arr , gent , thirteen pound , hilling , and eight pence , to be paid within one year m m s . after y decea e Ite , I give and bequeath to Hamlet Sadler twenty-fiv e shillings and eight pence to buy h im a ring ; to William

- s . Reynold , ent twenty Six Shillin s ei ht ence g , g— g p to buy h im a ring ; to my go d son William Walker twenty shillings in gold ; to Anthony

- s . s s Na h gent twenty Six hilling eight pence , s - i and to Mr . John Na h twenty s x Shillings m s Hem eight pence ; and to y fellow , John n es C u n dell y g , Richard Burbage , and Henry , twenty-Six Shillings eight pence apiece to buy m m s . the ring Ite , I give , will , bequeath and s m s l devi e unto y daughter Su anna Ha l , for m s m better enabling of her to perfor thi y will , s m and toward the perfor ance thereof , all that m ss m a u r capital e uage or tene ent , with the pp n an ces s t e , in Stratford afore aid , called the P m es New lace , wherein I now dwell , and two His Will 27 s s m s uage or tene ent with the appurtenances, situate lying and being in Henley Street with in the borough of Stratford aforesaid ; and all m s s s s s s y barn , table , orchard , garden , land , m s m s s tene ent and heredita ent what oever , situ ate , lying and being, or to be had , received , s m perceived , or taken , within the town , ha lets , s s s - village , field and ground of Stratford upon Old Bu sh o t on Wel Avon , Stratford , p , and m m co be , or in any of the in the said county s m ss of Warr . And al o all that e uage or tene ment with the appurtenances wherein one John s s Robin on dwelleth , ituate lying and being in the Blackfriars in London near the Ward m s m s robe ; and all other y land , tene ent , and m s s heredita ent what oever , To have and to hold all and singular the said premises with their appurtenances unto the said Susanna Hall m for and during the ter of her natural life , and s on after her decea e , to the first s of her body s m lawfully i ssuing, and to the heir ales of the s s son ss body of the aid fir t lawfully i uing , and s s son for default of such i s ue , to the econd of ss s her body lawfully i uing, and to the heir males of the body of the said second son law s s fully issuing, and for default of uch heir , to the third son of the body of the said Susanna s m s lawfully i ssuing, and of the heir ale of the on ss body of the said third s lawfully i uing, and ss s m so for default of such i ue , the a e to be and m s re ain to the fourth , fifth , Sixth , and eventh sons of her body lawfully issuing one after s m s s another , and to the heir ale of the bodie 2 8 William S hakespeare o f s s s the aid fourth , fifth , ixth , and eventh s ons lawfully i ssuing in such manner as it is m m before li ited to be and re ain to the first , s s s econd and third on of her body , and to their m s s ss t h e heirs ale , and for default of uch i ue , s aid prem ises to be and rem ain to my said s m s niece Hall , and the heir ale of her body law ss s ss fully i uing, and for default of uch i ue , to m s m s y daughter Judith , and the heir ale of her ss body lawfully i uing, and for default of such s m e s W m i ssue , to the right heir of the aid illia m m Shakespeare forever . Ite , I give unto y m wife y second best bed with the furniture . m m s Ite , I give and bequeath to y aid daughter m Judith y broad Silver gilt bowl . All the rest m s s s s s of y good , chattel , lea e , plate , j ewel , and s ff s m s household tu what oever , after y debt s m s s and legacie paid , and y funeral expen e s s m di charged , I give , devi e , and bequeath to y - - m o n in . s law , John Hall , gent , and y daughter h is m m Susanna , wife , who I ordain and ake m m executors of this y last will and testa ent . And I do entreat and appoint the said Thomas

ss s s C s . Ru ell , e quire , and Franci ollin , gent , ll m to be overseers hereof , and do revoke a for er s s m s Wills , and publi h thi to be y la t will and ss testament . In witne whereof I have hereunto pu t my hand the day and year ﬁrst above — written By me William Shakespeare . “ — W ss s : itne to the publi hing hereof , Fra C ollyn s ; Julius Shawe ; John Robinson ; Ham h ” 1 net S adler ; Robert W at t cot t . ( ) P T I CHA ER F VE .

POEMS ASCRIBED TO SHAKESPEARE F O STRATFORD .

There is little to be said about the verses at As tributed to Shakespeare of Stratford . poetry it is not in my biographical province to oriti m W cise the . hether or not they are authentic it is impossible to determine : one can only m guess . The odern biographers incline to agree to disbelieve that Shakespeare w as their i s s s . author ; that , of all but the grave tone line It may be that it is necessary to imagine that these were written by Shakespeare in order to assume that h is body is contained in the ground m beneath the . Oral tradition (by oral tradi m so as tion I ean that not written down , far ’ s s s can be a certained , during Shake peare life m s s s com ti e) ay that he lie there , and that he O s s posed the rhyme . ral tradition al o declare that the other poetry printed in this chapter w m a so : as written by Shakespeare . It y be we do not know .

A m an who lived near Stratford and who died 1 703 o is s in , at the age of ninety or s , aid to have remembered hearing several old people ’ at Stratford tell the anecdote of Shakespeare s 30 William S hakespeare

m m T stealing deer fro Sir Tho as Lucy . h e ﬁrst stanza only of the ballad composed on that o ccasion could the m an recall :

a am en m em e u s e e A p rli t b r , a j tic of p ace, om e o sca ec ow L do as At h a po r r r , at on n an s, I f low sie is L c as som e o m sca u y, f lk i ll it, en L is low sie e e Th ucy , what v r befall it . He s mse ea think hi lf gr t , ! et ass h is s a e an in t t , We allow by h is ears but with asses to mate ; I f Lu c is low sie as som e o m s a y , f lk i c ll it , l i L c a l 1 S ow s e a . ing u y, wh tever bef l it ( )

m W s s 1 W . !Co pare Merry ive of ind or , I

len h is su ss o e e or h im S . All cce ors (g n b f e ) ’ hath don t : an d all h is ancestors (that com e after him) may : they may give the dozen white luces in their coats . S ha l i ld I t s o . . an coat E an s Th s e m v . e dozen white luce do b co e an old coat well : it agrees well passant : it is a familiar d ﬁ s man an s s o e . bea t to , igni e l v

“ s ro Luce and lou e , we are told , were p n ou n ced alike ]

In a manuscript pocket-book which Arch P m s s is deacon lu e of Roche ter u ed , it con ect u red 1 656 s j , about to note down variou riﬂ s t es , appears the following couplet a cribed is to Shakespeare . It on the authority of John Hackett that P lume quoted this mock epitaph on Ben Jonson : P oems A scribed to S hakespeare 3 1

Here lies Benjamin w!it]h short hair up!on] his chin Wh o h e ed w as s o liv ! ] a l w th!ing], an d is d ea d is 2 now he ! ] nothing . ( )

m s is In a anu cript written , it conj ectured , m s s not any year after the death of Shake peare , occurs thi s passage “ On C m s m an John o be a covetou rich , Mr . s i Wm . Shake peare wrote this at h s request while he w as yet living for h is epitaph :

Wh o lies in this tomb? ’ ’ H u t h e t is m son hn ough, q oth devil, y , Jo a C omb e . i i F n s .

m h i But , being dead and aking the poor s C m s heirs ! o be left Shake peare ﬁve pounds], he after writes this for h is epitaph h d However e lived ju ge not . o n C om e a l n e e b e o J h b Sh l v r forg t , Wh e o o a memo for h e did a il p r h th ry, g ther To make t h e poor h is issue : h e their father AS record of h is tilth an d seeds h im h i a F Did crown in s l tter needs . inis . W. ” 3 Shak . ( )

1 680 s s Aubrey , writing in , quoted the e line as having been composed by Shakespeare at a tavern :

T n in u d ed t h e “ d a o s e a h n r evil ll w ,

Bu t Combes w ill have twelve he swears and vows . I f n n s wh o es in s om a y o e ask li thi t e, ’ ’ Hoh ! u o d e t is m o n o Comb e ! 4 q th the vil, y J h ( ) 32 William S hakespeare

1 709 ss Rowe , writing in , a erted that the epitaph that Shakespeare composed to amuse Combe w as this :

’ T n -in - - in rav d e the Hundred lies here g , ’ ’ Tis a hundred to t en h is soul is not sav d ; If m n sk es s m ? any a a , who li in thi to b ’ - - h ! ! t is m a C m e . O ho q uoth the devil , y John o b (5 )

Stratford tradition credits Shakespeare with the authorship of the local j ingle running as follows

D G e G e irty r tton, dingy re t , B a W m S d e s egg rly inchco b , u l y weet ; H s an d Wit t in t on Be art horn g ll, s F Andover ford and Merry rog Mill . (6)

