Doroteo arango biografia pdf

Continue At , of all dorados, I'm the most loyal soldier. I am death in the battle of the mail for joy, for Villa everyone is happy to perish! Only a handful of troops remained from the North's troops, but now in the mountains and in the field, scorning fatigue, we are looking for a battle, even few of us. Selaya became a grave for the soldiers, the Wilists brave the earthly bow. Goodbye, Chihuahua, my city is sweet, Parrel, Juarez and Torreon! The bivouac's watch was changed. The soldiers are napping, speech is silent. Don't forget Villa's heroes! Farewell, brothers, to new meetings! Jose Dorotheo Arango Arambula, June 5, 1878-July 23, 1923, better known as Francisco Villa, or Pancho Villa, was the chief of the Chihuahua Peasant Army during the . Born into a poor peasant family on the lands of Asyenda Gogohito, near the village of San Juan del Rio, Durango State At the age of 12, left without a father began to work for the owner of the Asienda, because of unbearable conditions repeatedly tried to escape, but was caught and severely punished. At the age of 16, he seriously wounded the son of the owner of the Asyenda with a pistol, for his abuse on 14-year-old sister Villa. He then fled to the mountains, where he joined a group of fugitive peons and began an armed struggle with local police, landowners and federal troops. In 1912, during the counter-revolutionary uprising of Pasquale Orozco formed a cavalry detachment that became the basis of his future army, and participated in the suppression of the rebellion together with government troops. After General Huerta came to power, Villa launched an uprising against the government and organized the Northern Division in Chihuahua. Coahuila. After the fall of Huerta Villa's regime, allied with Emiliano Sapata, the leader of the peasant army of Morelos province, began the struggle against the moderate government of Carranza, in December 1914 his army briefly occupied City, but in January 1915 was forced to retreat. On March 9, 1916, Villa crossed the U.S. border with a rebel group and attacked the city of Columbus in New Mexico, providing a pretext for U.S. intervention, after which he fought simultaneously against the Carranza government and American interventionists. Under pressure from the people, Carranza was forced to turn the army against the American Expeditionary Corps. In 1917, the American army, which never managed to find and punish Villa, but managed to leave behind the corpses of innocent victims, was withdrawn back. In 1920, Pancho Villa made an agreement with Mexican President Adolfo Huerta and withed the revolutionary struggle. He organized a cooperative farm for veterans of his army. Almost two thousand former fighters of the Northern Division lived and worked there, together with their families. In 1923, Pancho Villa was going to run for governor of the state of Durango. At 7 a.m. on July 20, 1923, he was viciously shot dead in his car in Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, killing him: Secretary Trillo, General Medrano, and three other companions. The mastermind of the murder was General Cales, who led a gang of murderers, Deputy of the Durango State Legislature Salas Barras, as well as landowner Meliton Lozoya, Colonel Lara and others. Punishment. Although there is an unconfirmed hypothesis that the murder was orchestrated by General and politician Plutarco Elias Calles, along with his associate Joaquin Amaro, with the consent of President Alvaro Obregon. In 1976, the remains of Pancho Villa were reburied at the Monument of the Revolution in Mexico City during a solemn ceremony. For the 1972 film, watch Pancho Villa. For the boxer known as Pancho Villa, see Francisco Gilledo. For the Finnish restaurant franchise, see Pancho Villa (restaurant). Mexican Revolutionary - Pattern below (Spanish name) is considered for merger. See the templates for discussion to help reach consensus. This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal surname is Arango, and the second or maternal surname is Arembula. This article has a few problems. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the discussion page. (Learn how and when to delete these message templates) This article may have contained original research. Please improve it by checking the claims made and adding links. Applications consisting only of original research must be removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) The tone or style of this article may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used in Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing the best articles for suggestions. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) Francisco Pancho VillaPancho Villa on horseback (undated photo, between 1908 and 1919)Governor chihuahuaB office1913-1914Ream el Salvador R. MercadoDecel Manuel Chao Personal Details Born Jose Dorotheo Arango Arambula (1878-06-05)5 June 1878La Coyotada, San Juan del Rio, Durango, Durango MexicoDied20 July 1923 (1923-07-20) (age 45)Paral, Par, Par, Par, Par, Par, Par, Par, Par, Par, Chihuahua, MexicoSpouse (s)Maria Luz Corral (m. 1911)El Centauro del Norte (Centaur of the North)AllegianceMexico (anti-reelecinist revolutionary forces)RankGeneralCommandsDivisi'ion del NorteBattles/Wars Mexican Revolution First Battle of Ciudad Juresa at the Battle of Sakathes Nogales at the Battle of Guerrero, the Battle of Columbus The Third Battle of Ciudad Juarez, Francisco Pancho Villa (UK: /ˈviːə/, also the United States: /ˈviːjɑː/; 3 Spanish: ˈbiʎa; Jose Dorotheo Arango Arambula, 5 June 1878 -20 July 1923) - Mexican , one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution. As commander of Division del Norte, North, in the Constitutional Army, he was a military landowner () of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. The size and mineral wealth of the area provided it with extensive resources. Villa was interim governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914, and can be credited with decisive military victories leading to the removal of from the presidency in July 1914. After the overthrow of Huerta, Villa fought the forces of its former leader, the first leader of the constitutionalists Veneretiano Carranza; he was allied with the southern revolutionary Emiliano Sapata, who remained to fight in his own region of Morelos. Two revolutionary generals briefly came together to take Mexico City after Carranza's forces retreated from it. Later, Villa's still undefeated Division del Norte entered the fray with the armed forces of Carranza near Carranchist General Alvaro Obregon and was defeated in the 1915 Battle of Selaya. Villa was defeated again by Carranza on 1 November 1915 during the Second Battle of Agua Prieta, after which Villa's army collapsed as a significant military force. Villa subsequently led a raid against a small U.S.-Mexico border town that led to the Battle of Columbus on March 9, 1916, and retreated to escape U.S. vengeance. The U.S. government sent U.S. Army Gen. John Pershing on an expedition to capture him, but Villa continued to evade the attackers with guerrilla tactics during a failed nine-month invasion of Mexican sovereign territory. The mission ended when the United States entered World War I and Pershing was re-elected. In 1920, Villa entered into an agreement with the Mexican government to withdraw from the fighting, after the overthrow and death of Carranza, and received hacienda near Parral, Chihuahua, which he turned into a military colony for his former soldiers. In 1923, as the presidential election approached, he again participated in Mexican politics. He was killed shortly thereafter. In life, Villa helped to expose her own image of the world-famous revolutionary hero, starring in the role of himself in Hollywood films and giving interviews to foreign journalists, primarily John Reed. After his death, he was excluded from the pantheon of revolutionary heroes until the Sonoran generals Obregon and Calles, with whom he fought during the revolution, left the political scene. Villa's exclusion from the official narrative of the revolution may have contributed to his continuation of posthumous popular recognition. It was marked during the revolution