Th e following lines are inscribed on a grave in stone the church at Stratford . Tradition agrees in assigning both tomb and poetry to Shakespeare

’ G s s s ood friend, for Je u ake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here ; B s man a s es s le t be the th t par the e stones, s m s m 7 And cur t be he that ove y bones . ( )

34 William S hakespeare

s s m s and let the e ape i itate your pa t excellence , and never more acquaint them with your ad m ired inventions . I know the best husband o f you all will never prove a usurer and the kindest of them all will never prove a kind s s m a nur e ; yet , whil t you y , seek you better m s s i a ter , for it s a pity men of such rare wits Should be subj ect to the pleasures of such rude m ” 1 groo s . ( )

’ 1 2 . s s C 5 9 Greene letter , aid hettle later s m in the a e year , referring to the epistle j ust “ m s m quoted fro , written to diver play akers , is ff s m o en ively by one or two of the taken , and because on the dead they cannot be avenged they wilfully forge in their conceits a living a ss uthor , and , after to ing it to and fro , no m m m re edy but that it ust light on e . How I have all the time of my conversing in print in g hindered the b it t er inveighing against s s cholar , it hath been very well known ; and how in that I deal I can sufﬁciently prove . With neither of them that take offence w as I m acquainted , and with one of the I care not m m if I never be The other , who at that ti e o m s as s s I did not s uch pare ince I wi h I had , for that as I have moderated the heat of liv in s m s m dis g writer , and ight have u ed y own cretion (especially in such a case) the author am as s as being dead , that I did not I orry h a m se if the original fault d been y fault , becau myself have seen h is demeanor no less civil than he excellent in the quality he professes ; Con temporary A llu sion s 35

s s s s hi be ide , diver of wor hip have reported s up ss s h is rightne of dealing, which argue honesty ; and h is facetious grace in writing that approves h is art .

In the ﬁrst passage here quoted Greene ad la w ri h t s an dresses three p y g , d warn s them not “ s s s is to tru t the player , becau e there an u p ” Start crow who decorates him self in those ’ w s s is sa play right feather ; that to y , who gets hold of plays by the playwrights here addressed s s s m h is and u e part of the for own purposes . ’ Greene dubs this purloiner of other men s s s m writing a Johanne Factotu , who regards “ ” ms as -s hi elf the only Shake cene in a country , “ ’ ’ and who wraps a tiger s heart in a player s ” s s hide . Thi look like a clear and con t empt u ou s allusion to Shakespeare in his capacity as dramatist working under the name of an actor . s ss C In the econd pa age here quoted , hettle , ’ s s s who publi hed Greene letter , denie that he ms s wrote it hi elf , and regret that he did not ” soften the slur on the other playwright “ ” who h as been taken to be the Shake -scene ss s h is alluded to above . Chettle expre e sorrow “ ” because divers of worship have testiﬁed to ’ Shake-scene s civility of demeanor and his ex c l n h is ss as l as h is e le ce in profe ion , we l to “ ” uprightness and h is facetious grace in writ is m s in g . Chettle anife tly alluding to a play is wright , not an actor . There nothing to be learned here about the identity between the 36 William S hakespeare

s Stratford actor and the poet Shake peare , or - 2 Shake scene . ( )

1 594 . In a laudatory address entitled In P raise of Will ob ie His Avi sa Hexamat on to ” Will ob ie h is s the Author , preﬁxed to Avi a , there appeared these stanzas

I n L e L v s avin land though i ie boa t , There hath been a constant dame ; Thou gh Rome lament that She have lost Th e a h er es m garl nd of rar t fa e , ! et now we see that here is found

As great a faith in English ground .

Though Collat in e have dearly bou ght o a To high ren wn a l sting life, a m s And found, th t o t in vain have sought, a r n d o s To h ve a fai a c n tant wife, ! h i s n et Tarq uin plu cked s gli teri g grape,

And Shakespeare paints po or Lu crece rape .

’ Clearly a reference to Shakespeare s The ” w as s Rape of Lucrece , which publi hed in 4 m s ss 1 59 . Fro thi pa age , however , we learn is a m nothing about the author . It s if so e one ’ “ ” s s m C mm poke of Bryce A erican o onwealth , so far as any information about the identity is n . O of the writer concerned the face of it , s s s u therefore , the e tanza teach s nothing about W m s illia Shake peare of Stratford , nor do they s s m s ugge t , re otely or otherwi e , a connection h im “ ” between and the poet of Lucrece rape . (3) m 1 59 5 . On a argin of a book entitled P oli m an t eia s ss , oppo ite a pa age in which the Con temporary A llu sion s 37

author is boasting of the poets of England " as compared with the poets of other coun “ s s - s : trie , there occur the e Side note All prai se

worthy . Lucrecia Sweet Shakespeare . Elo

s . quent Grave ton Wanton Adoni s . Watsons

heyre .

m s s as m Fro thi allu ion , fro the previous

one , we learn nothing about Shakespeare . The title of one or possibly of two poems bear in m s m g the na e Shake peare are entioned . i That s all . No connection with the Stratford m n i 4 a s here hinted at . ( ) “ 1 5 9 7 The Return from P arnassus w as the second part of a trilogy of three plays written and acted by the students of ’ m s C C . St . John ollege , a bridge In the sec ond of these plays occurred the following passage :

d ad u llio . Pa o a o G r n, f ir l y, th ugh the Sick d Gu llio m a s am a n u n o e an d thou ghte ke i t th e, like ’ - a bold faced su itor gins t o w o o thee . o o a a e o n I n gen i s . (We Sh ll h v n thi g b u t pu re Shakespeare an d shreds of po etry that h e hath

gathered at t h e theatres . ) u llio P a don m e m m s ess as I am G . r , y i tr , a

e eman t h e mo o in c om a so o f b r g ntl , n p ri n thy ight ’ s u n o n s C eo a ra a ac h u e a mere l t , A th y l p t bl k

m a d He en dow d . browed milk i , l a y h n en ioso ar Romeo an d u e . O I g . (M k, J li t m on strou s theft ! I thin k h e will ru n throu gh a ’ whole book of Samu el D an iel s . ) — u o a an m se u s I G lli . Thrice f irer th y lf th began

A Q a Q QA 38 William Shakespeare

’ Th e ds s s m go fair riche , weet above co pare, S a n t o all m s m o o n t i e ny ph re l vely than a ma , More w hite an d red than doves an d roses are ! Natu re that made thee with herself h ad strife a d d l f Saith th t the worl hath en ing with thy i e.

o S es I n gen ios . Sweet Mr . hak peare !

s m Gullio Later in thi dra a , , the fool of the s piece , being a ked in what vein he would like s s s h is m s ss : ome ver e written for i tre , replies

’ t e m me No in a vain vein (pr tty, i ake ’ m ee se s C u c s the in two or thr diver vein , in ha er , ’ ’ ’ s S s s . S s s . Gower , and pen er , and Mr hake peare a I I s s ses M rry, think hall entertain tho e ver which run like these :

n Even as the su with purple colored face, ’ m h is s . Had ta en la t leave on the weeping orn, etc

’ es ! I ll a h is 0 sweet Mr . Shak peare h ve picture in my study at the Court .

m Gu llio s s : In the sa e play , later on , ay

Let this dun ciﬁed world esteem of Spenser and ’

C a e I ll o s s . S s h uc r ; w r hip weet Mr hake peare, and to honor h im lay h is Ven u s and Adon is under my pillow .

There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the poet with the actor from Strat 5 ford . ( ) 1 59 7 The Northumberland Manuscript i m “ Of ” s a folio volu e containing Tribute , “ ” “ m s m Of Magnani ity , An adverti e ent touch ” “ in s s m g private cen ure , An adverti e ent touch in s s C g the controver ie of the hurch of England , Con temporary A llu sion s 39

A letter to a French gentleman : touching the proceedings in England speeches “ spoken in a Device before Queen Elizabeth “ 1 5 5 ss in 9 , and a Speech for the Earl of Su ex ” 1 5 96 — s s B at the tilt , , all the e by Franci acon ; a letter to Queen Elizabeth by Sir P hilip Sid “ ’ ney ; and an imperfect copy of Leicester s ” is s m Commonwealth . There evidence that o e m things in the book have been re oved , and in the table of contents it appears that among ’ them were some orations spoken at Gray s ss s as as s en Inn , e ay by Bacon , well two play “ ” “ ” titled Richard II . and Richard III .

Thi s book is interesting because it is the only n s s k own hint that the Shake peare play , like s s s the Shake peare onnet , were circulated in m anuscript . The date of this folio h as been ’ 1 9 s s fixed at about 5 7 , for Bacon s es ay , which “ ” s m had been travelling abroad , pre u ably ’ m s m s in copies fro the author anu cript , were s s 1 5 97 is im rob at la t publi hed in , and it p ss in able that , being now acce ible print , any l m one Zw ou d laboriou sly copy the out . The same is true of the Richard plays . All the other pieces in the manuscript are of earlier date . On fl - i s a y leaf, which s hown here photo s m s graphically reproduced , o e one cribbled ’ s s m m s Shake peare na e repeatedly , and i quoted “ ” m s s a line fro Lucrece . Strictly peaking , thi “ document is neither a record nor an allu ” A i s . s s nl ion it , however , the o y known con 40 William S hakespeare temporary book among t h e contents of which “ ” “ were numbered Richard II . and Richard as fl - s s s III . , and the y leaf atte t an intere t in

Shakespeare , if only orthographical , I thought it worth reproducing . (6)

Con temporary A llu sion s 41

d P alladis m 1 598 . In a book calle Ta ia “ w as printed an essay entitled A Comparative P s Discourse of our English oet with the Greek , ” s s s Latin , and Italian poet , by Franci Mere , a Master of Arts of Oxf ord as well as of ss m s Cambridge . The following pa age ention Shakespeare “ As the Greek tongue is made famous and m s s Aesch eloquent by Ho er , He iod , Euripide , y lu s P s P s s s , Sophocle , indaru , hocylide , and Ari n t o ph a es ; and the Latin tongue by Virgil , s I t alicu s s Lu Ovid , Horace , Siliu , Lucanu , r i s s s C s so c et u , Au oniu and laudianu ; the English tongue is mightily enriched and gor eou sl s m s re g y inve ted , in rare orna ent and m s P splendent habili ent , by Sir hilip Sidney , s W Spen er , Daniel , Drayton , arner , Shake m speare , Marlow , and Chap an . “ EAS the soul of Euphorbus w as thought to live in P ythagoras ; so the sweet Witty soul of Ov id lives in m elliﬂu ou s and honey-tongued h i s . W ss s s s Shake peare itne Venu and Adoni , h is Lucrece ; h is sugared sonnets among h is

s &c . private friend , “ As P lautus and Seneca are accounted the s m m s be t for co edy and tragedy a ong the Latin , so Shakespeare among the English is the most

excellent in both kinds for the stage . For m s h i m : h is co edy , witne s s Gentle en of Verona ’ ’ ’ s h is s s s h is s Error , Love Labor Lo t , Love ’ ’ s Won h i mm m Labor , s Midsu er Night s Drea , h is and Merchant of Venice .

: h i . For tragedy s Richard II . Richard III 42 William S hakespeare

s s Henry IV . , King John , Titu Andronicu , and h is Romeo and Juliet . “ As Epiu s Stolo said that the Muses would ’ P s s speak with lautu tongue , if they would speak Latin : so I say that the Muses would ’ s s s speak with Shake peare ﬁne ﬁled phra e , if

they would speak English . ’ Shakespeare s nam e is mentioned ﬁve more m s s ti es by Mere , but alway in a group, and no m s . s where again ingly Thu , together with any m s is a other conte porarie , he called lyric poet , “ s m s ss m good at tragedie , and o t pa ionate a ong u s to bewail and bemoan the perplexities of ” love .

s s s s The e allu ion are like the two j u t preceding, u s s in that they tell nothing about Shake peare , except that the name w as connected with cer i m . s f tain poe s and plays This not news . O h is m an identity with the Stratford , the actor m Shakespeare , we can learn nothing fro Meres . (7) m m 1 8 . P s s s 59 In oe in Diver Hu or , bound “ m m P ” with an Enco iu of Lady ecunia , by “ Barn ﬁeld m m Richard , lunder the title A Re e ” s m s P s berance of o e Engli h oet , appeared these lines :

An d S a s o s e -ﬂow in e h ke peare th u , who e hon y g v in, (Pleasin g t h e world) thy praises do th obtain ; W o se Ven u s an d w o se Lu crece sw ee an d as h h , ( t ch te) ’ am e am e s mmo a o ok a e ed Thy n in f i rt l b h v plac . L e e ou eas m e e e ive v r y , at l t in fa liv ev r ; d di m d s W ma e e . ell y the bo y , but fa e ie nev r Con temporary A llu sion s 43

The onl y possible information concerning — Shakespeare here obtainable is that h e who — ever he w as w as still alive . There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the actor with the dramati st or of the Stratford m 8 m an with the dra atist . ( ) “ m 1 599 . In Epigra s in the Oldest Cu t and ” s W Newest Fa hion , John eever wrote some ” s s s Gu ilelum s ver e in cribed Ad Shake peare . They are :

H - o u ed S es e e w I saw in oney t ng hak p ar , hen th e ssu e i , I s o e o ot em on o e w r Ap llo g th and n e th r, e os - a n ed ea u es c o ed in ssu Th ir r y t i t f t r l th ti e, Some heaven -born go ddess said t o b e their mother ; Rose- ee ed do s h is amb e esses ch k A ni with r tr ,

Fa ﬁre-h ot Ve u s c arm n him t o o e h er ir n h i g l v , C as e Lu c e a n - h er d esses h t r ti , virgi like r , Prou d lu st-stu n g Tarq u in seekin g still t o prove h er ;

Rom ea-R c a d mo e o se n am es I n ow n o t i h r ; r wh k , Their su gared tongu es an d pow er attractive beau ty are sa s a ou a sa s Say they int , lth gh th t int they Show n o t , For thousands vows to them su bjective duty ; e in e c d e S a s ea h et Th y burn lov ; thy hil r n, h ke p re them ; m s d Go m se m oo e em . , woo thy u ; ore ny phi h br b get th

There is nothing to be learned here about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the

- poet dramatist with the actor from Stratford . (9) 1 60 0 Bel - t h e . In a book entitled vedere , or ” s s ss Garden of the Muse , appeared thi pa age 44 William S hakespeare

Now that every one may be fully satisfied co s ncerning thi Garden , that no one man doth ss m ms s a u e to hi elf the prai e thereof, or can arrogate to h is own deserving those things which have been derived from so many rare s s s set and ingeniou pirit , I have down both how , whence and where these flowers had their first springing till thus they were drawn together M u ses Garden into the , that every ground may h is h is challenge own , each plant particular , and no one be inj ured in the j ustice of h is m erit “ Edmund Spenser ; Henry Constable esquire m m s Sa uel Daniel ; Tho a Lodge , Doctor of P hysic ; Thomas Watson ; Michael Drayton ; John Davies ; Thomas Hudson ; Henry Locke esquire ; John Marston ; Christopher Marlowe ; Benj amin Jonson ; William Shakespeare ; Thomas Churchyard esquire ; Thomas Nash ; Thomas Kidd ; George P eele ; Robert Greene ; Joshua Sylvester ; Nicholas Breton ; Gervase Markham ; Thomas Storer ; Robert Wilmot ; Christopher Middleton ; Richard Barn field ; these being modern and extant poets that have m m lived together ; fro any of their extant works, ” an d some kept in private .

Th e only possible information concerning Shakespeare here obtainable is that he w as still is e alive . There nothing to be learned her about the identity of the poet-dramatist with 10 t h e actor from Stratford . ( ) 1 n m s - - 1 60 . John Ma ningha , a barri ter at law

46 William S hakespeare t o say that Manningham considered or did not consider Shakespeare the author of t h e play ss i which he had witne ed within s x weeks . Without other inform ation from Manningham s s thi allu ion evidently does not identify the . 1 Stratford man with the dramatist . ( 2) 1 60 2 In the third play of the trilogy ’ “

s s . s Th e played by the tudent of St John , Return from P arnassus or the Scourge of “ m s is m Si ony , Ingenio o reading fro Belve ” s s m s dere , or The Garden of the Mu e , the na e s s u dicio of variou poet for J to criticise . Toward the end of the list he comes to William Shake

s . s s peare Judicio then ay ,

Wh o loves n ot Ado n is love o r Lu crece rape? His s ee e e se a s ea o w t r v r cont in h rt thr bbing line, C a su ec h im ould but a gr ver bj t content, ’ ou o e s o s a a s m With t l v fo li h l zy l ngui h ent .