and long after that bullidos, films about his life, and novels by famous writers. In 1976, his remains were reburied at the Monument of the Revolution in Mexico City in a huge public ceremony. The early life of General Pancho Villa in 1910. Villa told conflicting stories about his early life, and and early life remains shrouded in mystery. According to most sources, he was born on June 5, 1878 and was born to The Name of Jose Dorotheo Arango Arambula. His father was a shareholder named Agustian Arango, and his mother was Michaela Arambula. He grew up in Rancho de la Coyoteda, one of the largest haciends in the state of Durango. The family's residence now houses the Casa de Pancho Villa Historical Museum in San Juan del Rio.:64 Doroteo later claimed to be the son of the gangster Agustian Villa, but at least one scientist, who? his real father's identity is still unknown. He was the eldest of five children.:58 As a child he received some education at the local church school, but was not more than basic literacy. He dropped out of school to help his mother after his father's death. He became a thug at some point early, and worked as a sharecropper, muleskinner (arriero), butcher, mason, and master for a U.S. railroad company. According to his dictated memoir, Published as Memorias de Pancho Villa, at the age of 16 he moved to Chihuahua, but soon returned to Durango to track down and kill a Hacienda owner named Agustian Lopez Negrete, who raped his sister, then stole a horse and fled at 11:58 to the Western Sierra Madre region of Durango, where he wandered the hills like a thief. Eventually, he became a member of a gang led by Ignacio Parra, one of the most famous bandits in Durango at the time. Like a bandit, he went under the name Arango. In 1902, villagers who broke out in the rural police of President Porfirio Diaz arrested Pancho for stealing mules and assault. Because of his links to the powerful Pablo Valenzuela, who was allegedly the recipient of goods stolen by Villa/Arango, he was spared the death penalty, sometimes handed down to the captured bandits. Pancho Villa was forcibly introduced into the , a practice often used in Diaz mode to deal with troublemakers. A few months later, he deserted and fled to the neighbouring state of Chihuahua. In 1903, after the murder of an army officer and the theft of his horse, he was no longer known as Arango, and Francisco Pancho Villa after his paternal grandfather Jesus Villa. However, others claim that he gave the name of a bandit from Coahuila. He was known to his friends as La Cucarac or (cockroach). Until 1910, Villa is said to have alternated episodes of theft with more legitimate occupations. Villa's view of banditry changed after he met with Abraham Gonzalez, a local representative of presidential candidate Francisco Madero, a wealthy Hachendado who became a politician from the northern state of Coahuila, who opposed Diaz's continued rule and convinced Villa that through his banditry he could fight for the people and owners hacienda. At the beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, Ville was 32 years old. Madero, Villa and Mexican Revolution Home article: Mexican Revolution Villa as it appeared in the press of the United States during the revolution of the Mexican revolution began when Francisco Madero challenged the incumbent President Porfirio Diaz in the 1910 election. Diaz arrested Madero and organized fraudulent elections, but Madero united a broad base of pro-democracy, anti-election, who sought to end Diaz's regime. In his San Luis Potosi Plan, Madero called for revolutionary action against the Diaz regime on November 20, 1910, and declared himself interim . In Chihuahua, anti-detector leader Abraham Gonzalez turned to Ville to join the movement. The villa captured a large hacienda, then a train of federal army soldiers, and the city of San Andres. He defeated the Federal Army in Naika, Camargo and Pilar de Conchos, but lost in Tekolat. Villa met in person with Madero in March 1911, when the struggle to overthrow Diaz continues. Although Madero created a broad movement against Diaz, he was not radical enough for the Mexican Liberal Party's anarcho syndicates who defied his leadership. Madero ordered Ville to deal with the threat, which he did by disarming and arresting them. Madero rewarded Villa by promoting him to the colonel of the revolutionary forces. General and his colonels Oscar Braniff, Pancho Villa and Peppino Garibaldi photographed on May 10, 1911, after the adoption of Juarez City, during the Mexican Revolution. Most of the fighting took place in northern Mexico, close to the border with the United States. Fearing U.S. intervention, Madero ordered his officers to lift the siege of the strategic border town of Ciudad Juarez. Villa and Pascual Orozco attacked instead, capturing the city after two days of fighting, thus winning the first battle of Ciudad Juarez in 1911. Faced with a series of defeats in many places, Diaz resigned on May 25, 1911, before going into exile. Maduro, however, signed the Ciudad Juarez Treaty with the Diaz regime, which maintained the same power structure, including the recently defeated federal army. Honorary Brigadier General Pancho Villa before the execution of the federal army in Jimenez, Chihuahua, in 1912. His execution by General Victoriano Huerta was prevented at the last moment by President Madero's telegram. The rebel forces, including Villa, were demobilized, and Madero called on the men to return to civilian life. Orozco and Villa demanded that the lands of the Hacienda captured during the violence, bringing Madero to power, be distributed among the revolutionary soldiers. Madero refused, saying that the government would buy the properties from its owners and then distribute them to in the future. According to Villa's story, he told Madero at a banquet in Ciudad Juarez after his victory in 1911: You, Sir (Madero), destroyed the revolution... It's simple: this bunch of dandy made a fool of you, and it will eventually cost us our necks, yours included. This turned out to be the case of Madero, who was killed in a military coup in February 1913 during a period known as the (Desen Tregis). Northern Revolutionary General Francisco Pancho Villa with his staff in 1913. A villa in a gray suit in the center. His assistant, General Rodolfo Fierro, to the right of the Villa. To the left of the Villa is General Toribio Ortega, and to the right of the photo is Colonel Juan Medina. Villa and Fierro served in the Constitutional Army opposing Huerta. After Huerta was overthrown in July 1914, Villa joined Emiliano sapata in the Convention Army and fought her former leader, Veneretiano Carransa, and General Alvaro Obregon. After being elected president in November 1911, Madero proved to be a disastrous politician, dismissing his revolutionary supporters and relying on the existing power structure. Villa strongly disapproved of Madero's decision to name Vinustiano Carranza (who was previously a staunch supporter of Diaz until Diaz refused to appoint him governor of Coahuila in 1909) as his military minister. Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both because of Madero's continued inability to carry out land reform and because he felt underemhussized for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's main political ally in the state, Chihuahua Governor Abraham Gonzalez, Villa returned to military service under Madero's leadership to fight the uprising led by his former comrade Orozco. Although Orozco appealed with him to join his rebellion, Villa again gave Madero key military victories. With 400 cavalrymen, he captured Parral from Orozquistas and then joined forces in the strategic city of Torreon with the federal army under the command of General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta initially welcomed the successful villa and tried to take control of it, naming Villa an honorary brigadier general in the Federal Army, but Villa was not flattered or easily controlled. Huerta then tried to discredit and eliminate Villa, accusing him of stealing a beautiful horse and calling him a bandit. Villa hit Huerta, who then ordered Villa to be executed for disobedience and theft. When he was about to be executed by firing squad, he turned to Generals Emilio Madero and Raul Madero, the brothers of President Madero. Their intervention delayed the execution until the president was contacted by telegraph, and he ordered Huerta to save Villa's life but put him in jail. The villa was first imprisoned by Belem, Mexico city. While in prison, he trained to read and write Gildardo Maganyi, a follower of Emiliano Sapata, a revolutionary leader in Morelos. Maganya also briefed him on the Plan of the Sauta de Ayala, which rejected Madero and called for . Villa was transferred to Santiago Tlatelolco prison on June 7, 1912. There he received additional custody in citizenship and history from imprisoned Federal Army General . The villa fled on Christmas Day 1912, crossing into the United States near Nogales, Arizona on January 2, 1913. Arriving in El Paso, Texas, he tried to convey to Madero through Abraham Gonzalez the message of the impending coup d'etat, but to no avail; Madero was assassinated in February 1913, and Huerta became president. The villa was in the United States when the coup took place. With just seven men, mules and meagre supplies, he returned to Mexico in April 1913 to fight the usurper Madero and his own new executioner, President Victoriano Huerta. Fighting Huerta, 1913-14 Constitutionalist Generals Obregon, Villa with U.S. Army General Pershing, posing after a 1914 meeting in Fort Bliss, Texas (just behind General Pershing his assistant, 1st Lt. George S. Patton Jr.). Obregon later lost his right hand while battling Villa's forces during the 1914-15 Civil War between the victors who toppled Victoriano Huerta. Pancho Villa (centre) in December 1913, when his Division del Norte Revolutionary Constitutionalist Army fought the dictator Victoriano Huerta Iconic image of a villa in Oginaga, the advertisement was still taken by mutual film corporation photographer John Davidson Whelan in January 1914. In March 1913, Abraham Gonzalez, governor of Chihuahua, Madero's ally and Villa's mentor, was assassinated. (Villa later discovered Gonzalez's remains and gave her friend and mentor a proper funeral in Chihuahua.) Huerta faced opposition from sapata, who continued to lead the revolutionary peasant movement in Morelos as part of the slightly revised Ayala Plan. Governor Coahuila Veneretiano Carranza, appointed by Madero, also refused to recognize Huerta's authority. He proclaimed Guadeloupe's plan to oust Huerta as an unconstitutional usurper. Considering Carranza the lesser of two evils, Villa joined him to topple his old enemy, Huerta, but he also made him the butt of jokes and pranks. Carranza's political plan received the support of politicians and generals, including Pablo Gonzalez, Alvaro Obregon and Villa. The movement was collectively called Ej'rcito Constitucionalista de Mexico (Constitutionalist Army of Mexico). The adjective Constitucionalista was added to highlight the point that Huerta legally did not gain power through the legal paths outlined by the of 1857. Before the overthrow of Huerta, Villa with revolutionary forces in the north under the First Chief Carranza and his plan of Guadeloupe. The period 1913-1914 was a time of Villa's greatest international fame and military and political success. He recruited soldiers and capable officers (both patriotic Mexicans and mercenary soldiers), including Felipe Angeles, Manuel Chao, Sam Dreben, Felix A. Sommerfeld and Ivor Tord-Gray, and raised money using methods such as forced assessments of hostile gass and train robberies. In one notable escapade, after a train robbery, he held 122 silver bars and a Wells Fargo employee hostage, forcing Wells Fargo to help him sell bars for cash. This was followed by a fast, heavy winning streak in Ciudad Juarez, Terre Blanche, Chihuahua and Oginaga. The famous American journalist and science fiction writer Ambrose Beers, then in his seventies, accompanied Villa's army during this period and witnessed the Battle of Tierra Blanc. Villa considered Tierra Blanca, fought from 23 to 24 November 1913, his most spectacular victory,32 although general Talamantes died in the war. Beers disappeared in or after December 1913. His disappearance was never revealed. Oral reports of his execution by firing squad have not been verified. U.S. Army Chief of Staff Hugh L. Scott accused Villa's U.S. agent, Sommerfeld, of knowing what had happened, but the only outcome of the investigation was the conclusion that Beers likely survived Ojinaga and died in Durango. John Reed, who graduated from Harvard in 1910 and became a left-wing journalist, wrote magazine articles that were very important in shaping the villa's epic image for Americans. Reid spent four months in Villa's army and published vivid portraits of the words of Villa, his fighters, and women , which were a vital part of the fighting forces. Reed's articles were collected as rebel Mexico and published in 1914 for an American readership. Reed includes stories about how Villa confiscates cattle, corn and bullion and redistributes them among the poor. President Woodrow Wilson knew some version of Villa's reputation, saying he was a kind of Robin Hood who spent a rich life robbing the rich to give to the poor. He even at one point kept the meat lava in order to distribute to the poor the income from his countless forays of cattle. Chihuahua Governor El Caricero Rodolfo Fierro (left), Pancho Villa and Raul Madero Villa were brilliant tactics on the battlefield, which translated him into political support. In 1913, local military commanders elected him interim governor of chihuahua state against the wishes of the first chief of Carranza, wishing instead to name Manuel Chao. As Governor of Chihuahua, Villa has hired more experienced generals, including Toribio Ortega, Porfirio Talamantes, Calicto Contreras, for his military personnel and have achieved more success than ever. Villa Secretary Perez Rubova divided his army into two groups, one led by Ortega, Contreras and Oreste Pereira, while the other was led by Talamantes and former Contreras deputy Severianko Chesniteros. Villa's military tactics were studied by the U.S. Army, and a contract was signed with Hollywood under which Hollywood would be allowed to film the Villa movement, and 50% of Hollywood's profits would be paid to Villa to support the revolution. Federal troops waiting for The Pancho Villa in Torreon. As governor of Chihuahua, Villa raised more money to drive south against Huerta's federal army in various ways. He printed his own currency and decreed that it could be sold and accepted on a par with the golden Mexican pesos. He forced the rich to lend to finance revolutionary military equipment. He confiscated gold from several banks, and in the case of Banco Minero, he held hostage a member of his own family, the wealthy Terrazas clan, until the location of the bank's hidden gold reserves was revealed. He also appropriated land belonging to the Hackendado (the owners of the Haciend) and redistributed it to the widows and families of the fallen revolutionaries. Villa's political status at the time was so high that banks in El Paso, Texas, took its paper pesos for two. His general was sufficiently admirable by the U.S. military that he and Alvaro Obregon were invited to Fort Bliss to meet with Brigadier General John Pershing. Back in Mexico, Villa collected supplies for a ride south. With so much money, Villa expanded and modernized its forces by purchasing conscripts, cavalry horses, weapons, ammunition, mobile hospital facilities (rail cars and equestrian ambulances staffed by Mexican and foreign volunteer doctors, known as Servicio sanitario), and other supplies, and restored the railway south of the city of Chihuahua. He also recruited fighters from Chihuahua and Durango and created a large army known as the Division del Norte (Division of the North), the most powerful and feared military unit in all of Mexico. The restored railway transported Villa's troops and artillery to the south, where it defeated The Federal Army forces in a series of battles at Gomez Palacio, Torreon, and eventually at the center of Huerta's regime in Sacatecas. Victory in Sacatecas, 1914 Main article: Battle of Sacatecas (1914) Villa with Sacatecas. After