There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the poet with William Shakespeare 1 3 of Stratford . ( )

1 60 2 . m P ss s In The Return fro arna u , or m ” W m the Scourge of Si ony , ill Ke pe and Bur

s s e . bage , the actor , are brought on the tag Thi s dialogue ensues

Now W K em u rba e. e a n B g ill p, if we can ent rt i c o a s low a e b e e these s h l r at a r t , it will w ll, they m es o od co have oftenti a g nceit in a part . ’ I s u n deed D m e. t e o es c h K e p tr i , h n t i k, but t e s som u d an d es des is a slave are ewhat pro , b i , it in a see m s ea in e good sport p rt , to the never p k th ir en d of t h e s a e u s as ou walk but at the t g , j t th gh Con temporary A llu sion s 47

in walking with a fellow w e shou ld never speak e a e or d c e a man can b u t at a stil , a g t , a it h, wher I w as on c a om ed C am go n o fu rther . e at c y in d e an d e e I saw a as e m a e aces an d bri g , th r a p r it k f mouths of all sorts in this fashion . e eac n me d ese au s Bu rbage. A littl t hi g will n th f lt , an d it may be besides they will b e ab le t o pen a part . K Fe of t h e n e s en a s e empe. w u iv r ity p pl y w ll ; they smell t oo mu ch o f that writer Ovid an d that m o s s an d a t oo mu c P ro w riter Meta orph i , t lk h of ’ S ak e n n e . Wh e s ou r e o serpi a a d Ju pit r y , her f ll w h m all do n Ben o so speare puts the w , aye , and J n n a Ben o so is a s e e o h e too . 0 th t J n n pe til nt f ll w, Ho ace n Poe s a b u t brought u p r givi g the t pill , ou r fellow Shakespeare hath given h im a pu rge i d that made h im bewray h s cre it . ’ s d e d : I o de Bu rbage. I t s a hrew f llow in eed w n r these scholars stay so long.

In this satirical play the points are repeat edly made that actors belong to a low pro fes s m s sion , and that in contra t to the the univer ity m en have a difficult time making their way in s ss m the world . In thi pa age , then , Ke pe and s s s Burbage , who e part were of cour e taken by s s m s s tudent , a u e the audience by boa ting that s w as s a fellow , Shake peare , the author of work “ ” which could pu t dow n all the university s s pen , even Ben Jon on , who , though not a university m an (he w as later given honorary O degrees from both Cambridge and xford) , ranked with the university m en on account of A i is diffi his . s learning the piece s satirical , it 48 William S hakespeare

cult to take the lines as referring to Shake 14 speare as other than an actor . ( ) “ 1 60 3 . In a ballad called A Mournful Ditty ’ s ss Wel entitled Elizabeth Lo , together with a ” m s come for King Ja e , occurred these verses

! o e s all e S es ea e so G e u po t , brav hak p r , Jon n, r ene, ’ m a d Bestow you r ti e to write for Engl n s Qu eene . L m am am e ou E s ee s a ent, l ent , l nt , y ngli h p r ;

L me ou o ss oss sse so ma a s . a nt y r l , p e d ny ye r

There is nothing to be learned here about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the poet-dramatist with the actor from Strat 1 5 ford . ( ) m s . 1 60 4 . In a book of Epigra by I C . occur these lines :

’ Wh o e er will go unto the press may see Th e hated fathers of vile balladry ; On e sings in h is base note t h e river Thames Shall sound the famous mem ory of noble K ing Jam es ; s s h e h is Another ay that will to death, Sing t h e renowned worthiness of sweet Elizabeth ; o u s s s so de s S r n their ver e in uch di r red train, And with them dare great majesty profane ; Some dare d o this ; some other humbly craves F e s ei ee es or h lp of Spirit in th r sl ping grav , As h e a a e S a es a so ee e th t c ll d to h k pe re , Jon n, Gr n ,

To write of their dead noble Queen .

There is nothing to be learned here about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the poet m m 16 dra atist with the actor fro Stratford . ( ) Con temporary A llu sion s 49

1 60 4 . In the dedication to a book called ” D ai h an t u s P ss s p , or the a ion of Love , the “ author says that an epistle to the reader should

- - - be like the never too well read Arcadia , where the prose and verse (m atter and words) are ’ h is m s ss s s s ll like i tre eye , one till exce ing another and without coriv all ; or to come home to the ’ ’ s m s s vulgar ele ent , like friendly Shake peare s m s tragedie , where the co edian ride , when s s s the tragedian tand on tiptoe ; faith , it hould m s P . sad plea e all , like rince Ha let But , in ss ne , then it were to be feared he would run mad ll m . s s s In ooth , I wi not be oon ick to plea e ; ” m s nor out of y wit , though I displeased all .

There is nothing to be learn ed here about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the poet- dramati st with the actor from Strat 1 7 ford . ( )

l 6o5 (o3) . In the epistle dedicatory of ’ “ Camden s Remains of a Greater Work con ” s s cerning Britain , publi hed thi year anony mou sl s s : y , occur the e word “ These m ay sufﬁce for some poetical d escrip tions of our ancient poets ; if I would come to m s our ti e , what a world could I pre ent to you

P . s out of Sir hilip Sidney , Ed Spen er , John O m wen , Sa uel Daniel , Hugh Holland , Ben

s C m . Jon on , Th . a pion , Mich Drayton , George C m h s W m s hap an , Jo n Mar ton , illia Shake peare , s m s and other pregnant wits of the e our ti e , m ” whom succeeding ages m ay justly ad ire . There is nothing to be learned here about 5 0 William S hakespeare

s Shake peare , nor about the identity of the poet 18 dramatist with the actor from Stratford . ( ) “ M irrh a 1 60 7 . In a book called , the Mother ’ ” s s s P s W m a k of Adoni , or Lu t rodigie , illia B r sted wrote :

B m s ﬁ es u t stay, y Mu e , in thine own con n keep, And wage not war with so dear loved a neighbor ; B - s s e u t having sung thy day song, re t and l ep ; h i Preserve thy small fame and s greater favor . me S a es h e His song w as worthy rit ( h k peare , ) r ss m ee Sung the fai blo o , thou, the withered tr ; Laurel is due to h im ; h is art and wit ﬁ Hath purchased it ; cypru s thy brow will t .

There is nothing to be learned here about t h e h e Shakespeare . Concerning identity of t poet-dramatist and the actor w e remain in m 1 our for er ignorance . ( 9)

1 6 1 0 . In a book called Hypercrit ica ; or a Rule of Judgment for writing or reading our s s m : hi torie , Ed und Bolton wrote the following “ A C s . s m The hoice of Engli h for exa ple , language and style (the apparel of matter) en f s s he who would p our a fair in Engli h , and m s u s m co po e unto an entire body of the , ought to have a Singular care thereof . For albeit s ac our tongue hath not received dialect , or cen t u al o s as n te the Greek , nor any certain s s mm or e tabli hed rule of gra ar or true writing, is s C s notwith tanding very opiou , and few there m be who have the ost proper graces thereof , in which the rule cannot be variable : For as ’ much as t h e people s j udgments are un cer Con temporary A llu sion s 5 1

s s tain , the book al o out of which we gather the most warrantable English are not many to rem emb eran ce my , of which , in regard they ul s require a partic ar and curiou tract , I forbear m S s s . to peak at thi pre ent But a ong the chief , m or rather the chief , are in y opinion these . “ m ’ Sir Tho as Moore s works . ’ C m s s s s George hap an ﬁr t even book of Iliad . m Sa uel Drayton . Michael Drayton h is Historical Epistles of

England . “ Marlowe h is excellent fragment of Hero and

Leander . “

s . s m Shake peare , Mr Franci Beau ont , and innumerable other writers for the stage ; and s s s m pres tenderly to be u ed in thi argu ent . “ P s s m Southwell , ar on , and o e few other of ” that sort .

There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the Stratford m an with the poet m 20 dra atist . ( ) m 1 6 1 1 . In so e notes made by William mm Dru ond of Hawthornden , under the head “ m s s 1 6 1 1 Table of y Engli h book , anno , we ﬁnd the following, here reprinted letter for letter : h k V s an d d Sc a s . enu A on . by p Th e Ra of Lu c ce dem . p re , i

Th e Tragedie of Romeo an d Julieta I n 4d . g

A Midsu m ers Night D reame . 5 2 William S hakespeare

There is nothing here to be learned about the identity of the Stratford man with t h e poet 2 1 and playwright . ( ) 1 6 1 1 In The Scourge of Folly John “ s s s s Davie of Hereford wrote the e ver e , To ” - s . W . our Engli h Terence , Mr ill Shake speare :

S m sa od W c I in s o o e y , go ill , (whi h , p rt, do sing) H ds a ed som e a s a t thou not pl y kingly p rt in sport, Thou hadst been a companion for a king ;

An d ee am t h e mea o b n a king ong ner s rt . Some s a as e ﬁ other r il ; but, rail th y think t , s a e : Thou ha t no r iling, but a r igning wit ’ es sow st e a And hon ty thou , which th y do re p,