Villa captured Torreon's strategic prize, Carranza ordered Villa to break the action south of Torreon and instead divert to attack Saltillo. He threatened to cut Villa's coal supply by immobilizing his supply trains if he did not comply. This was widely seen as a attempt by Carranza Villa Villa direct attack on Mexico City in order to allow the forces of Carranza near Obregon, entering from the west through Guadalajara, to take the capital first. It was an expensive and devastating distraction for Division del Norte. The villa's recruits were not unpaid volunteers, but paid the soldiers, earning a huge sum of one peso a day. Every day of delay costs thousands of pesos. Disgusted, but with no practical alternative, Villa complied with The Order of Carranza and captured the less important city of Saltillo, and then offered her resignation. Felipe Angeles and the rest of Villa's staff advocated for Villa to withdraw their resignations, and they defied Carranza's orders and began attacking Sacatecas, a strategic train station heavily protected by federal troops and considered almost impregnable. Since the colonial era, Sacatecas has been the source of much of Mexican silver, and thus a source of funds for whoever held it. Villa took his state's advice and overturned his resignation, and Division del Norte defied Carranza and attacked Sacatecas. Attacking the steep slopes, Division del Norte defeated the Feds in Toma de Sacatecas (The Capture of Sacatecas), the most bloody battle of the revolution, with federal losses inched by approximately 7,000 dead and 5,000 wounded, and an unknown number of civilian casualties. (The Memorial and Museum of the Thomas de Sacatecas is located on Cerro de la Boufa, a key point of defense where the federal army was entrenched.) Villa's victory in Sacatecas in June 1914 broke the back of Huerta's regime. Huerta left the country on July 14, 1914. The Federal Army disintegrated, ceased to exist as an institution. In August 1914, Carranza and his revolutionary army entered Mexico City in front of Villa. The civil war between the victors was the next stage of the revolution. The alliance with sapata vs. Carranza, 1914-15, and Villa, together, enter Mexico City on December 6, 1914. Pancho Villa (left) Commander of Division del Norte (Northern Division), and Emiliano Sapata Eherito Libertador del Sur (Liberation Army of the South) in 1914. Villa sits in the presidential chair at the National Palacio. Generals Villa and sapata. After Huerta was overthrown, the power struggle between the factions of the revolution went out in public. Revolutionary convened the Aguascalentes Convention in an attempt to deal with power in the political sphere, not on the battlefield. The meeting established a path to democracy. None of the armed revolutionaries was allowed to run for public office, and Eulalio Gutierrez was elected as interim President. Emiliano Sapata, a military general from southern Mexico, and Villa met at the convention. He was sympathetic to Villa's hostile views and told Ville that he feared that Carranza's intentions were the dictator's intentions, not the democratic president's. Fearing that Carranza intended to impose a dictatorship, Villa and zapata broke with him. Carranza opposed the Convention's agreements, which rejected his leadership as the first leader of the revolution. The Convention Army was established in the alliance of Villa and Sapata, and a civil war of the victors ensued. Although Villa and zapata were defeated in an attempt to promote alternative state power, their social demands were copied (in their way) by their opponents (Obregon and Carranza). Carranza and Alvaro Obregon retreated to Veracruz, leaving Villa and Sapata to occupy Mexico City. Although Villa had a more formidable army and demonstrated its brilliance in the battle against the now defunct Federal Army, General Carranza Obregon was the best tactician. With obregon's help, Carranza was able to use the Mexican press to portray Villa as a sociopathic bandit and undermine his position in the United States in late 1914, Villa was dealt an additional blow with the death of Typh. Toribio Ortega, one of his best generals. The manifesto of the Mexican people by General Francisco Villa. While the Convention forces occupied Mexico City, Carranza retained control of two key Mexican states, Veracruz and Tamaulipas, home to Mexico's two largest ports. Carranza managed to collect more revenue than Villa. In 1915, Villa was forced to leave the capital after a series of incidents involving its troops. This helped pave the way for the return of Carranza and his followers. To fight Villa, Carranza sent his capable General Obregon to the north, who defeated Villa in a series of battles. The battle of Celaya in Baggio, Villa and Obregon first fought from 6 to 15 April 1915, and Villa's army suffered a heavy defeat, suffering from 4,000 killed and 6,000 captured. Obregon re-entered the battle with Villa at the Battle of Trinidad, which took place from April 29 to June 5, 1915, where Villa suffered another huge loss. In October 1915, Villa crossed Sonora, the main stronghold of obregon and Carranza armies, where he hoped to crush the Carranza regime. However, Carranza strengthened Sonor, and Villa again suffered a bad defeat. Rodolfo Fierro, a loyal officer and a brutal axe, was killed when Villa's army crossed Sonora. After losing the Battle of Agua Prieta in Sonora, an overwhelming number of the villa people in Division Del Norte were killed and 1,500 surviving members of the army soon turned to him, accepting an amnesty offer from Carranza. The Villa's army was reduced to the state in which it reduced Huerta in 1914. Thus, the famous Division of the North was eliminated as a capital military force. 10 pesos bill issued in in 1914, known as two faces with portraits of Francisco I. Madero and Abraham Gonzalez. In November 1915, Carranza's forces captured and executed Contreras, Pereira and his son. 8:262 Severianko Eseiceros also accepted an amnesty from Carranza and also turned to Villa. Although Villa secretary Perez Ruhl also broke with Villa, he refused to become a supporter of Carranza. Only 200 men in Villa's army remained loyal to him, and he was forced to retreat back to the Chihuahua Mountains. However, Villa and his men were determined to continue fighting the forces of Carranza. Villa's position was further weakened by the refusal of the United States to sell him weapons. By the end of 1915, Villa was on the run, and the U.S. government recognized Carranza. After Celaya, 1915: From National Leader to Guerrilla Leader Home Article: Expedition Pancho Villa See also: The participation of the United States in the Mexican Revolution Villa wearing bandoliers in front of the rebel camp. An undated photo. After years of public and documentary support for Villa's struggle, the United States refused to allow the supply of more weapons to his army, and allowed Carranza's troops to be moved on U.S. railroads. Woodrow Wilson believed that supporting Carranza was the best way to accelerate the creation of a stable Mexican government. The villa felt betrayed by the Americans. He was also furious at obregon's use of floodlights working on American electricity to help repel Willista's night attack on the border town of Agua Prieta, Sonora, on November 1, 1915. In January 1916, a group of Villasta attacked a train on Mexico's Northwest Railroad, near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and killed several American employees of an American steel and refinery company. Eighteen Americans were among the passengers, 15 of whom worked for American Smelting. There was only one survivor who gave details to the press. Villa admitted to ordering the attack, but denied that he had authorized the spill of American blood. After meeting with a Mexican mayor named Juan Munoz, Villa recruited more people into his guerrilla militia and had 400 men under his command. Villa then met with their lieutenants Martin Lopez, Pablo Lopez, Francisco Beltran and Candelario Cervantes, and assigned another 100 men to the team of Joaquin Alvarez, Bernabe Sifuentes and Ernesto Rios. Pablo Lopez and Cervantes were killed in early 1916. Villa and his 500 guerrillas then began planning an attack on U.S. soil. Attack on New Mexico's main article: The Battle of Columbus (1916) The Ruins of Columbus, New Mexico after the Raid of Pancho Villas on March 9, 1916, General Villa ordered nearly 100 Mexican members of his revolutionary group to make a cross-border attack on Columbus, While some felt that it was carried out because of the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and the loss of life in combat due to defective ammunition purchased from the U.S., it was accepted from the military point of view that Villa carried out the raid because it needed more military equipment and supplies to continue its fight against Carranza. They attacked a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment (USA), burned the city and captured 100 horses, mules and other military supplies. Eighteen Americans and about 80 Willist were killed. Other attacks on U.S. soil are said to have been carried out by Villa, but none of these attacks have been confirmed by Villasta. It was: May 15, 1916. GLENN Springs, Texas - One civilian was killed, three U.S. soldiers were wounded, and two Mexicans were estimated to have been killed. June 15, 1916. SAN Ignacio, Texas - Four soldiers were killed and five soldiers were wounded by bandits and six Mexicans were killed. July 31, 1916. Fort Hancock, Texas - Two American soldiers were killed. The two dead soldiers were from the 8th Cavalry Regiment and Customs Inspector Robert Wood. One American was wounded, three Mexicans were killed and three Mexicans were captured by Mexican government forces. Pancho Villa Expedition Home article: Pancho Villa Expedition Political Cartoon in the U.S. Press. Uncle Sam is chasing Pancho Villa, saying: I've had enough. In response to Villa's raid on Columbus, President Wilson sent 5,000 U.S. Army personnel under the command of Gen. Frederick Fun, who was in charge of John Pershing when he pursued Villa through Mexico. Using aircraft and trucks for the first time in U.S. Army history, Pershing's forces pursued villa until February 1917. The search for the villa was unsuccessful. However, some of the Villa's senior commanders, including Colonel Candelario Cervantes, General Francisco Beltran, the son of Beltran, the second commander of Villa Julio Cardenas, and a total of 190 of his men were killed during the expedition. The Mexican population was against American troops in Mexican territories. There were several demonstrations of opposition to the punitive expedition, and it was counted to the failure of this expedition. During the expedition, Carranza's troops captured one of the villa's highest generals, Pablo Lopez, and executed him on June 5, 1916. Germany's participation in Villa's later campaigns before the irregular forces of Villa-Carranza went to the mountains in 1915, there is no reliable evidence that Villa cooperated with or accepted the German government or agents. Villa supplied weapons from the U.S., hired international mercenaries and doctors, including Americans, was portrayed as a hero in the American media, made business arrangements with Hollywood and did not to the naval occupation of Veracruz in 1914. Villa observation was that the occupation just hurt Huerta. Villa opposed the United States' military involvement in Mexico, but it did not oppose the occupation of Veracruz to maintain U.S. ties that were necessary to purchase U.S. ammunition and other supplies. The German consul in Torrena made pleas to Villa, offering him weapons and money to occupy the port and oil fields of Tampico to allow German ships to moor there, but Villa rejected the offer. German agents tried to intervene in the Mexican revolution, but to no avail. They attempted to conspire with Victoriano Huerta to help him reclaim the country and, in the infamous zimmermann Telegram to the Mexican government, offered an alliance with the government of Veneretiano Carranza. Contacts between Villa and the Germans were documented after Villa's split with the constitutionalists. This was mainly in the person of Felix A. Sommerfeld (noted in Katz's book), who allegedly in 1915 sent 340,000 German dollars to purchase ammunition to the Western cartridge company. Sommerfeld has been Villa's representative in the United States since 1914 and has had close contacts with The German naval attache in Washington, Carl Boy-Ed, as well as other German agents in the United States, including Franz von Rintelen and Horst von der Goltz. In May 1914, Sommerfeld officially joined the Boy-Ed and German Secret Service in the United States. However, Villa's actions were hardly the actions of the German feline apa; rather, it turned out that Villa had resorted to German assistance only after other sources of money and weapons had been cut off. , he was persona non grata with Mexico's ruling Carranza constitutionalists, and the subject of the U.S. embargo, so the connection or further arms shipments between the Germans and Villa would be difficult. A plausible explanation for the contacts between Villa and the German after 1915 is that they were a fruitless extension of the increasingly desperate German diplomatic effort and Willista dreams of victory as the progress of their respective wars got bogged down. Villa actually had nothing useful to offer in exchange for German help at the time. In assessing Villa's claims of collusion with the Germans, Villa's portrayal as a German sympathizer served the propaganda needs of both Carranza and Wilson and should be taken into account. The use of Mauser rifles and Villa carbines does not necessarily indicate a German connection. These weapons have been widely used by all parties in the Mexican Revolution, Mauser longarms be extremely popular. They were a standard issue in the Mexican army, which began adopting the 7 mm Mauser system back in 1895. Recent years: guerrilla leader, museum owner. once called kinta Luz (Villa Luza), includes the estate of General Francisco Villa. After his unsuccessful military campaign in Selaya and the invasion of New Mexico in 1916, prompting a failed U.S. military intervention in Mexico to capture him, Villa ceased to be a national leader and became a guerrilla leader in Chihuahua. While Villa were still active, Carranza turned his attention to combating the more dangerous threat posed by the South. The last major military action of the Villa was a raid against Ciudad Juarez in 1919. After the raid, Villa suffered another major blow after Felipe Angeles, who returned to Mexico in 1918, after living in exile for three years as a dairy farmer in Texas. Later, Angeles was captured by Carranza's forces and executed on November 26, 1919. The villa continued fighting and carried out a small siege in Ascendant, Durango, after a botched raid in Ciudad Juarez. The siege failed, and the villa's new second commander, his longtime lieutenant Martin Lopez, was killed in the fighting. At that point Villa agreed that he would stop fighting if it cost him time. On May 21, 1920, when Carranza, along with his top advisers and supporters, was assassinated by supporters of Alvaro Obregon. With his sworn enemy dead, Villa was ready to negotiate a peace settlement and resign. On July 22, 1920, Villa was finally able to send a telegram to the interim President of Mexico, Adolfo de la Huerta, stating that he would recognize Huerta's presidency and ask for amnesty. Six days later, de la Huerta met with Villa and negotiated a peaceful settlement. In exchange for her withdrawal from the fighting, Villa received 25,000 acres of gasienda in Canutillo, near Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, by the national government. This was in addition to the estate of Kinta Luz, which he owned with his wife, Maria Luz Corral de Villa, in Chihuahua, Chihuahua. The last remaining 200 Villa militia guerrillas and veterans, who were still loyal to him, also lived with him in his new hacienda, and the Mexican government also granted them a pension of 500,000 gold pesos. The 50 guerrillas who still remained in the villa's small cavalry would have been admitted as Villa's personal bodyguards. The personal life of Villa and his wife, Luz Corral, shortly before he was killed. As Villa biographer Friedrich Katz noted: During her