So se s o . , to increa their t ck which they do keep

i m ss m It s i po ible , without knowing ore than we do about the circumstances under which s m w as thi epigra written , to decide what m m s it eans . In ter ing Shake peare a Terence , the writer evidently addressed h im as a play m s wright . In re arking that Shake peare had m s s played so e kingly part in port , we can hardly understand that Shakespeare of Strat as it w as h is s ford is mentioned , not port ,

i ss . ss as but h s busine to act Doubtle , the

s s s is m . phra e goe , thi line ﬁgurative in eaning From this poem we can learn nothing about the identity of the actor with the poet- drama 22 t ist . ( ) ’ s W s s 1 6 1 2 . In the conclu ion to eb ter White Devil occur these words : Detraction is the sworn friend to ignorance s for mine own part , I have ever truly cheri hed

5 4 William S hakespeare

s m s s a n omi trope or etaphor , in echoe and g s m a nation , they y all be lively and exactly P ’ represented in ours . Will you have lato s m m vein ? read Sir Tho as S ith . The Ionic ? m ? s . ? m Sir Tho a More Cicero Ascha . Varro m s s ? Chaucer . De o thene Sir John Cheek h is s s (who , in treati e to the rebel , hath m s s co pri ed all the ﬁgure of rhetoric) . Will ? you read Virgil take the Earl of Surrey . Catullus ? Sh ak esph eare and Barlowes frag m sic ? . O . ? s ent ! ] vid Daniel Lucan Spen er . ? Martial Sir John Davies and others . Will you have all in all for pro se and verse ? take ” m a e P the iracle of our g , Sir hilip Sidney .

There is nothing to be learned from this s s allu ion about Shake peare , nor about the identity of the poet- dramatist and the actor m 24 fro Stratford . ( )

1 6 1 4 . The passage in the epistle dedicatory ’ to Camden s Remains that w as published a in 1 605 w s reprinted this year . (See above under (25) m 1 6 1 4 . In so e epigrams by Thomas Free “ m an occur the follow ing lines To master W Shakespeare

S a es e e n im m h k p ar , that ble ercury, thy brain , Lu s m a d ed s- es s e ll ny hun r Argu ey a le p, So ﬁt for all thou fashion est thy vein ; ’ At t h horse-foot fountain thou hast drunk full deep ; ’ ’ e s s m e is Virtu or vice the to thee all one , ’ h o o es as e e e s L e e f r W l v ch t life, th r ucr c o a teacher; Con temporary Allu sion s 5 5

’ Wh o s d u s e e s Ve s an d d s li t rea l t , th r nu A oni ,

ru d m s asc T e m o el of a o t l iviou s lecher . n Bes des i a s h n ds Me . i pl y t—y wit wi like ander When needy n ew composers borrow more e c e e ce do om P au u s or Th n e T r n th fr l t Menander . Bu t to praise thee aright I want thy store ; en let n e ow n o s in e ow n o Th thi w rk th w rth upraise, ’ An d e do ee de h lp t a rn th with served bays .

There is nothing to be learned here about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the poet m s m 26 dra ati t with the actor fro Stratford . ( ) ’ “ 1 6 1 . s s 4 In Stow The Annal , or General C m hronicle of England , continued by Ed und s s ss : Howe , there occur thi pa age “ Ou r m s odern and pre ent excellent poets, s s which worthily ﬂouri h in their own work , and all of them in my own knowledge lived ’ s s together in thi Queen reign , according to s as as their prioritie , near I could , I have set s orderly down (viz ) George Ga coigne , s m s C s e q uire ; Tho a hurchyard , e quire , Sir m Edward Dyer , knight , Ed und Spenser s P e quire , Sir hilip Sidney knight , Sir John Har m s Ch allon er rington knight , Sir Tho a knight , Sir Francis Bacon knight ; and Sir John Davies s m s knight , Ma ter John Lily gentle an , Ma ter C m m . W. W George hap an gentle an , M arner m . W . s m gentle an , M illi Shake peare gentle an , m s M Sa uel Daniel e quire , ichael Drayton s C s w e quire , of the bath , M . hri topher Marlo m B m m gentle an , M . enj a in Jonson gentle an ; m n s s . John Mar ton e quire , M Abraha Fra cis m s n s s m gentle an . Ma ter Fra ci Mere gentle an , 5 6 William S hakespeare

s m Ma ter Joshua Sylvester , gentle an ; Master m m s . Tho a Decker , gentle an , M John Fletcher m m . W s gentle an , M John eb ter gentle an , M . m m s . Tho a Heywood gentle an , M Thomas ”

m . W . Middleton gentle an , M George ithers

There is nothing here to be learned about Shakespeare nor about the identity of the poet m m 2 dra atist and the actor fro Stratford . ( 7)

Since w e can ﬁnd no contemporary allusion deﬁnitely declaring the two Shakespeares to on s m is m be e and the a e , it not i probable that they were not regarded as the same . At least a w e cannot exhibit , s evidence that the iden x ss s e s r tity e isted , the pa age quot d in thi chapte . CHA P TER SEVEN .

EVIDENCES FROM THE P LAYS AND P OEMS .

In this chapter I have printed such docu ments as deal directly with the plays and poem s published under the name William Sh ak epeare during the life time of William Shakespeare of m s Stratford . It did not see u eful to try to m s s ake a li t of the quarto with their dates, nor did it seem wi se to attempt to select from “ t h e plays and poems any so -called self ” ” rev ealat or s y or autobiographical pas ages . s The preface , dedicatory letter , and records herein included Show no connection between is the actor and the playwright . This the last link in our chain of negative evidence . “ ” 1 . s s 593 In Venu and Adoni , the dedica tion To the Right Honorable Henry Wrio t h le m es y , Earl of Southa pton , and Baron of ” Ti ch ﬁ ld W m s s t e , illia Shake peare , who igned ’ ” m s hi self Your honor in all duty , wrote “ Right Honorable , I know not how I shall offend in dedicating my unpolished lines to s your Lord hip, nor how the world will censure me for choosing so strong a prop to support s m so weak a burden , only if your Honor ee but t m s s pleased , I accoun y elf highly prai ed , and vow to take advantage of all idle hours till I s m have honored you with o e graver labor . 5 8 William S hakespeare

But if the ﬁrst heir of my invention prove de m s s it so for ed , I hall be orry had noble a go d father : and never after ear so barren a land m e s so s for fear it yield till bad a harve t , I s leave it to your Honorable urvey , and your ’ s Honor to your heart content , which I wish m a s s s y alway an wer your own wi h , and the ’ ” 1 world s hopeful expectation . ( ) There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the Stratford actor with the poet . “ 1 594 . In the dedication to The Rape of W l m s ss Lucrece , i lia Shake peare , addre ing m s again the Earl of Southa pton , and igning ms as : hi elf before , wrote “ The love I dedicate to your Lordship is without end : whereof this pamphl et without i beginning s but a superﬂuous moiety . The s s warrant I have of your honorable di po ition , not the worth of my untutored lines make s W it assured of acceptance . hat I have done is s is s your , what I have to do your , being

s . W m part in all I have , devoted your ere y m S worth greater , y duty would how greater , m m as is is eanti e , it , it bound to your Lord ship ; to whom I wish long life still lengthened ” 2 with all happiness . ( ) There is nothing to be learned here about the identity of the Stratford actor with the

poet .

’ ‘ 1 60 0 . Entry at Stationers Hall Two

books, the one called Much Ado about Noth in s s g, the other the econd part of the Hi tory of King Henry the I Vt h with the humors of The P lays an d P oems 5 9

s ff . s Sir John Fal ta , written by Mr Shake peare . (3)

1 60 4 . In the Accounts of the Rev els at s m court in the reign of Elizabeth and Ja es , 1 604 1 5 for the whole year and part of 60 , “ ” “ Sh axb erd appears as the poet which made ” “ ” “ s s s . the play Mea ure for Mea ure , The P “ ” s . lay of Error , and A Merchant of Venice The authenticity of the insertion of this name h i as s . s ss sa been que tioned It needle to y that , s i even if the records are true one , there s noth in g to be learned here about the identity of the Stratford actor with the writer of the m 4 dra as . ( ) ’ 1 60 7 . Entry at Stationers Hall : A book l W m s h is s ca led Mr . illia Shake peare hi tory ’ of King Lear as it w as played before the King s 5 maj esty at Whitehall . ( ) ’ 1 60 9 . Entry at Stationers Hall : En ’ r s t e ed . a book called Shake peare s Son ” 6 nets . ( )

1 60 9 . The Quarto of Troilus and Cres ” s w as s s m eida publi hed thi year , with the na e William Shakespeare on the title-page and with

the following unsigned preface . The caption “ ” was A Never Writer to an Ever Reader . It read “ Eternal reader , you have here a new play , s never taled with the stage , never clapper lm clawed with the pa s of the vulgar , and yet passing full of t h e palm comical ; for it is a

birth of your brain , that never undertook any thing comical vainly ; and were but the vain 60 William S hakespeare names of comedies changed for t h e titles of mm s co odities, or of play for pleas, you should e s s s se all tho e grand cen or , that now style m them such vanities , ﬂock to the for the main grace of their gravities ; especially this au ’ s m so m thor co edies , that are fra ed to the life t hat they serve for the most common comm en s all s s s tarie of the action of our live , howing dexe erit such a t y and power of wit , that the most displeased with plays are pleased with h i m s co edies . And all such dull and heavy w itted worldl ings as were never capable of the a m m m wit of co edy , co ing by report of the to h i s representations, have found that wit there t ms s hat they never found in the elve , and have parted better witted than they came ; feeling an edge of wit set upon them more than ever m they drea ed they had brain to grind it on . So much and such favored salt of wit is in h is c m s s m o edie , that they ee (for their height of pleasure) to be born in that sea that brought m s is m forth Venus . A ong t all there none ore witty than this : and had I time I would com m s ent upon it , though I know it need not (for so much as will make you think your testern s so m well be towed) , but for uch worth as st u ﬂed even poor I know to be in it . It de s s a as a serve uch labor , well s the best comedy P s . s in Terence or lautu And believe thi , that is h is m s s when he gone and co edie out of ale , s m m se u you will cra ble for the , and t p a new

s s . s Engli h Inqui ition Take thi for a warning, ’ and at the peril of your pleasure s loss and

EI HT CHAP TER G .

THE FIRST FOLIO .

The year 1492 is memorable in the history im of the discovery of continents . Equally portant in the history of the discovery of authors i 1 2 w a s t h e s the year 6 3 , for then s publi hed m identity of the writer of the Shakespeare dra as . Nothing in the records of William Shakespeare — I am s of Stra—tford peaking of the known records had explicitly connected that actor and provincial business m an with the creation or the publication of the splendid poetry . Nothing in the contemporary allusions either to this gentleman or to the playwright had indicated that either the inhabitants of Strat ford or of London believed the two m en to be m m an s the sa e . And nothing in the play or m m ff s poe s the selves a orded a clew . The ﬁr t 1 s Folio ( ) upplied the link . That given , by working backwards the task of the biographers m h as been si ple . Yet the First Folio did not supply ab solutely s the ﬁr t link , for the thing had been hinted at m m 1 2 m so e ti e between 1 6 6 and 1 6 3 . So e one — — n o one knows who in those years built into the wall of the Stratford church a monument m in me ory of William Shakespeare . After * 1 m m n 636 this onu ent , representing a thi

See fron tispiece . Th e First Folio 63 m n - m s s a with a down drooping u tache , tanding

i s w as m . with h s hands on a cu hion , re oved The m an there sculptured resembled the present bust of Shakespeare chieﬂy in having a bald head with the hair clustered above the ears and in wearing a j erkin with two rows of buttons m dow n the iddle and a turndown collar . By whom altered or for what reasons remains in On s m m as . t h the dark thi older onu ent , on e s s s s : pre ent one , tood thi in cription

u d c o P liu m enio So crat em a e a m J i i y , g , rt M rone a t e it o u u s m o eret O m u s a e Terr g , p p l , ly p h b t .

S a ass n e w h o es o so as ? t y p e g r , y g t th u by f t R ad ou ca s m e ou s dea a e , if th n t, who nvi th h th placed W s m o me : S es ea e om ithin thi nu nt hak p r , with wh Quick Natu re died ; whose nam e d oth d eck this tomb Far mo e a o s S all a h e a w r th n c t, ith th t h th rit L rt a s h is eaves living a but p ge to erve wit .

An D i 1 1 A 2 A 2 et t is . Die . . Ob iit o . o . 6 6 . a 5 3 3 p ( )

The Latin lines state that Shakespeare w as m a Nestor in j udg ent , a Socrates in (philosoph s ical) geniu , and in art a Virgil . The earth s h im m h im O m s h as hide , the people ourn , ly pu ” h im m s s . Re ark that urely pointed the way , but did not quite declare the fact . Before 1 623 s s a ca ual touri t , not having a Baedeker , would not kn ow what the world now believes

it knows . 64 William S hakespeare

But the First Folio gave deﬁnitely to the author of the plays a local habitation and a m s m na e . In the opening page of that volu e m m r m s m . s a e so e poe in e ory of Mr Shake peare . s In one of them L . Digge began

e s e s Shakesp are, at length thy piou f llow give — s c The world thy work , thy work, by whi h , outlive m am mu s s o e is e Thy to b , thy n e t when that t n r nt, 1 An d time dissolves thy Stratford monument . ( )

In another set of verses Ben Jonson said :

Sweet Swan of Avon ! What a sight it were e a e s et ea To see th e in our w t r y app r, An d m ake tho se ﬂights u pon the ban ks o f Thames That so did take Eliza an d ou r Jam es ! (1 )

In the list of principal actors in these plays ’ m s s s s . s Shake peare na e lead all the re t La tly , the dedication and the preface are signed by mm C s m He ing and ondell , actor , to each of who , s as to Richard Burbage , Shake peare of Strat ford had bequeathed some money to buy them mm C as s . ring He ing and ondell , who , Malone m m h as practically proved , erely lent their na es s to what Ben Jon on really wrote , Speak here deﬁnitely of Shakespeare the author as their

- s i n i friend and fellow player . Thu an de t fica W ms w as m tion of the two illia ade , and the office of illustrious playwright had sought and n found it s ma . s s Be ide giving to the world an author , this First Folio published for the first tim e several “ ” “ m s m plays : The Te pe t , Two Gentle en of ” “ ” “ m s As Verona , Co edy of Error , You Like The First Folio 65

” “ ” “ ’ s s ll s W It , Mea ure for Mea ure , A ell , “ ” “ ’ ” “ W s Twelfth Night , inter Tale , Third P “ “ m art of Henry VI Henry VIII Ti on , Caes Julius ar , Macbeth , Antony and ” ”

C C m . leopatra , and y beline Although these s m had never been printed in their pre ent for , many with their titles had been presented on the “ m ” “ m ” s . tage The Ta ing of the Shrew , Ti on , “ ” “ ” “ ’ s Caes C s Al s W l Juliu ar, oriolanu l e l , “ and Henry VIII . had not only never been printed , but , apparently , had never been heard m all s . of at in their pre ent for Several plays, “ “ ” “ as l m Richard Othel o , Ha let , and “ I P V . Second art of Henry , contained revi s s m m dl ion and newly written atter , ad itte y by m Shakespeare . Fro a legal point of view Lord P enzance (3) h as admirably di scussed certain other very curious inconsistencies in the First

Folio .

To Show that no one seems to have ackn ow l edged the authorship of the plays till they were collected and published after the death of h m Shakespeare as been y task . It will b e argued that negative evidence proves nothing ; but the keenest mind of the seventeenth century “ is my authority for quoting It is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human intellect to be more moved and excited by afﬁrm at iv es than by negatives ; whereas it ought properly to hold itself indifferently disposed towards both m alike . Indeed , in the establi sh ent of any true x m s is m a io , the negative in tance the ore forcible 66 William S hakespeare

s is so m of t h e two . My purpo e not uch to prove or to di sprove as to correct the biographies - s as they stand to day . A ingle point further should be added . h 4 b . as s a Mr W. S . Booth hown ( ) that y p plying to the ﬁrst and last pages of the Shake s as s speare play printed in the Fir t Folio , a variant of a commonly used m athematical acros cipher , one can read repeatedly a hidden m tic of the na e of Francis Bacon . The chief difference between this and the other ciphers which an unwilling world h as had to examine from tim e to t ime is the fact that it works as it s di scoverer claim s . That these acro stics are s m s h as as s the re ult of hu an de ign not , thi book s ss goe to pre , been deﬁnitely acknowledged . Mathem atical analysis goes to Show that in tention is m anife st and hi storical warrant is i not wholly wanting . At any rate it s a re m arkable fact that in the only document iden t ifyin g William Shakespeare from Stratford with the poet the nam e of so illu striou s a con m s s m te porary hould be ecretly e bedded . EP I LOGUE'

A n n o I have marked the de ie d w ﬁc n cies . Wherein if I have diﬁered from the an cien t an i d do trin es an d thereb iven a h d rece ve c , y g an dle toc on tradiction or m art as I am ar ro ; f y p , f f m wishin to dissen t so I u r ose n ot to con ten d g , p p . I it be tru th f ,

on r r s ond n t omnia N canimus su dis, e p e silvae the voice o n atu re will con sen t whether the voi e f , c do or n o Bu t as Alexan der Bor ia was of man t . g won t to say of the expedition of the Fren ch to ‘ Na les that the came with chalk in their han ds p , y to mark u their lod in s an d n ot with wea on s p g g , p ’ to break in so I like b etter that en tr o tru th ; y f , which comes peaceably as with chalk to mark u p those min ds which are capable to lodge an d harbor su ch a u est than that which forces its wa with g , y i a on t tio — m s pugn ac ty n d c en n . Fro Franci ’ i i Au men t s Sc en t aru m . Bacon s De g , Book III , i ’ C S edd n s s . hapter VI . ( p g tran lation )

70 William Shakespeare

CHA PTER THREE .