life, Villa never worried about the usual arrangements in his family. and he had entered into several marriages without seeking annulment or divorce. On May 29, 1911, Villa married Maria Luz Corral, who was described as the most clearly articulated of his many wives. Villa met her while she was living with her widowed mother in San Andres, where the villa had its headquarters for some time. Anti-elections threatened local residents with cash contributions to their cause, which the two women could not afford. Corral's widow did not want to seem counter-revolutionary and went to villa, which allowed her to make a symbolic contribution to the cause. The villa was looking for Luz Corral as his wife, but her mother was against it; however, they married a priest in a large ceremony attended by his warlords and a representative of the Governor. A photograph of Corral with Villa, dated 1914, was published in a collection of photographs from the revolution. It shows a sturdy woman with a hair in a bun, wearing a embellished floor- length skirt and white blouse, with a rebus next to a smiling villa. After Villa's death, Luz Corral's marriage to Villa was challenged twice in court, and both times it was upheld as valid. Together, Villa and Luza Corral had one child, a daughter who died a few years after birth. Hipolito Villa, son of Pancho Villa, as a child. Villa had long-term relationships with several women. Austraberta Renteria was the official wife of Villa in his Gaucienda Canutillo, and Villa had two sons, Francisco and Hipolito. The others were Soledad Sanchez, Manuela Casas (with whom Villa had a son) and Juana Torres, whom he met in 1913 and with whom he had a daughter. At the time of Villa's murder in 1923, Lus Corral was expelled from Canutillo. However, she was recognized by Mexican courts as the rightful wife of Villa and therefore the heir to the Villa estate. President Obregon intervened in a dispute between competing claims for Villa's property in favor of Luz Corral, possibly because it saved his life when Villa threatened to execute him in 1914. Renteria and Sines eventually received small state pensions decades after Villa's death. Corral inherited the Villa estate and played a key role in maintaining his public memory. All three women often attended ceremonies at the Villa's grave in Parral. When the remains of the Villa were moved in 1976 to the Revolutionary Monument in Mexico City, Corral refused to attend the huge ceremony. She died at the age of 89 on July 6, 1981. Pancho Villas' alleged son, Lt. Col. Octavio Villa Coss, was reportedly killed by Juan Nepomumceno Guerre, the legendary drug lord of the Gulf cartel, in 1960. Villa's last living son, Ernesto Nava, died in the Castro Valley, California, at the age of 94 on December 31, 2009. Nava annually appeared at festival events in Durango's hometown, Durango, enjoying celebrity status until he became too weak to attend. Villa is often portrayed as a woman in pop culture, but its story also includes rape and women, such as the gang rape of Namikipa. Namikipa is a small town in the Mexican state of Chihuahua and Sonora. It was there that Villa ordered his troops to put all the women in the animal pen and rape them. Many of them died. This event is included in the second volume of Friedrich Katz's book The Life and Times of Pancho Villa, Anna Alonso's Blood Sketch, Daniel Nugent's The Stretched Cartridges of the Revolution and others. The murder in 1923 of the Dodge car in which Pancho Villa was killed, the Mexican Revolution Historical Museum in Chihuahua on Friday, July 20, 1923, Villa was killed while visiting Parral. He often traveled from his ranch to Parral to carry out bank and other errands, where he generally felt safe. The villa was usually accompanied by his large entourage of armed Dorados, or bodyguards, but for some unknown reason he went to the city that day without most of them, taking with him only three bodyguards and two other ranch staff. He went for a batch of gold from a local bank, with which he paid his staff to the Canutillo ranch. Driving back through the city in his black 1919 Dodge tourist car, Villa drove past the school, and the pumpkin-seeded salesman ran up to his car and shouted Viva Villa! as a signal to a group of seven shooters who then showed up in the middle of the road and fired more than 40 shots at the vehicle. In the fuselage, nine Dumudum bullets, commonly used to hunt for large ish, hit Ville in the head and upper chest, killing him instantly. Claro Huertado (bodyguard), Rafael Madreno (Villa's chief personal bodyguard), Dani Tamayo (his personal secretary) and Colonel Miguel Trillo (who also served as his chauffeur) One of Villa's bodyguards, Ramon Contreras, was seriously wounded, but managed to kill at least one of the killers before he escaped; Contreras was the only survivor. Villa reportedly died, saying: Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something, but there's no modern evidence that he survived his shooting even for a moment. Historian and biographer Friedrich Katz wrote in 1998 that Villa died instantly. In 1951, Time also reported that Villa and his assistant (Tamayo) were killed instantly. The telegraph service was interrupted in Villa Canutillo's hacienda, probably so that Obregon officials could secure the estate and prevent a possible rebellion by Vilista caused by his murder. The next day Villa's funeral was held, and thousands of his grieving supporters in Parral followed his coffin to the site of his burial, while the people of Villa and his friends remained in Canutillo hacienda armed and ready to attack by government troops. Six surviving assassins hid in the desert and were soon captured, but only two of them served several months in prison, and the rest were enlisted in the army. While there is a theory that the family of Jesus Herrera, who feuded with Villa, was behind the murder, a more plausible theory, whose? Obregon could not run for president again, so there was political uncertainty about the presidential succession. Obregon supported the post of President of General Plutarco Elizas Calles. According to Villa, his agreement to retire from politics and resign in hacienda indicated that he could return to politics. This would complicate the political situation for Obregon and the Sonor generals. Although it has never been proven who was responsible for the murder, most historians attribute Villa's death to a well-planned plot that was most likely initiated by Plutarco Elias Calles and Joaquin Amaro, at least by the tacit endorsement of then-Mexican President Alvaro Obregona. At the time, Durango state legislator Jesus Salas Barraz, whom Villa once lashed out at during an altercation over a woman, took full responsibility for the plot. Barraz admitted telling his friend, who worked as a dealer at General Motors, that he would kill Villa if he was paid 50,000 pesos. The friend was not rich and there was 50,000 pesos on hand, so he collected money from the enemies of Villa and managed to collect a total of 100,000 pesos for Barraz and his other accomplices. Barraz also admitted that he and his accomplices watched Villa's daily car rides and paid a pumpkin-seeds salesman at the scene of Villa's murder to shout Viva Villa! either once if Villa was sitting in front of the car or twice if he was sitting in the back. Despite the fact that he did not want the sitting politician to be arrested, Obregon yielded to the demands of the people and detained Barras. Originally sentenced to 20 years in prison, Barraza was replaced by three months by the Governor of Chihuahua, and Barraz eventually became a colonel in the Mexican army. In a letter to Durango's governor, Jesus Castro Barraz agreed to become an autumn guy, and the same arrangement is mentioned in the letters exchanged between Castro and Amaro. The others involved in the plot were Felix Lara, commander of federal forces in Parral, whom Calles paid 50,000 pesos to get his soldiers and police out of town on the day of the murder, and Meliton Lozoya, the former owner of villa hacienda, whose villa had a villa. recoupment of the funds he appropriated. It was Lozoya who planned the murder plan and found the people who committed it. It was