L - 1 e u s . f e 8 ac s m e . ( ) Ill t , , i il 2 m a e . ( ) L b rt , 3

P . . 5 5 . m 3 H . 4 ( ) , ii La b ert , . 4 L u 2 1 - ee . fac S m e . ( ) Ill st , , i il

- 5 L u . 2 f m ee s 3 ac e . ( ) Ill t , , si il

P . 11 14 6 . H . am e t 5 . t s . ( ) L b r , , e eq

7 P . . 1 2 ( ) Lamb ert , 1 3 . H . , i 1 . 8 L 4 ee 19 . ( ) , 9 ( ) Lee , 39 . 1 L ( 0) ee, 39 . 1 - 1 L u 14 f m . ee s . 9 ac s e ( ) Ill t , , i il 1 2 L e K . ( ) e ,

13 Lee x . ( ) ,

14 1 — - 1 10 fac m . H P 1 . ( ) . . , 06 7 , si ile 1 1 - 7 f c m . 5 H P . . ( ) . , i 3 , a si ile 1 6 am e 28 . Lee x . ( ) L b rt , ,

1 7 am e 3 1 . ( ) L b rt,

1 201 . ( 8) Lee ,

1 . P . . am e 27 ( 9) H . , ii 5 7 . L b rt , —1 - 2 u 1 5 7 fac m e . . P . . o H Lee 5 6 . ( 0) Ill st , , si il Als , i 1 6 - m 6 f c e . , a si il

2 . 21 . P . . . am e 9 ( ) H , ii 5 9 L b rt ,

22 . 11 . 8 . ( ) H . P , 5 2 3 L e . ( ) e , xiv

24 L 2 1 . ( ) ee , 3 2 1 2 Le 0 . ( 5 ) e,

m 42 . 1 7 . a e 2 H P . . ( 6) . , ii L b rt, m 44 P . 11 . 1 9 . a e . (27) H . , L b rt , 2 m e 47 . ( 8) La b rt ,

2 m e 48 . ( 9) La b rt , 4 3 2 . ( 0) Lee , 0 7 . 7 . 1 H P . (3 ) . , ii

1 204 . 2 H 1 . (3 ) . P . ,

3 L 273 . ( 3) ee, 4 H 1 m e 5 9 . a 5 . 3 P . . ( ) . , ii L b rt,

m 7 . (35 ) La b ert , 5 Bibliography 7 1

5 5 . H P . 11 . (36) . , 3 f - L e u . 21 6 37 e ac m e . ( ) Ill st , , si il

am e 5 9 . (38) L b rt , 9 am e 6 0 (3 ) L b rt , .

4 2 . ( 0) Lee , 7 5

41 8 . ( ) H . P . , ii . 7

42 1 2 . P . 1 . 5 am e . ( ) H . , L b rt , 67 43 Ne ! Tim s 1 ( ) w ork e , Octo b er 3 , 909 . Al so Lon don

Times of s ame d at e . 44 P . . 25 . am H . e 65 . ( ) , ii L b rt , 45 1 P . . 3 . am e 5 . H . 7 o Fac ( ) , ii L b rt , Als A ’ simile of t h e D eed of B argain an d S al e of Shak esp eare s ’

a a E a e . E e H w O . a e Bl ckfri r s st t dit d by J . lli ll h h n 1 4 s . o 88 . P illipp Brig t , 4 4 L P . . . am e 77 . 6 H . ( ) , ii 3 b rt , 4 7 L e . ( ) e , xvii 4 L 2 8 ee 78 . ( ) , 4 — - P 8 f m . ( 9) H . . , ii . 3 39 , ac Si ile 24 24 f - i P . . 7 9 ac m e n n 50 H . a a d do c ( ) , i , , si il ( p rt) u men t s e n r pri ted . L 5 1 ee xx . ( ) , iii 2 21 9 . 5 Lee u t . ( ) Ill s , “ ’ (53) A Pho togr aphic Repro du ctio n of Shak esp eare s

et c . w h es e e e e s . H a n Will , , it d criptiv l tt rpr s by J i E n 4 Low S o a on 1 6 . w e . o n on . 8 ris ll L d , S , , M rst , 1 9 l s o e n e H . P . . 6 c e . Als r pri t d , , ii q

221 . (54) Lee Illu st . ,

CHA PTER FO U R .

’ (1 ) A Photogr aphic Repro du ction of Shakesp eare s a en e a e m o n o f t h e u e of t h e Will , t k by sp ci l p r issi j dg Cou rt of Pro b ate an d Divorc e ; w ith descriptiv e l etter ” s Low Son e s b . Ha n E w e . on on . pr y J i ris ll L d , S , , n 4 P 1 o 1 . H . a 6 . . 9 . M rst , 8 , ii 6 72 William S hakespeare

E CHAPT R F I VE .

1 . P . 11 . 8 H . 3 , — Lee . u on . 6 8 69 . , viii All si , ii 22 . G . 3 et s . n . G G . , eq , o te

H . P . , ii . 7 1 .

H . P . , 11 . 76 . 1 Lee 1 7 n o e . , , t

u 22 . Lee . 0 Ill st ,

A T I ! CH P ER S .

1 2 2 . H . . u on . . . P 3 7 ( ) All si , i , i

2 u n 4 . 1 2 . H . o . . . 3 8 ( ) All si , i P “ (3) Willob ie His Avisa . Edited w ith an essay b y h h h rra u h n C arl es Hug es . S e t H g es , Lo don , 1 904 . 4 n . 1 1 . u o . . H P . 1 . , 7 All si , i 9 “ ’ 4 o n en es a on an d ha es a e b ( ) C i cid c B c S k pe r , y E w n Ree o on o u n u h n om an d i d (B st , C b r P blis i g C p y , - 1 0 1 1 fac m e . u s on . 23 . , , si il All i , i (5) Th e Pilgrimage t o Parn assu s w ith t h e Tw o ” a s of t h e Ret u n om a n as u s e e P rt r fr P r s , dit d by

. D . a a . O o a en on e s W M cr y ( xf rd , Cl r d Pr s ,

in . 5 6 5 7 58 63 . . . G . 326 327 a u on , , , G G , , ( p rt) All si , i . 67 . (6) Nort h umb erlan d Man u script : Co llo typ e Fac

” ‘

n n . . u n . s imile a d Typ e Tra script Edited by F J . B rgo y e

n n 1 4 . Lon gma s , Gree , 90 “ 7 An En sh a n e a E a s an d ( ) gli G r r , Critic l ss y Lit er ” m n n n u ar a e s w t h a o on . hu on y Fr g t , i i tr d cti by J C rt n 4 n N ! E . . D u 1 1 . H . P . . o s ew o o 1 . C lli ( rk , P tt ) , , ii 9

Allu sion , i. 46 . “ ’ (8) Th e En glish Schol ar s Libr ary of Old an d M od r R ha B rnﬁ el m e n Works : ic rd a d Po e s, e dited by E w n e on on h a on s ab le d i Arb r ( L d , Arc ib ld C t , 1 2 i. 14 . u n . . 0 . H . 1 P . i 8 o 5 , All si , i

9 H . P . . 1 5 1 . u on . 24 . ( ) , ii All si , i ’ ” 1 h n h ( 0) Boden am s B elvedere . Repri ted from t e Bibliography 73

h n n e on f r t e e e e 1 . H . o a o o 895 P . rigi l diti Sp s r S ci ty , , 2 15 1 . u n . 7 . o ii All si , i

- 82 fac m . u 1 1 H . P . . n e o . 98 . ee ( ) , ii , si il All si , i S

1 2 Th f n an n n m ( ) e Diary o Joh M i gha , e dit ed by

hn m n : n . N h o u e es s e e . o J Br c (W t i t r Pri t d by J B ic ls ,

9 . u s n . 9 . 3 All io , i 9

1 . . . 2 . n . 3 See 87 . G G G 3 7 us o 69 102 . ( ) , All i , i ,

4 2 . 1 e 1 . . . . 1 . u n 1 2 S e 38 G G G 3 s o 0 . ( ) , All i , i

1 1 2 . 4 . P . 5 5 u n . 1 2 . H . ( ) All sio , i , ii

16 u n 1 4 . . . 1 52 . 0 . H P ( ) All sio , i . , ii 17 D ai h an t u s or t h e a on of ov e n hon ( ) p P ssi s L , by A t y ”

cl k . . r r . . S o er, edited by A B G osa t 3 H . P , ii . 2 1 . u n 1 3 . 5 o . 3 All si , i

1 . 2 18 am e 5 . H . P . 11 . 52 u n . 1 7 . ( ) L b rt , 5 , All sio , i

1 . . 1 . P . 1 3 . 9 u on . 75 H 5 ( ) All si , i , ii

20 u on . 2 13 . ( ) All si , i 2 n 1 u . 1 64 . ( ) All sio , i “ (22) Th e Compl ete Work s of Jo hn D avies of Here “ h f . T o e t e B . Grosart e ou e o f rd , di d by A Sc rg ”

1 4 . n . 2 1 . 1 P . . s Fo lly , 8 . H . , ii 5 Allu io , i 9

23 Th am s f n e s ( ) e Dr atic Work o Jo h W b ter , e dited m ! n . R . h by William Ha litt (Lon do , J S it ,

P . . 1 4 . n . 23 . . 7 . H . 5 u o 3 ii , ii All si , i

24 H . P . . 1 54 . u on . 27 . ( ) , ii All si , i (25 ) See 2 24 . . . 1 . 1 . 6 n . H ( ) Allu sio , i 5 P , 1 5 5 “ 27 ome os n a u e o f an s a on ( ) S Acr tic Sig t r s Fr ci B c , W m n e o h on Hou ht on M ifﬂin by illia Sto B o t (B ost , g , - m 1 . P . . 5 5 o an 25 fa S m e . H . C p y , , c i il , ii

CHA PT E R S E VE N .

’ 1 h a e ea e n u n d n fac-s m ( ) S k sp r s Ve s a Ado is , i ile

1 905 . of t h e ﬁ e on . O o a en on e rst diti xf rd , Cl r d Pr ss , “ ’ ” 2 ha e ea e u e e fac-s m e of t h e ﬁ st ( ) S k sp r s L cr c , i il r

1905 . e on . O o a en on es diti xf rd , Cl r d Pr s ,

3 am e 38 . ( ) L b rt , 74 Will iam Shakespea re

P . 1 1 . 1 . . . 60 Lamb er t . 53 H , (5 ) (6)

u on 2 0 7 . (7) All si , i .

“ (1 ) Th e First Editi on of t h e Works of William Sh ak es peare in Redu c ed Fae-s imil e from t h e First Fo lio w in u Edit i on of it h an t r o d cti on by J . O . H all i

- n n Ct u 1 . h l i . o ha n w . 876 o ell P i l pps Lo d C tto Wi d s . Als “ ' lliam h a es ea e o medies Hi o es an d Mr . Wi S k p r s C , st ri , T a d es o ot e a s mi e w h an n rod u on r ge i . c ll yp f c i l , it i t cti

3 O o a en on res s 1 902 . b 3 Sidh e Le e . xf rd . Cl r d P , 2 f ac- mi P . 84 s e . H . (2) , . i l

- S (3) Th e B acon Sh ak es pears Co n tr ox ersy : A Ju di ” - i un un i u b y t h e Rt . Hon . Sir am es P aist e c al S n g p, J l d

! 1 902 . B a on P en an e . Wilde, r c “ 4 o m e o s t n a u es of ran s a on ( ) S Acr ic Sig t r F ci B c ,

Wi l am St on e oo h . ost on Hou h o n Mitﬁin b y l i B t B , g t ,

om an 1 909 . C p y , INDE! .

’ A Mou rnfu l Ditty en titled Eli! abeth s Loss n r k hn Adde b o e, Jo Alleyn “ l u on - oo Th e a e ea e A l si B k , Sh k sp r Allusion s e E wa Arb r, d rd n Ma Arde , ry Aubrey

a on an B c , Fr cis a on M a hew B c , tt Bark st ed am , Willi B rn ﬁeld R ha a , ic rd Bel-vedere B etterton Bibliography o on E mun B lt , d d

o o h . . B t , W S

u Joh n . Br ce, Bu rbage n J u o e . . B rg y , F B ushell u Jo e h B tts, s p

“ Camden s Remain s

Chettle . a on John Cl yt , Clo dpate Coat-of-arms

ol n J . hu on C li s, C rt om e Joh n C b , Comm en datory verses

a e Jo hn D vi s, a e R a D vi s , ich rd “ De Au gm en t is Scien tiarum D eer park 76 William S hakespeare

D eer-stealing “ Daiph an t us

e L . Digg s , Dirty Gretton Disinf ectin g Shakespeare D oubtless umm on ll am Dr d, Wi i u a e am D gd l , Sir Willi

E e on Lo han e l o g rt , rd C c l r “ E ” I pigrams by . C . Epigrams in t h e Oldest C ut an d New est Epitaph at Stratford Epsom Wells Eviden ce from t h e plays an d poems Expu rgated

n M a Fitto , ry

Fleay, F . G . o o Th e F li , First eeman Thoma Fr , s J H n E w e . a ris ll , i Fu lman l am , Wil i

a en of t h e Mu e The G rd s s , ea n au a on Th e Gr t I st r ti ,

een e . Gr , J

e n e Ro e Gr e , b rt een e Thoma Gr , s

nw oo . . Gree d, G G

r art . . G os , A B

Ha e John ck tt, Ha l Jo hn l ,

- hil . Ha w e P J . O lli ll lipps, H haw a nn e at y, A Ha! liam litt , Wil Hemm n John i g, Hemm in g an d C on dell Hen slow e Hu he ha e g s , C rl s Hypercrit ica

78 William S hakespeare

e n Re d , Edwi Replyn gh am “ Re u n om Pa n a u t r fr r ss s , Revu e des Deux Mon des Rossw ell Row e N h o a , ic l s Row in gton Mu ster Roll Ru an Ea of tl d , rl

Sclok er n hon 73 , A t y u o Th 52 Sco rge of F lly , e Shake-scen e 35 a e ea e n n a Sh k sp r , A ha e ea e E mu n S k sp r , d d ha e ea e e 1 2 S k sp r , Gilb rt ha e ea e Hamn e 1 5 1 6 S k sp r , t , ha e ea e Joan 12 S k sp r , a e ea e Jo n 12 13 Sh k sp r , h , c oat-of-arms 1 3 ha e ea e Ju h 15 22 S k sp r , dit , ha e ea e Ma a e 1 2 S k sp r , rg r t ha e ea e M a 1 9 S k sp r , ry ha e ea e R ha 13 S k sp r , ic rd ha e ea e u an n a 1 5 1 9 S k sp r , S s , “ ha ea e am a in E e M an I n h Hu mo 1 6 S kesp r , Willi , cts v ry is r, acts in Se] an u s 1 8 a u on 1 33 ll si s , ’ n 1 assessed at St . Hele s 5 a ! e 1 2 14 b pti d , bu rial 23 buys arable lan d 18 buys hou se in Blackfriars 20 buys lan d at Blackfriars 20 buys ston e 1 6 Chapel Street 1 6

- — c oat of arms 1 8 commen datory verses by 8 c opyhold estate 19 cottage in Chapel Lan e deer-stealin g 2 5 defau lter o n taxes 16 en closin g c ommon l an ds 20 I n dex 79

ha e ea e am e a h S k sp r , Willi , pit p estate ﬁn ed First Fo lio godf ather iden tity Kempe an d B urbage

l awsu it . ’ Lord Chamberlain s c ompany m arriage licen se New Place other Lives of own s corn papist petition s Lord Chan cell or plan ts fruit orchard poachin g poems ascribed t o recovers a debt Spellin g of his n ame ’ Station ers Hall Stratford tithes n k sues J . Adde b ro e sues Philip Rogers train ed soldier walks in a procession will ha ow Ju e S ll , stic ” Sh axb erd

n a u e o Sig t r , Acr stic Sn it t erﬁeld Speddin g ou ham on E a of S t pt , rl Sou thw ark ’ Station ers H all Register ’ “ Stow s An n als Stratford mon umen t St urle aham y , Abr

Times Th e Lon on , d m s Th e New ! o Ti e , rk “ n d e a P e a e Troilu s a Cr ssid , r f c 80 William S hakespeare

Ven u s an d Adon is Ve u am L r l , ord

a e am W lk r , Willi a e Hen W lk r , ry P n e e a a e o e o e e di o . W ll c , r f ss r , r c t sc v ri s Webster ee e Jo n W v r , h Welcombe ha e n n e W t ly , A “ ” White D evil Willob ie his Avisa Wilmecot e

h n on Th oma Wit i gt , s Worcester Register

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