reported that before Barraz died of a stroke at his home in Mexico City in 1951, his last words were: I am not a murderer. I saved humanity from the monster. The Heritage Monument of the Revolution in Mexico City, where a number of revolutionaries, including Villa, are buried in this place of pilgrimage to the revolution, even if they were opponents during the conflict. The villa was buried the day after his murder in parral city cemetery, Chihuahua, rather than in the town of Chihuahua, where he built a mausoleum. The skull of the villa was stolen from his grave in 1926. According to local folklore, American treasure hunter Emil Holmdahl beheaded him to sell the skull to an eccentric millionaire who had gathered the heads of historical figures. His remains were reburied at the monument to the revolution in Mexico City in 1976. The Villa Francisco Museum is a museum dedicated to Ville located at the site of his murder in Parral. The villa's alleged death mask was hidden at Radford School in El Paso, Texas, until the 1980s, when it was sent to the Mexican Revolution Historical Museum in Chihuahua. Other museums have ceramic and bronze images that do not match this mask. The villa has relatively few sites in Mexico named after it. In Mexico City there is a Metro Station Division del Norte, in the oblique honor of the Villa through the name of its revolutionary army. See also the Mexico Portal Biography Portal Politics Portal List of Unsolved Murders Gallery Monument Pancho Villa in The Bufa Sacatecas Mountain Ridge Equestrian Bronze Villa in Chihuahua, Chihuahua Image francisco Villa In Popular Culture Home article: Pancho Villa in popular culture Villa battles and war operations This section needs additional quotes to check. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message template) Villa's succession since the beginning of the Mexican Revolution has been instrumental in the fall of Porfirio Diaz, the victory of Francisco Madero and the overthrow of Victoriano Huerta. He remains a heroic figure for many Mexicans. His military actions included: The First Battle of Ciudad Juarez (1911 won) The Second Battle of Ciudad Juarez (1913 won) Battle of Tierra Blanca (1913 won) Battle of Chihuahua (1913 won) Battle of Ojinague (1914 won)9 14 won) Battle of Gomez Palacio (1914 won) Battle of Saltillo (1914 won) Battle of Sacatecas (1914 won) Battle of Celaya (1915 lost) Battle of Trinidad (1915 lost) Battle of Agua Prieta (1915 lost) Battle of Columbus , NM (1916 won) Battle of Guerrero (1916 lost) Battle (1918 won) Third Battle of Ciudad Juarez (1919 lost) Siege of Durango (1919 lost) Links to b c - Friedrich Katz, life and times of Pancho Villas. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998. 147, 908 and b with Villa. Collins English Dictionary. Reed, John, Rebel Mexico (1914). Reissue, New York: Simon Schuster, Clarion Books 1969. b c Benjamin, Thomas, La Revolution in Mexico as a memory, myth and history. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2000. page 134. Katz, Friedrich, the life and times of Pancho Villa. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998. p. 789 - Katz, Friedrich, the life and times of Pancho Villa. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998. p. 2 - b c e f g i j k l m Katz, Friedrich, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998 - Ruben Osorio, Francisco (Pancho) Villa in Encyclopedia Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, page 1529 - Osorio, Francisco (Pancho) Villa page 1529. - b c e f h i j k l m n n r r s t u w w i z a a ab ac ad ae af ah ai aj ak al am ao aq ar as au av aw ay ay ay az ba Hickman, Kennedy. Pancho Villa: Mexican revolutionary. about.com. Osorio, Francisco (Pancho) Villa, page 1529. Martin Luis Guzman, Memorandums on Villa Pancho, Mexico: Botas, 1938. Villa biographer Friedrich Katz discusses this text and how Guzman shaped it for publication. b c d e f h i j k l McLynn, Frank. Villa and sapata: The History of the Mexican Revolution, major books, 2000. a b c d e f g h Foreign news: Cockroach. It's time. July 30, 1923. Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 824. b c d e Osorio, Francisco (Pancho) Villa, page 1530. Osorio Francisco (Pancho) Villa, 1530. - Inv. #68170. Fondo Casasola, SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH. Mraz, John, photographing the Mexican Revolution. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2012. 89, 4-34. John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1987, p. 254-55. A quote in Katz, the Life and Times of Pancho Villa, page 117. a b c d e f g h i minister, Christopher. Biography of Venusano Carranza. about.com. - Enrique Krause, Mexico: Biography of Power, New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 309. a b Krause, Mexico: Biography of the Power, page 309. a b Shane, Robert L. (2004). Villa: Soldier of the Mexican Revolution. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-513-2. Received on January 10, 2015. O'Reilly, Edward S. (2012). Stray and fighting (Adventures under four flags). JazzyBi Werlag Yargen Beck. ISBN 978-3-8496-2276-3. Received on January 10, 2015. Knight, Alan (1986). Mexican Revolution: Counterrevolution and Reconstruction. Cambridge University Press. 34. Received on January 13, 2015. Krause, Mexico: A Biography of the Power, page 310. Mraz, John, photographing the Mexican Revolution. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2012. 246-47. Inv. #287647. Fondo Casasola. SINAFO-Phototeca National de INAH. Charles Burress (May 5, 1999). Wells Fargo's Hush-Hush deal with Pancho Villa. The San Francisco Chronicle. - Eisenhower, John S. D. Intervention: United States and Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993) p. 58 - University of California at Los Angeles, Cary McWilliams Documents, Box 1, Ambrose Birs Correspondence, Scott Sommerfeld, September 9, 1914; also von Feilitz, Heribert, In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, from 1908 to 1914, page 314-316. Reid, rebel Mexico. He went on to talk about the Bolshevik Revolution, publishing the book Ten Days That Shook the World. Wilson, quoted in Katz, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa, p.7. a b c Taibo II, Paco Ignacio, Pancho Villa: Una Biography of Kmarchiiva, Planeta, 2006. Minister, Christopher. Mexican Revolution: A biography of Pancho Villa. about.com. received on November 10, 2014. Map of constitutionalist army battles. University of Texas. 1975. Adapted from nuevo Atlas Porrou de la Reuban, 1972. Centeno, Ramon I. (February 1, 2018). Zapata reactado: una visi'n zichekiana del Centenario de la Constitution. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 34 (1): 36–62. doi:10.1525/msem.2018.34.1.36. ISSN 0742-9797. Toman, Rene De La Pedraja. Wars of Latin America, 1899-1941, McFarland, 2006, page 253. Alan Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 2. Counterrevolution and Reconstruction. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1986, page 328. Naranjo, Francisco (1935). Diccionario biogrifico Revolucionario, Imprenta Editorial Cosmos edici'n. Mexico city. a b c d Font, Pedro (2000). The influence of Pancho Villa in the U.S. Mexican border. Brownsville and Matamoros History. University of Texas, Brownsville. Archive from the original on January 7, 2005. Received on November 10, 2014. b c Buffalo Soldiers in Wachuk: Raid Villas on Columbus, New Mexico. Uachuk Illustrated. Fort Uauca Museum. 1. 1993. Received on January 12, 2009. United States Department of War (1916). Raid on Columbus, N. Mex., and punitive expedition. Annual reports of the military department, 1916. U.S. Government Printing House. 278-279. b United States Department of The Military (1916). Bandit raids across the Mexican border. Annual reports of the military department, 1916. U.S. Government Printing House. page 280. Iokkelson, Mitchell (1997). United States Military and Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 2. Prologue. 29 (4). Received on February 23, 2011. Americans die in a clash on the border with a gang. Tacoma Times. July 31, 1916. Available online at the Library of Congress, America. Received November 10 Wells, Eileen (2006). General and Jaguar: Pershing's hunt for Villa Pancho. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. page 177. Pablo Lopez pays a grim fine for career murder. El Paso Morning Times. The Associated Press. June 6, 1916. Available online at the University of Arizona's Digital Collections Library. von Feilitz, Heribert, In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, from 1908 to 1914, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Amissville, Virginia, 2012, 381. Auswaertiges Amt, Mexiko V, Paket 33, Boy-Ed to Auswaertiges Amt, Marinebericht Nr. 88, May 27, 1914 - So, Jim (January 1, 2006). Pancho Villa as a German agent?. Mexconne. Marley, David F. (2014). Mauser (1895-1907). Mexico at war: from the struggle for independence to the war on drugs of the 21st century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-428-5. Katz, Life and Times of Pancho Villa, page 545-719. Slattery, Matthew (1982). Felipe Angeles and the Mexican Revolution. University of Texas. 159-160. Jackson, Byron (1976). The political and military role of General Felipe Angeles in the Mexican Revolution of 1914-1915 (thesis). Georgetown University. page 316. b Timeline of the Mexican Revolution of 1919. Emerson Kent. Received on November 10, 2014. Mexican Revolution Timeline. MexicanHistory.org. received on November 10, 2014. - b c d e f h i j k l m n Mexico: The man who killed Villa. It's time. June 4, 1951. a b c d e f Murder - La muerte de Pancho Villa (Death of Villa Pancho) (1974) - Katz, Life and Times Pancho Villa, page 784. Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 147. Katz, Life and Times of Pancho Villa, p. 148. b Fucik, Don. Visit with Mrs. Pancho Villa. Received on November 10, 2014. Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 149. Michael Gunby, PhotoMeme of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. Bloomington IN: Authorhouse 2004, n.p. Unfortunately, the publication has no page numbers. Katz, Life and Times of Pancho Villa, 980. Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 908. Katz, Life and Times of Pancho Villa, 785-86. Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 788. Guadalupe Villa Guerrero coordinate nuevo libro de Grupo Editorial Milenio. Mylenio Notisias. November 16, 2008. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2012. Received on January 25, 2012. Schiller, Dane (January 26, 1996). Fate made Juan N. Guerra rich, powerful. The Brownsville Herald. Received on January 25, 2012. Eric Kurhi (January 8, 2010). Pancho Villa's last son dies in Hayward. The Auckland Tribune. Rape of Namikipa and Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 765-66 - see photos of Katz, life and times of Pancho Villa, page 766. Faces of the Mexican Revolution (PDF). University of Texas, El Paso. June 2010. Gutke, Carl Siegfried. Latest: Variations on the theme in the history of culture, University Press, 1992, page 10. a b Katz, life and times of Pancho Villas, page 767. - December 2, 2010 on Wayback Machine - In Pursuit of Villa Pancho 1916-1917. Historic Society of the National Guard of Georgia. Received on February 23, 2011. Plan, Manuel. Pancho Villa and the Mexican Revolution, Interlink Books, 2002, page 117. Buttich, Claudio (2016). Villa, Pancho (1878-1923). In Fee, Christopher R. (America's Myths, Legends and High Tales: Encyclopedia of American Folklore. 3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 998-1001. ISBN 978-1610695671. John McCormack (July 12, 2006). The questions begin to arise because of the mask of death of Pancho Villa. San Antonio Express-News. Marley, David F. (2014). Battle of Oginag. Mexico at war: from the struggle for independence to the war on drugs of the 21st century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-428-5. Further reading Arnold, Oren. Mexican centaur: Intimate biography of Pancho Villa. Tuscaloosa, AL: Portals Press, 1979. Braddy, Haldin. Rooster walks: Kwai-ki-ri-ki! The legend of Villa Pancho. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1955. Caballero, Raymond (2017). Orozco: the life and death of a Mexican revolutionary. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Clendenin, Clarence K. United States and Pancho Villa: Exploring Unconventional Diplomacy. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press 1972. Guzman, Martin Luis. Memories of Pancho Villas. Translated by Virginia H. Taylor. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1966. Harris, Charles H., III and Louis R. Sadler. Pancho Villa and Raid Columbus: Missing documents. Historic Review of New Mexico 50, No. 4 (October 1975), page 335-46. Howell, Jeff. Pancho Villa, Outlaw, Hero, Patriot, Cutthroat: Score many faces of the historical text archive. Herrera Marquez, Raul. La sangre al-Rio: La pugna ignorada entre Maclovio Herrera y Francisco Villa: una novela verdadera Blood in the river: Ignored fight between Maclovio Herrera and Francisco Villa: The True Novel. Colechsion Thiempo de Memoria. 1a. ed., back 2014. 430 page ISBN 9786074216042 Mexico: Tuskets. Katz, Friedrich. Pancho Villa and the attack on Columbus, New Mexico. American Historical Review 83, No. 1 (February 1978): 101-30. Katz, Friedrich. The secret war in Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Katz, Friedrich. In the life and times of Pancho Villa. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998. Taylor, Joseph Rogers (July 1914). Villa Pancho first- hand: personal impressions of the most picturesque and successful soldier that Mexico has produced in recent years. World work: the history of our time. Double Day, Page and Co. XLIV (2): 265-284. Received on August 4, 2009. Mason, Herbert Malloy Jr. The Great Punisher expedition of General John Pershing through the Rio Grande to destroy the Mexican gang Pancho Villa. New York: The Random House 1970. Meyers, William C. Pancho Villa and multinational companies: United States mining interests in Vilista, Mexico, 1913-1915. Journal of Latin American Studies 23, No. 2 (May 1991), 339-63. Miston, Deborah. The role of Pancho Villa in Mexican and American cinema. Research in Latin American Popular Culture 2:1-13 (1983). Naylor, Thomas H. Massacre in San Pedro de la Cueva: The significance of the catastrophic sonora campaign of Pancho Villa. Western Historic quarter 8, No 2 (April 1977). O'Brien, Stephen. Pancho Villa. New York: Chelsea House 1991. Orellana, Margarita de, Shooting Pancho Villa: How Hollywood Shaped the Mexican Revolution: North American Cinema and Mexico, 1911-1917. New York: Verso, 2007 Osorio, Reuben. Francisco (Pancho) Villa in encyclopedia Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, page 1529-1532. Osorio, Reuben. La correspondencia de Francisco Villa: Cartas y telegramas de 1913 a 1923. Chihuahua: Talleres Gruficos del Estado de Chihuahua 1986. Reid, John. Rebel Mexico (1914). Reissue, New York: Simon Schuster, Clarion Books 1969. Sonnichssen, C.L. Pancho Villa and Kananea Copper Company. History of Arizona 20 (1) Spring 1979. Okay, Jim. Pancho Villa and John Reed: Two Faces of the Romantic Revolution. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1984. Villa, Guadeloupe and Rosa Helia Villa (eds.) Retrato autobiogr'fico, 1894-1914, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico: National University of Autonoma de Mexico City: Taurus: Santillana Ediciones Generales, c2003 (2004 print). ISBN 968-19-1311-6. Media and starring Pancho Villa as himself, 2003 Taibo II, Paco Ignacio. Pancho Villa. The story of the documentary channel, 2008 Wikiquote has a quote related to: Pancho Villa Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pancho Villa. External References Photos Of Villa and the Mexican Revolution - some graphic images and some also in the book The Wind that has swept Mexico. Images of Camp Furlong and Columbus, New Mexico - 1916 Government offices preceded by Salvador R. Mercado Governor Chihuahua1913-1914 Replaced by Manuel Chao extracted from the doroteo arango biografia corta. jose doroteo arango biografia. jose doroteo arango biografia corta. doroteo arango arambula biografia. josé doroteo arango arámbula biografia. biografia de doroteo arango pancho villa. biografia resumida de doroteo arango. biografia de doroteo arango en ingles

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